好的 我们开始上课 Okay, everybody get to work
这是我们最后一周 So now our last week
最后的两节课 these final two sessions
我们将要讨论 we'll be discussing
神的子民这种概念 the notion of the chosen people
以及相关观点 and related ideas
还有关于世界末日 also the idea about end of days
时间末日 or the end of time
这些母题我们之前都有过提及 We've hit upon some of these motifs
在我们学习的过程中说过几次 a couple of times along the way
今天我们在这里 So here today we finally
把这些知识点综合起来 put all these things together
那么 So
首先 first
以色列和上帝有着 Israel stands a special relationship
上帝和以色列的人民 God stands a special relationship
有特殊的关系 with the people of Israel
这其中就有些悖论 This is a bit of a paradox
我们在圣经中也已经读到过 as we see already in the Bible
在圣经中 创世记1-11 In the Bible, Genesis 1-11
上帝很明显是全世界的上帝 God is clearly the universal God
上帝在创世记1创造了整个世界 God creates the entire world in Genesis 1
上帝创造了第一对人类男女 God creates the first human pair
而且接下来可以推定 and then presumably all those
所有那对人类的后代 who descent from that human pair
接下来是整个人类 then we all of humanity
世界上的所有生灵 all the creatures in the world
上帝带来了一场洪水 God brings about a flood
来毁灭人类 为什么呢 to destroy humanity, why?
因为人类在上帝的眼中 Because humanity is wicked
表现得很邪恶 before in the God's eyes
因此上帝要清除他们 Therefore God wipes them out
这样我们就有一个道德上全宇宙的神 So we have a moral universal God
正如创世记1-11中所刻画的 is how God is depicted in Genesis 1-11
突然间 创世记12 All of a sudden, in Genesis 12
发生了一些事情 something happens
耶和华对亚伯兰说 The Lord spoke to Abram and said
你要离开 Go forth?
谁是亚伯兰 Who is Abram?
后来他被更名为亚伯拉罕 Soon later to be renamed Abraham
那这个人又是谁呢 Who is Abram or Abraham?
他就是以撒和雅各的祖先 He is a progenitor of Isaac, Jacob
是他们的12 13子 以色列人的祖先 the 12, 13 sons, and people of Israel
就这么突然间 And all of a sudden
创世记的剩下的部分里 in the rest of the Book of Genesis
耶和华就只对亚伯拉罕 he's only interested in Abraham
和他的后代感兴趣了 and his descendants
接下来就是以撒和他的后代 And then Isaac and his descendants
然后是雅各和他的后代 and then Jacob and his descendants
从文学的角度看来 From literary point of view
约瑟就是下一个角色 对吗 Joseph is the next figure, right?
然后我们就有了埃及的以色列人 Then we get to the Israelites in Egypt
接着是出埃及记 Then we get to the Exodus story, right
这就是Torah剩下的部分 That's the rest of Torah
非以色列人偶尔会 Non-Israelite figures occasionally
插入叙事 intrude the narrative
但是他们的作用就仅限于此 but they are precisely there
他们进入叙事 They entered the narrative
完成自己的叙事功能 就走了 They had narrative function and they leave
那我们怎么理解这个主题 How do we understand that theme
创世记11中 between Genesis 11
上帝还是宇宙的上帝 the end of universal section
到了创世记12 上帝就对亚伯兰说 and Genesis 12, God spoke to Abram
你要离开 and said, go forth
这是个迷 对吗 That is a mystery, right?
文章中并没有解释 The text does not explain it
后来的犹太人和基督教徒 and later Jews and Christians
也会被召集起来对此进行解释 will be called upon to explain this tension
其中的这种矛盾 一方面是 This tension between the universal God
全宇宙上帝 on the one hand
是创世的上帝 创造了整个世界 the creator God who created the whole world
及其世界中的万物 and all that is therein
还有世界中所有的人 with all the people in the world
这是一方面 而另外一方面 On the one hand, on the other hand
这位上帝似乎特别自然地 This God seems to be pretty naturally
特别青睐 特别关心 particularly consumed with concern
这么一个部落 about this particular clan
我也不能解释 同学们 So I can't explain it either, class
我只是简单阐述 圣经中 I'm simply observing we have an attention
特别关照以色列的这种理论 built in to the Israelite theology
全宇宙的上帝 the notion of universal moral God
于此同时 while one at the same time
也是某一特定民族的上帝 is also the God of a specific people
好的 Okay
也就是说 上帝是普世的神 Now God is universal moral God
上帝的确惩罚非以色列人 God does punish non-Israelites
正如他惩罚以色列人 the same way God punishes Israelites
因他们的罪而惩罚 for their sins
因此似乎有某种上帝能够施行的 So there seems to be some universal
特定的普世道德法律 moral order that God is able to enforce
而在所有的非以色列人中 And out of all the non-Israelites out there
根据叙事 最让上帝愤怒的 the ones who get the most wrath
还要数迦南人 from the narrator are the Canaanites
也就是说 That is to say
并非所有的非以色列人 not non-Israelites in general
而是迦南人受到特殊待遇 but the Canaanites in particular
是所谓的 外邦人 are the Other, capital O
是坏人 the bad guys
对待这些人 以色列人 the people from whom the Israelites
必须保持距离 must keep themselves separate and distinct
他们是特别 Ones, who most of all
致使上帝愤怒的民族 will suffer God's wrath
因为他们不道德 because of their immoralities
通常也不是性方面 As often as not sexual
不仅仅是性方面 But, not only sexual immoralities
而是有一系列的不道德 but a whole series of immoralities
上帝会给予他们惩罚 that God will bring its punishment upon them
他们是迦南人 These are the Canaanites
也就是迦南这片土地上的 the aboriginal inhabitants
原住居民 of the land of Canaan
以色列人后来会将他们驱逐出去 whom the Israelites will dispossess
从而征服迦南这片土地 in order to conquer the land of Canaan
把它建造成以色列的土地 and turn it into land of Israel
这就是这些迦南人 These are those Canaanites
就是所谓的外邦人 They are the Other, capital O
圣经中将他们单列出来 And Scripture singles them out
认为他们特别卑鄙 应当受到谴责 as being particularly vile reprehensible
容易引起上帝的愤怒 and worthy of divine wrath
这就是迦南人 Those are the Canaanites
但是不要将迦南人同 Don't confuse Canaanites with
所有的非以色列人混淆 non-Israelites in general
只有迦南人被描述成 It's Canaanites who are described
特别典型的外邦人 in this way as the quintessential Other
这里有一段写的非常精彩 Here is this wonderful passage
出自申命记7 in Deuteronomy 7
你们属于你们的上帝耶和华 You are a people holy to the Lord your God
这就是那种特殊关系的观念 There's that special relationship idea
他从天下万族中 The Lord your God has chosen you
拣选了你们 out of all the peoples on earth
做他的子民 to be his people
他的子民 chosen people
他宝贵的产业 his treasured possession
具体怎么翻译我不太清楚 Not clear how to translate that
希伯来语发音是amsegula amsegula is the Hebrew
耶和华喜爱你们 挑选你们不是因为你们人口多 It was not because you were more numerous
不是因为你们是最纯洁的 etc. etc. You are the purest
而是因为他爱你们 because the Lord loved you, blabla
遵守他向你们祖先所起的誓 he swore to your ancestors, blabla
他用大能的手把你们从受奴役 took you from Pharaoh's land of Egypt
的地方领出来 etc. etc.
文章内容很快地展开 And the passage rapidly continues
开始谈论到 with the contrast between
上帝与以色列的关系 God's relationship with Israel
以及上帝与迦南人关系的对比 and God's relationship with the Canaanites
好 坏 Good, bad
你们要跟他们保持距离 You stay away from them
那么 好的 Okay, so
这就将我们引入了下一个话题 that brings us the next quick point
以色列人是在一个极端 So the Israelites are on the one extreme
迦南人是在另一个极端 Canaanites are on the other
两者在上帝的眼中都是特殊的 Each are special in God's eyes
这些是好的 These are good
而这些当然就是坏的 and these of course are bad
这些是需要珍惜 These are treasured
而这一些就是要被毁灭的 these are to be destroyed
那么作为上帝的子民 So is it always a good thing to be
是不是总是好事 the chosen people
这样以色列人是不是 Does that make Israelites
就高人一等呢 superior?
是不是就意味着每天都是美好的 That means every day is a good day?
因为我是上帝的子民 Cos I'm a chosen people
是不是就意味着我可以为所欲为 That means I can do whatever the hell I want
因为我不用担心 Because I don't have to worry
嗨 我可是上帝的子民 Hey, I'm a member of the chosen people, right?
你能拿我怎么着 What can happen to me?
能出什么岔子 What can go wrong?
这是圣经所说的吗 同学们 Is that what Scripture says, class?
不是 No
圣经似乎非常明显地 Scripture very clearly seems to
有着不同的立场 have a very opposite conception
正因为 That precisely because
上帝和以色列人 God stands in a special relationship
有着特殊的关系 with the Israelites
因此 上帝可以随时惩罚他们 therefore, God can punish them all the time
就好像说 非以色列人 As if non-Israelites can sort of
能够背着上帝偷鸡摸狗 sneak behind God's back, as it were
而上帝不以为然 and do things God doesn't count
不会对他们大发雷霆 doesn't jump or harp upon them
然而对以色列人 Whereas Israelites
上帝没完没了地惩罚他们 God is constantly punishing them
如果你不相信我的话 If you don't believe me
那就去读圣经中的叙事 Read the narratives in Scripture
这就是圣经中 That's what the narratives
叙事的基本内容 are fundamentally about
从Torah的叙事开始 The narratives from all the Torah
一直到约书亚 士师记 撒母耳记和列王纪 down to Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings
这些故事都说的些什么呢 What are those stories about fundamentally?
