上节课结束时我们提出了这么一个问题 Last time we ended with the following puzzle or question.
如果我们说要成为一个人 If we say that to be a person
就要有运行人体功能的肉体 is to be a P-functioning body,
那么我们似乎只能得出这么个结论 it seems then as though we have to conclude
即 当你没有运行人体功能时 that when you're not P-functioning,
你就是死的 you're dead.
那就是说 你作为一个人是死的 That is, you're dead as a person.
之前我们区分了肉体的死亡 Previously, we distinguished between the death of my body
和作为人的死亡 and my death as a person;
现在我们来着重研究作为人的死亡 let's focus on my death as a person.
如果我没有运行人体功能 If I'm not P-functioning,
我们是不是只能说我死了 do we have to then say I'm dead?
那似乎是定义死亡的最自然的方式 Well, that may seem to be the most natural way to define death,
但不可取 but it's not an acceptable approach.
因为它紧接着就会推出 Because it would follow then,
当我睡着的时候也是死的 that when I'm asleep, I'm dead.
只要不是同时 Well, not during those times,
比方说 睡着了又在做梦 perhaps, when I'm dreaming while I'm asleep.
不过想想一个熟睡的 无梦的夜晚 But think of the various periods during the night
的各个不同时段 in which you are in a deep, deep dreamless sleep.
你并没有在思考 You're not thinking.
也没有规划什么 You're not planning.
没有与人交流 You're not communicating.
我们来假设一下 也许 Let's just suppose, as seems likely,
在睡眠的某个时刻 that none of the P-functioning is occurring,
根本没有人体功能在运作 at some point during sleep.
我们能说你死了吗 Should we say then that you're dead?
显然那样说是不对的 Well, that's clearly not the right thing to say.
所以我们需要从物理层面修正一下 So we need to revise our account of what it is
一个人死亡的具体含义 on the physicalist picture to say that you're dead.
死亡到底意味着什么 What is it to be dead?
不可能只是不再运行人体功能 It can't just be a matter of not P-functioning.
有一种可能性是 Well, one possibility would be to say,
问题不在于你是否运行人体功能 the question is not whether you are P-functioning.
你不运行人体功能也没问题 It's okay if you're not P-functioning,
只要这是暂时的就行 as long as your not P-functioning is temporary.
如果你能重新运行人体功能 If you will P-function again,
如果你以前运行过人体功能 if you have been P-functioning in the past
未来又还会再运行 and you will be P-functioning again in the future,
我说的P功能是指人体功能 P-functioning for person functioning,
如果你未来还会再运行人体功能 you will be P-functioning again in the future,
那么你就没死 then you're not dead.
那至少是一个进步 Well, that's at least an improvement,
因为我们接着会说 "瞧 because then we say, "look,
当你睡着的时候 while you're asleep,
虽然人体功能没有运行 even though there's no P-functioning going on,
但这只是暂时的 the lack of P-functioning is temporary,
所以你仍旧活着" so you're still alive."
但我觉得那也不太说得通 But I think that won't quite do either.
我们假设审判日到了 Let's suppose that come Judgment Day,
上帝会让死人复活 God will resurrect the dead.
我们就假设一下人格同一性的正确理论 And let's just suppose the correct theory of
是让我们抛开一切 personal identity is such as to put aside any worries
之前所讨论到过的 we might have along with van Inwagen,
范·因瓦根的忧虑 that we discussed previously,
参见本课程系列之第十一课 as to whether or not on resurrection day
也就是在复活日 that would really be you or not.
复活的那个人究竟是不是你 Suppose it would be you.
假设是你 So God will resurrect the dead.
那么上帝让这个死人复活 Judgment Day comes.
到了审判日 The dead are resurrected.
死人复活了 Well, now they're P-functioning.
现在他们正在运行人体功能 So it turns out that during that period in which
结果 在这段时间 they were dead,
他们是死亡的 they were only temporarily not P-functioning.
但他们只是暂时停止运行人体功能 But if death means permanent cessation of P-functioning,
但若死亡意味着永久地停止人体功能 then it turns out the dead weren't really dead after all.
那就说明他们根本不是真死了 They were only temporarily not P-functioning,
他们只是暂时停止运行人体功能 just like we are temporarily not P-functioning
就像我们在睡眠状态中 when we're asleep.
暂时停止运行人体功能 Well, that doesn't seem right either.
那好像也不太对吧 On Judgment Day, God resurrects the dead.
审判日这天 上帝让死人复活 It's not that He simply wakes up
这可不是说他简单地唤醒了 those in a deep, deep sleep.
那些沉睡着的人们 So the proposal that death is a matter of
所以说死亡就是讨论 permanent cessation of P-functioning versus temporary,
人体功能究竟是永久停止还是暂时的 that doesn't seem like it's going to do the trick.
貌似这样是行不通的 But what else do we have up our sleeves?
那我们还能怎么解释呢 Here's a different proposal
这儿还有另一种说法 that I think is probably closer to the right account.
我觉得它也许会更说得通 We might say, look, while you're asleep,
我们可能会说 看 当你睡着以后 it's true that you're not P-functioning.
你的确没有运行人体功能 For example, you're not doing your multiplication tables.
比如说 你就没在做乘法 But although you are not engaged in P-functioning,
但尽管你没有运行人体功能 it does seem true to say
似乎还是可以说 that you still can P-function.
你是能够运行人体功能的 You still could do your multiplication tables.
你仍旧是能够做乘法的 Although it's not true that you are speaking French--
尽管你没在说法语 let's suppose that you know how to speak French--
假设你会说法语的话 it's still true of you while you're asleep
你睡着的时候 that you can or could speak French.
也还是有说法语的能力的 How do we know this?
我们是怎么知道的呢 Well, all we have to do is just wake you up.
我们只要把你叫醒就可以了 We wake you up and we say,
把你叫醒 问你 "Hey John, what's three times three?"
"约翰 3乘以3是多少" And after you stop swearing at us,
等你骂够我们之后 you say, "Well, it's nine."
你就会说 "答案是9" Or we say,
或者我们跟你说 "Linda, hey, conjugate such and such a verb in French."
"琳达 用法语说这个那个动词" And you can conjugate it.
你也能说出来 Even though you were not engaged in P-functioning
即便你在睡觉的时候 while you were asleep,
没有运行人体功能 it's still true that while you were asleep,
但当你睡觉的时候 you had the ability to engage in P-functioning.
你仍旧有能力运行人体功能 Abilities aren't always actualized.
能力不一定要变成现实 Your P-functioning is actualized now,
你现在正在运行人体功能 because you're engaged in thought,
因为你在思考 but you don't lose the ability
但你不在思考的时候 to think during those moments
你也不会失去 when you're not thinking.
思考的能力 Suppose we say then
假设我们说 那样的话 that to be alive as a person
作为一个人那样活着 is to be able to engage in P-functioning.
