通过耶稣的牺牲而达成的救赎 In particular, atonement sacrifices
最重要的就是赎罪祭 Again, may I remind you the Hebrew Bible
再给大家强调一遍 在希伯来圣经中 Sacrifices are not all atonement sacrifices
并非所有的祭典都是赎罪祭 Many, most of them
其中许多 乃至大部分 are not atonement sacrifices
都并非是赎罪祭 perhaps the most famous one of all
可能其中最著名的 The paschal lamb is not, repeat
逾越节羔羊 再强调一遍 not an atonement sacrifice
并非赎罪祭 But because of the way
但是因为后来 everything is developed
事态的发展走向 we will be spending most of our energy
我们就得把大量的时间用来 talking about sacrifices
讲能够带来救赎 that bring about atonement
这样的祭典 Atonement meaning
救赎就是说 removing the negative effects of sin
除去罪孽的负面影响 or putting the sinner right with God
把有罪的人带回上帝身边 to something called atonement
达到我们所谓的救赎 Atonement
救赎 So we saw last time
上节课的时候 we saw that the Israelites had a temple
我们看到了以色列人有神殿 there were sacrifices there
他们在那里进行祭典 The Romans came along
后来罗马人来到 and destroyed the temple
毁灭了神殿 What year?
这是哪一年的事 70
公元70年
Good, at least you learned something
很好 大家总算在课上 Good, at least you learned something
还有些收获 in this class, right
公元70年 神殿毁灭 Right, 70CE the temple is destroyed
随之而去的还有整个祭典 With that this whole sacrificial regiment
都随之湮没 is gone, is destroyed
圣地此后便无法进入 The sacred site is no longer accessible
建筑不复存在 the building isn't there
仪式也不再进行 the rituals can no longer be performed
因为再也没有了 So since there is no longer the tamid
每日早晚的祭祀活动 offering every day and every evening
也再也没有了 and since there is no longer
一切赎罪祭 all the sin offerings
这是我们上周课程的复习 This is a review from last week, etc.
接下来拉比犹太人该怎么做呢 So what do we rabbinic Jews do?
拉比们在公元70年 We rabbis emerge in the wake of
神殿毁灭后登上历史舞台 destruction of the temple in the 70s
在此后的几百年得以发展 emerging those following centuries
公元200年时推出犹太法典密示拿 and producing the Mishnah in the year 200
接下来是塔木德 and then the Talmud
以及其他的巨著 and all the other giant books, you know
都在接下来几百年问世 in the following centuries
那我们犹太人怎么做 So what do we Jews do?
沉湎于罪孽吗 Do we wallow in sin?
无法赦免的罪孽 Sin unshriven?
这是新教徒经常用的词 That's a nice protestant word
我们沉湎于无法赦免的罪孽吗 We wallow in our sin unshriven?
不是的 No
那我们怎么做 What do we do?
我们和上帝从此就毫无干系 Are we cut off from God
因为我们不再举行祭奠了吗 because we no longer have sacrifices?
不是的 No
那我们怎么办呢 同学们 What do we do, class?
我们祈祷 Pray, we pray
我们做善事 We do good deeds
我们进行慈善活动 We have acts of charity
对上帝虔诚 and piety
这些事情累积起来 And these in the aggregate
根据拉比式的虔诚要求 according to rabbinic piety
是另外的一种代替 serve as an alternative tool
古时祭奠的方法 the sacrifices of old
最后一点 And last but not least
在这些可以作为替代的行为中 in their list of equivalences
还有研习一说 is the act of study itself
通过学习Torah中的文段 That by studying the passages in the Torah
通过学习其中的观点 by studying the expositions
通过理解仪式的意义 the unfolding of the meaning of those rituals
律法的意义 of all those laws
《利未记》中写到 spelt out in Leviticus
这种学习的举动将虔诚表现出来 That somehow that act of study verbalizing it
而其本身就替代了 is in itself a replacement for
就等同于 a surrogate for
过去的行为 that which no longer is
这就是我们的拉比犹太教 This gives us rabbinic Judaism
我们用犹太教堂代替了神殿 This gives us synagogue instead of temples
拉比代替了祭祀 Rabbis instead of priests
祈祷代替了祭典 Prayer instead of sacrifices
善行代替了祭典 Charity and good deeds instead of sacrifices
当然还有一点 And of course the notion that
忏悔可以救赎罪孽 repentance will take care of sin
这是我们上周一的课程所讲的内容 Okay, that's what we did last time on Monday
那同学们 我们希望神殿复辟吗 Now do we want the temple back, class?
我们拉比犹太人希望神殿回归吗 Do we rabbinic Jews, we want the temple back?
这样我们就可以 so we can once again put the priest
重新迎回祭司们 back where they were
重新屠杀公羊 羊羔 and get those rams or lambs slaughtered
泼洒鲜血 and the blood splattered?
用火焰烧烤羊肉 Right, and the flames roasting the flesh?
我们希望回到这种状态吗 Do we want that back, class?
是的 Yes
我们嘴上是这么说的 Well, we say we do
是的 直到今天 Right, so to this very day
传统的犹太人仍然每天祈祷三次 traditionalist Jews pray three times a day
希望能够迎来 for the restoration of
犹太教中神殿和祭典的回归 the temple and sacrifices in Jerusalem
可能是因为传统的犹太教徒 Probably because traditionalist Jews
认为他们没有权利 don't feel they have the right
去修改祷告文 to touch the prayer book
我也不知道他们是不是真心诚意 I'm not sure it's because they really want
想要回到过去 the prayers, those things back
但是这是传统的祷告文 But that's the traditional prayers
我们觉得我们没有权利 We don't feel we have the right
去对它进行修改 to change the prayer book
而现代的犹太人 可以这么说吧 Modern Jews, hope that's the right word
他们修改了祈祷文 right, have changed the prayer book
他们说 They have said
我们不想要这些旧事物回来 we don't want this stuff back
为什么我们要去要求一些 So why we ask you something
我们不想要的东西 we don't want
所以他们对祈祷文进行了修改 So they make changes in the prayer book
但是也不排除有一些犹太人 But some, there are some Jews
直到今天 to this very day
也在说想要这些仪式回归 who say they want it back
而且他们是真心实意 and they really do want it back
好吗 Okay?
所以相反 Okay, so instead
大家需要多留意这些人 you'll have to look after them
因为这些人可能会 cos they are the ones who might
想要轰炸奥玛清真寺 wanna bomb the Shrine of Omar
除去眼中钉 to get it out of the way, right
所以难免这些人中会有些疯子 So there are some lunis in that crowd
但是仍旧必然是 But there is an element
犹太教中的一部分 within Judaism to be sure
仍然希望神殿回归 that we want the temple back
如果你反对 And if you object
为什么要希望神殿回归呢 Why do you want the temple back?
你们难道没有看到 You survivors have not seen
过去这1900年 for the last nineteen hundred years
已经有了替代品和替代方式吗 will be surrogates and replacements
难道拉比不比祭司要好吗 aren't rabbis better than priests
难道犹太教堂不比神殿好吗 isn't synagogues better than temple
比耶路撒冷的神殿好吗 than the temple in Jerusalem
祈祷 慈善 善行和研习 aren't prayer, charity, good deeds, study
难道不比祭典好吗 better than sacrifices
为什么你们还是想要回到过去呢 why do you want the old one back?
非常好的问题 Good question
这是我们关注的焦点 That's the heart of attention
可能是因为旧的习俗 Probably is the old one
背后有圣经的支持 has the Bible behind it
这是拉比传统 That's rabbinic
好的 刚刚是对周一课程的回顾 Okay, this all review from Monday
那么现在我们来看今天的课程 That sets us some now for today
大家有问题吗 Questions on this?