以色列人走上歧途 The Israelites go astray
上帝惩罚他们 and God punishes them
这就是这些故事的母题 That's the like motif of those stories
为什么上帝 Why does God punish them
总是惩罚他们 so much so often?
正因为上帝希望他们能做得更好 Precisely because he expects better
正因为以色列人 Precisely because the Israelites
享受上帝的眷顾 enjoy the special divine favor
而这就表现在 which manifest itself
大部分情况下就是惩罚 as often as not, in punishment, right
上帝要求他们达到一个标准 Being held to a standard that
而其他的民族则不需要达到 other peoples apparently are not held to
好的 这是一个非常宏大的话题 Okay, this is a very big subject
刚刚我给大家讲到的 which I've just stumbled into
我们现在没有时间去处理 We don't have time to deal with it now
但是先知们纠缠过 but the prophets grapple with
这些问题 some of these
上帝应持有的普世公平水准 This problem of universality of divine justice
相对与上帝对以色列人的 vis-a-vis, God's particularly concern
特别眷顾 乃至爱 love, for the Israelites
这不是简单地说 It's not a simple thing that
以色列人位高一等 the Israelites are superior
仅仅是因为他们是上帝的子民 cos they are the chosen people, period
如果你这样总结 If you summarize that way
那你就整个全都误解了 you misapprehend the whole thing
大家有问题吗 Question on that?
大家都在默默地伤感 Yah, you just get sensational with
这是放假前最后一周嘛 好吧 your last week in school, I know, okay
好的 我们怎么称呼上帝 Okay, so what do we call the special
与以色列之间的特殊关系 relationship between God and Israel?
圣经本身所使用的一个单词 One term that's often used in Scripture itself
当时还跟圣经文献的概念相反 then opposed Biblical literature
就是约这个概念 is the notion of covenant
我们不是第一次看到 Right, and this we've seen already
之前讨论割礼的时候就有 when we discussed circumcision
因为割礼被视为上帝与以色列的约 Because circumcision is known as the covenant
或者是简单地说 Or kind of refer to simply
最典型的约 simply as the covenant par excellence
因为约这个词意思就是条约 But the covenant means the treaty
合同 协议 安排 a contract, a deal, an arrangement
双方都同意的一系列职责 a mutually binding set of obligations
就是它将上帝和以色列联系在一起 That's what links or binds God to Israel
我想在这里强调一个小问题 I want to emphasize a very quick point here
非常简单 Quick point, right, that
就是在古代的近东神学中 in ancient near-eastern theology
这是不寻常的 this is unusual
也就是说上帝和特定的人群 that God and a certain people
踏入了一种合约式的关系 have entered into a contractual relationship
是一种构造的关系 It's constructed
上帝选择了亚伯拉罕 亚伯拉罕选择上帝 God chose Abraham, Abraham chose God
我们形成了约 We have a deal
比较正常的神学态度是什么 What's the more normal theological attitude?
大家想想马杜克和古巴比伦人的联系 How does Marduk related to the Babylonians
或者是太阳神和埃及人的关系 Or Ra to the Egyptians
更加正常的一种态度是 The far more common attitude
这是一种自然的关系 it is a natural relationship
也就是说 上帝 马杜克 和古巴比伦人 That is to say, God, Marduk, Babylonian
是一体的 It's all together
从来没有说 There never was a time
马杜克不是巴比伦人的上帝 when Marduk was not the God of Babylon
从来没有说 There never was a time when
太阳神不是万神殿的王 Ra was not the king of pantheon
是一种自然的关系 It's a natural relationship
这种以色列的观念 There's something very odd about
其实是很奇怪的 this Israelite idea
以色列和上帝 that Israel and God
达成了共识 come to a mutual understanding
我们说好了 我们有了约 We have a deal, we have a contract
条约 约定 a treaty, a covenant
好的 其中有很多深层次的问题 Okay, so something very deep going on here
并不是我们这堂课的内容 Which is not our concern here in this class
我只不过想给大家提个醒 But I'm just alerting you to this idea
这样的约并非随处可见 不可避免 of a covenant is not obvious or inevitable
其实如果从古代人民对上帝或神 In fact in terms of the ancient people's
的想法这个角度来看 thinking about God and Gods
这非常不寻常 This is something highly unusual
我觉得是举世无双 I attempted to say unparalleled
因为我还没有找到与此类似的 I don't know any parallel to it
但是我还是避免说错话 But I'll protect my tukhes and say
这是不寻常的 Ah, it's usual
我想说这是独一无二的 I wanna say it's unique
因此我们这就有了约 Okay, so we have a covenant then
在以色列人和上帝之间 People of Israel and God
形成了一种关系 一种约 have a relationship, a deal
我将要做你们的上帝 上帝对以色列人说 I'll be your God, God says to Israelites
而你们将成为我的子民 and you'll be my people
这就意味着 你要听从我的指令 That means, you are gonna do X, Y and Z
而我自己也要做一些事情 and that means I'm gonna do A, B and C
对吗 这就是约的意义所在 Right, that's what a deal means
这就是以色列和上帝 That's how Israel and God
之间的关系 relate to each other
你们需要遵循我的训诫 You observe my commandments
你们需要遵守Torah You observe the Torah
需要听我的话 留意我的言语 you listen to my voice, hind my words
而我 上帝 也会为你们 And I, God, will do the following
做以下美好的事情 wonderful things for you
我会将你们带出埃及 I'll take you out of Egypt
我会将你们带到迦南 I'll bring you to the land of Canaan
给你们土地 I'll give you the land
让你们永世拥有 and you'll possess it forever
其实事情并不完全是这样的 Things did not turn out that way exactly
但是的确是这么说的 but that's what it says
这让我们想到 Okay, this should remind you
之前的讨论 of some discussion
关于希伯来圣经中的王 we had about rabbinic kingship
是永恒的还是有条件的 Is it eternal, or is it conditional
这也是一种条约 That's also a kind of treaty
对应着以色列人民成为上帝的子民 which mirror the election of people of Israel
好的 我们有了约 Okay, so we got a covenant
以色列是上帝特别眷顾的人民 Israel is God's special people
只有以色列人才有和上帝的约 only Israel have this covenant with God
腓力斯人没有 铁骑魔没有 Philistines don't, Armanites don't
摩押人没有 埃及人没有 Moabites don't, Egyptians don't
但是我们有 我们以色列人有 But we do, we Israelites do
这就是以色列人所理解的 That's how the Israelites conceived
他们和上帝的关系 of themselves vis-a-vis God
接下来在圣经中有两段 Then there are two passages in Scripture
给了我们这个非常不同凡响的观点 which raise this extraordinary idea
就是说有一天会有新的约 that someday there will be a new covenant
总而言之 在读圣经的过程中 After all, you read Scripture
从创世记到列王记 So Genesis through the Book of Kings
我们都有一个一直没有停止 and you have story nonstop
一直不肯放松的关于罪与罚的故事 unrelieved story of sin and punishment
以色列人变坏 Israelites are bad
以色列人误入歧途 Israelites go astray
上帝惩罚他们 God punishes them
它一而再 It happens once
再而三地发生 It happens almost every page
你会觉得在某个时刻 You would think at some point
以色列人会醒悟过来 the Israelites would figure this out
但是他们没有 But they don't
一而再再而三 It's one story after another
中间有一些小插曲 with occasional interruptions
但是总体说来是个很长的故事 But fundamentally that's one long story
关于对背叛上帝 of rebellion against God
接下来是上帝的愤怒 followed by divine wrath
然后是以色列人主动的忏悔 followed by some active contrition
乞求原谅 诸如此类 or repentance or something
接下来他们就重新做人 And then they set themselves up
一切重新开始 to do it over again
因此先知们说 So the prophets say
大家还记得先知吗 you recall the prophets
他们经常在预测世界末日 who as often as not, predict gloom and doom
但是与此同时 他们也经常 But they often, at the same time
预测在世界末日过后 predict after the gloom and doom
会迎来辉煌的日子 there is some glorious, something to follow
上帝会把一切扶上正轨 Right, which God will put matters right again
因此在耶利米书31这段著名的话中 So in this famous passage in Jeremiah 31
这是一段非常有名的话 And it is a famous passage
如果大家作了预习 if you did your homework, right
就会知道耶利米书31的经典地位 Jeremiah 31 is the classic passage
耶利米在此想象 where Jeremiah is imagining again
在世界末日过后的完美未来 this perfect future after the gloom and doom
她说 In which he says
将会另立新约 There will be a new covenant
时候将到 The time is coming
我要与以色列家 When I will make a new covenant
和犹大家另立新约 with the house of Israel and the house of Judah
这约不同于 It will not be like the covenant
我与他们祖先所立的约 I made with their fathers
就是我牵着他们祖先的手令他们离开埃及所立的 when I took them out of the land of Egypt
他们却违背了我的约 a covenant which they broke
但是我要把我的律法 But I'll put my Torah
放在他们的脑中 into their innermost being
写在他们的心上 and inscribe it upon their hearts
如果基督教徒在读到这段话的时候 Now if you are a Christian reading this passage
马上就知道这是什么意思 you'll know immediately what this means
这个上帝要另立的新的约 What is this new covenant that God will bring
要刻在他们心上的约是什么 that will be inscribed in their hearts?