就意味着有运行人体功能的能力 And to be dead then,
而死亡 is to be unable to engage in P-functioning.
则意味着不再具有这种能力 Why are you unable?
为什么不再具有呢 Well, presumably
很可能 because whatever cognitive structures
由于不管你的大脑 it takes in your brain
以什么样的认知结构 to underwrite the ability to P-function,
来保证人体功能的运行 those cognitive structures have been broken,
这些认知结构都已经被损坏了 so they no longer work.
再也不工作了 It's--When you're dead,
当你死亡 your brain is broken.
你的大脑也损坏了 It's not just that you're not engaged in P-functioning,
不止是你不再运行人体功能 you're no longer able to engage in P-functioning.
而且是你不再有能力运行人体功能 That, at least, seems to handle the case of sleep properly.
这样似乎终于能说清楚睡觉那个例子了 Although you're not engaged in P-functioning,
尽管你没有在运行人体功能 you're able to,
只要你有运行人体功能的能力 so you're still alive.
你就仍然活着 Take the dead who will be resurrected on Judgment Day.
就举审判日复活的人的例子吧 Although they will be engaged in P-functioning later on,
尽管他们之后被赋予运行人体功能的能力 it's not true right now that they can engage in P-functioning.
但他们现在却并不能运行 Their bodies and brains are broken
他们的肉体和大脑都损坏了 until God fixes them.
直到上帝来复活他们 So they're dead.
所以他们是死亡的 All right,
好了 that seems to give the right answer and,
这貌似是正确答案 in fact, it gives us some guidance
事实上 它也的确给了我们一些启示 how to think about some other puzzling cases.
关于如何思考其它纠结的问题 Take somebody who is in a coma,
比如昏迷的人 not engaged in P-functioning.
也没有运行人体功能 Their body, let's stipulate, is still alive.
我们要规定一下 他们的肉体还活着 Their heart's still beating,
他们的心脏还在跳动 the lungs are still breathing and so forth.
他们的肺也还在呼吸 等等 But we wonder,
但我们要问 is the person still alive?
那个人真的还活着吗 Does the person still exist?
那个人还存在吗 they're not engaged in P-functioning.
他们并没有在运行人体功能 That's pretty clear.
这是很明显的 We want to know,
我们想知道的是 can they engage in P-functioning?
他们还能运行吗 Now, at this point
此时此刻 we'd want to know more about the underlying mechanics
我们会想知道更多关于人体的内部结构 about what's gone on in the case of the coma.
关于接下来会发生什么事 If the following is the right description,
如果我下面说的是正确的 then we perhaps should say they're still alive.
那么也许我们应该说 他们还活着 Look, when somebody's asleep,
当某人睡着的时候 we need to do something to,
我们要做些事 in effect, wake them up,
来叫醒他们 something to turn the functioning back on.
让他们的机能再次运行 The cognitive structures are still there,
他的认知结构始终存在 but the on-off switch is switched to off.
但运行机能的开关是关着的 Perhaps that's what it's like
也许这就像 when somebody's in a coma,
某人在昏迷中 or perhaps at least certain types of comas.
或者至少是某种类型的昏迷 Of course, to turn the on-off switch on is harder
当然 在人昏迷的时候 when somebody's in a coma.
打开开关会更困难一些 It's a bit more--
更加... to continue with the metaphor of the on-off switch--
我们继续讲那个开关的比喻 as though not only is the switch turned to off,
好像那开关不止是关着 there's a lock on the switch.
而且还上了锁 And so we can't turn the switch on in the normal way.
所以我们不能按照常规去打开开关 Pushing the person in the coma
比方说 推推那个昏迷的人 and saying, "Wake up, Jimmy"
并说 "吉米 醒醒" doesn't do the trick.
这么做可不管用 But for all that,
不过不管怎么说 although the on-off switch may be stuck in off,
就算那个开关被卡住了 if the underlying cognitive structures of the brain
只要大脑深层的认知结构 are such as to still make it true that,
仍旧有能力 flip the on switch back to on
将开关重新打开 and the person can still engage in cognitive P-functioning,
且这个人仍能够运行人体功能 maybe the right thing to say is the person's still alive.
那么也许就应该说 这个人还活着 Coma case two.
第二种昏迷情况 I'm not sure whether this really should be called a coma.
我不太确定这究竟算不算是昏迷 I don't know the biological and medical details.
我不了解生物学和药学的细节 But imagine that what's gone on
不过可以想象一下 is there's been decay of the brain structures
保持认知结构运作的 that underwrite the cognitive functioning.
大脑结构正在腐烂 So now it's not just that the on-off switch is stuck in off,
于是现在就不只是开关关着 the brain's no longer capable
连大脑也没法 of engaging in these higher order P-functions.
再运行那些高级指令的人体功能了 This might be a persistent vegetative state
有可能这是一种持续的植物人状态 with no possibility of turning it on, even in principle.
基本上不可能再恢复意识了 Of such a person we might say,
对于这样一个人我们可能会认为 they're no longer capable of P-functioning.
他不再具有运行人体功能的能力 And then perhaps the right thing to say is
这样的话 也许正确的说法是 the person no longer exists,
这个人再也不存在了 so they no longer exist as a person,
作为一个人 他不再存在了 even if the body is still alive.
虽然他的肉体还活着 So far, so good.
目前为止都没问题 Here's a harder case to think about.
但想想更复杂的情况 Suppose we put somebody
假设我们让某人 in a state of suspended animation,
处于一种假死状态 cool their body down
冷却他们的身体 so that the various metabolic processes come to an end.
于是各种新陈代谢过程停止 They stop.
不再继续了 As I'm sure you know,
我敢肯定你们知道 we're able, with various lower organisms,
我们可以将各种各样的低等生物体 to put them in a state of suspended animation
置于假死状态 and then, the amazing thing is,
然后惊人的是 if you heat them back up again properly,
如果你适当地将它们加热 they start functioning again.
它们就会重新开始运作 Now, we can't do that yet with humans.
但我们不能对人类做这样的事 But it doesn't jump out at us, at least,
不过至少这不能说明 that that should be an impossibility.
假死是不可能的事情 So suppose we eventually learn
所以假设我们最终学会了 how to do this with humans.
如何对人类做这样的事 And now, suppose we take Larry
现在 假设我们把拉里 and put him in a state of suspended animation.
置于某种假死状态下 Is he dead?
他死了吗 Well, most of us don't feel comfortable
我们中的大多数人觉得 saying that he's dead.
说他死了不太对劲 Just like we don't feel comfortable saying that the--
就像我们说... I suppose we could do this with a fruit fly.
我假设我们也可以对果蝇做这种事 I don't know whether we can or can't.
我不知道可以不可以 Suppose we can.
就当可以吧 Suppose we do it with a fruit fly.
假设我们对果蝇做了同样的事 We don't feel comfortable saying the fruit fly's dead.