这是上周一的课程 This is all from last Monday
过去好久了 A long time ago
黄花菜都凉了 A whole turkey ago
好的 同学们好 Good, welcome class
今天是周三 Today is Wednesday
我们大家将讨论基督教对于 Now we are going to discuss Christian take
这些事情的看法 at all these things
祭司 神殿 祭典 凡此种种 on priesthood, temple, sacrifices, and the rest
非常丰富的内容 A very rich set of themes
我还有一首歌 And I have a little song
想课后给大家听 I wanna play for you later
所以我尽量安排好我的时间 So I'll try to manage my time
我让大家看的第一个段落 So the first main passage I ask you to look at
是出自希伯来书 is passage from Book of Hebrews
《《圣经新约》》中的希伯来书 Epistle to the Hebrews in the New Testament
这是一部非常伟大的作品 This is an extraordinary work
希伯来书 The Epistle to the Hebrews
我们不知道作者是谁 We don't know who wrote it
大部分的文稿都是匿名的 It's anonymous in most manuscripts
我也记不太清楚了 但是有一些 Some of them, I hardly recall correctly
是署在了保罗名下 is attributed to Paul
但是这些都是次要的 But these seem to be secondary
文章是匿名的 It is anonymous text
不论如何 保罗的名字从来 In any case, Paul's name nowhere
都没有出现在过文章中 appears in the writings
一般来说保罗写信的时候 Usually when Paul writes a letter
他通常会 he gives you a
在前面标注一个符号 an invocation of the front
末了签上自己的名字 and a subscription at the end
告诉你他是谁 He tells you who he is
但是这里没有类似的事情 there's no such thing here
完全是匿名的 Completely anonymous
其实看起来更像是一个训诫 It actually seems to be a sermon
而不是书信 rather than an epistle
希伯来书作者是谁 What the namings to the Hebrews
我们无从得知 we don't know
因为希伯来一词从来没有 Cos the word Hebrew has nowhere
出现在文献之中 appeared within the document
因此大家都不知道这是什么 Subsequently no idea what this thing is
非常神秘 是一个迷 Very mysterious, mystery
包裹在迷雾之中 谜团 wrapped in an enigma, puzzle
就像温斯顿丘吉尔描述的那样 Just that thing of Winston Churchill
这就是希伯来书 That's the letter, Epistle to the Hebrews
因此 我让大家去读的 Any case, it's very important for
中间的那段非常重要 that central section I asked you to look at
因为这一段非常经典 because this is the classic place
就是从《新约》的这里 the classic passage in the New Testament
我们知道基督被视为祭司 from which we see Christ is understood as priest
现在我们简要复习一下 So let's have a quick review
基督是国王 这样的说法非常普遍 Christ as king, that's common
大家还记得 INRI 吗 Remember, INRI, remember?
嗯 大家都记得这几个字母呢 Yes, all of us agree we all remember that
INRI 全称Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum INRI, Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum
翻译出来是拿撒勒之耶稣 犹太人的国王 Right, Jesus of Nazareth, king of the Jews
如果大家不记得INRI You don't remember INRI
就写下来去翻翻自己的笔记 Write it down and look it up in your notes
INRI是说耶稣作为国王 So INRI, that notion that Jesus is king
非常普遍 非常典型 随处可见 is common, is typical, is everywhere
而他作为国王 大卫之子 That he is king, son of David
就没有那么普遍 但是还是经常可见的 Not quite as universal, but pretty common
福音书的开头 So early in the gospels
他被认为是大卫的后代 He's referred to as son of David
我们已经讨论过 We've discussed that
他是大卫家室的国王 He's a Davidic king
耶稣还是先知 It is also a prophet
我忘记给大家这方面的段落了 I neglected to give you passages on that
但是有很多文段 But there are a number of passages
都是将耶稣描绘成先知 where Jesus is depicted as prophet
圣人 神人 奇迹缔造者 holy man, magic man, miracle workers
治愈者 上帝的信使 healer, messenger of God
他是一名先知 He's a prophet
耶稣还是一名祭司 Jesus is also priest
《新约》中最经典的段落 And the classic passage in News Testament
其实也是《新约》中唯一的 in fact the only passage in New Testament
将耶稣刻画成祭司的段落 that depicts Christ as priest
就是在这部神秘的作品之中 is this one here in this mysterious work
希伯来书 called Hebrews
这是对诗篇110的一段注解 It is a midrash on Psalm 110
这里的主人公是这位神秘的 Here the key figure is this mysterious
非常神秘的人物 麦基冼德 mysterious figure named Melchizedeq
希伯来语的重音是在倒数第二音节 In Hebrew we say Melchi'zedeq
英语是在倒数第三音节 In English Mel'chizedeq
意思是仁义的王 which means king of righteousness
我的王为仁义 or my king is just
或者是类似的解释 or something like that
那么这位神秘的人物是谁呢 Right, who is this mysterious figure
如果大家回去做了功课 If you read your homework
读了创世记14 and you read Genesis 14
读了诗篇110 and you read Psalm 110
那你就已经通览了整个 you have before you the entire
麦基洗德的圣经遗产 Biblical legacy of Melchizedeq
甚至诗篇110的内容 Even the one in Psalm 110
可能是干扰视听的 might be a textual corruption
但是也没有证据证明 but we don't know
总而言之 这是整个的圣经内容 Any case, that's the entire Biblical inventory
意思比较丰富的是创世记14中的一段 and the pregnant passage is the one in Gen 14
亚伯拉罕在打败 where Abraham after defeating the
基大老玛及其盟军后 alliance of kings, right
撒冷王麦基洗德出来相迎 Melchizedeq, king of Salem, comes forth
他是至高的上帝的祭司 And he is a priest who got el Most High
这是至高的上帝的祭司 He is a priest who "El Elyon"
文中还说了饼和酒 Then we have something about bread and wine
两者之间有什么联系 There's something about a tie
麦基洗德祝福亚伯拉罕 And then Melchizedeq blesses Abraham
然后就消失了 And then he disappears
再也没了音讯 never heard from again
他就是这样特别突然地出场 He has popped to scene out of the blue
然后离开 and leaves
这个神秘人是谁 Who is this mysterious man?
我不知道 I've no idea
看看犹太教学习圣经的注释 Look at the notes in the JSB
里面会说 They'll tell you
我完全不知道在这一小段文字中 I've absolutely no idea what's going on
发生了什么 in this little passage
基督教徒读到这里的时候 When we Christians read it
我们在希伯来书中已经看到了 We've seen that already in Hebrews
他们是怎么理解麦基洗德的呢 They understood who is Melchizedeq
麦基洗德当然是基督的象征 Melchizedeq of course is the type for Christ
你看文中都说了饼和酒 Hey, when I see bread and wine
我是基督教徒 and I'm a Christian
我知道是怎么回事儿 I know what's going on
对吗 饼和酒 Right? Bread wine?
那么很明显 我们这里看到的 Okay, so obviously we have here
是耶稣的象征 a type for Christ
这里我们也有几段话 And we have several passages here
我给大家抄在了笔记上 Which I have transcribed for you on your notes
要求大家去读 Which I've done for you to read
希望你们 Hopefully you would
已经读过 或者打算在什么时候 either have already or will read them
要读这段 in due course
但是在这些段落中我们有一个对比 But in these passages you have a contrast
基督被描绘成为理想化的祭司 which Christ is depicted as the ideal priest
但是基督要比 Christ is better than
帐幕中的祭司要好得多 the priest in the tabernacle
帐幕 祭司 The tabernacle, priest, herein
他们走进帐幕 goes into the tabernacle
每年就那么一次主持赎罪祭 to bring about atonement once a year
他们泼洒鲜血 through spattering of blood
在人们用手搭建的帐幕之中 in that tabernacle made by human hands
但是基督要去真正的帐幕中 But Christ goes into the true tabernacle
高高在上的帐幕中 Tabernacle on high
牺牲自己 in order to sacrifice himself
不仅仅是一年一次 是经常性的 Not just once a year but always
因此他是一名在帐幕中 So he's a priest who sacrifices himself
牺牲自己的祭司 in the tabernacle
这是希伯来书中的段落 That's the passage in the gospel of Hebrews
我也不能完全理解其中的意思 I don't fully understand it
但是我知道希伯来书从根本上 But I know that Hebrews is fundamentally
是在说这样的观点 working with the idea that
没有流血 就没有救赎 there is no atonement without blood
这句话出自希伯来书 That's a quote from Hebrews
没有流血 就没有救赎 There is no atonement without blood
《利未记》中 我们用了公羊 In Leviticus, you have blood of rams
羊羔 公牛的血 and lambs and oxen
而在《《圣经新约》》中 In the New Testament
我们也有基督的血 you have the blood of Christ
我也给大家强调过好多次 As I emphasized several times
如果你看到耶稣在十字架上的画像 whenever you see a portrait of Christ
但凡出自古代大师之手 on the cross by the old masters
都能看到流血 you'll always see blood
因为滴落下的鲜血 Cos the blood dripping down
这才能够达成救赎 that's the blood which effects atonement
因此基督是牺牲自己的祭司 So Christ is a priest sacrificing himself
这就是希伯来书 That's Hebrews
这些文段都内涵非常丰富 Those passages are very rich
值得品读 and worth chewing on
我觉得希伯来中的一个迷是 One of the mysteries for me in Hebrews
这些信件中讨论了帐幕 is that Hebrews talks about the tabernacle
帐幕是什么呢 What's the tabernacle?
