弥赛亚：大卫王朝的复辟 This week we are doing messiah kingship
这周我们即将讨论弥赛亚和王权 Right, again we are discussing ideas
又是关于思想的讨论 So we've discussed the multiplicity of God
我们已经讨论了上帝的多位性 God and so on
上帝 等等 Now we did last week
而上周我们讨论了 angels, beings, Logos
天使 生灵 以及道 for those intermediary things, right?
作为媒介的存在 Today this week we are doing
这周我们即将讨论 messiah, king, and so on
弥赛亚 国王 等等 And as we all know
大家也都知道 Jesus, of course, is
耶稣固然 among the many titles that he carries
在背负许多称谓的同时 is that a messiah
也是一名弥赛亚 So we are trying to understand
所以我们这里要试图去理解 the background to that
这其中的背景知识 and Jewish ideas about messiah also
以及犹太人对弥赛亚的看法 So let's begin
现在我们开始 We are going to talk about
我们接下来要讨论 three different political offices
古代以色列 in ancient Israel
以及犹太基督思想中 and in Jewish and Christian thought
三种不同形态的职分 So we need to make sure
因此我们首先要确定 we understand what these 3 offices are
大家对这三种职分有所理解 And they are king, prophet and priest
这其中包括 国王 先知和祭司 King, prophet and priest
国王 先知和祭司 And if you take my class on
如果大家上了我的 Intro to Hebrew Bible
希伯来圣经简介课程 We'll talk about the king, prophet
我们就会讨论古代以色列的 and priest in ancient Israel
国王 先知和祭司 and their place in the Hebrew Bible
以及他们在希伯来圣经中的地位 But that's not what we were doing here
但是我们这里就不再讲了 So here I'll give you are wrapping
接下来会给大家一个总结式的 birds-eye, summary or birds-eye survey
鸟瞰式地为大家介绍一下 of king, prophet and priest
国王 先知和祭司 First, king
首先我们来说国王 Who or what is a king in ancient Israel?
古代以色列的国王是做什么的呢 We'll come back and talk about this further
这个我们过些时候会回头讨论 if there are moments
如果我们讲完还有时间 But just to get the conversation started
但是现在给大家总结一下 The king is the head of the government
国王首先是政府的首领 What is the head of the government do
那古代以色列的思想中 in ancient Israelite thought
政府的首领要做些什么呢 Primarily two things
主要有两件事情 Primarily the king is a warrior
国王首先是一名战士 the king is to defend the kingdom
他要负责保卫自己的王国 from its enemies
不受敌人侵略 Or perhaps the king is supposed to grant their
或者说 国王也应该保证 beat up the bad guys
要打败坏人 and expand the empire, right
扩大自己的帝国 So the king is a warrior
因此国王是一名战士 And the king is also the head of
与此同时 国王也是 the judicial system
司法系统的首脑 If the society is unjust, it's the king's fault
如果社会不公平 那是国王之过 If widows and orphans are persecuted
孤儿寡妇如若受到迫害 it's the king's fault, right
也是国王之过 If there are miscarriages of justice in the land
如果社会中正义未得到伸张 It's the king's fault
还是国王之过 in the sense that he is the
因为国王本身虽说 not exactly the supreme court
并不完全是最高法院 the head of the court and judge himself
不是法庭和法官的首领 although there are stories about that too
不过我们也有这方面的故事 But the king is supposed to preside
但是国王理论上应该是主持 over a just society
一个公平的社会 Just as God is supposed to be just
正如上帝应该是公平的 the king is supposed to be just
国王也应该是公平的 These are the two main things that a king does
这就是国王的两大主要职责 Warrior and also head of the judicial system
是一名战士 也是司法系统的首脑 in order to enforce or bring about
他需要执行 或者创造 a just society
一个公平的社会 Do not, however, say
不过大家千万不要说 that the king is "secular"
国王是 现世的 That will be completely anachronistic
这样就让人觉得完全时代错乱了 when talking about ancient Israel, right?
我们这里讨论的是古代以色列 The king is very much a religious figure
国王多多少少还是一个宗教的角色 who stands in relationship with God
他和上帝有着一定的关系 as we shall discuss shortly
这一点我们马上会讲 as has such relationship with God
他和上帝有着一定的关系 And most important to notice is that
最重要的一点是 我们需要注意 the king, as I wrote in your handout
我在大家的讲义上也写到 国王 presides over the cult
主持着整个祭仪(cult) That's stop there for a second
我们这里稍停一下 What does cult mean in that sense?
这句话中的cult是什么意思 In that phrase, presides over the cult
主持整个cult 这个短语是什么意思 Do I mean a vaguely sinister group of
我是说一群邪恶的 religious fanatics who somehow are seen to be
宗教狂热分子 还多多少少有些 anti-democratic and anti-American?
反民族 反美国 是这样吗 Is that what I mean, class?
同学们 我是这个意思吗 No
不是 Clearly not, that makes no sense
当然不是了 不然也说不通 So what does Professor Cohen mean
那么科恩教授说 when he says presides over the cult
他主持cult 是什么意思呢 What does a cult mean?
cult是什么意思呢 A religion?
一个宗教 Is that a new religion?
是一个新的宗教吗 A new religion, no
新的宗教 不是的 I don't care with new or old
管他新旧呢 That's, right, the cult is
cult是指 A religious congregations?
一种宗教集会吗 Religious congregations, okay
宗教集会 这个说法还不错 you know what the cult would be
其实cult的意思是说 is that which we do
我们所做的 to cultivate the deity, right
用来崇拜神的仪式 That which we do to find favor in God's eyes
我们用来得到上帝宠幸的仪式 are organized worship
是一种有组织的崇拜 our liturgy, our rituals
是我们的祷告 仪式 our community way of doing things
我们的一种集体行为 vis-a-vis the God, or Gods
用来崇拜上帝 或神 That what it means by
这就是cult的解释 That's the good, original meaning
是这个词的原义 It's probably a nice
本来是一个很好的 a nacreous English word cult
很华丽的英文单词 cult Which somehow got hijacked
可是不知怎的就被 by somebody somewhere
一些人 在某个时候 and got turned into a term to
改写成了一种用来形容 describe something sinister
邪恶事物的词语 or some religious manifestation
或者是什么宗教表现 which I don't like, is a cult
我不喜欢现在的意义 这就是cult Okay, so I don't know history of that term
我也不知道这种意义的转换 in that sense
有什么历史 with the origin of word from Latin
但是这个词的词源是拉丁文 So presides over the cult
主持祭仪 go back to where we are
我们回归正题 The king is sort of presides over
国王是要负责 the temple, its rituals and all that
圣殿 仪式等等的 And if you say, isn't there
你可能会问 a high priest who does that?
不是有个大祭司做这些事情吗 Yes, but the high priest is sort of
没错 但是大祭司 serving to the king
是要服务国王的 And the king
而国王 we've seen them in different stories
我们在各种故事中也读到过 Most important point is that
最重要的一点就是 the Davidic king
大卫王朝的国王 I'll come back to that
我过会儿会回到这点 and what that means in a second
告诉大家这是什么意思 The Davidic king builds the temple
大卫王朝的国王建造了圣殿 and somehow ultimately is responsible for
而最终也要为此而负责 and pays the bills
要为此买单 The Jerusalem temple is a royal temple
耶路撒冷的圣殿是皇家的圣殿 Just as you have in high Middle Ages
这和中世纪鼎盛时期欧洲的情况 and in Europe
非常类似 many chapels are royal chapels
许多教堂都是皇家的教堂 And the king is
而国王 a parishioner as it were
一方面是教区的居民 But the king really controls what's going on
但是掌控着事件的走向 It's his chapel
这是他的教堂 The temple in Jerusalem
这就是耶路撒冷的教堂 to some extent, is a Davidic temple
某种意义上来说 是大卫王朝的圣殿 It is run by the king
由国王运营 It's the king's temple
是国王的圣殿 Okay, I'll explain that a little further
我接下来会更详细地解释这一点 when I talk about priest
一会儿我们讨论祭司时 which I will in a moment
马上我们就会讨论 You understand what I'm talking about?
大家明白我的意思吗 So we have three things
国王有三个职责 We have warrior, judges and
战士 法官 以及 presides over a temple
需要负责圣殿 builds a temple, and ultimately runs it
他建造了圣殿 还要负责运营 Or rather has the high priest run it for him
不然就要找一名大祭司来为他运营 That's the king
这就是国王 Prophet, what is a prophet
先知 什么是先知呢 Prophet, briefly, prophet is really a forthteller
简而言之 先知就是传神言之人 rather than a foreteller
而不是传预言之人 This is a cute formulation
这种非常有趣的说法 I stole it from somebody
我是从别人那儿窃来的 I forget from whom
但是我忘了作者是谁了 So I can't give a footnote, right
所以没法给大家脚注 So in a vulgar imagination
在我们凡夫俗子的想象中 a prophet is a foreteller
先知应为传预言之人 A prophet foretells the future
先知预测未来 No, no, no
并非如此 That's not what really prophecy is about
这不是预言书的真正内容 Take my course on Hebrew Bible
大家去听听我的希伯来圣经课 We'll spend a week or two on this, right
我们会用一两周来解决这个问题 That's not what really Biblical prophecy is about
这并不是圣经预言书的真正内容 Biblical prophecy is not about
圣经的预言书不是 foretelling the future
预测未来 doing cheap parlor tricks, you know
不是一些下三滥的把戏 It's gonna rain this afternoon
明天要下雨啊 这样的 I've got to know, that's a foreteller
这是叫做传预言之人 No, rather, it's a forthteller, right?