是耶稣 是新约 基督教 Jesus, it's the new covenant, it's Christianity
《圣经新约》 That a whole phrase
就是从这里而来的 New Testament comes from here
是遵循着这里新约的 Right? Via the Greek translation of
希腊语翻译 this term in this passage
新的约 新的约定 a new covenant, a new brit
新的圣约 a new testament
用希腊语说是diatheke It's what you get from Greek, diatheke
翻译成拉丁就是testamentum into Latin testamentum
从这里而来 comes from here
如果你是基督教徒 So if you are Christian
你就知道这是什么意思 you know exactly what this means
旧约被以色列人破坏了 Alright? The old covenant the Israelite broke
因为充满了罪孽和反抗 full of sin and rebellion
接下来我们达成了和上帝的新约 Then there's this new covenant with God
但如果你是一名犹太人 If you are a Jew
我不得不说 I have to admit
这段话就有点让人摸不着头脑 you'll be puzzled by this passage
耶利米这是在说什么 What is Jeremiah talking about, right
犹太人没有类似的 So Jews don't have such a similarly
戏剧化的解读 dramatic way to read it
但是大家可以看看学习圣经中的注释 but look at the notes in the JSB
犹太教的标准解读方式 So the standard way the Jews to read it
会这样理解 would be to say
其实这和旧约是一样的 Well, no, it's the same as the old covenant
但是这个是新的 But except that it's new
因为新约中 你就再也不会犯罪 because you won't sin anymore
并不是约是新的 So not that the covenant is new
但是新约需要 but the conditions under which
遵循的条件将是焕然一新的 the covenant is observed will be new
因为我们犹太人不再反抗 Because we Jews will stop rebellion
而且当然了 基督教的解读方式 And of course, the Christian reading
肯定是错误的 of course is wrong
这里这样说 that goes that saying
好了 其实我也不是很清楚 Well, okay, I'm not sure what
耶利米先知这是在说什么 Prophet Jeremiah meant
但是我要提醒大家注意这个事实 I'm simply alerting you to the fact
我们在这里有一段非常饱满的文字 we have this very pregnant verse
非常饱满的意象 very pregnant image
基督教徒会抓住这它说 which Christians will seize upon and say
看见没 Um-huh, see?
旧约只不过是旧的约 The old covenant is just an old one
是暂时的 It was temporary, right
我们还会有新的约来替代 There is yet to be a new one to replace it
这就是部分的末日的形象 That's part of the vision of the end-of-day
完美的乌托邦未来 it's the perfect utopian future
在末日过后等着我们 which awaits us after the gloom and doom
因为我们的罪和忏悔 for sin and retribution
好的 那我们讲到哪儿了 Okay, so what do we get so far?
我们已经讲了作为普世的神的上帝 So we have God, universal moral God
他和以色列人有着 who stands a special relationship
特殊的关系 with people of Israel
这并不一定总是好事 Which is not always a good thing
从以色列人的角度看来 in the point of view of Israelites
我是说 其实 I mean, of course, sorry, of course
这当然是好事 Of course it's a good thing
非常好的事情 特殊的事情 It's a wonderful thing, it's a special thing
然而却让以色列人承担了特殊的责任 however, brings special responsibility
而与此同时 经常伴随着惩罚 and often as not, punishment with it
这样的关系是在 And this relationship is understood
帐幕中达成 in tabernacle terms
而我们在耶利米中看到了这样的描述 And then we have this passage in Jeremiah
在以西结书中也有类似的段落 with a parallel in Ezekiel, right
说末日到来之际 that there will be a new covenant
即将会有新的约 at the end of days
来建立一种新的关系 to work out a new relationship
联系上帝和以色列 between God and Israel
而这种新的关系可以得到 Which then can be interpreted
不同的解读 in different ways
这就是我们要讲的 That's where we are
大家有问题 或者有什么看法吗 Any questions? Have any comments?
谁能把窗帘拉开 Can you open the shades?
教室里有点暗 It's a little too dark in this room
好的 我们来看下一个话题 Okay, and raise the new theme
下一个话题 Okay, next topic
世界末日的非犹太人 gentiles at the end of days
非犹太人是什么呢 What is a gentile?
非犹太人就是非以色列民族的人 A gentile is somebody who is not Israelite
后来的称谓就是非犹太人 Or to use later language, not Jew
可以放好投影屏吗 You would open the screen?
好的 Okay
我是不是也打开窗帘 Should I open the shades?
什么 What?
需要拉开窗帘吗 Shall I open the shades?
拉开窗帘吧 让阳光照射进来 Open the shades, try to invite light in here
照射着我们 Do something
我觉得 好吧 I guess not, no
阳光总是 Some of it always
径直打到我的脸上 they always hits me, right
到世界末日之时 Okay, so at the end of days
以色列人作为上帝的子民 Israel is God's chosen people
将会得到一些特殊的恩惠 who'll enjoy some special boons, right?
乌托邦 被赐福的未来 Utopia, blessed future
一切都会特别美好 everything would be wonderful
他们不再犯罪 They won't sin anymore
上帝和以色列的关系将会特别融洽 Everything will be good between God and Israel
凡此种种 You know
一切都会美丽 美好 Everything will be beautiful and wonderful
大家可以理解这一点 Okay, sort of understand that
那么非以色列人怎么办呢 Now how about all those non-Israelites?
他们将面临着什么 What's gonna happen to them
在这个被赐福的未来中 in this time of blessed future?
圣经中给了我们一系列 Well, Scriptures give us a whole series
不同的类型 of different typologies
一系列不同的模式 a whole different patterns
来帮助我们理解 of how to understand
古代以色列人自己是如何理解 how the ancient Israelites themselves understood
他们和世界之间的关系 how they will stand vis-a-vis the world
非犹太人这些民族 Gentiles, gentiles are people
并非来自以色列 不属于犹太民族 who are not Israelites or non-Jews
我们看到这种说法 So we have this phrase
以色列将成为列国的光 Israel shall be the light unto the nations
这是一个非常美妙的说法 It's a wonderful phrase in
出现在第二以赛亚的话中 passages in second Isaiah
也就是说 那位在以赛亚书最后几章中 Namely, the anonymous prophet of
的无名氏先知 the last chapters in the Book of Isaiah
以色列将成为列国的光 Israel should be the light to the nations
这究竟是什么意思 我也无从得知 What that really means, I've no idea
但是我知道后来的犹太人是如何认为的 I know what later Jews thought it meant
后来的犹太人认为 Later Jews thought it meant that
以色列人在世界末日 the people of Israel at the end of days
将会教授非以色列人 will teach gentiles, right
一神论之光 the light of monotheism
真理之光 the light of truth
可能这是以赛亚的意思 Maybe that's what Isaiah meant
我们暂时先不讨论这一点 So I'm gonna leave that aside
即便基督教徒 even though Christians also
也非常看重这个观点 will make much of this idea
他们认为以色列人 that Israel should be
是列国之光 the light of the nations, of course
因为基督将要将光明 because Christ will bring a lumination
洒向非犹太人 to all the gentiles
这就是基督教徒所理解的 That's how Christians will understand
这些以赛亚的说法 these phrases in Isaiah
我也不知道这确切是什么意思 I've no idea what they really mean
但是无论如何 大家可以去看看 发掘一下 And anyway, you can look and go dig them up
好的 回到我们刚才的话题 Anyway, back where we were
不同的类型 Different typologies
那我们如何理解以色列 列国 How do we understand Israel, the nations
末日 这些概念如何形成一个整体 end of days, where are they going to fit?