帐幕是可以移动的帐篷式神殿 Right, the portable tent shrine
由以色列人建造 that Israelites constructed and
以色列人在长达40年的荒野流浪中 took with them in the wilderness
携带着这个帐幕 while they wondering for 40 years
在埃及和应许之地中徘徊 between Egypt and promise land
这个祭司 That's the priest that
在希伯来书中被用来对比 the Book of Hebrews is contrasting
那个帐幕中的祭司 the priest of that tabernacle
用来对比 is the priest who is offset
比较 衬托 contrasted with, shown to be inferior to
作为祭司的耶稣 Christ as priest
但是希伯来书并没有谈论 But Hebrews don't talk about
真正的耶路撒冷神殿 the actual temple in Jerusalem
不太明白这是什么情况 Don't quite understand that
没太搞明白其中的道理 I haven't quite figured that out
因此他其实是在说圣经 So he's talking about Scripture
《利未记》中的内容 Leviticus, text
而不是在说 He's not talking about
社区里的什么建筑 the building down the block
或者是刚刚建成的什么建筑 or that was recently down the block
好的 基督是祭司 Okay, Christ is priest
我们现在看到了作为国王的基督 Now we've seen Christ as king
作为先知的基督 Christ as prophet
基督在希伯来书中一直以祭司的身份出现 Christ as priest through the Book of Hebrews
作为祭司的基督要好过 Christ as priest is better
任何以色列的祭司 than any Israelite priest because
原因在文中已经阐明了 that he spells out the reasons
我们也会进一步讨论 which I shall discuss
这就是重要的母题 Okay, that's a big motif
大家有问题吗 Questions?
据我所知 在基督教的历史中 As far as I know in history of Christianity
耶稣作为祭司的接受程度 Christ as priest gets much less play
要低于他作为国王 than Christ as king
作为国王的形象随处可见 which is everywhere
也低于作为先知 这个排在第二 Christ is prophet, which is second
而作为祭司的基督 应该是排在第三位吧 Christ as priest is, I think it deemed third
这其实是出自希伯来书 it really comes out of Hebrews
不是出自保罗 也不是出自福音书 It's not from Paul, it's not the gospels
好的 接下来我们看殉道士游斯丁 Alright, let's look at Justin Martyr
大家有问题吗 Questions?
没有问题 那好 No, okay
对于殉道士游斯丁来说 Justin Martyr, for Justin Martyr
基督是一名祭司 Christ is a priest
殉道士游斯丁有没有 Whether Justin Martyr
读过希伯来书呢 read the book of Hebrews
我无从得知 I have no idea
但不管怎么说他持有一样的观点 But any case the same idea is there
说得非常清楚 It says explicitly
我给了大家三段话 and I give you the three passages
基督是祭司 Christ is priest
David你有问题 Yes, David?
我就是想知道 I'm just wondering
有没有什么有意思的说法 Is there anything interesting about
来描述基督作为牧羊人这个象征 the type of Christ as Shepherd?
基督是牧羊人 Christ is shepherd
这个母题倒是很常见 Well, that's a common motif to be sure
一般的国王都会 Common king will do
这话没错 这是当国王的必备技巧 That's true, yes, it's part of being a king, right
国王的技能训练 Right, the training ground for a king
就经常是做牧羊人 is always a shepherd, right
就好比当今社会中你去上管理学院 Nowadays you get to a management school
拿到MBA之类的资格证明 and get an MBA or something
换做当时人们认为 Right, then they think
如果你能管理好一群羊 if you can handle a flock
你就能当好国王 you can handle a kingship
也就是作为大卫家室的一部分 That's wrapped under the whole Davidic?
是的 是作为大卫家室的一部分 Yes, that's part of the Davidic thing
我就是这个意思 That's what I mean
大卫曾经也是一位牧羊人 David is of course a shepherd before he
牧羊人和战士 Shepherd and a warrior
然后你就准备好了 Then you are really, all set
所有的技能都具备了 you have all the skills you need
所以他也被称作忠心的牧羊人 Right, so it's called the faithful shepherd, right
这是他的称谓之一 That's one of his titles
但是我们似乎没有 Although we don't have
基督作为牧羊人的故事 the actual shepherd stories of Christ
有吗 Do we?
基督真的是一名牧羊人吗 Is Christ actually a shepherd?
福音书中似乎没有 Not in the gospels
在圣经其他地方有没有提到过 Is that mentioned somewhere else
大家知道吗 Anybody knows?
在旷野中度过40天 Spend forty days in the wilderness?
在旷野中度过40天 Spent forty days in the wilderness
可能当时有羊 Maybe with sheep?
可能当时有羊 好吧 Maybe with sheep, okay
说服力不是特别强 That's not a very strong argument
但是好吧 But okay, I'll
我不知道 这个观点很有意思 I don't know, it's an interesting point
大家可以查一查 Somebody check that
牧羊人是寓言吗 Is shepherd a parable?
是的 而且是非常常见的 我是说 yes, right, it's a common, that I mean
在当时的社会中是人尽皆知的 In that society, that make sense
这种寓言 This is the kind of parables
当时的人们理解 that people understand
也就是说牧羊人的寓言 Yes, so the shepherd analogy
在当时非常能够被接受 parable is well known, I mean
先知也这样说 The prophets do also
以西结书中就有很著名的一段 Ezekiel has a famous passage about
是的 Yes
这样可以吗 Okay?
也不是特别肯定 Not a hundred percent sure
在希伯来书13中 In Hebrews, Hebrews 13
希伯来书13 Hebrews 13?
是的 Yes
说了些什么 What does it say?
愿赐平安的上帝 May the God of peace
就是那位从死里复活的上帝 that brought again from the dead
我主耶稣 our Lord Jesus
使羊群的大牧羊人 that great Shepherd of the sheep
使羊群的大牧羊人 The great Shepherd of the sheep
这是希伯来书13中的 Ah, that's in Hebrews 13?
谢谢 我忘记有这么一段了 Thank you, I forgot that passage
很好 那我们就有了答案 Good, so there you have it
这是一个称谓 So that is a title
不是耶稣作为牧羊人的故事 It's not a story of Jesus as shepherd
而是母题 对吗 It's the motif, right?
是这种意像 It's the image
谢谢你 希伯来书13 Thank you, Hebrews 13
好的 Okay, good
我们继续 Okay, moving along
基督是祭司 So Christ is priest
以赛亚书53的影响 The influence of Isaiah 53
我们已经简单地讲过了 This we've already discussed briefly
在希伯来书中 基督 Christ, in so far as Hebrews has him
是通过牺牲自己 sacrificing himself in order that
通过自己的死亡 through his own death
通过自己流血 and through his own blood
为他人的罪孽救赎 he is atoning for the sins of others
这就是我们所谓的 That's of course what we call
代赎 vicarious atonement
甲蒙难 来移除乙的罪过 X suffers, so that Y's sins are removed
这当然对基督教徒来说 That of course, for Christians
直接出自以赛亚书53 come straight out of Isaiah 53
我们已经给大家提到过 which we've mentioned already
而游斯丁也用了整整一章 which Justin spends a whole chapter
来讨论这个问题 当然他认为以赛亚书53 discussing, of course in his mind, Isaiah 53
还有诗篇22 and Psalm 22, right
都是在讨论基督的 好的 are talking all about Christ, okay fine
圣餐是我们基督教徒 The Eucharist is the sacrifice
提供的祭典 that we Christians offer
游斯丁已经意识到 Justin is already aware
在这段话中 我就不给大家读了 in this paragraph which I won't read
但是已经给大家打在了讲义上 but have it transcribed for you
犹太人说 that the Jews say
我们的祈祷 that our prayers
圣经在说祭典的时候 when Scripture refers to sacrifices
实际说的是祈祷 it actually means prayers
所以大家不用等到看了 So you don't have to wait for
我给大家的犹太教解读 the rabbinic passages that I gave you
公元三四世纪的解读出来 from the third or fourth centuries
才能把这个看清楚 to make this equation explicit
游斯丁已经知道 Justin already knows that
特来弗会这样回应玛拉基所说的话 Trypho will say in reply when Malachi says
玛拉基说 从日出之地到日落之处 For from the rising of the sun to its setting
列国必尊崇我的名 my name is glorified among the Gentiles
他所指的就是祈祷 He is referring to the prayers
散布在世界各地的以色列人 offered by the Israelites who were scattered
为他进行的祈祷 everywhere throughout the world
这些都算作祭典 And these are counted as sacrifices
很确定 还是虔诚的祭典 It's sure, it's pious sacrifices
或者用玛拉基的话说 Or the way this verse of Malachi is construed
上帝毁灭了神殿 God destroyed the temple
不再有祭典 There are no more sacrifices
取而代之的是 我们有了祈祷 Instead we have prayers
而游斯丁对特来弗说 And Justin says to Trypho
不是这样的 不是这个意思 No, no, no, that's not what it means
这句话的真正意思是 What it means is
上帝毁灭了神殿 God destroyed the temple
现在基督教徒在列国之中 and now there are Christians everywhere
四处皆是 throughout the gentiles
而因此上帝之名更加荣耀 And that's how the name of Lord is magnified
因为我们基督教徒 Cos we Christians celebrate
到处都在举行圣餐 the Eucharist everywhere
这样就荣耀了上帝之名 that's how God's name is glorified
而特来弗说 不是的 and Trypho says, no
说的是犹太人遍布四处 It means we Jews everywhere
我们在祈祷 We are praying
好的 就是这样 Okay, there you go
我们就大公主义一下吧 Let's go ecumenism
就是这样的讨论 This sort of discussion
总而言之 当时 So anyway the idea then that
我们犹太人到处都在祈祷 we Jews pray everywhere
这在游斯丁看来是犹太教观点 is known to Justin as a Jewish argument
游斯丁认为 这段话 Justin argues that what the passage
真正是在指圣餐 really mean is Eucharist
这是真正的祭典 圣餐 That's the real sacrifice, it's Eucharist
那么如果上帝真的想要 So if God really wants
上帝并非真正想要 God does not really want
公羊或者羊羔的鲜血 the blood of rams or lambs
上帝真正想要的是圣餐中的饼和酒 God really wants the bread and wine of Eucharist
这才是真正的祭典 which is the true sacrifice
是祭司基督献出自己 which is the priest, Christ offering himself
来为众人的罪孽赎罪 to atone for the sins of the many
从而履行以赛亚书53 in fulfillment of Isaiah 53
这样的赎罪祭 If that's the kind of atoning sacrifice
才是上帝真正想要的 that God really wants, comma
那么为什么《利未记》中 then why is the Book of Leviticus
充满了关于祭典的细节呢 filled with details about sacrifices?