说果蝇死了也不太对劲 Rather, it's in a state of suspended animation.
它只是处于一种假死状态 Well, similarly then,
类似地 perhaps we wouldn't want to say that Larry is dead.
我们可能也不愿意说拉里死了 And the "Brokenness" account of death
而死亡所描述的那种"破坏" allows us to say Larry's not dead.
也让我们觉得拉里没死 The structures in the brain
让我们保持 which would underwrite the ability
运行人体功能的能力的 to engage in P-functioning,
大脑结构 they're not destroyed by suspended animation.
并没有由于假死而被破坏 So perhaps in the relevant sense,
所以也许与之相关 the person can still engage in P-functioning,
这个人仍旧可以运行人体功能 so they're not dead.
所以他没死 Good enough.
这就够了 On the other hand,
不过从另一方面说 it doesn't seem so plausible,
这可能不是很有说服力 it doesn't seem intuitively right to say
直觉上来讲 that they're alive.
说他们活着好像也不太对劲 Is Larry alive
拉里在假死状态下 when he's in a state of suspended animation?
也仍然是活着的吗 No. It seems like he's not alive either.
不 他好像也不是活着的 Now that's a bit puzzling, right?
这就有点纠结了 是吧 It's as though we need--
好像我们需要... Normally, we think that look,
通常情况下 我们认为 either you're alive or you're dead.
你要么活着 要么死了 The two possibilities exhaust the possibilities.
只有这两种可能 But thinking about suspended animation suggests
但想想看 假死状态意味着 that we may actually need a third category,
我们可能真的需要第三种可能 suspended--neither alive nor dead.
即假死 既不是活着 也没有死 Well, all right,
好啦 if we do introduce a third possibility--
如果我们真引入第三种可能 I'm not sure this is the right thing.
我也不知道这样对不对 It's not clear what's the right
并不清楚该怎么说 or best thing to say about suspended animation.
假死才最好 But at least that doesn't seem like an unattractive possibility.
不过至少这种可能性似乎还蛮受欢迎的 If there are three possibilities--
如果有三种可能 dead, alive, or suspended--to be dead,
死亡 活着 假死 要定义死亡 we could still say you've got to be broken,
我们还是可以说 你得肉体损坏 incapable of P-functioning.
无法运行人体功能才行 Suspended isn't broken.
假设你肉体没损坏 It's just suspended.
那你只是假死而已 But then what do you need to be alive?
但怎么才算活着呢 In addition to not being broken,
除了肉体不能损坏 what do you need to be alive?
你还得怎么样才算活着呢 Well, the initially tempting thing to say is
最初我们试过这么说 not only aren't you broken,
你不仅得肉体完好 but you're actually engaged in P-functioning.
而且要实实在在地运行人体功能 But if we say that,
但如果我们这样说 then we're back to saying
我们就回到了 that somebody who's asleep isn't really alive.
说睡着的人不是活人的那种说法 That doesn't seem right either.
那个好像也不对 So we need some account to distinguish between
所以我们要区分假死和活着 suspended animation and out--and out being alive.
就得再多一些描述条件 And I'm not quite sure how to draw that line.
我也不大确定该如何划分这个界线 So I'll leave that to you
所以这个就交给你们了 as a puzzle to work on on your own.
你们自己去研究这个难题吧 That puzzle aside,
撇开这个难题不谈 it seems to me that once we become physicalists,
我觉得好像我们一旦变成物理主义者 there's nothing especially deep
死亡就没有什么 or mysterious about death.
特别的深意或是神秘之处了 The body is able to function
肉体能够以各种方式 in a variety of ways.
维持运作 When some of those lower biological functions are occurring,
当某些低等的生物机能运作时 the body's alive.
这个肉体就是活着的 When all goes well,
一切都很顺利的话 the body is also capable of engaging
这个肉体就可以具备 in higher order personal P-functioning.
运行其人体功能的高级指令的能力 And then you've got a person.
于是这就成为了一个人 The body begins to break,
当肉体开始损坏 you get the loss of P-functioning.
人体功能开始衰退 At that point,
到那时 you no longer exist as a person.
你就不再像一个人那样存在 When the body breaks some more,
当肉体损坏得更厉害 you get the loss of biological or B-functioning,
你不再运行生物机能 或者说肉体机能 and then the body dies.
你就死了 There's nothing especially mysterious about death,
死亡没什么特别神秘的 although there may be a lot of details
虽然从科学角度来说 to work out from a scientific point of view.
可能还有许多细节需要研究 What are the particular processes
那么使生物机能运行的 that underwrite biological functioning?
特殊过程是什么呢 What are the particular processes
使人格机能或人体机能运行的 that underwrite personality or person functioning?
特殊过程是什么呢 Still,
不过 there are a couple of claims about death
关于死亡的问题 that get made frequently enough,
一向有着各种各样的说法 about death being mysterious in one way or another,
说死亡是这样那样得神秘 that I want--or special or unique--
他们说死亡很特别的 独一无二 that I want to focus on.
我想要关注于这一点 In effect, from the physicalist point of view,
实际上 从物理主义者的观点来看 although death is unique
尽管死亡是独一无二的 because it comes at the end
因为它是生命的各种机能 of this lifetime of various sorts of functions,
运行的终点 there's nothing especially puzzling,
但也并没什么好困惑的 nothing especially mysterious,
没什么特别神秘的 nothing especially unusual
没什么特别不寻常 or hard to grasp about it.
或是难以理解的 But there are a handful of claims
但仍有少数观点 that people make about death
是这么看待死亡的 suggesting that they think,
他们认为 and they think we all think,
并且他们觉得所有人都这么认为 that death is mysterious or unique
认为死亡是神秘的 独一无二的 or hard to comprehend.
或是难以理解的 I want to examine a couple of these.
我想检验一下其中几个观点 One of them I'll get to later;
其中一个我准备晚点再说 if not later today,
万一今天说不完 then next lecture.
那就下节课再说吧 Sometimes people say
有时候人们说 that we die alone
我们孑然一身地死亡 or everybody dies alone.
或者每个人都是孑然一身地死亡 And this is something--
而这是某种 This is supposed to express some
这是要表达某种 deep insight into the nature
对死亡的本质以及独特性 and uniqueness of death.
的深刻领悟 So although we're able to eat meals together,
所以就算我们可以一起吃饭 we're able to go on vacations together
可以一起度假 and take classes together,
还可以一起上课 death is something we all have to do by ourselves.
死亡却是我们必须独自经历的事情 That's the claim.
这是一种说法 We all die alone.
我们孑然一身地死亡 That's a claim I'll come back to.
我等会儿再来探讨这种说法 What I want to look at first
我首先想深入研究的是 is the suggestion that somehow,
不知怎么地 at some level,
在某些层面上 nobody really believes
根本没人愿意承认 they're going to die at all.