因此我们有了不同的类型 So we have different typologies
我会非常快地把这些内容讲完 I'll go through it very quickly
也没有必要一一给大家念 No reason to read all these
非犹太人将要服侍以色列人 Gentiles will serve the Israelites
这是一种类型 One typology
换言之 非犹太人 In other words, gentiles
非以色列民族 the non-Israelite nations
需要服侍 将要作为仆人 will serve, will be servants
去服侍以色列人 to the Israelites
这里我们在以赛亚书中有两段 Okay, so here we have two things in Isaiah
从以赛亚书49开始 一直到以赛亚书60 from Isaiah 49 to Isaiah 60
接下来是下一个类型 Okay, next typology
非犹太人会在锡安 The gentiles will recognize
认同上帝的权威 the authority of God at Zion
锡安就是对耶路撒冷的美称 Zion, again, the poetic name for Jerusalem
他们仍然是非犹太人 They still remain gentiles
也没有任何的转变 They are not converting
仍然是非犹太人 They will remain gentiles
但是在他们的这种状态下 But in their gentile state
他们会接受 会认同 they will come to acknowledge
上帝的力量 the power of God
这里是一段非常有名的文字 And here the famous passage
我们之前曾经读过 when we looked at already
一两次的样子 once or twice before
选自以赛亚书2 在弥迦书中也有类似的段落 from Isaiah 2 with a parallel in Micah
在末后的日子 In the last days the mountain of
耶和华殿所在的山必耸立 the Lord's temple will be established
高过群山 as chief among the mountains
超过万岭 it will be raised above the hills
万族都要涌向它 and peoples will stream to it
众民都必来 说 Many nations will come and say
来吧 让我们登 Come, let us go up to
耶和华的山 the mountains of the Lord
去雅各之上帝的殿 to the house of the God of Jacob
这种乌托邦的图景 This utopian vision, right
他必将他的路指示给我们 He will teach us his ways
使我们走他的道 so that we may walk in his paths
因为训诲必出于锡安 The law will go out from Zion
耶和华的话语必来自耶路撒冷 the word of the Lord from Jerusalem
他必在各国实施审判 He will judge between many peoples
等等等等 blablabla
他们必将刀剑打成犁头 They will beat their swords into the plowshares
把矛枪制成镰刀 and their spears into pruning hooks
国与国不再兵刀相见 So there will be universal peace
人们都会认识到 and all the nations will recognize
以色列的上帝是真正的上帝 that the God of Israel is the true God
这又是一个乌托邦的图景 Now again, this is a Utopian vision
大家就不要太纠缠细节了 So you can't press details too hard
但是在我看来非犹太民族 But it seems to me the gentile nations
并不会变为犹太人 will not become Israelites
他们只不过是承认 They are simply recognizing that
以色列的上帝是真正的上帝 the God of Israel is a true God
而上帝统治世界带来的一个后果就是 And it's part of that universal dominion of that God
世界和平 will be universal peace
这是另外一个母题 So that's a different motif
其中的一个母题是说非犹太人 So one motif is the gentiles
要服侍犹太人 are serving Israelites
第二个母题是说他们承认 Second motif is they are acknowledging
上帝的力量 而且到他的圣祠 the power of God and coming to his shrine
锡安的神殿中 the temple in Zion, right
在和平与和睦的时代 in the time of peace and harmony
来认可这位上帝的力量 to acknowledge the power of this God
在圣经中有很多故事都说 There are a number of stories in Scripture
正直的非犹太人 about righteous gentiles who
认可了以色列的上帝的力量 recognized the power of the God of Israel
他们没有改变信仰 They don't convert
他们只不过是承认 They simply recognize that
这个上帝是真正的上帝 this God is the real God
这位上帝是强大的上帝 This God is the powerful God
不要给这个上帝惹麻烦 Don't mess with this God
因此我们是用这个母题 So we are taking that motif
贯穿到末日的故事中去 and making it large for the end of days
接下来我们来看似乎是第三个母题 Then we have what seem to be a third motif
非犹太人将他们和上帝联系起来 Gentiles attached themselves to God
用后来的话说 他们改变了信仰 Or use later language, they are converting
以某种方式 形式 at some way, shape, manner or form
他们成为了以色列 they are becoming part
人民的一部分 of the people of Israel
而这种方式最终也没有挑明 in some way, which alas, is not specified
归根结底就是一种乌托邦式的想象 any case it's all utopian speculation
这些先知们的想象 by these prophets
因此以赛亚书56说的是 So Isaiah 56 refers to
将自己和上帝联系在一起 gentiles who attach themselves
服务上帝的非犹太人 to God to serve him
我觉得这是在前一个母题上 To my mind, that's a step beyond
更进一层 what the previous motif
因此这些非犹太人实际上 So gentiles here are now in effect
就成了以色列人 becoming Israelites
我不知道他们是不是有以色列的身份证 I don't know if they got Israelite identity cards
我也不知道先知 I'm not sure the prophets
会不会走到这一步 would quite go that far
但是他们从社会的角度上 in so far as they belong socially
已经属于以色列民族 to the people of Israel
但是神学的角度上他们已经成为 But theologically they have now become
之后我们所说的 皈依 what later use language of converting
他们是非犹太人 They are gentiles
但是他们崇拜以色列的上帝 but they worship the God of Israel
他们与上帝联系 希伯来语是nelvi they are attached, that's the term nelvi
或者是nelvim nelvim the term is used
这个母题中最出彩的段落就是 And the most spectacular passage in this motif
以赛亚书65-66 are Isaiah 65 and 66
以赛亚书中这最后两段 These last two chapters of the Book of Isaiah
是对这种普世性 which are a spectacular statement
非常经典的表述 of this kind of universalism
也就是说到末日 Namely at the end of time
非犹太人都会在耶路撒冷 the gentiles will all be worshipping God
崇拜上帝 in Jerusalem
而且会成为上帝的子民 and they'll be part of God's people
我也不确定他们是不是 Again, I'm not sure they get
能够拿到以色列的身份证 Israelite identity cards
但是他们已经成为上帝的子民 but they are part of the God's people
崇拜上帝 worshipping the Lord
而上帝也会让他们成为自己的仆人 and the Lord will take them to be a servant
而且你也会从他们之中 and you will take from among them
选择祭司 to be priests
如果你是传统主义犹太人 If you are a traditionalist Jew
你可能会被这种看法困惑 you are disturbed by this vision
因为在我看来 because it seems to me that
以赛亚将非犹太人带得太远了 Isaiah is taking the rest of them a little too far
基督教徒当然 Christians of course
读了这些之后特别喜欢 read these passages and love it
因为毕竟这才是基督教嘛 Cos after all, is it not what Christianity is?
非犹太人在世界末日 That the gentiles, the end of days
在基督的时代 the time of Christ, right
加入了上帝子民的行列 have joined God's people
崇拜上帝 and are worshipping God?
犹太人和非犹太人之间 And this distinction between Jews and Israelites
的区别 Jews and gentiles
也就是以色列和非以色列人 Israelites, non-Israelites
是有分别的 或者还有另外的意思 is distinctionable or has any meaning
这就是基督教 That's Christianity
他们使用这个 Which is taking this
以赛亚书65和66中的普世观点 universalist strand from Isaiah 65 and 66
并发扬光大 and running with it
犹太人也不确定如何处置 Jews are not sure what to do
以赛亚书65和66 with Isaiah 65 and 66
我觉得今天也是如此 I believe they are still true to this day
我也不确定究竟怎么理解 I'm not quite sure what to do with
这种普世的观点 this universalist vision
但是这种观点是很非凡的 But it's an extraordinary vision
我要在他们中间 So they the gentiles will proclaim
行神迹 my glory among the nations
他们要将你们的弟兄 And they will bring all your brothers
从列国中带回 等等等 from all the nations, etc., etc.
他们必带来 They will bring them
正如以色列人用洁净的器皿 as the Israelites bring their
盛供物奉到耶和华的殿中 grain offerings to the temple
我也必从他们中间立人 And I will select some of them also
作祭司 作利未人 这是耶和华说的 to be priests and Levites, says the Lord
因此是有不同的图景的 So there are different visions
不同的先知的乌托邦图景 in the prophet's utopian visions
而这又会在犹太教 And this will carry forward
历史中延续下去 in the history of Judaism
那么犹太人是如何想象 Right, what do Jews imagine
世界的图景 will happen to all the world
当世界末日到来 when the end of time comes
上帝的辉煌和力量得到展现之时呢 and God's glory and power are revealed
这地球上几十亿人民 What's gonna happen to the billions of people
又会怎么样呢 on the face of the planet, right?
因此这是不同的图景 So there are different visions
我们在这里看到的 There are, we see here
一种是说非犹太人 One where there are gentiles
成为仆人 跟犹太人保持距离 are kept as servant, sort of at arm's distance
另外一种极端是如以赛亚书65-66所描述 And the other extreme is Isaiah 65-66
看起来是他们以某种方式融入了 where apparently they are incorporated
融入了这个政体 in some way into the polity
这种神殿的政体 or the temple polity
这群人们 Right, the group of people
在神殿中崇拜上帝 who are worshipping the Lord in the temple
当然了还有介于两者中间的图景 and there are also lots of visions in between
好的 Okay
啊 大家没有问题 Nah, no questions
那好吧 但是大家在课程评价中 Okay, but don't write in the critique review
对了说说课程评价 By the way, critique review
大家在填完表格之后 Don't forget to fill out the questionnaire
不要忘了去填问卷 while you have finished the form
不要说 科恩教授不给我 Don't say, Professor Cohen doesn't give me
课堂上问问题的机会 好吗 options to ask questions in class, okay?
不要这么说 因为这不是真的 Don't say that cos it's not true
你们不问问题不是我的错啊 It's not my fault, you don't ask questions
我可是给大家机会了 But I gave you a chance, right?
好吧 Okay
那大家有问题吗 So any questions?
我知道大家很累了 No, I know you are tired
理解万岁理解万岁 I know, I know, I know
好的 这是一些圣经中的 Okay, these are some of the Biblical
一些圣经中的文段 some of the Biblical passages
圣经中的遗产 some of the Biblical legacy that
这对后来犹太教在这些 will help shape later Jewish thinking
深刻有挑战话题上思想的形成有很大帮助 on these very deep and challenging topics
那么我们看看在犹太教历史中 So let's look at in history of Judaism
都发生了什么事情 What happens to some of these things
首先 犹太人一直以来 First, Jews have always had
都有很强的民族感 a strong sense of peoplehood
剧透一下周五的内容 Jump ahead to Friday
基督教徒并没有这种民族感 Christians don't have a sense of peoplehood
是吧 很少看见有人说 Right, you hardly use the phrase
基督教人民 the Christian people
我不知道这是什么意思 I've no idea what that means
而犹太人的确有 Whereas Jews do have
这样一种民族感 a sense of peoplehood
也就是说 这群人 Namely, as a group
人与人之间联系在一起 bound together one to another
不仅仅是因为相同的宗教 not just by common religion
相同的文化 等等 common culture, etc.
而且是因为他们相同的祖先 but also common origins
我们可能也可以说是 同样的种族 What we might call, perhaps, ethnicity
好的 我们要理解 Right, understanding that
犹太民族 Jewishness is a function
不仅是在说一种宗教 一种文化 not just of religion and culture
而且还指代后代 but also of descent
犹太人将自己想象成同一祖先的后代 Right, Jews imagine that they all descent
他们出身于同样的祖先 from a single set of common ancestors
我们之前提到过的亚伯拉罕 以撒 Their aforementioned Abraham, Isaac
雅各 12子 12部落 等等 Jacob, 12 sons, 12 tribes, etc.