为什么《利未记》给出了许多律法 Why is Leviticus full of laws about
来规定公羊和羊羔 rams or lambs?
要是这不是上帝真正想要的 难以理解 If that is not what God really wants
投影调好了吗 You have adjusted that?
好了 Yes
好的 谢谢你 Okay, thank you
那么答案是什么呢 So what's the answer?
游斯丁给了我们他的几经考验的答案 Here Justin gives us his tried and true answer
这个答案我们从游斯丁那里 The one we've heard a number of times
看到了许多次 from Justin, right?
我们有不同的解释方法 We have different versions of this
那么Torah中的老的仪式律法 Are the laws in, our old ritual laws in the Torah
是永久有效的吗 同学们 meant to be eternal prescriptions, class?
上帝真正想要 Is this what God really wants
这些精细得让人毛骨悚然的规矩吗 are all these infernally detailed rules
游斯丁怎么认为的 for Justin?
当然不是了 No, of course not
如果大家回想一下 上帝根本不喜欢以色列人 If you called, God doesn't really like you Israelites
才给他们这些规矩 to give you these rules
上帝在惩罚你们 God is punishing you
上帝在施加给你们他不经过头脑 God is hipping up his mindless
荒谬的 毫无意义的仪式 nonsensical pointless rituals
让你们不要上街 不要惹麻烦 to keep you off the streets and out of trouble
不去进行偶像崇拜 to keep you away from idolatry
一方面是对犹太人的惩罚 It's either a punishment on the on hand
另一方面也是简单地 or it's way simply
让大家身负重担 I'll keep you loaded down with burdens
所以就没有精力去进行偶像崇拜 so you won't be distracted by idolatry
这里我们又看到了那个解释 So here again we see that explanation
我觉得应该是这个学期最后一次了 I think for the last time this term
这个学期我们都不会再看到这个解释了 We won't see this explanation yet again
为了从偶像崇拜中拯救犹太人 To save the Jews from idolatry
因此上帝才会给你们 That's why God give you
这么多条条框框 all these rules and regulations
这样你们就会一直忙于遵守规则 so you are busy following these rules
而不会有时间偶像崇拜 and don't have time for idolatry
但是这里也很神奇 Though it's amazing here
就是在这一点上 It's on this particular one
与割礼 食物律法 安息日 Unlike circumcision, food laws, Sabbath
等等这些我们看过的都不同 or other things we've seen
在这一点上 On this one
有一个非常明显的犹太教平行解读 there is actually a remarkable rabbinic parallel
因为有一个意义非常丰富的 because there is a remarkably pregnant
文段出现在了《利未记》中 verse in the Book of Leviticus itself
我为大家打在了讲义上 I transcribed it for you on the handout
《利未记》17 Leviticus 17, 17
《利未记》17是一道禁令 In which, Leviticus 17 is injunction that
要求以色列人必须把祭品 the Israelites must bring slaughter
带到圣幕前 to the sacred shrine
你们不能在自己的帐篷里宰杀牛羊 You cannot do slaughter out in your tent
你需要将你要宰杀 You need to bring any item
的任何事物 what you are gonna slaughter
带到圣所 to the sacred center
因为屠宰的每个举动 Cos every act of slaughter
都被定义为用作献祭 is defined as sacrificial
而每个献祭的举动都必须要在 And every sacrificial act has to take place
圣所中进行 in the sacred center
大家注意一下 Learn it footnote
申命记其实对此有非常不同的解释 Deuteronomy has a really different conception
大家可以去听我的希伯来圣经课 Right? See my course on Hebrew Bible
我在这里没时间解释 I can deal with that here
回到我们刚才说的 Back to where we are
那么根据《利未记》 According to Leviticus
你如果要吃汉堡 you are going to eat a hamburger
就要把你的牛 you got to take your cow
带到圣所中去 and bring him to the sacred center
带到圣幕 中央的帐幕中 The central shrine, the central tabernacle
在那里屠宰 and slaughter it there
为什么呢 Why?
《利未记》中问到 asks the Leviticus
为什么要有这样的要求呢 Why is there such a requirement?
答案是 以色列人不可再 Answer, so that the Israelite shall no longer
献祭物给恶魔 sacrifice the sacrifices to the demons
与其苟合 after whom they go whoring
如果你允许在任意一处屠宰 If you allow slaughter everywhere
而不仅仅是圣所 away from the sacred center
他们可能就会为魔鬼屠宰牲畜 they'll be slaughtering the animals to demons
这里的希伯来文是Shed Hebrew word there, Shed
翻译成恶魔 Demons, fine translation
因此从这些段落中 So out of this passage
拉比自己悟出来了道理 the rabbis themselves got the idea
可能一些祭典的设计 maybe some of the sacrifices are designed
就是为了让以色列人远离 particularly to keep the Israelites away
恶魔 偶像崇拜 假的上帝 from demons, demons, idolatry, false gods
这同游斯丁的观点有共通之处 This is not very far from where Justin is
但如果你说 Though, if you say, well
逻辑上讲 这就意味着 Logically that would mean therefore
上帝并不是真的想要祭典 that God does not really want sacrifices
这不过是一个机制 为了 This is simply a mechanism in order to
让以色列人远离 keep the Israelites away from
假的 禁止的事物 that which is false, that which is prohibited
偶像啊 恶魔啊 外邦的神啊 Idols, demons, foreign gods
逻辑上讲 你是正确的 Logically you'll be correct
这并不是我们拉比得出的结论 That's not the conclusion that our rabbis draw
这是游斯丁得出的结论 This is a conclusion that Justin draws
这不是拉比的结论 That's not the conclusion
虽然他并没有引用《利未记》17:7 Although he didn't quote Leviticus 17:7
其实他可以的 but he could have
但是这个结论 But it is the conclusion that our
并不是我们拉比得出来的 not the conclusion that our rabbis draw
他们会说 你们说的不对 上帝想要祭典 who say, no, god really wants the sacrifices
但是至少在这里 But at least here
我们看到了一些共通之处 相似之处 we have a, some proximity or propinquity
在犹太教解读和游斯丁解读之间 between rabbinic text and Justin
大家明白我说的是什么意思吗 You guys understand what I'm talking about?
好吧 那我就权当大家明白了 Alright, let's agree that you do
首先我就权当大家感兴趣 Let's agree that you care first of all
其次才是大家都明白了 Second of all you can understand
好的 Okay, good
有问题吗 Questions?