先知是传神言之人 He proclaims
先知宣告 there is a couple shes but mostly hes
有一些先知是女性 但多为男性 He proclaims the message of God
他们要宣告上帝的讯息 You brings a message of God to the people
将上帝的讯息传到人间 That's how they are understood
这才是对先知的正确理解 We have two main kinds of prophecies
先知主要非为两类 we read about in the Hebrew Scriptures
我们在希伯来圣经中可以读到 One are so-called charismatic miracle workers
一类是所谓的神赐奇迹创造者 Elijah and Elisha
如以利亚和以利沙 Who run around in the country
他们在国内四处走动 doing acts of wonder
创造奇迹 Sometimes acts of wonder for their own sake
有些是为了自己 And sometimes acts of wonder for moral point
有些是为了道德 而施展的奇迹 But Elijah and Elisha are
以利亚和以利沙 best known of these exemplars
是这类先知中最典型的例子 Jesus replicates some of their repertoire
耶稣施展的奇迹就是对他们的效仿 You know, resurrecting sick kid
比如治愈生病的孩子 multiplying loafs and fishes
变出许多食物 You know, that kind of stuff, right
就是这种奇迹 Since what the Jesus does
这就是耶稣所做的事情 and that's the same storyline
这和以利亚 以利沙是一个套路 same social type
一样的社会类型 charismatic miracle worker
这就是神赐奇迹的创造者 That's one kind of person called the prophet
这就是被称为先知的那一类人 But we speak of our prophet
我们说先知的时候 we usually don't mean that
通常并非这个意思 we usually refer to the literary prophets
我们通常指的是圣经的先知 The big three
三大先知 Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, the big three
以赛亚 耶利米 和以西结 三大先知 Who write in glorious poetry
他们写下华丽的诗篇 Who bring the message
向世间的人们传达 from the Lord to the people
主的讯息 And what is the message, class?
是什么讯息呢 同学们 Is the message a message of
这讯息是指 what's gonna happen tomorrow
明天要发生什么 Predicting the future? No
预测未来吗 不是的 The message is, I'm gonna predict the future
讯息是说 我会预测明天发生什么 unless you repent
但是你要忏悔 Cos the future I'm predicting is always bad
因为我所预测的未来总有坏事发生 That's a brief summary of all three prophecies
这基本上就是三部先知书的简单介绍 Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, with one
一句话总结以赛亚 耶利米 以西结 As we'll see, just hold on a second
所以大家可以看到 这位同学稍安勿躁 I'm not finished yet, right
我这儿还没说完呢 But the main message is
主要的讯息是说 Disaster looms!
灾难将临 Catastrophe threatens
大祸迫在眉睫 Unless you repent and change your ways
除非大家忏悔 改变自己的行为方式 In which case disaster can be averted
这样灾难就可以消弭 But if not, mark my words
但若不听我所言 走着瞧 X, terrible thing will happen
可怕的事情定会发生 And the prophets also occasionally
而这些先知也时不时 Here it gets relevant to our purposes
这就跟我们要讲的内容联系起来了 Occasionally from time to time
有时候会时不时地 also throwing a sweetener
给你点安慰 After the disaster, things will get much better
灾难过后 必有后福 So there will be catastrophe
因为会有灾难发生 unless you repent
除非你们忏悔 But after catastrophe comes restoration
但灾难过后 会迎来复辟 Right? Things will get put back
一切会回归原状 Things will be as good as before
会和从前一样 No, they will be better than before
不对 应该是比从前更好 Right? You and God will be
你们和上帝会 You, people of Israel and God will be together
你们以色列人民和上帝会在一起 working in sync, working together
共同工作 共同劳动 So the prophets do have a restoration theme
这些先知们都带有一种复辟主题 And they see that in all three of them
这三部先知书里面都有出现 Most spectacularly in the last chapters
最明显的就是在以赛亚书 in the Book of Isaiah
的最后几个章节 At least spectacular visions of life after disaster
给大家描绘了一幅灾后的景观 God will take you back
上帝会在非难你过后 after having rebuke you
重新接受你 because of your sinfulness
你的难是由你的罪孽导致 So this is what Prophecy is about
这就是预言书的中心思想 So in the vulgar mind
在我们常人的脑中 this is reduced to simple prediction
这已经成了简单的预言 It's not prediction at all
其实不是预言 It's prediction with a moral purpose
而是带有道德目的的预言 It's prediction with a sense that
这样的预言中 包含着训诫 your fate is in your hands
命运在你手中 Repent and you will revert disaster
忏悔即能消弭灾难 Maybe it's too late, I don't know
可能为时已晚 但很难说 Maybe it's too late, the prophet says
先知说可能为时已晚 But try
但至少放手一试 Then after that
在此之后 there's the potential for restoration
就有复辟的可能 Okay, I'll skip these lines here
下面的段落我要跳过 Part of royal establishment or opposed to it
先知是王室的一部分还是与其对立 Prophets are, often as not anti-social figures
先知通常并非是反社会的角色 anti-establishment figures
不是反王室的角色 They are busy criticizing the temple priest to it
他们总是批评圣殿祭司 They are busy criticizing the kings
他们总是批评国王 They are busy criticizing foreign policy
批评对外政策 They are busy criticizing social policy
批评国内的政策 They are just playing obnoxious
但是他们就是让大家讨厌自己 Then why don't we just kill them, you say
那我们干嘛不杀了他们 你可能会问 You can't kill a prophet
我们不可以弑杀先知的 He's a holy man, he is a man of God
他是圣人 是上帝的人 Even those who are suffer most
即便那些受难最深 from his barbs and his rhetoric
被先知的苛刻言辞伤的最深的人们 understand he's a holy man
也明白先知是圣人 You can't kill him
我们不能杀掉他 You can make his life miserable
我们可以让他过得很痛苦 and hope that he'll shut up
以希望他住嘴 Like Jeremiah
比如耶利米 But at the end of the day you can't kill him
但是最终 你也不能杀掉他们 So he's very much an oppositional figure
所以先知在很大程度上是反面角色 He's a critic, social critic
他是个社会批判者 Jesus, for example, goes into the temple
举个耶稣的例子 他进入圣殿 overturns the tables
推翻桌子 And the money changer then says
推倒兑换银钱之人 然后说 This is a den of thieves, he says
这在你们眼中岂可看为贼窝吗 quoting Jeremiah
这是引用耶利米的话 That's that social type
就是这种社会类型 Right, the man who upsets the institution
激怒神殿 and upsets the establishment
激怒王室的人 on the theory that he brings a higher message
因为他要传达更高层次的讯息 a higher call
更高的要求 Except that Jesus was killed
不过耶稣还是被杀了 Anyway, something went wrong there
这其中有些不对的地方 Alright, but that's a different discussion
但是这就是另一个话题了 Okay, that's the prophet
这就是先知 No dynastic succession, right?
他们是没有世袭的 Not a single prophet in Hebrew Bible
希伯来圣经中没有一位先知 is the son of a prophet
是先知之子 They are all loners
他们都是独行者 Alright, I can't deal with everything now
课堂上我真的不能什么都说 Take my course on Hebrew Bible
欢迎大家去上我的希伯来圣经课 We'll discuss all your footnotes
我们会讨论所有的脚注 you know, little details of, okay, good
还有各种细节 Next, priest
接下来 祭司 What is a priest?
什么是祭司呢 So a priest is the, these are the people
祭司首先是一种人 who serve in the temple, right?
在神殿中工作 The priests are the actual functionaries
他们是真正做事的 people actually do the work, right
真正做实事的人 are the priest
这是祭司 Maybe the king pays the bills
可能国王要负责买单 to build the temple in Jerusalem
要负责在耶路撒冷建神殿 to build it, and to run it and to equip it
负责建造 运营 置办 Yes, but the actual people actually do
但是真正去打理 the acts of worship, cult
神殿中的崇拜 祭仪的 in the temple are the priests
还是祭司们 are the priests
是祭司们 And this is the classic example of a dynasty
这就是典型的世家 or a caste, c-a-s-t-e, a caste, right?
典型的社会阶级 英文是caste The group which owns its position by birth
他们的地位是与生俱来的 How do you get to become a priest?
如何成为一名祭司呢 How do you get to be a Cohen?
如何成为一名犹太教祭司呢 Answer, your father is a Cohen
你的父亲是犹太教祭司就可以啊 How he get to be a Cohen?
他又是怎么成为犹太教祭司的 Cos his father is a Cohen
因为他父亲是犹太教祭司 How did he get to be a?