大家不要把这些事实混淆 Now, don't confuse these with the facts
这其实是有关感受 I mean, this is a matter of perception
有关构想 a matter of construction
或者说是想象 or imagination, perhaps
就相当于你看着自己的胎记 So go on take genetic markers
然后问自己这是真的还是假的 and ask yourself is this really true or not
这不是问问题的正确角度 it's not the right angle of inquiry
证据就是 Proof of which is this
接下来这个显著的事实 following remarkable fact
即便犹太人长久以来 Even though Jews have long
而且直到今天仍旧 and to this very day, still
将自己想象成 imagined themselves
一个单一民族的成员 as members of single people
来自一个单一的祖先 a single descent group, comma
即便如此 科恩教授 Nonetheless, as Professor Cohen
在大家的讲义上已经标出 remarks on your handout
民族的自我观念非常矛盾地 Ethnic self-conception is oxymoronically
同非犹太人可以转变 combined with the idea
这个概念结合在一起 that gentiles can convert
恕我直言 我个人觉得 which I would respectfully submit
如果犹太真的是作为民族 is impossible if Jewishness
那这就是不可能的 is really a function of ethnicity
就好像特别荒谬地说 Would be just as absurd as to say
我能够成为意大利人 I, Shaye Cohen, would become Italian
我是说 我可以搬去意大利 I mean, I can move to Italy
我可以成为意大利市民 become an Italian citizen
我可以学意大利语 I can learn Italian language
还能吃很多意大利面 I can eat lots of pasta
但是毕竟 我不是意大利人 But at the end of day, I'm not Italian
我们知道一种概念是说 There's something called
意大利的排外性 the Italian xenophobic
就是说你是就是 不是就不是 It's just either you are or you aren't
同样 在某种程度上 Similarly at some level
说非犹太人会变成犹太人 to say that a gentile will become a Jew
根本就是胡来 it's just as absurd
但是非犹太人是可以成为犹太人的 However, gentiles can become a Jew
他们可以皈依 Right, they can convert
也就是说他们可以改变自己的宗教 Meaning, they can change their religion
文化 社交网络 等等 culture, social-network, etc.
从自己原来的那一套转变成犹太那套 from what they were to a Jewish set of
宗教 文化 社交网络 religion, culture, social networks
此后我们就叫这个人犹太人 And we call that person henceforth a Jew
如果你反对说 And if you object
这怎么可能呢 but isn't this, how is this possible?
如果从犹太人的民族性角度来看 in Jewish sense of ethnicity
回答是 你也是对的 The response is, you are right, too
这是个老段子了 大家知道这个段子 That's a very old joke, you know that joke
不知道 No?
大家不知道吗 You don't know that joke?
可好笑了 基本上就是最好笑的 It's No.12, you know, that the Jewish jokes
犹太笑话 Just can imagine
大家想听这个笑话吗 Do you want me to tell you this joke?
想 Yes
好吧 一般人我不告诉他 Alright, I don't do this usually, okay
好的 So right
这个段子有很多版本的 so there's different versions of this joke
其中的一个版本是说 So one joke, one version of it is so
两个诉讼人来到拉比面前 two litigants come before the rabbi
让他评理 for adjudication
拉比在那里 对第一个诉讼人说 The rabbis hear litigant No.1 and says
你的论据充足 You have a very strong case
我认为你是对的 I think you are right
然后第二个诉讼人说了一通 Then litigant No.2, blablablablabla
拉比说 我觉得吧 The rabbi says, you know what?
你论据也很充足 You have a strong case also
我认为你是对的 I think you are right
拉比的侍从就在一边说 So his attendant says on the side
拉比 他们两人说的话有矛盾啊 Rabbi, they are contradicting each other
怎么能同时正确呢 How can they both be right?
拉比回答 你说的也是对的 Response, you are right, too
好的 就是这样 Okay, there you go
我就给大家讲这一个犹太笑话 That's my first and only Jewish joke I told
就是这样 It's that, okay
因此犹太是一种民族 So Jewishness is ethnicity
然而尽管如此 and yet, and yet, and yet
非犹太人是可以皈依的 gentiles are allowed to convert
不仅是在末日时可以 Not just the end of days
此时此地就行 but in here and now
此时此地 In here and now
因此我们犹太人实际是觉察到 So we Jewish just though retained, spotted this
现在我们回到刚才的内容 Now I'll go back to where I was
一种民族感 a sense of peoplehood
一种民族性 a sense of ethnicity
一种共同祖先的感觉 a sense of descent
犹太人是一个民族 It is a descent group
但是不过是一种想象 only thing it's only imagination
我们社会学家这样认为 as what sociologist call it
这种概念就是 This conception is something
所谓的家庭主义 that's called familism
我们犹太人有自己的教义 Right, in which we Jews, we have doctrine
我们将自己想象成一个家庭 the Jews imagine themselves to be a family
重复一遍 生理上的 Again I repeat, what the biological
基因上的血缘并无关系 genetic facts are are irrelevant
是吧 不要告诉我说也门的犹太人 Right, and don't tell me it's Yemeni Jews
和波兰的犹太人不一样 don't look like Polish Jews
我知道不一样 但是没关系 I know that, but doesn't matter
波兰的犹太人 也门的犹太人 Right, Polish Jews, Yemeni Jews
摩洛哥的 伊拉克的犹太人 Jews in Morocco, Jews in Iraq
我们都是兄弟姐妹 We are all brothers and sisters
好的 与上帝的特殊关系 Okay, special relationship with God
这种民族性的一部分是 So part of this ethnicity is that
我们是一支特别的民族 we are a special people, we are a people
我们是一个家庭 对吗 we are a family, right?
我们是上帝子民 and we are inheritors of that
这一称谓的继承者 status of the chosen people
追溯到圣经 going back to the Scripture
这又意味着什么呢 So what does that mean?
说我们犹太人是上帝的子民 that we Jews are the chosen people
这里我们有不同的见解 So here we have different
回到我们在本课程第二周的课堂上 we'll come back to something we discussed
讨论的问题 好吗 briefly in Week 2 in this course, right
一种概念认为这是 One conception is that
本质主义 this is something essentialist
犹太是在他们的基因之中 血脉之中 It's in the genes, it's in the bloodlines
是这支继嗣群的一部分 It's in the descent group
有一些本质上的东西 Right, it is something essential about
让犹太人与非犹太人不同 Jews which makes them different from
不是优越于 是不同于非犹太人 not superior, different from non-Jews
而这种状态是被赋予的 And it is a status which is ascribed
用社会学家的语言来说 due to language from sociologist
他们并没有做什么 They don't do anything to deserve it
生到这个世界上时 he is born into the world
是就是 不是就不是 and either you are, or you aren't
因此我们在这里强调的 So something here to emphasize this
是犹太的本质主义 an essentialist notion of Jewishness
它是基于我们所谓的 based on some ideas of
基因这一概念 what we'll call genetics
不然你就有犹太基因 Either have the Jewish gene, as it were
不然就没有 or you don't
而大部分的犹太思想家强调的 Most Jewish thinkers though emphasize
是一种功能主义 a functionalist definition
他们认为犹太人 They mean what makes Jews
之所以是犹太人 在上帝的眼中 the Jewish people, special, different
特殊 不同 in God's eyes
这跟他们的基因构成 There's not been anything to do
没有任何关系 with their genetic makeup
而是因为犹太人有Torah It's the fact the Jews have a Torah
并且遵守 and observe it
也就是说但凡 So as long as they have
犹太人有Torah并且遵循 the Torah and observe it
这就实际上让犹太人 That in fact is what makes Jews
在上帝的眼中与众不同 是他的子民 different, special, chosen, in God's eyes
因为他们有上帝的Torah Cos they have God's Torah
因此这是一个 Okay, this is a, so
更确切地说是获得的地位 Rather than it's an achieved status
是你通过行为所得 Something that you do
并非你是什么 Not something that you are
而是你做了什么 but something that you do
他们学习 崇拜 So they study and the worship
而且遵循Torah and observance of the Torah
说实话大部分的思想家 This is the, I say most thinkers are
强调的都是这种 would emphasize some version
获得或是功能主义的 of this achieved or functionalist
对子民的理解 understanding of the chosen people
但是也有一些 大家知道的 But there are those, you know
我们接下来也会看一些 and we'll see beautiful example
祈祷文中非常优美的段落 that in the prayer
我们临下课前五分钟来看 In that last 5 minutes of class
我给大家选取的是 We'll look at a passage from
犹太教祈祷文的一段话 the Jewish prayer book
用非常优美的诗句 which brings out this idea really
来阐述了这种观点 in really beautiful terms
但是也有一些颂歌是站在对立面的 But there are singers at other side, you know
说实在的 Right, to be honest, right
强调的是那种本质主义的观点 who do speak of the essentialist perspective
就好像说 一名犹太人 As if somehow, a Jew in his/her very being
从他的本质 存在上说 very essence, existence
就从某些方面不同于 is somehow different from
在上帝的眼中有特殊地位 special in God's eyes
不同于非犹太人 different from non-Jews
还有一些 无需赘言 And some, needless to say
先提前剧透一下周五的内容 Let's jump ahead to Friday
基督教中保留了 Christianity will keep the idea
上帝子民的观点 of the chosen people
而没有取代它 does not replace it
只是他们说基督教徒 Except that Christians are
是上帝眼中的子民 the chose people in God's eyes
而两者之间最为不同的是 The crucial difference will be
犹太教保留了 that Jewishness maintains
它们的那种民族性的观念 its sense of ethnicity or peoplehood
而基督教并没有 And Christianity does not
但是基督教徒认为自己 But Christians are no less special
在上帝眼中是特殊的 in God's eyes for Christians
这并不亚于犹太人认为自己在上帝眼中是特殊的 than Jews are special in God's eyes for Jews
这个角度看来 两者并无大异 On that point, they are the same
我这里就不管政治正确与否了 I don't care if it's politically correct
两者是一样的 They are the same
两者不同在于 The differences, one is
其一认为自己是一个民族 另外一者则不 One sees itself as ethnic and one does not
周五我们还会讲这一点 I'll come back to that on Friday
好的 现在 Okay, now
我们就跳过下一个知识点 we'll skip the next bullet point
关于非犹太人的土地问题 about the land and go to gentiles
我们来看下面的重点 Now comes the crucial crucial point
我们犹太人在上帝的眼中特殊 So, we Jews are special in God's eyes
我们是上帝的子民 We are chosen
这里我选用的是功能主义的定义 I'll pick the functionalist definition
因为我们有Torah because we have the Torah
而你们非犹太人没有 and you gentiles don't
或者对于基督教徒 or you Christians
你们基督教徒有Torah you Christians have the Torah
但是你们没有理解 而且没有遵守律法 but you misunderstand it and don't observe it
所以有没有都一样 So it's as if you don't
因为只有我们犹太人有Torah Cos only we Jews have the Torah
而且遵守戒律 and observe the mitzvoth
听从所有的训诫 and observe all the commandments
那么这意味着什么呢 So what does that mean therefore?