大家如果想读一下这段犹太解读的来源 You wanna see our base, the rabbinic passage
可以翻到《利未记》 《利未记》17:7 You go look at Leviticus rabbi on Leviticus 17:7
补充一句 大家都知道 Footnote, and everybody knows
迈蒙尼德那段著名的话 the famous passage of Maimonides
在一些圈子里非常有名 In some circles it is very famous
另一些圈子里则没有那么有名 In other circles, it's not so famous
在迈蒙尼德的书中 上帝非常复杂 Passage of Maimonides, God for the perplex
而他非常清晰地说了这段话 where he says this explicitly
以色列人跟当时 The only reason why Israelites
被要求进行祭典 were asked to bring sacrifices
只是因为在当时当地 is because at that time and place
这就是人们崇拜上帝的方式 that's just how one worships the gods
你拿来了祭祀品 You brought sacrifices
如果上帝没有要求以色列人 And if God did not ask Israelites
拿来祭品 to bring sacrifices
他们还是会举行祭典的 they will do it anyway
因此上帝就说 好吧 Therefore, God said, okay
那他们就拿祭品来吧 Let him bring sacrifices
反正我又无所谓 what do I care?
他们就拿祭品来吧 Let him bring sacrifices
这样他们舒坦一些 They'll be happier
但这不是因为上帝 But that's not because God
真的想要祭品 really wants sacrifices
当然不是了 迈蒙尼德说 Of course not, says Maimonides
你们觉得上帝想要屠牛宰羊 You think God cares about slaughtering
四处溅上鲜血吗 the animals, spattering blood everywhere
这是上帝真正想要的吗 That's what God really want?
当然不是了 迈蒙尼德说 Of course not, said Maimonides
因此符合逻辑的说法是 So logically of course
迈蒙尼德应该说 Maimonides should say
待到末日神殿得以重建 When the temple gets rebuild at the end of days
就再也没有必要举行祭典了 There is no sacrifices there any more
因为没有这个需求 cos there's no need for them
但当然了 他会说一定会有祭典的 But of course, he says there will be sacrifices
这是个问题 Yes, it's a problem
他说祭典这种东西 即便我们都知道 It says the sacrifices, even though we all know
有他自身的缺陷 would have bones
已经被取代 再也回不来了 they have been replaced, never to return
但是我们这些犹太人还是 Somehow, we still, we Jews
感到有那么些念念不忘 still feel some attachment to them
因为意识上放不开 cos we can't let go of them
而基督教徒则非常轻易地 Christians could let go of them
就放开了 much more readily
等今天我们课上完 Although let's have it
我们再来研究这个问题 when I finish lecture yet today
好的 Harry Okay, yes, Harry
如果迈蒙尼德认为 If Maimonides thinks that
举行祭典就是为了 the reason for sacrifice is
让犹太人不要外出 just to keep Jews out of the streets
不要崇拜偶像 from worshipping idols
没错 Right
那您又怎么解释 How do you explain all the
祭典中有那么那么多的程序描述呢 very very very specific procedures that go on
为什么Torah这么细致 Why is the Torah so detailed, or so
是的 为什么Torah Yes, why did the Torah
当然想要达到相同的效果 Surely you could done the same effect
含糊一些也无妨 just more generally
是的 Yes
这个问题非常好 That's a good question
我知道迈蒙尼德会怎么说 I know what Maimonides would have said
他肯定会说 He would have said
因为以色列人希望得到细节描述 Cos the Israelites expected details
因为在那个时间 那个处境下 Cos at that time and place
宗教的表现形式 religiosity is expressed
就是动物献祭 in terms of animal sacrifices
因此以色列人认为可以看到 Consequently the Israelites expect it
而且他们肯定会注意到 And they would have missed it
祭品是不是在此 were it not there
好的 这就是迈蒙尼德的 Right, that's the key in
神学观念的重点 mythological insight of Maimonides
其实这是非常让人赞叹的 Which is actually an amazing thing
他从《利未记》17:7中进行节选 He's taking the rabbinic piece
然后发展出了自己的套路 or Leviticus 17:7 and gone further
如果你问我 If you ask me whether
是不是赞同迈蒙尼德 I think Maimonides is correct
我其实不觉得他是正确的 I have to say, I don't think it's correct
但是还是挺有意思的 Although it's interesting
David你有问题 Yes, David?
我觉得这种理解是非常危险的 It's also a dangerous move on
非常危险 Oh, it's very dangerous
因为如果你用同样的逻辑 want this part because by that same logic
去分析 您明白吗 I mean, when I import, right?
这就是问题所在 That's the problem always
一旦你开始思考 Once you start with the
这些训诫是出于什么原因啊 What's the reason for the commandments?
你一开始思考 Once you start
就可能会被基督教思想说服 then, you might also be a Christian
你怎么知道我们要防止什么 You know, how do you know what to keep?
大家一旦理性分析 Once you've rationalized these things
整个理论就架空了 there's nothing left
因此迈蒙尼德才有反对者嘛 That's why Maimonides had opponents
我们已经讨论过这方面 We've said that about him
非常危险的 This is dangerous
保持距离 Stay away
这部书应该被焚 This book should be burnt
其实 历史上第一次 In fact, first examples of
焚烧中世纪的书 burning medieval books
中世纪时焚烧犹太教书籍 Jewish books in medieval times
就是迈蒙尼德的作品 were the works of Maimonides
被犹太人焚烧 were burnt by Jews
也是因为如此 基督教徒 That's how the Christians
才想到要去焚烧塔木德 got the bad idea to burn the Talmud
我们这就跑题了 That's a different discussion
是的 迈蒙尼德很危险 Yes, Maimonides is dangerous
好的 这是题外话 Okay, right, different discussion
大家还有其他的问题和看法吗 Good, other questions, observations?
那我们就回到刚才的内容 Okay, back to where we were
类似地 在耶路撒冷的神殿 So similarly the temple in Jerusalem
照上帝所言 is God call it his house
是为了让你们远离偶像崇拜 to save you from idolatry
之前我也简单给大家提到过 Just remember I also post a fast one
游斯丁也认为 Cos Justin also says that
一些祭典 some of the sacrifices
实际上是有价值的 actually have value because
因为他们是基督的类型 象征基督 they are types of Christ, right?
按照基督教的解读 The Christians reading
关于祭典的律法 these laws about the sacrifices
他们可以深入进去 然后发现 can see into them and realize
这些文字其实是在讨论基督 passage is "Really" Talking about Christ
可能 And this is perhaps
最让人印象深刻的例子 the most striking of these
是这个出自《新约》的段落 is a passage on the New Testament
讨论的是赎罪日 On the Day of Atonement
这两段是出自40.4和111.1 Here in 40.4 and 111.1
赎罪日仪式上的两只山羊 The two goats on the Day of Atonement ritual
一只是替罪羊还有另外一只山羊作为祭品 The scapegoat and the other goat offered
游斯丁说 为什么要有两只山羊 These Justin says why there are two goats
献祭在赎罪日的祭典仪式上呢 in the Day of Atonement ritual
显然是因为这两只山羊 Obviously because these two goats
是耶稣两次降临的象征 are the types for the two comings of Christ
我觉得这种说法非常聪明 which I think is a particularly clever
特别特别特地狡猾 really really clever argument
文章是这么说的 Here is the passage
两只山羊被作为祭品 And the two goats which were ordered
在斋戒时被供奉上 to be offered during the fast
也就是在赎罪日时 the Day of Atonement
一只作为替罪羊 被流放 of which one was sent away as the scapegoat
这一点我们上周已经讲过 which we've mentioned last week
另外一只就被献祭在了圣坛上 and the other was sacrificed on the altar
这些是和耶稣两次降临 These were similarly declarative of
类似的陈述 the two appearances of Christ
耶稣的第一次降临 你们这些人民的长老 The first, in which the elders of your people
以及祭司 将手放在了他的身上 and the priests, having laid hands on him
将他致死 and put him to death
随后作为替罪羊送走了他 sent him away as a scapegoat
我们再跑题一下 Brief aside once again
谁杀死了基督 Who killed Christ?