那他父亲又是怎么 You got the idea, right
大家明白了 对吧 Back to the original founder
要沿着族谱追溯到最初的 of the dynastic line of priests
祭司的建立者 Son following father, son following father
子随父 子随父 all through the male line
通过男性子嗣相传 That's priests
这就是祭司 Classic example of a caste or a dynasty
这是古代以色列社会中 in ancient Israel
典型的阶层 世家 and in Judaism
犹太教中亦然 Okay, going back to Aaron, brother of Moses
这样追溯到亚伦 摩西的兄弟 according to the story in the Torah
根据Torah的说法是这样的 Those are priests
这就是祭司 So we have then three main officers, offices?
现在我们讲完了三种主要的职分 We have a king
我们讲了国王 We got prophets
我们讲了先知 Who sometimes are allies with the king
他们有时候是国王的同盟 But usually is not
但一般不是 are opposed to the king in some way
或多或少都会和国王有些对立 We have priests who are
我们还说了祭司 serving in the temple of Jerusalem
他们在耶路撒冷的神殿中效力 which in turn is a kind of a royal chapel
而神殿也是一种王室的教堂 Among its various functions to the king
此外还对国王有许多作用 But nonetheless the priests are the only ones
但是无论如何 只有祭司 who are able to enter into the sacred placings
才能进入这些神圣的场所 and do the actual labor
去做那里真正的工作 the actual work of running the temple
也就是真正去运转神殿 Okay, hope this was a helpful review
希望这段小回顾对大家有帮助 Okay? King, prophet, priests
这就是国王 先知 祭司 Questions?
有问题吗 Do you want to hear the old joke
大家想听我讲一个老笑话吗 about how you become a Cohen
是关于如何成为一名犹太教祭司 or ask me that
大家可以问我 For Jewish joke tellers, that's No.12
犹太讲笑话的人觉得这跟数字一样神圣 You know, it's a well-known joke
这个笑话很有名的 Ask me after class and I will tell you
课后问我 我给大家讲 I don't tell jokes, that kind of jokes in class
我在课堂上 一般不讲笑话 So ask me afterwards, it's a good joke
大家课后问我吧 很好笑的 Okay, other questions? No
还有其他问题吗 没有了 No.12, there we go
数字12 好的 Now messiah, what is a messiah?
现在我们来说弥赛亚 什么是弥赛亚 So messiah is a Hebrew word
messiah是个希伯来词 I've explained to you on that nice website
我曾经在一个很不错的网站上给大家解释了 Which I hope you'll look at
希望大家可以去看一看 Messiah is from the Hebrew mashiach
messiah是从希伯来语的mashiach而来 Sometimes vocalized moshiach
有时候按照读音会写成moshiach But that's the same word, mashiach, moshiach
但是都是一个词 And it means anointed
这个词的意思是 受膏 It means anointed
是 受膏 的意思 And we translate that in Greek
翻译成希腊文 which gives us the past participle Christós
就是过去分词 Christós which means anointed in Greek
也就是希腊语中的受膏 What does anoint mean?
受膏是什么意思呢 Western shampoo
西方的洗发精 One of my old teacher
我曾经有一位老师 called it the western shampoo
说膏是一种西方的洗发精 The wet shampoo?
湿的洗发精 Western
西方的 Well, western shampoo, very cute
好的 这种说法很有意思 Yes, so western shampoo
那么 西方的洗发精 you pour oil in your hair
你在头发上倒一些油 or pour oil on your head
或者在头上倒一些油 So you take oil
所以呢 你将油 Preferably olive oil?
最好是橄榄油 This being the Near East, right?
这是近东地区比较常见的 You take olive oil, and you
用橄榄油 I don't know how much you pour exactly
我不太清楚究竟要倒多少 I like to use it as schmear
然后涂抹上 But, you know, you rubbing on it
就是擦上 涂上 a certain amount of oil
一定量的油 on said person or object
在那个人或事物之上 The result of this anointing
受膏的结果 is very clear in Scripture
在圣经中写的很明白 The object or person thereby anointed
受膏的人或事物 has now been installed, or inaugurated
就得到了确立 得到任命 or turned on
打开 like putting in a battery, you know
就好像装上电池一样 all set to works
可以开始工作了 All of a sudden, all kinds of powers are evident
就这么一下 一切力量都显现出来 Special statuses, bequest, and so on
特殊的地位 遗赠 等等 So the effect is very clear in Scripture
圣经中所写的效果是非常明显的 This is how you, gets a king becomes a king
这样 国王就成了国王 Answer, he gets anointed
受膏之后便成了国王 This is how a priest gets a priest
祭司就成了祭司 He becomes anointed
也要受膏 This is how the temple gets inaugurated
神殿就这样投入使用 You went around there schmearing everything
因为人们在它的周边 with palm or something, right
用手涂抹上膏 So that's the, that we understand
这就是我们所理解的 how it works with the theory of anointing is
受膏如何生效的方式 I have not yet found anybody
其实迄今为止 还没有人 explaining its sense actually
对它的意义做出解释 Although I'm not sure somebody
但是我知道肯定有人 somewhere with a PhD on it
在做相关的博士课题 You know, try to understand
他们希望了解 what exactly this means
这究竟是什么意思 this act of anointing
这种受膏 and why this act as a way of
为什么这可以用来 inaugurating a person or an object
让人活物开始履行职能 Okay, at least I don't know
反正我是不知道为什么 But Scripture simply assumes that
但是圣经将此认为是一种 this is a well-known process
众所周知的过程 The key point, kings can get anointed
重点是 国王可以受膏 prophets can get anointed
先知可以受膏 priests can get anointed
祭司可以受膏 And sacred objects
神圣的事物 can get anoint in Scripture
在圣经中也可以受膏 So technically speaking
因此理论上说 What is a messiah
什么是弥赛亚呢 A messiah is a thing or person who is anointed
弥撒亚就是受膏的人或物 Well, that can be almost anything
这多了去了 But in common parlance
但是照一般的说法 we usually mean by messiah
我们所说的弥赛亚 the anointed one, the anointed thing
是受膏之人 受膏之物 We mean of course par excellence, the king
我们当然说的是最出类拔萃的 国王 The anointed king
受膏之王 So that brings you back to the king
那我们又说回国王了 So we talk then about kings
接下来我们再说国王 How does a king become a king?
国王如何成为王 Or what endows the king
他被赋予何物 而成为王 with his royal authority
而具有王者的权威 So you could be the charismatic king
你可以成为一个具有神赐能力的国王 Self-made man, as it were
通过奋斗而取得地位 as a self-made king
通过奋斗取得王位 The classic example in Scripture is King Saul
典型的例子就是圣经中的扫罗王 Who was Saul?
扫罗是哪位 You are right, Saul is a nobody, right
你说的对 以扫是个无名小卒 following the tribe of Benjamin
便雅悯支族的后人 a big stripng tall guy
健壮高大之人 I assume good looking too
我觉得应该长得很俊美 He didn't say that in Scripture
但是圣经中没说 But he's got to be good-looking also
但是肯定长相不错 So a big striping tall guy, right
健壮高大之人 Just the kind of guy you want
正是大家需要的 leading the charge and get to Philistines
来带领大家击败非利士人 I want to be behind the guy like Saul
我希望站在扫罗这样的人身后 So let's make Saul king
因此扫罗就成了王 And that's what happens
因此事情就这样发生了 So they will pick Saul and says
他们选出了扫罗 说 Saul, you are the man
扫罗 就是你了 You are gonna fight it against the Philistines
你要带领我们与非利士人战斗 The Amalekites and our other enemies
亚玛力人和其他敌人 Why? Cos you are a big stripping tall guy
为什么呢 因为你身材健壮高大 Here
来 Little oil on the head
头上浇些膏 And it's done
你就是国王了 Saul is now king
扫罗就成了国王 And the people hail, long live the king
人群欢呼 国王万岁 So that sense is charismatic and sense of
这样的情况下 扫罗是神赐的王 seems to be the product
因为他能当上国王 of this individuals' own gifts
是由于自己的天赋才能 What happens to King Saul?
扫罗王最后怎么了 Here happens to King Saul
扫罗王的结局写在这里 at the end of 1 Samuel
撒母耳记上 结尾部分 King Saul dies in the battle
扫罗在和非利士人的 against the Philistines
征战中战死 King Saul had a son
扫罗王还有一子 Two sons, actually
其实是两个儿子 Bu son No.1 also died
大儿子也在同非利士人 in a battle against Philistines
的战争中战死 Son No.2 is a no-good
二儿子又游手好闲 Just trust me on this
大家相信我这一点 Doesn't go anywhere
一事无成 So this is a good example
这就是个非常典型的例子 of a non-dynastic kingship
非世袭的国王 The kingship that is
这样的国王实际上 one person fundamentally
就是一个人 Installed by the prophet
得到了神的任命 Prophet yells at them, uninstalls him
先知对他不满 放弃他 and he dies in battle
他就战死了 End, end, end
然后一切就拉下帷幕 The other example briefly we see in Scripture
圣经中另外一个例子 is something by election or acclaim
就是通过选举或者任命 This is a little obscure in Scripture
这在圣经中说得有些含糊 Cos in the Northern Kingdom
因为在以色列王国 Should I mention Northern Kingdom
我该不该说以色列王国呢 No, let's not mention Northern Kingdom
算了 不该说这个 Some traditions in the Hebrew Scriptures
根据希伯来圣经中的一些传统 Right? We seem to
我们似乎 don't have dynastic succession
并没有王朝的继承 we have election to kingship as it were
而是通过选举决定国王 which might last a couple of generations
王位可能会延续几个世代 This is very obscure
个中缘由很复杂 I'm not gonna spend time on it
我也不在这儿浪费时间了 Deuteronomy 17, right?