他们终究会死亡 Now, having distinguished between
我们已经区分过 what we've called the death of the body
我们所说的肉体死亡 and the death of the person,
和人格死亡 the question whether or not
而人到底会不会死亡 you're going to die needs to be distinguished.
便是一个需要弄清的事情 The question whether or not you believe
你是否相信你会死亡 you're going to die needs to be distinguished.
也是需要弄清的 If somebody says,
如果有人说 "You know, nobody really believes they're going to die,"
"你知道的 没人真得相信他们会死" they could mean one of two things.
他们可能有两种意思 They could mean nobody really believes
他们可能是指没人相信 they're going to cease to exist as a person,
他们将不再作为人而存在 first possibility.
这是一种可能 Second possible claim,
第二种可能的意思是 nobody really believes
没人真得相信 they're going to undergo the death of their bodies.
他们会经历肉体死亡这件事 Let's take these in turn.
我们依次来考察一下 Is there any good reason to believe
到底有没有理由让我们相信 that we don't believe
我们并不相信 that we're going to cease to exist as a person?
自己将不再作为人而存在呢 Well, the most common argument for this claim
我觉得 对于这种说法 I think takes the following form.
最常见的论据是这样的 People sometimes say,
人们有时会说 since it's impossible to picture being dead,
既然不可能描绘出死后的世界 it's impossible to picture being dead--,
不可能描绘出死后的世界 That is to say,
意思就是说 it's impossible to picture your own being dead.
你不可能说出你自己死了以后会怎么样 Each one of us has to think
我们每个人都要 about this from the first person perspective
从第一人称的角度 or something like that.
或是类似的方式去思考 Think about your dying,
想一想你自己正在死去 your being dead--
你将死亡 Since that's impossible to picture,
既然根本不可能描绘 that's impossible to imagine,
根本不可能想象 nobody believes in the possibility
所以没有人会相信 that they're going to die,
他们有可能会死 that they're going to cease to exist.
有可能不复存在 The idea seems to be
这个观点的意思好像是说 that you can't believe in possibilities
你不能相信那些 that you can't picture or imagine.
你无法描绘或想象的东西 Now, that hypothesis,
而这种假说 that thesis, that assumption,
这种命题 这种臆断 could be challenged.
并不是那么确定的 I think probably we shouldn't believe the theory of belief
我觉得也许我们不应该同意这种看法 which says that in order to believe in something,
说什么要相信一件事情 you've got to be able to picture it or imagine it.
你就得能把它描绘或想象出来吧(口误) But let's grant that assumption for the sake of argument.
但作为讨论基础 我们该感谢这种假说 Let's suppose that in order to believe in something,
我们假设要相信某件事 you've got to be able to picture it.
就得能把它们描绘出来 What then?
然后呢 How do we get from there to the conclusion
我们根据这个观点 要怎么得出 that I can't believe that I'm going to die,
我不相信我会死 I'm going to cease to exist as a person?
我不相信我将不复存在这个结论呢 Well, the thought, of course,
当然 这个观点 is I can't picture or imagine my death.
主张的是我无法描绘或想象我的死亡 I can't picture or imagine my being dead.
我无法描绘或想象出来我死了的样子 It's important here to draw some distinctions.
在这里作一些区分是很重要的 I can certainly picture being ill.
我当然可以想象我生病的画面 There I am on my deathbed dying of cancer,
我身患癌症躺在病床上 眼看要死了 growing weaker and weaker.
身体越来越虚弱 I can perhaps even picture
也许我甚至还能描绘出 the moment of my death.
我死亡那一刻的情景 I've said goodbye to my family and friends.
我对家人和朋友们说了再见 I've the--Everything's growing greyer and dimmer.
一切都变得越来越灰暗模糊 It's growing harder and harder to concentrate.
意识越来越难以集中 And then, well, and then there is no "And more."
然后 就没有下文了 The claim, however,
但是这种说法 is not that I can't picture being ill or dying.
并不是指我不能描绘生病或将死的情形 The claim's got to be,
而是指 I can't picture being dead.
我不能描绘出死亡的样子 Well, try it.
试试看好啦 Try to picture being dead.
试着想象死掉的自己会怎么样 What's it like to be dead?
死掉是什么样的呢 Sometimes people claim it's a mystery.
有时人们称这是一个谜 We don't know what it's like to be dead,
我们不知道死掉会是什么样 because every time we try to imagine it,
因为每当我们试图想象的时候 we fail.
我们都失败了 We don't do a very good job.
我们做不到 I'm inclined to think
我倾向于认为 that that way of thinking about the question is really confused.
这样思考这个问题是很混乱的 You set yourself the goal of trying to put yourself
你自己给自己设定目标 in the situation imaginatively
想把你自己摆到一个 of what it's like to be dead
想象自己死亡的境地 So I start by trying to strip off
于是我就从试着去除 the parts of my conscious life
我明白我死后不会再具有 that I know I won't have when I'm dead.
的意识生命开始 I won't hear anything.
我什么都听不见 I won't see anything.
我什么都看不见 I won't think anything.
我什么都没法思考 And you try to imagine
你们可以试着想象 what it's like to not think
什么都不想 or feel or hear or see.
什么都感觉不到 不闻不见是什么样的 And you don't do a very good job of it.
你做不到的 So you throw your hands up
所以你就干脆手一甩 and you say, "Oh, I guess I don't know what it's like.
说"哦 我不知道那会怎么样 So it must be a mystery."
那一定是很神秘的吧" It's not a mystery at all.
一点都不神秘 Suppose I ask,
假设我问 "What's it like to be this cell phone?"
"成为这个手机会怎么样" The answer is, "It's not like anything,"
回答就是 "没什么怎么样" where that doesn't mean
那不是说 there's something that it's like to be a cell phone,
变成这个手机能如何如何 but different from being anything else.
和变成别的东西有什么不一样 So it's not like anything else;
所以说它没什么怎么样 it's a special way of feeling or experiencing.
这是一种感觉或者说体验的特殊方式 No.
不是这样的 Cell phones don't have any experience at all.
手机并没有任何体验 There is nothing that it's like
作为一个手机 on the inside to be a cell phone.
没什么怎么样的 Imagine that I try to ask myself,
想象我试着问自己 "What's it like to be my ball point pen?"
"如果我是我的圆珠笔会怎么样" And I try to imagine,
我试图想象 well, first,
首先 imagine being really, really stiff,
想象自己变得非常非常硬 because you're not flexible
因为如果你是一支圆珠笔 when you're a ball point pen.
你的身体就不能太软 You can't move.
你不能动 And imagine being really, really bored,
想象一下 自己非常非常无聊 because you don't have any thoughts or interests.
因为你根本不会有想法或是兴趣 No. That's completely the wrong way
不 这样想象自己 to go about thinking
变成一支圆珠笔 what it's like to be a ball point pen.
是完全错误的 There's nothing that it's like to be a ball point pen.