我们之前看游斯丁的时候曾经说过 Once we see this before in Justin
是犹太人 It's the Jews
当时目之所及没有一个罗马人 There's no Romans in sight anywhere
神话就是这样讲的 That will, again, the way of mythology
历史受到了诅咒 So history be damned
我们不再讨论罗马人 We don't talk about the Romans, right
是你们这些人 你们这些祭司 It's you people, and you priests
你们的长老 杀死了他 and you elders, you did a man
这是耶稣第一次降临 So it was the first time the guy Christ came
是作为替罪羔羊 he was a scapegoat
背负着人类的罪恶 bear the sins of humanity
被以色列人杀害 being killed by the Israelites
同时还有祭司 长老 and the priests and the leaders, right
但是救赎了罪孽 But bring atonements for sin
这就是耶稣的第一次降临 That's the first coming of Christ
这是第一只羊 That's the first goat
而他第二次出现 And his second appearance
因为是在耶路撒冷的同一地点 because in the same place in Jerusalem
你们应该认识他 you shall recognized him
因为你们曾经侮辱过他 who you have dishonored
他当时是作为 and who was an offering for
所有愿意忏悔的罪人之献祭 all sinners willing to repent
而第二次降临 第二只羊 But the second time, the second goat
这里的寓言有点 Here the analogies didn't quite
前后不一致 work out entirely well
第二只羊被带入神殿 The second goat is brought into the temple
在那里作为祭品 and sacrifice there
这代表基督荣耀而归 that represents Christ coming in glory
回到耶路撒冷 to Jerusalem
而你们犹太人会认出他 when the you, Jews will recognize him
许多基督教中的末日情景中 Many Christian scenarios of end of days
基督会以全新的身份出现 when Christ comes anew
基督第二次降临是荣耀而归 Christ comes a second time in glory, right?
其中他们所得到的喜悦 The part of satisfaction
基督教徒当时的欣慰 Christian will have at that moment
其中有一部分是因为 is that Jews will finally
犹太人终于在压力下承认 be compelled to acknowledge
基督是真正的国王 that Christ is the true king
这会是什么时候的事情呢 同学们 And where will that happen class?
在耶路撒冷 In Jerusalem
大家不要忘了 May I remind you
游斯丁认为基督会建立起 Justin believes that Christ will set up
一个千年王国 a one thousand year kingdom
就在耶路撒冷城中 in the city of Jerusalem
我们马上就会讲到这个问题 I'll come back to that shortly
这就是第二只山羊 And that's the second goat
这是一个非常典型的类型学案例 Here is a good example of typology
希伯来圣经的律法 Right, the laws of the Hebrew Bible represent
如果解释得到位的话 when properly decoded, right
代表着基督的 the life, the doings
生活 行迹和重要性 the significance of Christ
好了 大家有问题吗 Okay, questions?
基督为全人类蒙难 Christ suffers for the sins of humanity
这一点我们已经讨论过 Right, this we've already discussed
人类是受到诅咒的 Humanity is under a curse
她有问题 She has question
不好意思 我没看到 什么问题 Oh, sorry, I missed one, question?
不好意思 Oh, yes, I'm sorry
Annie同学 Hi, Annie
我觉得这种说法有点粗糙 That just seems kind of crude because
因为基督教非常强调 that Christians usually put so much
耶稣是被献祭的这一说法 emphasize on Christ being sacrificed
没错 Right
而在这里 他们说 So in this one, they say that
第一次降临并没有被献祭 It's not the first coming that sacrifice
而是第二次降临吗 but the second coming that sacrifice?
这种说法很狡猾 Yes, it's a clever argument
我也说了 效果没那么好 I said, doesn't work terribly well
如果你认为 第一次耶稣被杀 If you once get, once Christ is killed
第二次耶稣就荣耀而归 Second time Christ is coming back in glory
如果你不同意的话 And if you object that
说第二只羊也被杀了啊 but the second goat is also killed
你们不是在圣坛上献祭了吗 you sacrifice that at the altar
所以吧 So, it's
就有点自相矛盾 Yes, it doesn't work terribly well
第一只替罪羊我是可以理解的 The scapegoat one, I understand
代表着基督 这个我接受 Okay, that's Christ, I got that one
但是第二只替罪羊就没那么好理解了 This second goat doesn't work terribly well
它得到了强调 It's got emphasize
也得到了耶路撒冷的长老们 It's recognized, acknowledged by
的认可 点头 the elders in Jerusalem
好吧 Alright
是有点儿 Yes, that's
就这样吧 yes, as far as it goes
我说过我觉得这种说法很聪明 I said I think it's very clever
但是我没有被说服 I'm not convinced by it
但是这种说法还是很聪明的 对吗 But I think it's a very clever argument, right?
但是呢 But, yes
这是类型学 是比喻 It's typology, it's metaphor
不要纠结细节啦 Don't obsess on details
好吧 Okay
你有问题吗 Bee?
关于替罪羊还有个问题 Well, the scapegoat still has the problem
就是在圣经的描述中 that the Biblical description
从来没有说过替罪羊的死 doesn't include the death of the scapegoat
没错 That's correct
我们已经提到过了 That we've already mentioned here
是这样的 Right, right
游斯丁知道替罪羊被杀死 So Justin knows the scapegoat is killed
并非从圣经中所知 He knows that not from Scripture
而是从 我认为 He knows that from what is already
是当时普遍被接受的 I assume, the universally accepted
圣经解读中所知 interpretation of Scripture
因为圣经中只是说替罪羊 Cos Scripture simply has a scapegoat
被放逐到荒野之中 being released in the wilderness
接下来就顺其自然 Whatever happens happens
我就不知道发生了什么 I don't know what happens
这只荒野中的山羊会怎么样 to the goat in the wilderness
它该怎么样就怎么样 It does whatever it wants
但是我们对其心领神会 Right, but the idea is taken
替罪羊被扔下了悬崖 and thrown off the cliff
被故意杀害 deliberately and killed
这出现在了犹太教解读中 That's both in the rabbinic text
也得到了游斯丁的肯定 and it's also in Justin
所以在他的那个时期 大家已经普遍接受 So at his time, there is already no greener
山羊被杀害了 that this goat is killed
这是非常重要的一点 That's an important point
他是这样认为的 he assumes that
如果他不相信这一点的时候 if he doesn't have that
整个理论框架就无法支撑了 then the whole thing falls down
非常好 谢谢 Good, thank you
好的 我们继续 Okay, let's move along
基督为全人类的罪孽受难 Christ suffers for the sins of humanity
整个人类都被诅咒 The entire human race is under a curse
这个母题持续了很久的时间 也很复杂 This is a long and complicated motif
但是也会在基督教中 But the motif that will emerge
以不同形式出现 in Christianity in different forms
基本上也就是说 which fundamentally will be to say that
人类需要基督 humanity needs Christ
因为如果没有基督的插手 Because without the intervention of Christ
如果没有基督的救赎力量 without the atoning power of Christ
人类就要一直被诅咒 Right, humanity labors under a curse
诅咒是什么 What is the curse?
罪 Sin
这又是什么意思呢 What does that mean?
死亡 Death
因为死亡是罪的产物 Cos death is the product of sin
基督赎罪 And Christ atones for sin
通过基督的救赎力量 and through the atoning death of Christ
我们基督教徒就可以战胜死亡 we Christians triumphs over death
通过与耶稣共同复活 By participating in Christ's resurrection
我们所说的就是这个意思 That's where we are going with all this
因此我们说基督的救赎力量 So we talk about Christ's atoning power
基督为我们救赎 Christ atones and therefore
将人类扶上正轨 puts matters right for humanity
否则我们就一直无望 Cos otherwise we are doomed
就一直遭到诅咒 We are under a curse
这在之后的基督教思想中 This will take different forms
会有不同的表现形式 in later Christian thinking
最后会成为我们所谓的 will ultimately emerge as something called
原罪教义 the doctrine of original sin
现在我们不细说这个了 Which I won't get into now
但是基本上这其实就是说 But fundamentally it means that
人类从根本上 从原则上 Humans are inherently, essentially
就是有罪的生物 sinful creatures
无论人类做什么 Nothing to do with actually
或者不做什么 都无济于事 about actually they do or don't do
因为成为人类的状态 It's that the status of humanity
本身就是有罪的状态 in itself is a sinful status
而这需要 要求 which needs, which demands
需要赎罪 which requires atonement
而这就是基督的救赎 And that's what's provided by
所达到的效果 the atonement of Christ
他为全人类赎罪 who atones for the sins of humanity
而献祭自己 by sacrificing himself
我觉得游斯丁应该是 I think Justin would agree with
同意我这样的说法 what I just said, I think
尽管他的措辞可能有些不一样 But he doesn't quite spell out quite this way
但是这就是 but this is where
我们所谓的基督教发展的方向 what we call Christianity is going
教室里有没有基督教徒 Any Christians in the room
想纠正一下我的说法 wanna correct what I said?
我说错了什么 给我改正一下 I said something wrong to get it right
可能会的 I think I did?