申命记第17章 Which is the classic passage in Deuteronomy
申命记中非常经典的一段话 where God tells Moses
上帝告诉摩西 And Moses, in turn, tells people of Israel
摩西又转达给以色列的人民 If you want the king
你们想要王 appointing for yourselves a king
那就自己任命一位王 What does it mean?
这是什么意思 Appoint for yourselves a king
自己任命一位王 I guess we vote
那我们就投票选举吧 The mechanism does not spell that very clearly
其实相关机制说得也不甚清楚 Anyway, that doesn't go anywhere
但是这个和我们无关 That's just an interesting passage
就是比较有意思罢了 The key example of our purposes is
和我们有关的比较重要的例子 is the Davidic line, the house of David
是大卫及其后裔 大卫家族 which is a dynastic kingship
这是世袭的君主 Moving up we are familiar with
相较现在 我们比较熟悉 the queen of England, right
英国女王 You know, father son, father son
大家知道 这是子承父业 And if you don't have a son
要是没有儿子 Alright, then you get a daughter
那女儿也可以 But apparently, we like kings
但是 我们还是比较喜欢国王 better than queens
国王优先于女王 Okay, so it's dynastic
这是世袭的 It's dynastic
世袭的 The classic text on that is 2 Samuel 7
一段经典文字来自撒母耳记上第7章 Make a note: read 2 Samuel 7
大家记一下 读撒母耳记上第7章 Okay? It is the most important passage
这是最重要的一段关于 Which spells out the theory ideology
大卫王朝神学 of Davidic kingship
意识形态的文字 Right, David has been successful in his battles
大卫在战争中非常成功 And David says to the prophet
他对先知说 I have a bright idea
我有个好主意 I have a lovely house
我有那么好的殿宇 And I'm living in my little palace here
我住在自己的小宫殿中 We'll build God a nice house
我们也给上帝建个漂亮殿宇吧 We still have the tabernacle
我们还在用着以前 from the old wilderness days
在荒野时建造的帐幕 hiding out down in a small town
安置在小镇上的什么位置 not far from here
离这儿不太远 But that's pretty yucky
但是那个太寒碜了 You know, we are getting
是吧 眼下我们要 establish a kingdom here
在这儿建立王国呢 That's, we should build God a nice house
所以应该给上帝建个好点的殿宇 So God appears in the message
因此上帝就在讯息中显灵 to the prophet and says
通过先知说 David, great idea
大卫 这想法不错 you want build me a house?
你想为我建造殿宇吗 Thank you very much
非常感谢 but no thanks
但是不用你动手 Your hands are too blood stained
你的手上沾了太多的血 I don't want you to build a house
我不希望你来建造我的殿宇 Your son will build me a house
你的儿子来为我建造吧 And instead, I'll build you a house
而作为回报 我也为你建造殿宇 What does that mean?
这是什么意思呢 I'll build you a dynasty
我会为你建立一个王朝 I will turn you into a house
让你的后裔成为一大家族 Namely a dynasty
也就是一个家室 in return for your sweet offer
作为你的好意的回报 to build me a house, namely a temple
你为我建立了神殿 Then Solomon, David's son
大卫的儿子所罗门 actually built the house
亲自动手建造 built the temple
建成了神殿 So 2 Samuel 7 makes it very clear
在撒母耳记下第7章中说得十分清楚 God says I have an eternal covenant with you
上帝说 我和你有着永久的誓约 If your son goes astray
若你儿背叛 I might discipline him slightly
我可能会稍作惩罚 But I'll never reject him
但我慈爱仍不离他 So we have then the kingship
因此我们的王位 Like the priesthood, is dynastic
和祭司一样 是世袭的 among its various qualities, is based on birth
王位的一个特征就是 与生俱来 In that sense the kingship
这种意义上 王位 is just like the priesthood
和祭司非常类似 And if two are conflated, in Psalm 110
如果两者合并起来 我们看诗篇第110章 One of the most intriguing
这是圣经中 Psalms in Scripture
最纠结的诗篇 And as we'll see on Wednesday
我们周三也会讲到 One of the Psalms that Christians like a lot
这是基督教徒非常喜欢的一篇 The Lord has sworn
耶和华起了誓 and will not change his mind
绝不后悔 说 You are a priest forever
你是照着麦基洗德的等次 and in the order of Melchizedek
永远为祭司 Don't know what that means
不知道这是什么意思 in the order of Melchizedek
照着麦基洗德的等次 We'll come back to Melchizedek
我们接下来会讲到麦基洗德 in the next week or the week after
大约在下周或者后一周吧 Not to worry, right
大家不用担心这个词 But leaving that aside
我们姑且不管这个 Apparently the YOU of the text is the king
很显然文章中的 你 就是指的国王 The Psalms sings that you the king
诗篇赞曰 你永远 are a priest forever
为祭司 King, priest, winded together
国王 祭司 两者并在一起 somehow mysteriously based on the idea
这非常神秘地基于 of dynasty that are in succession
家室的沿袭 这一观点 chosen by God
由上帝拣选 Being intermediaries between
成为在上帝和人民之间的 God and the people
媒介 The priest does it, the king does it
祭司如此 国王也是如此 Okay, so nothing is going on here
所以这里其实也没什么 Anointed? The king gets to be a king
受膏 国王欲成为王 by being anointed
必先受膏 King gets to be a king by being
国王欲成为王 the son of a previous king
需为先王之子 King gets to be a king very often
国王欲成为王 by being successful in battle
要在战争中胜利 How do you make sense
这都是怎么回事 out of all these, professor?
教授 你怎么解释呢 I don't know
我也不知道 All these ideas floating around in the text
这些观点都在文字中出现 And the point of later Jews and Christians
而后来犹太教和基督教徒 reading this text will extract these ideas
读这段文字 会从中汲取出一些观点 Right? This is what a real king is
这才是真正意义上的国王 All these things
要包含方方面面 Okay? Who is that?
那是谁 That's the Jewish messiah
那是犹太教的弥赛亚 or the Christian messiah, you understand
或者是基督教的弥赛亚 大家懂的 This is where we are going with this
这就是我们要说的 Okay? You understand Saul is
而扫罗呢跟这些 irrelevant of all these
并没有关系 Okay? Questions today?
好了 有问题吗 Okay, now comes next big question
那我们继续下一个重点 Is the divine grant of kingship to
上帝对大卫家族做出的许诺 the house of David
让他们世代为王 conditional or unconditional?
是有条件的还是无条件的 Well, I should mention just do due diligence
因为我是老师 所以应该告诉大家 that many modern scholars think
很多现代圣经学者都认为 David is a fictional character
大卫是个虚构的人物 Does that make a difference for our purposes?
这对我们的教学目的有影响吗 Not the slightest
完全没有 So maybe it's fictional
可能他是虚构的 Maybe something like King Arthur
可能他和亚瑟王一样 where narratives and Scripture take
叙事和圣经都 and shy away the real figure
在原型的描述上迂回曲折 and the much embroidered
还给予大量的修饰 But we don't care
但是与我们无关 For our purpose doesn't matter the slightest
对于我们的教学目的 完全没有影响 King David is real or not
大卫王是真是假 He actually built the temple
他究竟有没有建神殿 Or Solomon built the temple
或者是所罗门建了神殿 He is the one that built the temple
还是他亲自操刀建的 they both built the temple, I don't know
不然父子两人一起建的 我不知道 At some point
在某个时候 the temple emerges out of the mists
神殿就破土而出了 And it's royal temple
这是皇家的神殿 Okay, chronology?
那么年代呢 If David Solomon are real people
如果大卫和所罗门都有真人存在 Then they are living in the 900s
他们大约就生活在公元前900年前后 Okay, when was the
那么 是什么时候 temple of Jerusalem destroyed, class?
耶路撒冷的神殿遭到毁坏呢 同学们 587, 586 BCE
公元前587年 586年 So the temple would have been built
这样说来 神殿的建立应该是在 Say, 900, because it's around that number
公元前900年 差不多是这个时候 Right? And would have been destroyed
遭到毁灭的时间 in 587, 586
约为公元前587年 586年 when the Judeans are exiled to
当时犹太民族被流放到 Babylon, excellent
巴比伦 好极了 And the Davidic dynasty comes to an end
而大卫王朝也走到了末路 along with the kingdom of Judah
同时还有犹大王国 Okay, brief review of chronology
这是对纪年的简单回顾 So now comes to the big question
现在就是我们的重点问题 Is the gift of kingship to the house of David
赠予大卫家室王位这一礼物 conditional or unconditional?
是有条件的还是无条件的 Namely, is it a forever guarantee?
换言之 是永久的保证吗 As long as you own this car
只要您有这辆车 you can get service, you know, etc.?
您就可以得到服务 这样 Or is the conditional?
抑或是有条件的 Sorry sir, it's a 3-year guarantee
不好意思先生 这是三年的保障 Your warranty is up, you are on your own
您的担保过期了 只能自己解决问题 All that's are off
我们不再负责 Which one is it?