是意味着 That means therefore
地球上所有的非犹太人 all the gentiles on the face of planet
都要下地狱吗 are going to hell?
这是你们的特殊民族引申的意思吗 Is that what your special peoplehood means?
这里我非常开心地说 And here I'm happy to say
拉比们事实上 No, the rabbis are in fact
是政治正确的 没错 politically correct, yes, right
关于这一点 On this one
在希伯来的文献中 there is a wonderful tradition
有一个非常优良的传统 that goes back to rabbinic text
不清楚是不是要追溯到希伯来文献之前 Not clear if it goes back before rabbinic text
但是很明显的是在文献中 But it is clear in rabbinic text
首次出现在托赛夫塔中 appears the first time in the Tosefta
说多了 Too much information
首次出现在古代的希伯来文献中 Appears in ancient rabbinic literature
文献中拉比们发展出了一种观点 Right? In which the rabbis develop the idea
认为诺亚的子孙 或者说Noahides that the sons of Noah or Noahides
诺亚的子孙同样能够 Sons of Noah also are able to
得到上帝的青睐 find favor in God's eyes
同样能够享受未来的世界 also have a share in the world to come
条件是 provided, or salvation
这里还可以有不同的表述方法 whatever language you wanna use
条件是他们遵守 Right, provided that they observe
某种特定的基本规范 a certain set of basic norms
也就是说 In other words
上帝有没有期望 或者要求 does God expect or demand that
所有的非犹太人都遵守 all gentiles observe all
Torah中的训诫呢 the commandments in the Torah?
当然没有了 Of course not
只有犹太人才在纠结 Only Jews struggle with
遵循Torah中的训诫 observing the commandments in the Torah
非犹太人才不用 Gentiles don't have to
那么上帝有没有希望非犹太人 So does God want or expect gentiles
遵循Torah中的训诫呢 to observe the commandments of the Torah?
答案是否定的 The answer is no
那么上帝希望 What does God expect
并且要求非犹太人怎么做 and demand gentiles to do?
遵守特定的一套基本 To adhere to a certain basic canon of
道德标准 morality or proper conduct
如果他们遵守了 上帝对他们的期望就实现了 And if they do, that's all God expects of them
那么现在的问题是 Now, what is, though, basic canon
这一套基本的道德是什么 Basic canon or list of moralities
这里我们有一个版本 So here we have a, here is one version of it
其实还有很多版本 out of different versions of it
我们的拉比想出了 Our rabbis thought
七条供诺亚的子孙遵守的训诫 7 precepts with the children of Noah commanded
诺亚是哪位 Who is Noah?
大洪水诺亚嘛 Noah the flood guy
大洪水诺亚 Alright, the flood guy
因此我们说诺亚的子孙 So we say the children of Noah
是什么意思呢 What do we mean?
所有人 Everyone
所有人 全人类 Everybody, cos all humanity
都是诺亚的子孙 对吗 are descent of Noah, right?
在基因学上这就是所谓的 This is what genetically it's called a
我们所说的 It's called
是什么呢 瓶颈 What, a bottleneck
是的 是瓶颈 Yes, a bottleneck, right
因为诺亚之前的基因是无所谓的 because the gene before Noah don't matter
我们的祖先并不是追溯到亚当夏娃 Cos everybody goes back not to Adam and Eve
而是追溯到诺亚 All of them go back to Noah
因为全人类都是诺亚的子孙 Right, cos all humanity are descents of Noah
还有诺亚夫人 不管她是谁 对吧 and Mrs. Noah, whoever she was, right
好的 Right, so
七条训诫 Seven precepts for
供诺亚的子孙们遵守 the children of Noah commanded
全人类都需要遵守这七条训诫 all humanity is commanded to 7 precepts
训诫如下 Here they are
维护司法公正 不可亵渎 Establish civil law, refrain from blasphemy
不可拜偶像 不可奸淫 不可谋杀 不可偷盗 idolatry, adultery, bloodshed, robbery
不可食活物的肢体 eating flesh cut from a living animal
我们没有时间一一 Okay, don't have to time to deal with
详细解读 these in great length
但是非常精彩 It is extraordinarily fascinating
而且这让我们想到 and should remind you of something
使徒行传15的内容 大议会 going on in Acts 15, the great council
在使徒行传中大会议决定 In which the great council decided
教会之外的人 that people no entering the church
无需接受割礼 do not need to be circumcised
只需要遵守 But only need to observe
三四条戒律就好 three or four of requirements
而这又和诺亚七律有所重合 which in turn, haven't overlapped with the 7
我现在没时间详细讲 Don't have time to deal with that now
但是如果大家有兴趣 But if you are curious
可以去查一下 做下比较 you can look up and compare
使徒行传15和这里有什么不同 the Acts 15 passage with this
总而言之 这里的关键是一个概念 Anyway, the key thing is the conception of it
也就是说 The conception of it is
以色列可能与上帝有特殊的关系 Israel may have a special relationship with God
因为以色列有Torah和戒律 Cos Israel has a Torah and the commandments
但是这并不意味着非以色列人 But that does not leave non-Israelites
就被冷落 out in the cold
而与此相反 On the contrary
如果非以色列人遵守这些 If non-Israelites observe these sort of
最基本的准则 basic set of norms here
比如远离偶像崇拜 i.e., refrain from idolatry
我们这里跑一下题 Well, leave that out for a second
不淫乱 Refrain from adultery
不吃血 refrain from bloodshed
不偷窃 refraining from robbery
这些都是非常基本的社会准则 You know, it's pretty basic social norms here
只要他们做到这些 Right, if they do that
就能得到上帝的青睐 Fine, they have favor in God's eyes
上帝不要求他们 God does not demand
期望他们做更多的事情 or expect that you do anymore
这里比较难理解的是偶像崇拜 Now, the tricky one here is idolatry
在拉比所言的诺亚七律中 That among the list of the seven the rabbis say
作为非犹太人 that for gentiles, as gentiles
如想得到上帝的眷顾 to find favor in God's eyes
或者用基督教的说法 如要被拯救 Or to use the Christian language, to be saved
就需要远离偶像崇拜 They need to avoid idolatry
这就取决于我们怎么定义 Now, depends on how you define that
取决于我们怎么定义 Depends exactly what you mean
偶像崇拜 and don't mean by idolatry, right
这就要看几百万 That will depend a hinge of millions
几百万人的信仰该如何处置 the faith of millions now hangs in abouts
因为可能在你的定义下 Cos if you define it one way
基督教当然是 then of course Christianity
人们可以认为 one could argue
是一种偶像崇拜 如果按照拉比的说法 is a kind of idolatry, rabbinically speaking
不管怎么说 这是在崇拜两个上帝 Anyway, it's worship of two gods
崇拜偶像 Worship of images
这在我看起来就是偶像崇拜 Looks like idolatry to me
但是关于这一点 But this is a point out of which
中世纪的犹太人会长篇大论 medieval Jews would argue at great length
而且他们对此言之凿凿 and with great conviction, great concern
因为这的确很有关系 because it matters a lot, alright
我们犹太人会不会认为基督教徒 Do we Jews regard our Christian
是偶像崇拜者呢 neighbors as idolaters?
当然了 如果你是生活在 Right, so of course if you are living in
穆斯林国家 答案一定是肯定的 a Muslim country the answer is yes
因为这很简单 他们都是偶像崇拜者 cos easy, sure they are all idolaters
穆斯林们都认为 Cos Muslims also think that
基督教徒崇拜偶像 Christians are idolaters
这非常简单 So it's very simple
如果你生活在基督教的国家 If you are living in a Christian country
答案就非常复杂 对吗 it's more complicated, right?