或者主日学校的老师 The teachers tell you something
跟你们说过什么不同的吗 different in Sunday school?
让我听听也好嘛 Please, I can hear it if they did
既然没有 那我刚才给大家讲的 No, I believe I just described
基本上就是比较规范的 经典的 in good faith what standard classic
基督教教义 Christian doctrine
直到后来新教改革 till you get the protestant reformation
之前都没变化 Then things changed
后来也是部分变化 in some groups
第95段 游斯丁知道 Paragraph 95, Justin knows
墨利托也有同样的看法 the same argument or so in Melito
犹太人说 基督必须死 The Jews say Christ had to die
才能救赎世界的罪孽 to save the sins of the world
拯救人类 to save humanity
你们应该感激涕零才是 Hey, you should be grateful
犹太人杀了基督 that Jews have killed him
我们这是帮你的忙呢 Hey, we did you a favor
不然如果我们没有杀他 What would have happened
后果不堪设想 if we Jews hadn't killed him
你们也没法为你们的罪孽救赎 Then you wouldn't be atoned from sins
我们应当得到表扬 So we should get a gold star
你们为什么还生我们的气呢 Why are you angry at us?
因此游斯丁是了解 Right, so Justin knows
这个虚伪狡猾的观点的 this very pseudo clever argument, right
是的 and the, right
而最后的结论就是 And fundamental response is
你们不能这么享受 you should not have enjoyed it so much
你应该让上帝 Right, you should have asked God
把他们都发配到挪威去 to send them to Norway
我是这样认为的 so I put it
否则的话 犹太人这样做 Otherwise, Jews did it not out of
也并非出于服从 而是出于报复 obedience to God, but out of rebellion
大家下去看看游斯丁的作品 Got it, read the passage in Justin
读读墨利托 Looks at Melito
好的 这就是游斯丁的主要观点 Okay, that's the major passages in Justin
说的是基督作为祭司这个母题 on this theme, this motif of Christ as priest
基督作为赎罪祭 Christ as atonement sacrifice
基督作为 Christ as
通过他作为献祭的救赎力量 through his atoning power of sacrifice
清除掉了世界的罪孽 removes the sins of the world
将人类带回上帝身边 and puts humanity right with God
接下来是我们最后 So here are the final
关于基督教的几个重点 bullet points on Christianity
这噪音是哪儿传出来的 What has made that furious noise?
我不知道 I don't know
刚才试过那里了 现在有回应了 I just tried that, here I was getting feedback
是的 有回应了 Yes, a feedback from that
好的 第一点 Okay, first bullet point
基督带走了世界的罪孽 Christ takes away the sins of the world
以赛亚书53的普遍影响 Pervasive influence of Isaiah 53
这个说得非常清楚 That is clear, everywhere
在基督教徒喜欢的希伯来圣经文章中经常出现 Everywhere the passage that Christians love
也就是以赛亚书53 in Hebrew Bible, is Isaiah 53
按照基督教徒的理解 以赛亚书53似乎 Isaiah 53 seems to, in Christian hands
似乎不是 但是的确是 does, doesn't seem
按照基督教徒的理解 but does in Christian hands
在讨论基督的生死 talk all about the life, death
和救赎力量 saving power of Christ
如果大家去大教堂 Go to any cathedral
都会看到以赛亚 and you'll have Isaiah
拿着一本打开的以赛亚53 holding and open Isaiah 53
教堂窗户上的彩色玻璃 stained glass windows have Isaiah
也会有以赛亚53中的以赛亚 out of Isaiah 53
指代的是基督的救赎力量 Right, referring to the atoning power of Christ
也就是代赎 This vicarious atonement
下一点 Next
基督的确是带来了 In so far as Christ does bring about
代赎 vicarious atonement
但是基督仍是一个祭品 Christ is a sacrifice
然而有关祭祀的语言 Sacrificial language is not
在以赛亚书53中并不显著 prominent in Isaiah 53
然而该母题 But the motif
一旦得以理解 so when itself been understood that way
其实这是基督教徒的理解方式 that's how Christians understands it
这就不仅是基督的救赎力量 This is not just atoning power of Christ
基督是祭品 或者用希伯来语说 Christ is the sacrifice, or in Hebrews
基督是牺牲自己的祭司 Christ is the priest who sacrifices himself
因此这种说他是献祭的语言 So sacrificial language is
在基督教中非常普遍 very common in Christianity
尤其是在圣餐中更为显著 especially in connection with the Eucharist
这里你有祭司 You've got a priest
正如在《利未记》中你也有祭司 Just as in Leviticus you got a priest
有圣坛 you got an altar
《利未记》中你也有圣坛 Leviticus you got an altar
还有洁净的法律 you got purity rules
还记得我们讨论过的不洁净吗 Remember we discuss impurity
需要远离圣体 needs to be kept away from the sacred?
在基督教中也一样 Similarly in Christianity
不是在美国的基督教中 not in American Christianity
我说的是过去的 I refer to the Christianity
从前的国家的 in the good old days
基督教 in the old country
需要施行 with the same kind of rules
和《利未记》中同样的规则 that you see in Leviticus would apply
所以举个例子 So for example
举个例子说 So for example
如果祭司没有得到任命 If a priest has not eternally missioned
就不能接近圣坛 he should not approach the altar
行经的女人 the woman that's menstruating
不能使用圣餐 she should not take Communion
这些规则 The sort of rules with which
《利未记》中非常常见 Leviticus is very familiar
在许多古代的教堂中 those are the rules that obtained
一直得到延续 in many old time churches
而现在在许多地方仍是如此 In some places, they still do
这其中有非常强的 Cos it's a very a powerful conception of
洁净和不洁净的意识 purity and impurity
这都直接取自《利未记》 It's taken straight out of Leviticus
不要告诉我基督将我从法律中解放出来 Don't tell me Christ freed me from the law
这就是基督教 This is Christianity
在东正教中 In Orthodox Christianity
圣饼就被叫做羊羔 the host is called the lamb
他们看见饼的时候就会这样说 That's what the refer to when they saw wafer
我已经给大家展示过饼了 I've shown you the risen wafer
是被叫做羔羊 Yes, it's called lamb
当然被奉为神圣 Of course consecrated
献祭的语言 献祭的画像 So, sacrificial language, sacrificial imagery
从某种程度上来说 and to some extent
神殿的法律全部 temple laws are all
传入了基督教 transported into Christianity
基督教可能会说 So Christianity might say
基督教的祭典取代了 Christ sacrifice has replaced
圣经中描述的祭典 the Biblical sacrifice
呼应了我说的 Just as I might say
拉比犹太教 祈祷和研习Torah Rabbinic Judaism, prayer, Torah study
善行 慈善取代了 Good deeds, charity, have replaced
圣经的祭典 the Biblical sacrifices
一边是这样的取代模式 With one replacement mode over here
另一边是那样的取代模式 Another replacement mode over there
两者是不同的 They are different
但是功能是相同的 But yet, their function is the same
但是还是有不同的 Here though, here is a difference
圣洁不再是 Sanctity no longer inheres
耶路撒冷神殿固有的 the Temple in Jerusalem
这个观点非常有趣 This is an extremely interesting point
是关于圣所 Just a point about sacred space
因此基督取代了 So Christ has replaced
《利未记》中的祭典 the sacrifices of Leviticus
救赎通过基督的血而达成 Atonement through the blood of Christ
而不是通过羊羔或公羊的血液 not through the blood of lambs or rams
而这些旧时的祭典 And those old sacrifices
在帐幕或神殿中的祭典 in the tabernacle and temple
现在已经被取代 have now been replaced
被基督代替 superseded by Christ
那么这些让 Well, where does that leave
真正的耶路撒冷神殿如何呢 the actual temple of Jerusalem
那个空间 地点 the space, the spot
该如何处置呢 Where does that leave it?
当然了 对犹太人来说 Well, for Jews of course
这仍旧是神圣的 it remains eternally sacred
因为我们希望自己相信 because we hope we believe
或者假装自己相信 we pretend we believe
神殿有一天会得到重建 that a temple will be rebuild there someday
这是犹太人的观点 That's the Jewish side
那么基督教是如何看待的呢 How about on the Christian side?