是哪一种呢 So we have in Scripture
在圣经中 我们可以读到 both conditional, text that states conditional
认为这一约定有条件的文字 and text that states unconditional
也可以读到认为此为无条件的文字 An unconditional covenant with God
与上帝无条件的契约 means the that Davidic monarch is
是说大卫家族的国王 going to sit on the throne forever
将永远占据王位 And if he screws up
如果他犯了罪 God will not reject him
上帝也不离他 I might punch him a little bit
我可能会稍作惩罚 I might remonstrate with him
可能会责备他 I might get angry at him
可能会对他发火 God says
上帝说 But I will not reject him
但我将不离他 Because I signed, I got a deal
因为我曾经签署约定 I got a contract, I can't reject him
我做出承诺 不能离他 It's eternal
这是永恒的 That's one conception
这是一种观念 Classic example 2 Samuel 7
经典的例子就是撒母耳记下第7章 The other conception is
另外一种观点认为 No, it's conditional
不是 是有条件的 as long as the Davidic monarchs
只要大卫的后裔们 are worthy of the office
能够做好职分 to which God has appointed them
做好上帝任命的工作 They will endure
他们就可以为王 But, if they step out of line
但如果他们越界 Choop
那不客气了 Out they go
只能走人 Who they think they are
他们以为自己是谁啊 Now class, this I didn't write on the handout
那么同学们 这个问题我没有写到讲义上 So I want you to think for a second
我希望大家稍作思考 You are a Bible scholar
大家都是圣经研究者 You are confronted by these
你现在面对着这 two conflicting texts
两种矛盾的文本 and there's absolutely no question
而且毫无疑问 we have a conflict here
其中存在矛盾 Those texts which say
一部分文字称 the house of David is eternal kingship
大卫家室有着永久的王权 unconditional granted by God
得到了上帝无条件的保证 and those who say that
还有一些称 the house of kingship is a kingship
国王的家室就是国位 It's conditional only
是有条件的 And if the king steps out of line
如果国王表现逾矩 rebels against God
叛变上帝 The God is free to reject him, throw him out
上帝是可以离他 可以将其抛弃 and bring the line to an end
废黜家室的王权的 Given the reality of the latter
那么我们考虑到此后 happening at 587 BCE
公元前587年发生的事情 when the kingdom of Judah comes to an end
犹大王国走上末路 and Davidic house comes to an end
大卫家族也走到尽头 How would Jews explain these two passages?
犹太人该如何解释这两段话呢 Will it be the obvious logical explanation?
会是很明显的逻辑解释吗 Alright, I will rephrase that
那我换一种说法 Will it be the not-so-obvious
或者是不那么显而易见 logical explanation?
但仍符合逻辑的解释 If it were obvious, you all would say it
如果显而易见的话 大家就说了 Right, so it will be the not-so-obvious
是不那么显而易见 but nonetheless logical explanation
但还是符合逻辑的解释吗 How would you explain this contradiction?
大家怎么理解这种矛盾 Given the reality of 587 BCE
考虑到公元前587年发生的事情 What would you say?
大家怎么说 Now class, pretend you are Bible scholars
同学们 假想自己是圣经学者 No, don't paint you Bible scholars
还是不要把自己想象成圣经学者了 Just portraying you are
就把自己想象成 in front to solve the problem
要来解决这个问题 What are you gonna do?
你会怎么做呢 You got these texts that contradict each other
你现在手上的文字是相互矛盾的 What's the simplest way to
最简单的解释方法 get your way out of this aporia, this dilemma
来走出这种纠缠的局面是什么 Yes?
请讲 Is it not really the end?
大卫王朝就这样结束了 Ah, is this already the end
大卫王朝是否就这样结束了 Okay, I'll come with that, it's tricky
我会讲到这个问题的 很复杂 Okay, you only looks at the end
只不过看起来像是结束 It's not really the end
还不是真正的结束 You know, it's just this temporary suspension
只是一时的暂停 It's not an actual cancelation
而非永久的结束 You know its difference, okay
大家明白其中的区别 You know, we'll come to that in a moment
我们一会儿会讲到这个问题的 Okay, you look the hint of the notes
你可以看看讲义上的提示 Okay good, that's good, hold on, yes
非常好 这位同学稍等 Yes?
请讲 You could say that God
我们能不能说 went back with his fathers?
上帝食言了呢 Oh my God!
哦上帝啊 I can't believe what you just said
我简直不敢相信你会这么说 You mean God's a liar?
你说上帝撒谎吗 God says something that
上帝是说了一些 he didn't really mean it?
违背自己良心的话吗 God changed his mind?
上帝改主意了 God's a thief, a scoundrel?
上帝是骗子 是无赖吗 and a deceiver?
是欺诈吗 Is that what you meant to say?
你是说的这个意思吗 No
不 No, of course not, you can't say that
当然不是了 你不能这么说 If you are a pious Jew, Christian
如果你是一名虔诚的犹太人 基督教徒 You can't, for a moment
你什么时候都不能 think such horrible thoughts
有这样可怕的想法 Or rather, you are terribly afraid
或者你特别害怕 those might be the truth
觉得这可能就是真相 but you dare not even say such things
但你可不敢说这样的话 or if you say such things
或者如果你说了这样的话 It's in tones of lament
也必须是悔恨的语气 My God, how could this happen
上帝啊 怎么会这样呢 You promised, you promised, you promised
你承诺过的 承诺过的 承诺过的 and look that's Psalm 89
可是您看 这是诗篇 89 Right, the first half of Psalm 89, right
在诗篇第89章的第一部分 God, we have eternal covenant
上帝 我们在大卫的家族与您之间 between the house of David and you
立下了永恒的约 And yet, and yet, and yet, look
可是现在 可是现在您看 Look, look around you God
您看看您的周围 上帝 Where is the Davidic king?
大卫家的国王哪儿去了 He lies in shambles and ruins
他在废墟之中 荒场之上 And you promised
可是您曾经承诺 That's Psalm 89
这是诗篇第89章 Second half is one of a lament
而诗篇第89章的第二部分是一则挽歌 God, we are in a bared way
上帝啊 我们处境凄惨 Where hell are you?
您在哪儿呢 I don't understand you, you promised
我不明白您 你做出过承诺的 Okay, no, what will be
那么这样 这是 the historical explanation, class?
历史上的解释吗 同学们 So you are good
大家都明白了 you looked at the hint of the notes
大家看了讲义上的提示 You understand how it was
知道文本是如何 grappling with this problem
与这个难题纠结的了 How ancient Jews and Christians
古代的犹太人和基督教徒 grapple with this problem
如何应付这个棘手的难题 How was the Bible itself
而圣经本身 was already aware of this problem
早就意识到了这个问题 So what would you say?
所以大家怎么说 Okay, I asked you a leading question, alright
我问了大家一个大问题 This is not that hard, class
但是不那么难啊 同学们 When is it likely that
那么大家觉得什么时候 somebody is gonna come up with a theory
大家才会提出观点 认为 that the Davidic monarchy is eternal
大卫的王朝是永恒的呢 And they are gonna say that
会在什么时候说 when the Davidic monarchy
大卫家族的国王 is actually functioning?
统治着国家 or when the Davidic monarchy
抑或大卫皇室 has come to an end
已经走向尽头 This is not hard, class, right
这不是很难的问题啊 同学们 What are you going to say?
什么时候你会说这样的话 You are going the say that
你会说 Davidic monarchy is eternal
大卫家的君主万古长青 when the Davidic monarch
是当大卫家的国王 is sitting right there on the throne?
坐在王位上之时 You probably are having a kind of festival
大家在欢庆 沉浸在节日的气氛中 on throne, and it's festival
这样欢庆的情况下 and you are buttering up the king
你说这些话来讨好国王 Oh, Czar you are a king forever
皇帝啊 您万岁万万岁 The order of Melchizedek
你照着麦基洗德的等次 I don't know what that means
我也不知道这是什么意思 but it sounds good
但是听起来很高端 You are a czar, you are a king forever
您是永远的皇帝 永远的国王 You and your sons after you, Czar
您和您的子嗣长青 陛下 Right? May you have many sons
愿您子孙满堂 Right
是吧 Cos all the hunky dory, right?
因为这边普天同庆 Everything is fine and beautiful
一切都特别美好 The king is sitting on the throne
国王坐在王位上 So of course you tell the king
当然是这个时候你告诉国王 It's unconditional
王位是无条件的 It's eternal
是永恒的 You are Lord, master, king
您是主 是王 是一国之君 What you get to say
但是在神殿毁灭之后 after the temples destroyed?
你又该怎么说呢 after the exile?
在国民流放之后 after the kingship has come to an end?
在家族的王位了结之后 You are gonna say
你会说 Gee, I guess I wasn't eternal after all
啊 看来还真不是永恒的 I guess that's conditional, right?