因为你未必然想要认为你的 Cos you don't necessarily want to regard
基督教邻居是偶像崇拜者 your Christian neighbors as idolaters
因此在这一点上 中世纪的犹太教思想家 So on this point, medieval Jewish thinkers
会产生争论 will debate with each other
而且毋庸赘言 And needless to say
到了现代 by the time you get to modernity
也就是19世纪 20世纪前后 in the 19th and 20th centuries, needless to say
现代的拉比会重拾 Modern rabbis will pick up
中世纪的传统 on that medieval tradition
认为他们并非偶像崇拜者 which says no, they are not idolaters
当然了 他们的一神论并不是那么正宗 Right, their monotheism is not a pure one
如果我们犹太人想要 And if we Jew want to do the thing
去像基督教徒那样做事 that the Christians are doing
我们肯定要因为崇拜偶像而犯罪 the Jews will be guilty by idolatry
因为犹太人对避免偶像崇拜的要求 But the prohibition of idolatry for Jew
要比非犹太人严格得多 is more severe than it is for non-Jew
因此基督教徒并非真正意义上的偶像崇拜 So Christianity is not actually an idolatry
这就意味着 So that means
基督教徒可以在 Christians can have a share
未来的世界中占据一席 of the world to come
作为基督教徒 as Christians
他们无需因为 They don't forfeit it
自己的信仰而假装什么 because of their Christianity
而恰恰相反 On the contrary
基督教可以帮助他们避免 Christianity helps to keep them away from
谋杀 奸淫和偷窃 Bloodshed, adultery and robbery
基督教帮助他们建立起了道德准则 Christianity establishes its moral order
因此基督教徒可以在未来世界中 Therefore Christians have a share
以基督教徒的身份占据一席之地 in the world to come as Christians
大家不要问我印度教什么的 Don't ask me about Hindus
印度教的追随者 Alright, they gets some
得有好几亿呢 hundreds of millions of people
我肯定麻烦大了 I might be in trouble
我没法搞定这个 But I can't deal with that
犹太人又没太在印度住过 Jews didn't live in India for as much
所以没有那么多麻烦事儿 So it didn't work out, alright
把这段从录像中删掉 Drop that from the record
我压根就没想说印度教 I didn't want to talk about Hinduism
好的 Okay
因此 So
当然了 穆斯林一定不是偶像崇拜者 and of course Muslims of course are not idolaters
在这一点上 基本上 At this point, there is almost
犹太人没有任何争议 clear unanimity among the Jews, right
从犹太人的角度看 伊斯兰教 Islam from the Jewish perspective
固然有它自己的问题和缺陷 may have its problems or its defects
但是有一点非常清楚 But one thing certainly is clear
伊斯兰教并不崇拜偶像 is that Islam is not idolatry
伊斯兰教当然是一神论的崇拜者 Islam clearly is the worship of the one God
而且是没有偶像的崇拜 and an imageless worship of that one God
也就是创造世界的上帝 Right, that same God who created the world
这明摆着 That's clear
因此伊斯兰教并没有偶像崇拜 So Islam it's not idolatry
穆斯林和基督教徒都可以 So Muslims and Christians alike
在未来的世界中占有一席之地 have a share in the world to come
或者不管这意味着什么吧 or whatever that means exactly
被赐福的未来 some blessed future
只要他们是虔诚的非犹太人 in so far as they remain pious gentiles
虔诚的基督徒 虔诚的穆斯林 Pious Christians, pious Muslims
好的 我们现在强调这一点 Okay, we have emphasized in this class
是因为周五我们会看到 because we'll see on Friday
前现代的经典 the attitude of pre-modern
基督教的态度恰恰相反 classical Christianity is the opposite
前现代的普世基督教 The attitude of pre-modern
所持的态度是说 pre-ecumenical Christianity is
教会之外无救恩 outside the church this is no salvation
犹太人要下地狱 Jews are going to hell
穆斯林要下地狱 等等 Muslims are going to hell, etc.
是一种非常不同的见解 It's a very different conception
我们周五继续讲解 Come back to that on Friday
因此在经典的犹太教思想中 So the classical Jewish thought
犹太教的普世性体现在 Jewish universalism is expressed
允许改变信仰 by validation of conversion
将犹太人离散视作传播一神论 or seeing the diaspora the spread of monotheism
再讲最后一点 Our last point
接下来我们就去看那段希伯来文献 then we will look at the rabbinic passage
这是一个争论已久的话题 This is an ongoing argument
犹太教是普世的宗教吗 Is Judaism a universalist religion?
普世的宗教 a universal religion
如果从犹太教 Well, in so far as Judaism
犹太人 犹太性 the Jews, the Jewishness
他们将自己视为一个民族 一个种族 Jews see themselves as peoplehood
这一点考虑 as ethnicity
我并不认为这是一个普世宗教 I guess it's not a universal religion
它是专门针对一个民族的 It's particular to one people
而另一方面来说 On the other hand
犹太教的确是普世的宗教 Judaism of course is a universal religion
它宣称崇拜一个普世的上帝 It claims to be worshipping a universal God
而且我们刚才也看到了 And as we just saw, right
它允许世界所有的人民 it allows universally all people, right
获得上帝的青睐 to attain favor in God's eyes
即便他们保持自己非以色列 非犹太人的身份 even in their non-Israelite non-Jewish state
有时候宗教的改变也被 Sometimes conversion is tried and out
视作犹太教普世性的证据 also as evidence of Jewish universalism
但是这就要展开辩论了 but these are manner of polemics
这些还是要 But these are, you know
取决于你如果运用这些说法 depends on how you use these terms
如何理解这些说法 what these terms mean
我也不明白确切说来 I don't know exactly how
这正确与否 whether this is right or wrong
我仅仅是在这里为大家阐述一个论点 I'm simply observing an argument
另外一种方式来 Right, another way sometimes that
表达犹太教的普世性 Jewish universalism is expressed
是说这样一种观点 is the idea that
任何非犹太人都可以成为犹太人 any gentile can become a Jew
我们是普世的 我们对所有的人们开放 We are universal, we are open to everybody
这是普世性吗 Is that universalism?
这和基督教的 Well, they are different from
普世性有区别吗 Christian universalism?
就是说谁都可以信仰基督教 where any gentile can become a Christian?
大家也看到了这些问题很复杂 So you see these are tricky trick questions
通常还要取决于 and as often as not turns on
你是如何定义普世这个说法 how you define the words universal
或者普世性 or universalism
总而言之 在犹太教中 Anyway, in Judaism
非犹太人可以成为犹太人 Gentiles can become Jews
即便是在此时此地 Even in the here and now
不仅仅是在乌托邦式的未来 在以赛亚书中 not just the utopian future, in Isaiah
而是在此时此地即可 but also in the here and now
许多19世纪的思想家说 And many 19th century thinkers argued
其中的目的是 that the purpose of, sorry
犹太教的普世性表现在 Jewish universalism is expressed
这样的说法中 in the language that
说犹太人要教授给世界 Jews are to teach the world
一神论的美妙 the beauties of monotheism
或者用改革派的说法 Or in the language of reform, right
伦理一神教 ethical monotheism, right
犹太人将成为典范 Jewish are meant to be paradigms
在伦理生活中为大家示范 to the world of an ethical life
因为他们对唯一的真神忠心耿耿 live as a result of loyalty to the one true God
并不是说我们想让非犹太人皈依 Not that we wanna convert the gentiles
我们就是想给他们做个榜样 we just wanna set a good example
总而言之 我们说 Any case, we have then
这里做一下总结 summarizing this point
在经典的犹太教思想中 In classical Jewish thought
我们可以看到激烈的争论 we have this real tension between
一方面说犹太 犹太主义 Jewishness, Judaism as particular
是上帝的子民 是特殊的 as a chosen people, as special
担负着上帝的Torah as bears God's Torah
还要将其扩展到所有的人群当中 to extrusion of everybody else
而与此同时 还有另外一种想法 At the same time, the awareness that
认为世界上的人们 there are people out there
不能就这样轻而易举地发配到地狱 who cannot be consigned readily to hell
只是因为他们不是犹太人 just because they are not Jews
反之 有这么一种方式可以 On the contrary, there is a way of validating
让非犹太人保持自己的身份 non-Jews in their non-Jewish state
同时又获得上帝的青睐 as finding favor in God's eyes
成为上帝子民的一员 and as members of the peoplehood of God
这里上帝的子民当然是广义的说法 very broadly considered, broadly defined
好的 现在有五分钟的时间 Alright, you get five minutes left
接下来看看希伯来祷告文 I'll look at this rabbinic prayer
说的是Torah的馈赠 about the gift of the Torah
还有祷告文中所阐述的上帝的子民 and chosen people as expressed in its liturgy
大家有没有什么问题或者是评论 But you guys have any questions or comments?
如果没有 And if you don't
就说明大家听得不够仔细 It's only because you are not paying attention
因为如果你们对这都没有问题的话 Cos if you don't have questions about this
我知道本科生 or I know undergraduates
他们都觉得这个观点很让人震惊 they are all shocked and offended
这个所谓的子民的观点 by this notion of chosen people
他们认为这是伪装起来的种族歧视 They all find it a thinly disguised kind of racism
我就是这么一说 Right, so I'll just say it
谁让你们不问问题 while you are hiding this
坐在那儿 把问题藏在心里 sitting there, hiding this to yourselves
请讲 Yes
这是关于民族的一个问题 So, this might be kind of about peoplehood
圣经中所谓的子民 Any chosen people in Bilbe
就是他们生来就有的身份 他们别无选择 People don't have a choice in their genes?
是的 是就是 不是就不是 That's right, you are what you are
被选择就不是自愿的 Chosen is not voluntary
就好比说 So it's like to be
至少我是这么觉得的 at least that's kind of how I see it
当某个人决定转而信仰基督教的时候 When someone converts to Christianity
他可以说是 I mean, they kind of
他们自己作出决定 they are making themselves
成为上帝的子民 part of the chosen people
而这样的话 还叫上帝选择的吗 And does that make you chosen?
老师您明白我的意思吗 You know what I mean? It's kind of
好的 我明白你的意思 Yes, okay, alright, these are, yes
这个问题很难回答 These are difficult questions
如果你接受功能主义的定义 If you accept the functionalist definition
就是犹太教关于子民的功能定义 of chosen people on the Jewish side
其实就是有那么一种矛盾的结合 Then so we have an oxymoronic combination
犹太民族既是一个种族 of seeing Jewishness as both a descent group
是与生俱来的 是上帝赋予的 as both genes, both ascription
也就是说 你的身份天注定 i.e., you are what you are
你从母亲的子宫里出来 you emerge from your mother's womb
走进世界 into the world
这就是你 That's what you are
你要是想要变成一个人 Those are the genes that you have
就要有这些基因 or go to real
这就是你所拥有的 That's what you got
而与此同时 这也是功能性的 Right, at the same token it's functionalist
你必须要接受Torah i.e., you have to accept the Torah
要遵守Torah you have to observe it
需要遵守犹太教的诫命 you have to follow the mitzvoth
训诫 the commandments
这样你才能成为上帝的子民 That's what makes you the chosen people
这种情况看来 犹太就是文化 In which case, it's culture
是一种宗教 It's religion, etc.