变成圆珠笔不会怎么样 There's nothing to describe, nothing to imagine.
没什么好描述的 也没什么好想象的 No mystery about
变成一支圆珠笔是什么样 what it's like to be a ball point pen.
也没有什么神秘的 No mystery about what it's like to be cell phone.
变成手机也没有任何神秘的 Well, similarly then, I put it to you,
同样地 我也要告诉你们 there's no mystery about
死亡根本 what it's like to be dead.
就不神秘 It isn't like anything.
它不会怎么样的 What I don't mean,
我并不是说 "Oh, it's like something,
"哦 死亡是如何如何的 but different from everything else."
而不是怎样怎样的" I mean, there is nothing there to describe.
我的意思是 根本就没有可描述的东西 When you're dead,
当你死了 there's nothing happening
没有什么事情 on the inside to be imagined.
可以想象 Well,
好了 should we conclude therefore,
那么我们是不是可以总结出 given that we've got the premise,
考虑到这个前提 "If you can't picture it or imagine it,
"如果你不能描绘或想象出来 then you can't believe in it",
你就不能相信它" since I've just said, look, you can't imagine being dead,
既然我刚说过 看 你不能想象死亡 but that's not due to any failure of imagination,
但那不是因为想象力不足 that's because there's nothing there to imagine or picture.
而是根本没什么好想象的 Still, granted the premise,
仍旧是根据这个前提 "if you can't picture it or imagine it,
"如果你不能描绘出一件事物 you can't believe in it"
你就无法相信它" Should we conclude,therefore, that you can't believe
那么我们是否应该得出 you're going to be dead?
你不能相信你会死亡这一结论呢 No. We shouldn't conclude that.
不 我们不该得出这样的结论 After all,
毕竟 not only is it true that you can't picture from the inside
你的内心不仅不能描绘出 what it's like to be dead,
死亡是什么样的 you can't picture from the inside
你的内心也一样不能描绘出 what it's like to be in dreamless sleep.
一场无梦的睡眠是什么样的 There is nothing that it's like to be in dreamless sleep.
一场无梦的睡眠没怎么样 When you're in dreamless sleep,
当你进入无梦的睡眠 you're not imagining or experiencing anything.
你也没有想象或体验任何事 Similarly, it's not possible to picture or imagine
同样地 你也不可能去描绘出或想象 what it's like to have fainted
如果昏厥过去 and be completely unconscious
进入完全无意识状态 with nothing happening cognitively.
什么都感觉不到会怎么样 There's nothing to picture or imagine.
没什么好描绘或想象的 Well, should we conclude, therefore,
那么 我们是否应该得出 so nobody really believes
实际上没有人相信 that they're ever in dreamless sleep?
他们会进入无梦睡眠这一结论呢 Well, that would be silly.
那就太傻了 Of course you believe
你当然是相信 that at times you're in dreamless sleep.
你有时候会一觉无梦 Should we say of somebody who's fainted or know
我们是否应该说某些昏过去 that they're subject to fainting spells,
或是知道他们自己会昏厥的人 they never actually believe that they pass out?
从来不相信他们真会昏厥过去呢 That would be silly.
那也太傻了 Of course, they believe they pass out.
他们当然相信自己会昏厥 From the mere fact
仅仅从他们 that they can't picture it from the inside,
内心无法描绘出这件事发生的事实 it doesn't follow that nobody believes
并不能得出没有人相信 they're ever in dreamless sleep.
他们可能进入无梦睡眠状态这一结论 From the mere fact that they can't picture from the inside
仅仅从他们内心无法描绘出 what it's like to have fainted and not yet woken up,
昏厥过去不省人事会怎么样的事实 it doesn't mean that nobody believes
也不能推出没人相信 that they ever faint.
他们真会昏倒这一结论 From the mere fact that you can't picture from the inside
仅仅从你内心无法描绘出 what it's like to be dead,
死亡会是什么样的事实 it doesn't follow
也不能推出 that nobody believes they're going to die.
没有人相信他们会死亡这一结论 But didn't I start off
但我不是一开始的时候 by saying I was going to grant
就感谢过那个 the person who is making this argument
给出这个论点 that in order to believe something,
即 认为要相信某件事物 you've got to be able to picture it?
你就得能够描绘出它的人吗 And haven't I just said,
我不是刚说过 "Look, you can't picture being dead"?
"看 你无法描绘出你的死亡"吗 So aren't I taking it back?
我是不是要收回这句话了呢 Since I say you can believe you're going to die,
既然我说你可以相信你会死 yet you can't picture it from the inside.
但你的内心又无法描绘出死亡 Haven't I taken back the assumption
我是不是收回了 that in order to believe it,
要相信某件事物 you've got to be able to picture it?
你就得能够描绘出它的论断呢 Not quite.
不是这样的 Although I am skeptical about that claim,
虽然我对这个说法表示怀疑 I am going to continue giving it to
我还是要继续感谢 the person who makes this argument,
那个给出这个论点的人 because I'm not so prepared to admit
因为我还无法肯定 that you can't picture being dead.
你是不是无法描绘出死亡 You can picture being dead, all right.
你可以描绘出死亡 没问题 You just can't picture it from the inside.
你只是无法从内心去描绘出它 You can picture it from the outside.
但你可以从表象去描绘出它 I can picture being in
我很容易就能描绘出自己处于 dreamless sleep quite easily.
无梦的睡眠状态的样子 I'm doing it right now.
我现在就在这么做 I've got a little mental image of
我脑中想的是我躺在床上睡着 my body lying in bed asleep, dreamlessly.
并且没有做梦的画面 I can picture fainting,
我能够轻易想象自己正在昏迷 or having fainted, quite easily.
或是已经昏过去了的样子 Picture my body lying on the ground unconscious.
想象自己没有意识 平躺在地上 I can picture my being dead quite easily.
我也可以很容易地想象自己死了 It's a little mental picture of my body in a coffin.
在脑中描绘出我的肉体被放在一口棺材中 No functioning occurring in my body.
肉体不再运行任何机能 So even if it were true
所以 就算"只有描绘出来才能相信" that "Belief requires picturing",
这个观点是对的 and even if were true
就算你不能从内心 that you can't picture being dead from the inside,
描绘出死亡是什么样 it wouldn't follow that you can't believe
也并不能推出你不能相信 you're going to die.
你会死的这个结论 All you have to do is picture it from the outside.
你只要从表象上描绘出来就行了 We're done.
这样就搞定了 So I conclude,of course you can
所以我总结一下 你当然可以 and do believe you're going to die.
真的相信你会死 But at this point,
但与此同时 the person making the argument has a possible response.
提出这个论点的人也得到了可能的回答 And it's a quite common response.
这是个非常普通的回答 He says, "Look, I try to picture the world-
他说 "看 我试着去想象这个世界 admittedly from the outside--
我承认只是从表象上 I try to picture the world
我试着去想象这个 in which I don't exist,
没有我存在的世界 I'm no longer conscious.