是有条件的 对吧 Then you didn't rethink the conditions
您没有好好考虑其中的条件 so you'll lost the job
所以丢了王位 I'm sorry
不好意思 But you know, these things happen, you know
但是天有不测风云嘛 Maybe you should have thought about this
您早就应该想到这一点 before you went idol
在您憎恶 abhorring after idols and things like that
做出痛恨偶像之举之前 you should have thought twice about the king
就应该考虑自己的王位 Wasn't a good idea, turns out
您看 这不是什么好主意 You got rejected
上帝离开了您 You had it, and you lost it
您本为王 却丢了王位 That's what God said
这就是上帝所言 That's what's gonna happen
这是命中注定要发生的 It said, but
上帝说过 So the obvious explanation would be to say
因此比较容易理解的解释方法是说 We take the destruction of 587
我们以公元前587年神殿的毁灭 as a pivotal point that try to
作为转折点 sort these things out
来剖析问题 When the king is on his throne
当国王仍在王位之时 the company runs
这些人都传播着 the ideology of eternal kingship
王位永恒的观念 When the king is a loner on the throne
而国王在王位上遭到抛弃 we realize in retrospect at least
我们至少回顾时可以知道 that the kingship apparently
王位显然 was only temporary
只是暂时的 Apparently it's only conditional
看起来只是有条件的 Now later Jews and Christians of course
但是此后的犹太人和基督教徒当然 did not go to a Hebrew Bible PhD program
从来没有上过希伯来圣经的博士课程 So then don't think in these terms
因此他们不会从这些方面考虑 these terms of historical situation and so on
不会加入历史环境之类的因素 They read the text, they see this text
他们阅读了文本 理解了文本 And for them, as we discussed
对他们而言 our first week of class, right?
我们上第一堂课的时候就说过 The Bible has to be eternally consistent, right?
圣经必须是前后一致的 对吗 has to have an organic unity to it
必须是一个有机的整体 And they've seen an obvious problem
他们发现了这个明显的问题 So, add the possible solution
所以他们加入了一些可能的解释 some of which I've already mentioned here
其中的一些我们在这里也讲过了 the idea that God is faithless
而上帝没有信仰这种观点 is not a conclusion we can reach
并非我们所能得出的结论 we pious Jews and Christians
作为虔诚的犹太人和基督教徒 We don't like that
我们不喜欢这样 We can't stand around bewildered
我们不能身处荒野 as Joe is bewildered
碌碌无为 in the phrase of
那么这样 How to understand divine prominence
我们如何理解神的卓越 How does God run the world, right?
上帝如何运转世界呢 Some Jews and Christians might just say
一些犹太人和基督教徒说 we don't understand it, it's a mystery
我们不理解 这是个迷 The alternative of course is to say
而相反的就是说 the kingship has disappeared
王位消失了 temporarily
暂时消失了 It was conditional in the sense that
王位是有条件的 因为 the king, Davidic house lost it
国王 大卫家室的人丢掉了王位 But eternal covenant will reassert itself
但永恒的神约仍会继续 Cos at some point, God has to make good
因为在某个时间 上帝需要补偿 God set his eternal kingship then
上帝当时立了永恒的王位 damn it
所以无论如何 it's gonna be an eternal kingship
这就是永恒的王位 So there were temporary suspension
因此其中会有一时的暂停 Okay, I don't like it
我不喜欢这样 But I can live with it
但是也能接受 as long as I'm sure
然而我确信 that the next step would be
接下来发生的是 the king will return
国王会回归 And thereby God who
如此一来 上帝 will God's fidelity to his promise
对于自己誓约的信守 will be demonstrated
就会体现出来 That's where we are going
这就是我们要讲的 Right, it's not all ancient Jews
并非所有的古犹太人 wish to reach this conclusion
都希望得出这个结论 but many did
但是许多还是得到了 and assumed, believed
并且认为 felt strongly that the Davidic kingship
深深感觉 大卫家族的国位 will have to be restored
必将复辟 Cos otherwise divine promises are false
否则神的誓言就将成空文 which is impossible
这是不可能的 Now this case tied together with another string
我们把这段文字和另外一段结合起来看 which comes out of the prophets
也是出自先知书 That is to say, as I mentioned before
也就是说 我之前曾经提到过 the prophets prophesied disaster
先知预言了灾难 Then the prophets prophesied restoration
然后先知预言了复辟 So you have it in the prophetic words
因此我们有了先知之言 you have many reference to
就可以导出以下推论 There are coming days
未来将临 they are coming when
未来何时将临 Life will be beautiful
生命将会美好 Every man under his victory
所有的人在胜利的荣耀下 under his divine
在圣光照耀下 You know, with the grandkids playing around
孙子们嬉闹玩耍 You know it's, you know
这样的情景 life will be great
生命将无比美好 That goes back to
这就可以回到 the very beginning to prophecy
预言书的最开始部分 It already appears in Amos
在阿摩司书中也已经提及 I know, modern Bible scholars
我知道现代圣经血这认为 think that passage is an interpolation
这段话是经过篡改的 Don't believe them, right
不要听信他们 It's already appears in Amos, right
这段话已经出现在阿摩司书了 This notion that, you know
这种说法说明天 There is disaster tomorrow
灾难就要降临 But the day after, there's restoration
但是后天 就可以得到复辟 because God ultimately will take him back
因为上帝终究会原谅他 So there is that motif
因此这就是一种母题 which gets connected with this motif
而这种母题和另一种母题 of the return of the Davidic king
即大卫家族的国王复辟 结合起来 And when these two motifs gets connected
而这两种母题放在一起 Then they can start to talk about
我们就可以开始讨论 something like the theory of Jewish messianism
关于犹太教弥赛亚的理论 By which we mean
我的意思是说 not simply that a king will return
不是简单的国王会回归 but a specific king will return
而是某个特定的国王要回归 who will do certain things
而他也会通过一些举动 to inaugurate, to impel this blessed restoration
来走马上任 从而推进神赐的复辟 Okay, questions?
大家有问题吗 You've got to get the king as the son of God
大家要理解国王作为上帝之子 out of the way, you know
做出了不该做的事 and go back and work on this
然后浪子回头 继续工作 some working as son of God
继续作为神的儿子 Is the king the son of God?
国王是上帝之子吗 I'll come back on this on Wednesday
我们周三会讲到这个话题 when we talk about Jesus, right
我们讨论耶稣的时候 But I want to look at the
但是现在我想让大家 Biblical material first for a second
先读一下圣经的材料 and then I will move along
然后我就继续往下讲 Here are three passages
这里是三个文段 Psalm 2, Psalm 89, 2 Samuel
诗篇第2章 第89章 撒母耳记下 It's up on the screen, yes, okay
都给大家打在屏幕上了 These are the three passages, class
这是三个文段 同学们 If you read these passages
如果读了这三段 you will have in front of you
大家面前就会有 all the entire Biblical record
圣经中所有的记录 which suggest, or has been sort of suggest
提出 或者是隐晦地提出 that the king somehow
国王以某种形式 has the status of son of God
有着上帝之子的地位 I've done all the homework for you
我已经帮大家做好了功课 Here are the passages
这就是那些段落 Psalm 2, I will proclaim the decree of the Lord
诗篇第2章 受膏者说 我要传圣旨 He said to me, you are my Son
耶和华曾对我说 你是我的儿子 You are my Son
你是我的儿子 Today I have begotten you
我今日生你 Who is the he, who is the you?
(希伯来文) Okay, it's not our problems here
他 是在说谁 你 是在说谁 But it's probably the king
这就跟我们关系不大了 seems to be a royal son
很可能就是国王 Psalm 89, he will call out to me
似乎是王室的子嗣 You are my Father, my God
诗篇第89章 他要称呼我说 I will appoint my firstborn
你是我的父 是我的神 the most exalted of the kings of the earth
我也要立他为长子 And the most important passage 2 Samuel 7
为世上最高的国王 I will be his father
最重要的一段 撒母耳记下第7章 Again, this ideology of Davidic kingship
我要作他的父 2 Samuel 7
这又是大卫王室的思想 I, God, will be his father
撒母耳记下第7章 Namely, your son, David, your son Solomon
我 上帝 要作他的父 I will be his father to him, God says
也就是说 大卫 你的儿子所罗门 and he will be my son
我要作他的父 上帝说 Now what does these passages mean?
他要作我的子 In context it's pretty clear, I think
这些段落都是什么意思呢 The meaning, look at your notes in the JSB
我认为上下文看来是十分明显的 and all those passages
是在说 大家看看犹太教学习圣经的注释 That this is a sign of status
读一下这些段落 a sign of divine favor
这是一种地位的标志 The king is a son of God
是神宠的标志 in the sense that
国王是上帝的儿子 God has special affection, concern
因为 for the king
上帝用特别的感情和关怀 The king stands at
关照国王 a special relationship with God
国王和上帝 not like you and me, regular blokes, right?
有着特别的关系 But the king has God's, you know
而并非像你我 这些平头百姓们一样 right telephone number
国王有上帝的 就好比说 or nowadays the secret email, right?