但是当然了 非犹太人也可以这么做 And of course, a gentile can certainly do that
非犹太人可以说 A gentile can say
我要遵循Torah的训诫 I'm gonna now observe the Torah
我要研习Torah I'm gonna study the Torah
相信它 遵守它 诸如此类 believe it, observe it, etc.
然后这位非犹太人就成了犹太人 then the gentile becomes a Jew
就好比非基督教徒成为基督教徒 Just as a non-Christian can become a Christian
因此结构上说 两者的区别在于 So the structurally, the distinction
犹太教将其视为一种民族 is that Jewishness sees itself as ethnicity
而基督教徒则不然 Christianity does not
但是除此之外 两者有很多类似之处 But otherwise, I see absolute parallelism
其实就是因为这我才一直很困惑 That's why I was spinning
犹太教人们认为 Is there anything wrong with
自己在上帝的眼中是特殊的 the Jewish thinking that
这有什么错吗 they have a special place in God's eyes?
基督教徒认为 Anything wrong with Christian thinking
自己在上帝的眼中是特殊的 有错吗 they have special place in God's eyes?
穆斯林认为 Anything wrong with Muslims thinking
自己在上帝的眼中是特殊的 有错吗 they have special place in God's eyes?
如果你自己都不支持自己的队伍 As if you can't root for your own team
那你还支持谁呢 who can you root for?
这在我看来 Right, what that say to my mind
并不是说你认为什么是特殊的 is not what you say is something special
而更多的是你对其他人 as about what you are gonna say
是什么看法 about the other
Chris同学 Yes, Chris
不对 你是Brandon No, you are Brandon
没错 Yes
我分出来了 Got it
你是Chris 好的 You are Chris, okay
Brandon 请讲 Brandon, yes
我不太明白 So I was wondering
如果某人是非犹太人 if someone is a gentile
他只需要遵守诺亚 and all you have to do is keep the seven
七律 Commandments
那我要改变信仰犹太教 是出于什么动机呢 What is the incentive to convert to Judaism
非常好 动机是什么 Excellent question, what's the incentive?
好的 其实有一些内容 Well, I was withholding
我没有告诉大家 a little piece of information
这位同学说的没错 Right, that's true that
犹太人和非犹太的虔诚义人 both Jews and righteous, pious gentiles
都可以在未来世界中分一杯羹 have a share in the world to come
分享被祝福的未来 or share the blessed future
但是有一点很明显 However, it's clear
因为是犹太人撰写的这些规则 since we Jews write the rules
他们着笔 所以犹太人得到的要更多 wrote the texts, the Jews get a little more
我们的地位更加优越一些 We are a little higher up on the ladder
因此就是说有不同的等级 So there are different classes
是的 得到的更多 Yes, it's more so, alright
但是这并没有违背 But that does not distinguish
最基本的观点 the fundamental point
好的 Okay
但是你说的是对的 Right, but you are right
如果你是一位非犹太教的义人 If a righteous gentile
你去找一位拉比说 Well, the first thing if you go to a rabbi
我要改变信仰 成为犹太教徒 and say I want to convert to Judaism
拉比的第一反应一定是 The first thing the rabbi will say is
你为什么不当一位忠诚的基督教徒呢 Why don't you be a good Christian?
不管你是什么 You know, whatever you are
你肯定不会想要毁掉自己的传统 Alright, you don't want to spoil your own tradition
你想要成为自己的传统中 and be a pious and good person
虔诚的义人 in your own tradition
这才是你想要的 I mean, that's what you want
再争论下去就是固执己见了 No, this is gonna be persistent and obnoxious
你说 不不不 我就是要当犹太人 那好吧 No, no, no, I really have to become a Jew, right
反正你懂的 That, you know
第一反应一定是 The first response will always be
一旦你们成为了虔诚的基督教徒 Well, the Jews spoil your own tradition first
犹太人首当其冲破坏了自己的传统 You know, once you become a pious Christian
好的 Okay
是吧 这其实是说 Right, on the theory that again
我们并不是说在阻挡你 we are not keeping you away from
去发掘我们这里的什么宝藏 any treasure that I preserve to myself
你们以自己的地位也可以找到宝藏的 You can find the treasure in your own status
明白了 Got it
好的 Got it
Annie请讲 Yes, Annie
上帝挑选了犹太人成为 So God chooses the Jews to be like
特殊的优良民族 the good special people
但是他也选择了迦南人 But how can he chooses the Canaanites
去做特殊的坏民族 to be bad special people?
迦南人很坏的 Yes, Canaanites are bad
有这么一些规矩 And there's these orbits
就好比说其他的部落 like the other tribes that
上帝会用其他的部落来惩罚犹太人 God will use to come, kind of punish the Jews?
大家当时难道没有感觉到 Was there some sense that like
上帝怎么这么不公平 that's not fair that God chooses
就选了某个民族当反面角色呢 some people to be bad, like?
你说的没错 是不公平 Well, yes you are right, it's not fair
但是现在比较幸运 But luckily for us
现在没有迦南人了 there is no Canaanites out there anymore, so
否则他们肯定会抗议 Otherwise they will be protesting
说圣经不公平 这些迦南人 the Scripture is unfair, the Canaanites
圣经中对迦南人有偏见 it gives a biased prejudiced view
有成见 什么的 of Canaanites, etc.
但是现在没有迦南人了 But they are not here
上帝对这些人做了什么呢 What does God do with those people
而他们当时是怎么想的呢 you know, what's their state of minds?
迦南人是有迦南这片土地的 Well, the Canaanites had the land of Canaan
这里就出现了一个非常复杂的问题 Well, this caused a very complicated problem
就好像以色列的理论 Just as Israelite theology is
非常奇特 不寻常 独特 odd, unusual, unique
他们有这种契约的理论 by having this covenant theory
说曾经有一段时间 that there was a time
上帝并不是和这些人 when God was not a special
有特殊的关系 God with this people
后来在某个时间 他们的关系又特殊了 then there was a time when it was
因为亚伯拉罕和上帝达成了协议 Cos Abraham and God made a deal
同样 曾经有一段时间 Similarly, there was a time
以色列人 when the Israelites
并没有自己的土地 did not own their own land
其他人住在那片土地上 Someone else was there
以色列人来了 将他们驱赶出去 The Israelites had come and kicked them out
掠夺了土地 and take it from them
这是非常奇特的一种民族神话 which is an extraordinarily odd national myth
是吧 典型的民族神话是说 Right? The typical national myth is
我们巴比伦人一直在巴比伦 we Babylonians have always been in Babylon
我们汉族人一直在中国 we Han people have always been in China
我们埃及人 Right, that we Egyptians
一直在埃及 have always been in Egypt
从来没有什么时候我们不在埃及 There wasn't a time when we weren't in Egypt
我们在挪威吗 well, we were in Norway
才不是 我们一直在埃及 you know, we are in Egypt, right
而以色列人的观点是说 So this idea the Israelites have
曾经有一段时间 that there was a time
我们不在这片土地上 we were outside the land
这片土地不是我们的 This land was not ours
然后我们来到这里 把他们赶了出去 and then we came in and kicked them out
占领了这片土地 and took it over
这是非常不寻常 非常奇特的民族神话 That is extraordinarily odd, unique national myth
正好和这个上帝的民族神话相得益彰 which mirrors the national myth of the God
我们选择了这个上帝 上帝也选择了我们 whom we chose and the God who chose us
现在我也不是特别肯定 Now I'm not sure exactly
究竟如何解开这个谜团 how to disentangled this
但是我在这里看到一种联系 But I see a connection here
我理解在这其中 and I understand
有一些非常深刻的内容 there is something really deep
在这里影响着 going on here about
以色列人民对自己的认知 the way Israelites themselves recognize
知道他们并不是一直在这片土地上 that we are not always part of this land
而且在某个时刻 that at some level
我们也知道自己并不是一直在崇拜这个上帝 we recognize we are not always worshipping this god
具体怎么解释我也不清楚 How to explain that, I'm not sure
但是这是我们寻求答案的开始 But that's the beginning of an answer
寻求答案的开始 Beginning of an answer
是吧 但是很难回答 Alright? But that's a tough one
大家可以去上我的希伯来圣经课 Take my Hebrew Bible course
我们会讨论这个话题 We'll talk about that
还有其他问题吗 Any other questions?
好的 现在我们还有一分钟的时间 Okay, I got one minute left
如果大家翻到下一页 So if you turn to the next page
就会看到祷告文中的一段 This is a line from the prayer book
我现在没时间给大家读这段话了 I don't have time to read the passage
但是这段祷告文写得非常优美 It simply, it is a beautiful beautiful prayer
阐述了 挑选 expressing the idea of
这个功能主义的定义 a functionalist definition of chosenness
上帝挑选我们作为他的子民 God chose us as to be his people
意味着什么 Meaning what?
这样我们就比其他民族要优越吗 Therefore we are better than anybody else?
我们就可以放松 Therefore we can relax
一直享受上帝的青睐吗 cos we always enjoy the divine favor?
不是的 这意味着 No, what it means is
上帝爱我们 给我们Torah God loves us and gives us the Torah
那我们应该做什么予以报答呢 And what do we do in response?
作为回应 我们要遵守Torah In response, we observe the Torah
我们研习它 遵守它 We study it, we observe it
我们也去爱上帝 and we love God back
因此上帝将Torah作为礼物 So the gift of God of the Torah
给以色列人民 to people of Israel
表达的是上帝的爱 is expression of divine love
好的 就是这样 Well, there is
同学们 我们周五再见 Okay guys, hope to see you Friday [Rhine & trismile Production]