我再也没有意识了 I'm no longer a person,
我不再是一个人 no longer experiencing anything.
不再对任何东西有感觉 I try to picture that world.
我试着想象那样一个世界 I picture, for example,
比如说 我描绘出 seeing my funeral.
看见我自己的葬礼 And yet, when I try to do that,
而当我试着这么做的时候 I'm observing it.
我在观察它 I'm watching the funeral.
我在观赏这场葬礼 I'm seeing the funeral.
我看着这场葬礼 Consequently, I'm thinking.
于是 我又在思考了 So I haven't really imagined the world
所以我并没有真正想象出 in which I no longer exist,
这个我所不存在的世界 a world in which I'm dead,
这个我死后的世界 a world in which I'm incapable of thought and observation.
这个我根本没有思考或观察能力的世界 I've smuggled myself back in
通过作为这场葬礼的观察者 as the observer of the funeral."
我把自己偷偷变回来了" Every time I try to picture myself being dead,
每一次我试图描绘出自己死亡的样子 I smuggle myself back in,
我都把自己偷偷变回 conscious and existing as a person,
有意识的 存在的人 hence, not dead as a person.
并且 我从人格上来说还没死 Maybe my body--
也许我的肉体 I'm imagining my body dead,
我想象自己的肉体已经消亡了 but I'm not imagining myself,
但我并不是想象我自己 the person, dead.
我这个人 死亡了 From which it follows,
可以随之推出 the argument goes,
这个论点接下来说 that I don't really believe I'll ever be dead.
我并不是真的相信我会死 Because when I try to imagine a world in which I'm dead,
因为当我试着想象一个我死掉的世界 I smuggle myself back in.
我就变回了没死的状态 This argument shows up in various places.
很多地方都体现出这个论点 Let me mention, let me quote one case of it, Freud.
我引用一个弗洛伊德的例子 Freud says,
弗洛伊德说 this is, I'm quoting from one of
这是引自你们要读的 the Walter Kaufman essays that you'll be reading,
一篇沃尔特·考夫曼的文章 called "Death." He quotes Freud.
沃尔特·考夫曼 德国物理学家 Freud says,
题目叫《死亡》 他引用了弗洛伊德的话 After all,
弗洛伊德说 one's own death is beyond imagining,
毕竟 and whenever we try to imagine it
一个人的死亡是超越想象的 we can see that we really survive as spectators.
无论何时我们试着去想象它 Thus, the dictum could be dared in the psychoanalytic school:
我们都会发现我们像旁观者一样地活着 at bottom,
因此这一说法会受到精神分析学派的挑战 nobody believes in his own death.
实际上 Or, and this is the same:
没有人相信他自己的死亡 in his unconscious,
或者这么说也一样 every one of us is convinced of his immortality.
在无意识的情况下 All right, there's Freud.
我们每个人都确信自己将永生 Basically, just running the argument
好啦 这就是弗洛伊德的话 I've just sketched for you.
基本上 这就是我刚才 When you try to imagine your being dead,
给你们讲过的那一套论证 you smuggle yourself back in as a spectator.
当你试着想象自己死去 And so, Freud concludes,
你就把自己变回了旁观者 at some level none of us
于是弗洛伊德推出 really believes we're going to die.
在某种程度上 我们没有人 I want to say,
真正相信自己会死 I think that argument's a horrible argument.
我想说的是 How many of you believe that there are
我认为这个观点很可怕 meetings that take place without you?
你们中有多少人相信 Suppose you're a member of some club
尽管你不在场但会议还是照常进行的呢 and there's a meeting this afternoon
假设你是某个俱乐部的成员 and you won't be there,
今天下午要开会 because you've got to be someplace else.
你却不能到场 So you ask yourself,
因为你要去一个别的地方 "Do I believe that meeting's going
于是你问自己 to take place without me?"
"我是否相信即使我不去 At first glance,
这会议也照常举行呢" it looks like you do,
乍一看 but here's the Freudian argument
好像你是相信的 that shows you don't really.
但弗洛伊德式的观点 Try to imagine,
会说你并不相信 try to picture that meeting without you.
试着想象一下 Well, when you do picture it,
试着描绘出一场没有你参与的会议 there's that room in your mind's eye.
而当你确确实实地描绘出它 You've got a little picture of
在你的脑海中就有了那个房间 people sitting around the table perhaps,
你想象出了 discussing the business of your club.
或许人们围坐在桌子边 I've smuggled myself in as a spectator.
谈论着你们俱乐部的事情 If, like you--,
我又把自己变回了一个观察者 I think most of us
如果像你们一样 picture these things up from a perspective
我想我们大多数人 in a corner of the room,
都会从房间的一角 up on the wall,
想象这些事情 looking down, kind of a fly's perspective.
或是从墙壁上 All right, I've smuggled myself in as a spectator.
向下看 通过一只苍蝇的视角 I'm actually in the room after all.
我又把自己变回了一个观察者 So I haven't really pictured the meeting taking place without me.
我最终还是真切地站在房间里了 So I guess I don't really believe
所以我并没有真正想象出没有我的会议 the meeting's going to take place without me.
所以我猜我大概并不相信 If Freud's argument for death,
没有我在的话这场会议也会举行 that is to say,
如果弗洛伊德的死亡观点 none of us believe we're going to die,
也就是 was any good,
我们没有人相信自己会死 the argument that none of us believe
这个观点是正确的话 meetings ever take place without us would have to work as well.
那么说我们没有人相信 But that's silly.
即使我们不在 会议也会举行也是对的 It's clear that we all do believe in the possibility,
但那太傻了 indeed, more than a mere possibility,
显然我们实际上都相信 the actuality of meetings that occur without us.
不止是一点点可能性 Even though when I imagine that meeting,
会议没有我们也照开不误 I'm in some sense,
即使当我想象那场会议的时候 smuggling myself in as an observer.
从某种角度来说 From which I think it follows that the mere fact
我还是把自己变回了观察者 that I've smuggled myself in as an observer doesn't mean
我认为由此可以推出 that I don't really believe in the possibility
我把自己变回观察者这个事实 that I'm observing in my mind's eye.
并不意味着我不相信 I can believe in the existence of a meeting that takes place,
我是在脑中观察的可能性 even though I smuggle myself in as an observer
我可以相信某场会议正在举行 when I picture that meeting.
即使当我描绘出那场会议的时候 I can believe in the possibility of a world without me,
把自己变成了一个观察者 even though I smuggle myself in as an observer
我相信我不存在于世界上的可能性 when I picture that world without me.
即使当我描绘出没有我的世界的时候 Freud's mistake, and it's--although I'm picking on Freud,
把自己变成了一个观察者 it's not only Freud
弗洛伊德的错误就是 虽然我在批判他 that runs this sort of argument.
其实不止弗洛伊德一个人 One comes across it periodically.