电话号码 So the king is standing connected with God
现在的话说就是私人邮箱 in a way you and I don't
国王和上帝是一脉相连的 Cos after all, he's the king
而你我不是 That's what the passages
因为总而言之 他是国王 seem to mean in context
这就是这些段落 They do not mean in context that
在上下文中的意思 God is somehow the
在这个语境中 它们并不是说 biological father of the king
上帝以某种形式 Although that is how Christians
是国王的生父 will come to understand these messages
尽管基督徒们 So here is a good example
是这样理解这些段落的 where Christians are more literal than Jews
因此这是个很好的例子 Right? I mean as one of my
说基督教徒相较犹太教徒更字面地理解圣经 subterranean implicit polemic in this class
这是我的一个 Not to say Jews read Scripture literally
这堂课上的隐含的争端 and Christian read Scriptures metaphorically
不是说犹太教徒用字面方式理解圣经 Although of course that is true sometimes
而基督教徒用隐喻的方式来理解 But it's not true all the time
虽然这种说法某些时候是对的 You know like all the generalization
但也不是总是对的 sometimes are simply wrong
这些一概而论的理念 Here is a wonderful example
有时候就是错的 Christians think that when it says
这就是一个非常好的例子 I will be his father, he will be my son
基督教徒在读到 He actually means God is the father
我要作他的父 他要作我的子 之时 which I would say
他们认为上帝就是父亲 is a super literal reading of the passage
而对此我要说 And Jews don't accept it
这是对这些文段非常字面的理解 Alright, enough polemic
而犹太教徒则不接受 Okay, so we'll come back to this again
好了 不争论这个问题了 on Wednesday
就到这里 我们还会继续讨论这个话题 about the king as son of God
周三上课时 I think in terms of ancient Israelite ideology
我们会继续讲国王作为上帝之子 it simply means the king is understood
我认为从古以色列的思想看来 to be a person who
这仅仅意味着 国王被理解成 occupies the special zone
一个人 他 along with the priest
占据着一片土地 The zone in the space between
与祭祀共同执政 God and the building
这片土地就是处于 Okay, right on schedule
上帝和殿宇之间 In Judaism
好的 时间刚刚好 Here are my final bullet points
在犹太教中 With the destruction of 587 BCE
这就是我最后几个重点 there was no more Davidic monarchy
随着公元前587年神殿毁灭 in ancient Israel
大卫王朝在古代以色列 and after that, in Judaism
不复存在 Now that there is no more Davidic monarchy
在犹太教中亦消失了踪影 there are no more kings
世上再也没有了大卫王朝 in the house of David
大卫家室中 and no more pretenders
也就再无国王 You don't have anyone from the house of David
也没有任何伪装者 who resides in the villa
大卫家室中没有什么人 on the cote d'azure
还住在殿宇中 waiting for the phone call
住在风景宜人的海边 to bring it back to regain his old
等着电话打进来 You don't know what I'm talking about
让他复辟王位 Okay, I quote Mr. Hapsburg
你们不知道我说的什么 That is another European monarch, you know
我其实类比的是哈布斯堡的例子 hanging out somewhere in the south of France
他也是欧洲王室的后裔 went into, turned to Romanian
流落在法国南部 to become king of Romanian
后来他去了罗马 They are waiting
成了罗马人的国王 Okay, we don't have that in ancient Israel
(希伯来语) The Davidic king, the monarchy
他们在等待 disappears within a century
我们在古代以色列并没有这一套 There are no more people from the line of David
大卫家族 大卫王朝 More interesting enough
在一个世纪内销声匿迹 No one even pretends to be
再无大卫一线的后代 from the line of David
更有趣的是 Davidic monarchy ends
也没有人声称自己是 Footnote, and if you thought
来自大卫家族 a way to think yourself
大卫王朝自此终结 I don't understand what you just said, professor
说明一下 如果你有 Isn't Jesus from the house of David?
这样的想法 Well, Christians thought so, to be sure
我不理解你什么意思 教授 But we have here anonymity
耶稣难道不是来自大卫家族吗 we have somebody who
当然基督教徒是这样认为的 5, 6, 7 centuries after the disappearance
但是我们无从得知 of the house of David
我们现在这里有个人 All of a sudden we discover
在大卫家族消失了 here is a pedigree person
五六七的世纪之后 from house of David
突然间我们发现 So I think the way to understand that
还有一人有 of course is to be Christian's way of
大卫家的血统 endowing Jesus with authority
因此我觉得对此应该这样理解 Special status
这当然是基督教徒们 Okay, I won't go there further now
赋予耶稣权威的方式 I'll come back to this on Wednesday briefly
赋予他特殊地位的方式 And ultimately it's a question of
我就不往下深究了 you did believe it or you don't
周三课上我们会简单讨论这一点 But any case, simply as a historical claim
其实归根究底 it's interesting
这就是你相信与否的问题 Cos this is not a standard thing for Jews to do
但是如果单纯作为一个历史的说法 to run around, claiming to be
还是很有意思的 from the house of David
因为犹太人不会说到处乱跑 Anyway, Jesus doesn't claim to be
声称自己是 from the house of David
大卫家族的后人 People make that claim on his behalf
不过话说回来 耶稣没说 Okay, enough with that now
自己来自大卫家族 I'll come back to that Wednesday
是人们以他的名义作出的这种说法 We have then during the time
这个内容我们就到此为止 of the second temple
周三我们还会继续讨论 Remember second temple?
接下来 我们在 Second temple is built after
第二神殿的时期 the destruction of the first one, obviously
大家还记得第二神殿吗 At the end of the 6th century BCE
第二神殿是在 The second temple endures until when?
第一神殿之后建造的 很明显 70 CE when destroyed by the Romans, right
约在公元前六世纪末期 So during this 600 year period or so
第二神殿时期一直持续到 the so called second temple period
公元70年左右 直到被罗马人毁灭 we can witness the emergence of
因此在这六百多年间 a series of beliefs, ideas about
也就是所谓的第二神殿时期 the messianic restoration
我们可以见到 Which means some kind of dramatic
一系列信仰 观念涌出水面 end-time scenario, the end of history
这些观念就是关于弥赛亚的复辟 the end of normal history
也就是说某种非常有戏剧性的 So dramatic it's going to change
世界末日的场景 历史末日的场景 with the arrival of a certain person, persons
人类的历史走到了尽头 things, right?
因为太富戏剧性 因此需要改变 And the dramatic events will then enfold
而这时就出现了某些人物 If you can see, as centuries go by
某些事物 对吗 more and more speculation on these subjects
戏剧化的场景就会随之出现 on these subjects
大家可以看到 随着时间过去 Not all of them have kings coming back
对这些主题就有越来越多的猜测 Some of them have the true prophets will return
对这些主题 Some of them have the true priests will return
并不是所有的故事中都是国王回归 Some of them have nobody
有些是先知回归 not a single individual
有些是真正的祭司回归 but somehow Lord himself and
有些无人回归 the heavenly hosts will come
一个人都没有 and clean up the place
但是上帝却不知怎的 Whole wide ranges of speculations
和天堂的主一起到来 Sometimes you look at the website
清扫了这片土地 that I gave you, right?
有很多各种各样的猜测 They correctly observes some texts
其实大家可以看看我给大家 even have two messiahs at the end-time
的那个网站 One is not enough, we need two, right?
网站上非常准确地分析了这些文字 King and the priest
甚至在末日时有两位弥赛亚 For example as a common diarchy
一个还不够 我们需要两个 A whole range of possibilities
国王和祭司 whole range of speculations
相当于双头政治 After the temple is destroyed in 70
这其中有许多可能性 With the emergence of rabbinic Judaism
有许多猜测 Rabbinic Judaism does not
公元70年 神殿遭到毁灭 spend much time, energy speculating
拉比犹太教开始出现 about the messiahs and end of days
拉比犹太教并没有 It's there
太多地去关注 猜测 The belief is clearly there in the classical texts
弥赛亚和世界末日 But that's not what they are obsessing about
就在那儿 They are obsessing about
这已经白纸黑字地写在经典文献中了 more important things like
这不是他们所关注的 39 prohibited labors on the Sabbath
他们所关注的 That's what a person
是更重要的事情 should obsess about
例如安息日39条劳作禁忌 Not about messiah and end time
这才是人们 You know, we believe it, you know
应该关注的 Okay let's get back to work
不是弥赛亚 也不是世界末日 and discuss 39 prohibited labors on the Sabbath
我们相信这些是存在的 That's what rabbinic Judaism is about
所以我们要回到自己的事情上 But mostly texts do think that
讨论安息日39条劳作禁忌 at long last the Davidic king will return
这就是拉比犹太教所关注的 And since this Davidic king is a king
但是大部分的文本还是认为 That means the king
最终大卫家族的国王会复辟 he will do what a king is supposed to do
既然大卫家族的国王是国王 So was the Davidic king who returns
那就意味着 the messianic king going to do for us
他要做国王应该做的事情 if you are a rabbinic Jew
因此让大卫家族的国王回归 Well, he's a king
是弥赛亚的国王应该为我们做的 What does that mean?
前提是你是拉比犹太教徒 A, is a warrior, he's going to
他是个国王啊 beat up all Greek gentiles
这是什么意思呢 Finally the Romans will finally get to
首先他是一名战士 understand what it feels like to lose
他要打败希腊的异教徒 Right, so he's a warrior
罗马人也要尝尝 Next, he's a judge
失败是什么滋味 Remember, that's what a king does
他是一名战士 He's in charge of the judicial system
其次 他是一位法官 He will be a great final judgment
大家记得吗 这是国王的职分 Great final judgment saying
他要负责整个司法系统 Israel vs. The nations
他要负责最后的审判 The good vs. the wicked
最后的审判中 And who's gonna preside over it?