在基督教这边 基督教历史中 Christian side, the main motif you see
主要的母题 in the history of Christianity
是理解耶路撒冷或者锡安 is to understand Jerusalem or Zion
锡安就是耶路撒冷 which is the Biblical, the poetical name
在希伯来圣经中的雅称 in the Hebrew Bible for Jerusalem
锡安 the Zion
是一种比喻的说法 understood metaphorically
正如基督取代了神殿 Just as Christ has replaced the temple
和所有地方的祭祀 and sacrifices everywhere
基督也无处不在 Christ is everywhere
在耶路撒冷 锡安 So in Jerusalem, Zion, is
不是这个的动静 No, it's not that
耶路撒冷 锡安也是无处不在 Jerusalem, Zion is everywhere anywhere
给大家举个例子 So you, for example
罗马帝国将基督教 When the Roman Empire becomes Christian
在公元4世纪奉为国教时 in the 4th century of our era
基督教徒们有没有 Do the Christians rebuild
重建耶路撒冷的神殿 the temple of Jerusalem?
没有 No
他们有没有在神殿旧址上 Do they build the church on
建造一个教堂 its top of the site of the temple
不好意思 我真的不知道是哪儿的动静 I'm sorry, I don't know what the problem is
他们有没有重建 Do they rebuild the
有没有在耶路撒冷神殿的旧址上 Do they build a church on the site
建造起一个教堂 of the old temple of Jerusalem?
没有 No
他们做了什么 What did they do?
他们的确建立了巨大的纪念碑 They do build a grand monument
大教堂 the grand church
而这之后成了基督教的中心 that will become the center of Christendom
这是什么呢 What is that?
他们在圣墓之上建起了教堂 It's the church where the Holy Sepulcher
这就是基督亡命之地 It's the place where Christ die
基督被埋葬之地 The place where Christ was buried
这成了基督教中 That becomes the new sacred center
新的圣所的中心 of the Christian world
那个教堂直到今天 When that church of course remains
仍然被保留下来 to this very day
圣墓大教堂 the church of Holy Sepulcher
而之前的神殿 whereas the temple mount
也就是今天的奥玛回教堂所在 where the Shrine of Omar now sits
据我们所知 as far as we know
已经完完全全被基督教徒抛弃 was completely abandoned by the Christians
他们对此不再感兴趣 They've no interest in it
这成了基督教历史上 This become the main motif
的主要母题 in the history of Christianity
而锡安 耶路撒冷 Zion, Jerusalem
则都被理解成了比喻 are understood to be metaphors
都被理解成了精神上的 understood to be spiritual
锡安和耶路撒冷都成了 So Zion and Jerusalem becomes names
教堂的名字 for the church itself
或者是耶稣第二次将临后的 or the redemption when Christ comes
救赎的名字 in the second coming
基督会重建耶路撒冷 Christ will rebuild Jerusalem
是指代教堂 也指代人类 i.e., the church, i.e., humanity
拯救人类即是耶路撒冷 save humanity would be Jerusalem
这在许多基督教的场所都能看见 You see that in many places in Christianity
比如说有个新建的教堂 For example, there is a new
就在拐角的地方有个耶路撒冷教堂 Jerusalem church around the corner
斯韦登伯格教堂 Or the Swedenborgian Church
大家可能路过很多次 you probably walked past it many times
很漂亮的小教堂 beautiful little church
还有锡安浸信会教堂 There are Zion Baptist churches
属于非裔美国人的教堂 among African American churches
都是教堂非常常见的名字 very common name for churches
在其他地方也能看见 And you see it also in
现在给大家放一首歌 Here is a song from
1840年左右的歌 大复兴时代 1840s, in the great awakening
大家仔细听歌词 Listen to the words
来吧 父亲 来吧 母亲 Come fathers and mothers
来吧 姐妹们 来吧 兄弟们 Come sisters and brothers
和我们一起高唱锡安的赞歌 Come join us in singing the praises of Zion
锡安的赞歌 the praises of Zion
哦 父亲 您们不是已经决心 O fathers, don't you feel determined
去走进锡安的墙吗 To meet within the walls of Zion?
我们呼喊 我们寻找 We'll shout and go round
锡安的墙 The walls of Zion
来吧 父亲 来吧 母亲 Come fathers and mothers
来吧 姐妹们 来吧 兄弟们 Come sisters and brothers
和我们一起高唱锡安的赞歌 Come join us in singing the praises of Zion
好的 就是这个意思 Okay, got the idea
好的 来吧 父亲母亲 So, come fathers and mothers
和我们一起高唱锡安的赞歌 Come join us and singing the praise of Zion
这并不是犹太教的歌曲 This is not a Jewish song
而是美国的歌 This is a song from American
这是1840年新教徒大觉醒之时 Protestant arrival is in the 1840s
他们是什么意思呢 What are they talking about?
和我们一起高唱锡安的赞歌 Come join us and singing the praise of Zion
哦 父亲 您们不是已经决心 O fathers, don't you feel determined
去走进锡安的墙吗 To meet within the walls of Zion?
是什么意思呢 What are we talking about?
耶稣的第二次降临 The second coming of Christ
那么锡安将会在什么地方呢 Where is this Zion going to be?
具体我也不清楚 I don't know exactly
是在某个地方 是无处不在 It's somewhere, nowhere, everywhere
是无所谓的 It's wherever
按照我的分析这就是 That's the classic stance of Christianity
基督教的经典立场 as far as I can see
然而被施加了比喻 whereas metaphorised
这是基督教中 Now, there is an interesting
比较有趣的一个流派 strand in Christianity
他们没有将锡安 which does now see Zion
耶路撒冷视为比喻 Jerusalem as metaphors
而是视为真实 but sees them as real
因此我们才会有十字军东征 That's why you get the Crusades
因为他们认为我们基督教徒 The idea that we Christians need to
需要去拯救圣所 redeem the sacred holy sites
于伊斯兰恶人的魔掌之中 from under other Islamic demonian
可是突然间 Where all of a sudden
突然间这却成了真实的地方 All of a sudden, it's real, it's a place
我们在游斯丁那里也看到过这样的观点 We saw that already in Justin
游斯丁认为耶稣第二次降临 Justin thinks the second coming of Christ
将会在耶路撒冷城 is going to be in the city of Jerusalem
我们将会在耶路撒冷城迎来 that 1,000-year reign of Christ
耶稣的千年统治 in the city of Jerusalem
后来基督教徒会告诉游斯丁 Later Christians will tell Justin
这样的观点太犹太教了 This is much too Jewish view
我们基督教徒不相信 we Christians don't believe that
只有犹太教徒相信 only Jews believe that
但是游斯丁认为这是真的 But Justin thinks, that is real
而这种观点将来会被认为是 And this view will be known as
基督教的千禧年主义 Christian millennialism
这种观点认为即将 The idea that there is going to be
有一个基督教的王国 a Christian kingdom
建立在耶路撒冷之上 in the city of Jerusalem
将统治一百年 for a thousand years
而基督即是国王 reigned over by Christ the king
这种观点出现在了《《圣经新约》》的 This idea comes out of the Book of Revelation
启示录中 in the New Testament
但是我们这里没有时间讨论 which I don't have time to discuss here
总而言之 这是基督教历史中的 Anyway, that is a counter view
反对观点 in the history of Christianity
而基督教的主流观点是 The main view of Christianity is
基督取代了耶路撒冷的神殿 Christ replaces the temple of Jerusalem
因此我们再也不需要神殿 Therefore we don't need the temple any more
再也不需要耶路撒冷 we don't need Jerusalem any more
再也不需要圣地 we don't need the holy land any more
再也不需要所有这些了 we don't need any of that any more
一切都已经精神化 It's all spiritualized
不要对朝圣者说这些哦 Don't tell that to pilgrims
他们每年都要去以色列 who go to Israel every year
大大帮助了以色列的经济 and help the Israeli economy
最后一点 The last bullet point
基督教团体是真正的神殿 and Christian community is the true temple
正如基督教是真正的以色列 Just as Christianity is the true Israel
这些内容我们会 That's what we'll talk about
在这周三和周五的课上加以讨论 on Wednesday and Friday of this week
这些烦人的噪音实在是不好意思 I apologize for the annoying noises here
我也不知道是什么情况 I don't know, I mean
我自己的噪音也够烦人的 也对不起 My own annoying noise I apologize for too
但是我是说这个烦人的噪音 But this other annoying noises
也给大家道个歉 I also apologize for
我们会在周三之前搞定 We'll see it again, look into it before Wednesday
如果大家有任何问题或者评论 Any case, do you have questions or comments
我希望大家喜欢刚才那首歌 I hope you enjoyed that little song
歌手是Aaron Copland来自美国老歌专辑 Aaron Copland, Old American Songs
音乐是Samuel Ramey 非常优美 Sound beautifully by Samuel Ramey
有问题吗 Questions?
好的 同学们 我们周三再见 [Rhine & trismile Production] Okay, everybody, see you Wednesday [Rhine & trismile Production]