提出这种论点 Within the last year,
我们会时不时地碰到有人这么认为 a member of our law school here
去年 put forward this very argument
我们学校法学院的一个人 and said he thought it was a good one.
就提出了这种观点 So people think the argument's a good one.
并且说他认为这种观点很有道理 It strikes me as it's got to be a bad one.
所以说 人们觉得这种观点有道理 The confusion, the mistake I think people are making
我却认为这是个糟糕的观点 when they make this argument,
这里的困惑之处 我认为 the mistake I think they're making is this.
当人们这么说的时候犯的错 It's one thing to ask yourself,
我认为他们正在犯的错是 what's the content of the picture?
问自己描绘出的内容是什么 It's another thing to ask,
这是一件事 when you look at the picture,
而问 当你看着你描绘出的内容时 are you existing?
你是否存在 Are you looking at the picture from a certain point of view?
这是另一件事 Suppose I hold up a photograph of a beach
你是从某种特定角度去描绘出的吗 with nobody on it.
假设我拿着一张海滩的照片 All right, am I in that beach,
上面一个人也没有 as pictured in that photograph?
好了 难道我是在 Of course not.
照片中的那个海滩上吗 But as I look at it,
当然不是 whether in reality or in my mind's eye,
但当我看它时 I'm looking at it from a perspective.
不管是真实地看着还是在脑海中想象 As I think about it,
我都是从一个角度去看它的 I'm viewing the beach from a point of view
当我想到它的时候 which may well be on the beach,
我从某种角度去看待这个海滩 if somebody draws a painting of a beach.
说不定正好就是在海滩上呢 But for all that,
如果有人画一幅海滩画的话 that doesn't mean that within the picture of the beach,
但尽管如此 I'm in the beach.
它们都不意味着描绘出这个海滩 Looking at a picture
我就必须得在海滩上 doesn't mean you're in the picture.
看着一幅画 Viewing the meeting from a point of view,
并不意味着你得在画里 doesn't mean you're in the meeting.
从某种角度去观察一场会议 Viewing the world without you from a point of view,
并不意味着你得参加会议 doesn't mean you're in the world.
从某种角度去观察没有你的世界 So although of course it's true,
也并不意味着你得存在于世界上 when I imagine these various possibilities without me,
所以尽管的确如此 I'm thinking about them.
当我想象种种没有我的可能性时 I'm observing them.
我正在想着它们 And I'm observing them from a particular perspective,
正在观察它们 from a particular standpoint.
我是从某种特定角度 For all that,
特定立场去观察它们的 I'm not in the picture that I'm thinking about.
即使是这样 So I think the Freudian argument just fails.
我也可以不在我所描绘出的那场景中 Now, maybe there's some other reason to believe
所以我认为弗洛伊德式的论证是错的 the claim that nobody believes
现在 也许还有些理由 they will cease to exist.
让我们相信"没人相信 But if there is another argument for that claim,
他们真得会不复存在"这一说法 I'm eager to hear it,
但如果对此说法还有什么别的论证的话 because this argument, at any rate,
我倒非常乐意洗耳恭听 seems to me to be unsuccessful.
因为这个说法 不管怎么看 Now, at the start,
我觉得都是不成功的 I distinguished two claims people
在一开始 might have in mind when they say,
我区分了两种 "Nobody believes they're going to die."
人们说"没人相信他们会死"时 The first possibility was the claim was,
可能有的想法 nobody believes that they'll ever cease to exist as a person.
第一种是说 And I've just explained why
没有人相信他们会停止作为一个人而存在 at least the most familiar argument for that claim,
而我刚刚解释了为什么我认为 I think, doesn't work.
至少这个说法最常见的论据 The second possible interpretation was this.
是不成功的 Nobody believes their body is going to die.
第二种可能的解读是 That is, the more familiar humdrum event of death
没有人相信他们的肉体会死亡 where your body ceases functioning
那就是指更为平常的死亡事件 and you end up having a corpse that gets buried and so forth.
你的肉体停止运作 Sometimes it's suggested that nobody believes that either.
最终变成一具尸体被埋葬 诸如此类 Of course, often, I think,
有时这两种解读都没有人相信 people run together these two questions.
当然 我想通常情况下 When they say you don't believe you're going to die,
人们会把这两个问题混为一谈 do you mean, you don't believe your body's going to die?
当他们说你不相信你会死 or you don't believe
是说 你不相信你的肉体会死呢 you're going to cease to exist as a person?
还是你不相信 Maybe when people make the claim,
你作为一个人会不复存在呢 it's not clear which of these things they've got in mind.
可能当人们这样说的时候 But let's, at least,
并不清楚他们脑中想的是哪一个 try to now focus on the second question.
但至少我们得试着 Could it be true,
去重点研究第二个问题 is there any good reason to believe it is true,
到底是不是对的 that nobody believes
到底有没有理由让我们相信 they're going to undergo bodily death?
没有人相信 Now, after all, even if you believe that,
他们会经历肉体上的死亡呢 well, your soul will go to heaven
毕竟 就算你相信 so you won't cease to exist as a person,
你的灵魂会上天堂 you might still believe that your body will die.
所以你作为人并不会消失 Most of us presumably do believe our bodies will die.
你可能还相信你的肉体是会死的 At least, that's how it seems to me.
我们大多数人想必是相信肉体是会死的 So it's a bit odd to suggest,
至少我是这么认为的 as it nonetheless does get suggested,
所以 虽然已经有人提出这一观点 that no, no, at some level,
这样说还是有点奇怪的 people don't really believe they're going to die.
即在某种层面上 Let me point out just how odd a claim that is.
人们并不真正相信他们会死 Because people do all sorts of behaviors
下面我来指出这种说法哪里奇怪 which become very, very hard to interpret
因为人们的一切行为 if they don't really believe their bodies are going to die.
都会变得非常非常难以理解 People, for example,
如果他们并不真正相信他们会死的话 take out life insurance so that--
比如说 人们 well, here's what seems to be the explanation.
会去买人寿保险 以便... They believe that there's a decent chance
似乎该这么解释 that they will die within a certain period of time.
他们相信 他们很有可能 And so, if that happens,
在某个特定时刻死亡 they want their children and family members to be cared for.
于是 如果他们真的死了 If you didn't really believe you were going to die,
他们希望自己的孩子和家人能得到照顾 that is undergo bodily death,
如果你并不真的相信你会死 why would you take out life insurance?
也就是经历肉体的死亡 People write wills.
那你为什么要买人寿保险呢 "Here's what you should do with my estate after I die."
人们写遗嘱 If you didn't really believe that your body was going to die,
"我死后 我的遗产要这么这么分配" why would you ever bother writing a will?
如果你并不真的相信你的肉体会死 Since many people write wills,
你干吗还要写什么遗嘱呢 many people take out life insurance,
既然很多人都写遗嘱 it seems as though the natural thing to suggest is that
很多人都买人寿保险 many, or at least perhaps most,
看来好像最自然的说法是 at least many people believe they're going to die.