以色列对决其他国家 the King messiah
好人对决坏人 And the bad guys will get there
谁来主持呢 and come up inside at last
弥赛亚国王 And then third, the temple
而坏人们最终要 The king is going to do
被判入地狱的 what a king is supposed to do
第三 国王还要负责神殿 build the house, build the house of God
国王将要去做 So when the king comes back, messiah comes
国王应该做的事情 the temple in Jerusalem will be rebuilt
要去建造殿宇 为上帝建造殿宇 Not much is obscure for us
因此当上帝回来时 弥赛亚来到 these rabbinic speculation
耶路撒冷的神殿就会得到重建 these rabbinic formulations
其实这说得非常明白 But we can see in these text
这些拉比的猜想 This is a common or standard cluster
这些拉比的推测都很明白 The king will act as a king
但是我们从这些文字中 The king will do what a king is supposed to do
可以看到一个普遍的标准的主题 Other things get thrown in there too
国王将要扮演国王的角色 End of days, world to come
要去做国王应该做的事情 resurrection of dead
这其中还有其他的内容 How you figure out all this
世界末日 来世 into a coherent scenario
死而复生 等等 Well, nobody knows
那么我们又将如何将这些 It's all speculations
联系成一个连贯的场景呢 So of course it's all confusion
没有人知道 I attempted to say
一切都是猜想 We don't know what happens
所以当然都很让人费解 Until then, they were speculation
我觉得我可以说 In the 19th, so I'm often asked this question
大家都不知道发生了什么 Professor, or difference context, Rabbi
直到真正发生 一切都是猜想 You Jews believe in heaven and hell
19世纪 说来经常有人问我一个问题 and messiah
教授 或者换种叫法 拉比 Only Christians believe in those things
你们犹太人相信天堂和地狱 My answer always is
还有弥赛亚 the classical rabbinic text
只有基督教他才相信这些事情啊 very strongly believe in all those things
对此我的回答是 heaven and hell
经典的拉比文献 life and hereafter resurrection of the dead
都是坚信这些观点的 messiah and messianic redeemer, yes
包括天堂地狱 It's all there in the text
生命 以及死后复生 But whereas for Christianity of course
弥赛亚 和弥撒亚的救赎 These are central to its very being
我们的文献中都有提及 These beliefs, or as we'll discuss on Wednesday
而当然了 对基督教来说 are central to its identity as Christianity
这些是基督教最基本的信条 In rabbinic Judaism
这些信仰 我们周三其实会讨论 these beliefs are not central
都是基督教认同的中心信条 They are there, to be sure
而在拉比犹太教中 along with much else
这些信仰并不占据中心地位 As I said, we are obsessed about
它们当然存在 the 39 prohibited labors on the Sabbath
但同许多其他信仰混杂在一起 much more than we are obsessed
正如我刚才所说 我们对 about the identity of messiah
安息日39条劳作禁忌的关心 In the 19th century reform
远远要高出我们对 Jews said, the messiah is not an individual
弥赛亚身份的关心 the messiah is an age, is an era
在19世纪 世界经历了改革 It's a time of human progress
犹太人说 弥赛亚并非一个人 19th century industrial revolution
弥赛亚是一个时期 一个时代 Remember? We know all about that stuff
是人类进步的一个阶段 So they thought that just as
19世纪工业革命 social economic conditions will be
大家都还记得这段历史吗 are progressing
所以他们认为 正如 Similarly the moral state of humanity
社会经济的条件 will progress
正在经历改革 So that the messiah, the messianic age
同样 人类的道德境界也会 represents the triumphs of ethics
迎来改革 the triumphs of morality
因此弥赛亚 弥赛亚的时代 the triumphs of a just society
其实代表了伦理的繁荣 That's what it means
道德的繁荣 not an individual riding on a donkey
一个公平社会的繁荣 That's what reform Jews said
这就是其中意义所在 Alright? The reform Jews still say that
而不是一己之功 to this day
这是改革派的犹太教徒的观点 Orthodox Jews were not convinced
改革派的犹太教徒直到今天 by this revision of the classical text
仍持有这种观点 The orthodox Jews believe
正统的犹太教徒则不相信 or at least claim to believe
这种对经典文献的解读 that we still are expecting a messiah
正统犹太教徒相信 Anyway, the big point is
或者至少声称相信 Jews are waiting
我们仍然在等待弥赛亚 We are waiting for the messiah
总而言之 这里的重点是说 We are waiting for the messianic redeemer
犹太人在等待 and have been waiting
我们在等待弥赛亚 for the messianic redeemer
我们在等待弥赛亚救赎者 for a long time now
而且我们已经等 But we are patient people
弥赛亚救赎者 so we are still waiting
等了很久了 But when the messianic redeemer comes
但是我们很有耐心 messianic redeemer will do
我们依然在等待 whatever he is supposed to do
但是当弥赛亚救赎者到来时 I don't know, God knows
弥赛亚救赎者会做 He'll know, he'll what to do
他应该做的事情 I don't know exactly what's gonna happen
我不知道他要做什么 上帝知道 but the messianic redeemer will know
他知道 他知道要做什么 In the meantime
我不知道具体会发生什么 I worry about the
但是弥赛亚救赎者知道 39 prohibited labors on the Sabbath
而与此同时 and much else
我要去担心 But I know but a Jew would say
安息日的39条劳作禁忌 a traditional Jew would say
还有其他很多事情 the messianic redeemer has to come
但是我知道犹太人会说 cos otherwise those glorious promises
传统的犹太人会说 and prophecies of Scripture
弥赛亚救赎者必然会到来 of the glorious restoration of Israel
否则 他那些华丽的承诺 of the return to the homeland
圣经中的先知书 rebuilding of the temple
说以色列会辉煌复辟 of the age to come, the days to come
说以色列人会回到故乡 the promise of the kingship to David
神殿会得到重建 All those promises remain unfulfilled
还有未来的时代 来世 Therefore, I, as a traditional Jew
以及对大卫承诺的王位 have to say
这些承诺都无法得到兑现 Time has to come
因此 我作为一名传统观念的犹太人 when those promises will be fulfilled
必须要说 And it's not today, tomorrow
一定会在某个时刻 It's not tomorrow, the day after
这些承诺都得到兑现 We can wait
如非今日 便是明天 Jews have been waiting
如非明天 便是之后 As we'll discuss on Wednesday
我们可以等待 Christians are waiting also
犹太人一直在等待 except that for Christians
我们在周三也会讨论到 the calculus is a little bit different
基督教徒也在等待 But the fundamental attitude of
只不过基督教徒 we are waiting for scriptural promises
他们的计算方法有些不一样 to be fulfilled
但是最基本的态度 is a point in commonality with Judaism
也就是我们一直在等待圣经的承诺 Okay, everybody, our time is up
得到兑现 and I hope to see you guys on Wednesday
这是犹太教徒与基督教徒共通的 The joke is a guy goes to rabbi and says
好的 同学们 时间到了 I want to become a Cohen
我们周三见 I want to become a Cohen
这个笑话是说有个小伙子找到拉比说 The rabbi thinks to himself
我想当犹太教祭司 Gee what a jerk
我想当犹太教祭司 No, you can't just become a Cohen
拉比就暗自想 either you are or whether you are not
这小子忒死心眼了 Professor Cohen says
怎么能就随随便便成为犹太教祭司呢 what the hell, I'll go play along
是就是 不是就不是 So rabbi, you know
但是科恩教授说 the joke has been told in different ways
管他呢 他想当就当吧 Anyway, so the rabbi says
因此拉比 Here read this book
其实这个笑话有很多版本 studies this, etc. Etc.
但是总而言之 拉比说 and he does, finally the time comes
那你回去读这本书 I'll give you an exam, right
学习这个那个 And if you do well, you'll be like Professor Cohen
这个小伙子很听话 等到那一天 So the guy does all that
我给你做个测试 and that's the whole thing
如果你考得好 你就可以像科恩教授一样啦 Finally, he's successful
这个小伙子照做了 he passes the exam and rabbi says
然后这事儿就算完了 Now you are Cohen, alright
最终他成功了 You wanna become a Cohen, fine
他通过了考试 拉比说 Now you are a Cohen
现在你是犹太教祭司了 And the rabbi says to the guy
你不是想当犹太教祭司吗 好啊 I don't understand what the point is
你梦想成真了 What's so important to you
随后拉比就问那个小伙子 about being a Cohen
我真不明白你图什么 You know, temple is no longer with Him
为什么你一定要 So it's like, why do you work so hard
做一名犹太教祭司呢 What's so important to you?
神殿都不与上帝同在了 So the guy says in reply
那你还费劲当什么犹太教祭司呢 Well, my father was a Cohen
这对你就这么重要吗 my grandfather was a Cohen
那个小伙子回答说 I want to become a Cohen also
我父亲姓科恩 Rhine & trismile Prodution
我祖父姓科恩
我也想当科恩
(Cohen这个词同时有姓科恩和犹太教祭司的意思)
Rhine & trismile Prodution