很多 或者至少多数人 Why would we think otherwise?
至少很多人相信他们会死 Well, the reason for thinking otherwise,
我们为什么会那么想呢 the reason for not being utterly dismissive of this suggestion,
觉得自己不会死的原因 is that when people get ill, terminally ill,
对于这一说法没那么彻底敌视的原因 it often seems to take them by surprise.
是当人们最终生病的时候 So I've been having you read Tolstoy's novella,
人们经常会感到措手不及 The Death of Ivan Ilyich.
我让你们读过托尔斯泰的中篇小说 Ivan Ilyich falls, he hurts himself.
《伊万里奇之死》 The injury doesn't get better.
伊万里奇倒下了 他伤害了他自己 He gets worse and worse and eventually it kills him.
他的伤并没有好转 The astonishing thing
他的情况越来越糟糕 最终他死了 is that Ivan Ilyich is shocked
令人惊奇的是 to discover that he's mortal.
伊万里奇很震惊地 And of course,
发现自己是会死的 what Tolstoy is trying to convince us of,
当然 what he's trying to argue,
托尔斯泰想要让我们相信的是 by illustrating the claim,
通过解释这种观点 I take it, that Tolstoy is making, is that
试图证明的是 most of us are actually in Ivan Ilyich's boat.
我认为 托尔斯泰想要说明的是 We give lip service to the claim
我们大多数人实际上就在伊万里奇的船上 that we're going to die,
我们口头上说着 but at some level,
我们会死 we don't really believe it.
但在某种层面上 And notice again,
我们并不相信这句话 just to emphasize the point,
再次提醒大家注意 the relevant lack of belief here
我只强调一下重点 has to do with the death of the body.
相关的信仰缺失 That's the thing that Ivan Ilyich is skeptical about.
与肉体死亡是有关联的 Is his body going to die?
这也正是伊万里奇所质疑的 Is he mortal in that sense?
他的肉体会死吗 This is what takes him aback,
这么说来他是会死的吗 to discover that he's mortal.
这件事突然让他 For all we know,
意识到他是会死的 Ivan Ilyich still believes in souls,
我们都知道 believes he's going to go to heaven and so forth.
伊万里奇仍然相信灵魂是存在的 So it's not his death as a person
相信他会上天堂什么的 that he's puzzled by.
所以他并不是在疑惑 He may not think he's going to die as a person.
他作为一个人会死亡 It's his bodily death that surprises him,
他不是想到他是作为一个人死去 his bodily mortality that surprises him.
他惊讶的是他的肉体会死亡 Tolstoy draws a highly realistic
他的肉体竟然不是永生的 and believable portrait of somebody
托尔斯泰高度现实并且可信地 who is surprised to discover that he's mortal.
刻画出了一个 As he puts it,
因发现自己会死而大为惊讶的人 there's a famous syllogism
正如他所描述的 that people learn in their logic classes from Aristotle.
人们从亚里士多德的逻辑课那里 All men are mortal.
学到过一个著名的三段论 Socrates is a man,
所有人都会死 so Socrates is mortal.
苏格拉底是人 Ivan Ilyich says, "Yes, yes, I knew that.
所以苏格拉底会死 But what did that have to do with me?"
伊万里奇说 "对对 我知道 Well, it may be a kind of irrationality.
但那跟我有什么关系呢" It may be a kind of failure to conduct the logic.
这可能有点不太合理 But we're not asking,
可能无法推导出这个逻辑 is it rational or irrational to not believe
但我们并不是在问 that your body's going to die,
不相信你的肉体会死 we're simply asking,
到底是理性的还是非理性的 noting the fact that, there do seem to be cases
我们只是希望 where people are surprised to discover
大家注意到这个事实 即有些人 that they're mortal.
会惊讶地发现 Now, for all that, notice,
他们并不是永生的 I presume that Ivan Ilyich had a will.
尽管如此 请注意 And for all I know, Ivan Ilyich had life insurance.
我假定伊万里奇是有遗嘱的 So we're in the peculiar situation where on the one hand,
据我所知 他还买了人寿保险 some of Ivan Ilyich's behaviors
于是我们现在在一个特殊的情境下 indicate that he believed he was mortal,
一方面 伊万里奇的某些行为 that his body was going to die.
暗示了他相信自己终有一死 And yet, the shock and surprise that faces,
相信自己的肉体是会死的 that overcomes him
但是 当他真正面对 when he actually has to face his mortality,
自己会死这件事时 strongly suggests that he's reporting correctly.
他所表现出的震惊和意外 He didn't believe he was going to die.
有力地表明他的说法是对的 How could that be?
他不相信自己会死 There's a kind of puzzle there as to--
怎么会这样呢 even if, before we move to the question,
在这里是个谜 how widespread are cases like this?
即使是到我们谈到这个问题之前 There's a puzzle as to
像这样的例子会有多少呢 how are we even to understand this case?
这是个谜 We need to distinguish perhaps between
我们到底该如何理解这个例子呢 what he consciously believes
我们也许需要区分 and what he unconsciously believes.
他的意识里相信的是什么 Maybe at the conscious level he believed he was mortal,
他的潜意识里又相信的是什么 but at the unconscious level he believed he was immortal.
可能在意识的层面他相信自己会死 Or maybe we need to distinguish between
而到了无意识的层面他觉得自己会永生 those things he gives a kind of lip service to,
或者也许我们需要区分 versus those things he truly and fundamentally believes.
他嘴上随便说说的那些事 Maybe he gives lip service to the claim that he was mortal.
和他真正本质上相信的那些事 If you would have asked him "Are you mortal?"
也许他只是嘴上说自己会死 he would have said "Oh, of course I am."
如果你问他 "你会死吗" And he buys life insurance accordingly.
他会回答 "我当然会死" But does he thoroughly and truly
也因此他才去买了人寿保险 and fundamentally believe he's mortal?
但他是完全地 真正地 Perhaps not.
从根本上相信自己会死吗 We need some such distinction
大概不是 if we're going to make sense of Ivan Ilyich.
如果我们想要理解伊万里奇的话 Well, let's suppose we've done it.
我们就要作出这样的区分 Still have to ask, not,
假设我们已经区分完了 are there are ever cases of people
但我们还是得问 who don't believe they're going to die?
不是问"到底有没有人 but rather, is there any good reason to think
不相信自己会死" that we're all or most of us are in that situation,
而是问"有没有理由让我们相信 are in that state of belief where,
我们大多数人在那种情境下 although we give lip
就算我们 service to the claim that we're going to die,
口头上说着 is there any good reason to believe that
我们是会死的 fundamentally we don't actually believe it?
但有没有理由让我们相信 That's the question we have to turn to next time.
本质上我们并不真那么想的呢"
那就是我们下节课要讨论的问题