好了 开始上课 Okay, now we get started
今天我们将会讨论 Today we're getting on discussion of
逾越节 复活节 圣餐 Passover, Easter, communion
最后的晚餐 以及相关的内容 last supper, or these related issues
内容太多了 There's too much material
一周讲不完 to squeeze into one week
所以要讲两周 So we have two weeks of material
我先让大家对整体有一个了解 So just give you the lay of the land
今天我们会讲 Today we are looking at
圣经中关于逾越节祭品的内容 Biblical material on the Pascal sacrifice
以及希伯来圣经里面需要遵守的仪式 and the tended rituals from the Hebrew Bible
这是今天的内容 That's today
周三我们会讲到 Wednesday we'll be looking at
犹太人的逾越节家宴 the Jewish Seder
后圣经时代犹太教 The celebration of Passover
庆祝逾越节的方式 in post-Biblical Judaism
下周我们讲到 Next week we'll be looking at
两个主要的基督教的不同庆祝方法 the two main Christian adaptations of this
其中之一是圣餐 圣餐仪式 One is communion, the ritual of communion
或者说圣餐礼 or the Eucharist
另一个是基督教的逾越节 The other is the Christian pasch, pascha
或者说复活节 or also, Easter
内容很丰富 So a lot going on here
圣经流传下来的东西分裂开来 So we have the Biblical legacy splitting off
犹太教和基督教的做法很不相同 and doing lots of different things
我会尽量通过专注于 So I would try to keep things straight
发展过程的某一个具体的部分 by focusing in each session on
而把一切讲得清楚一点 one particular part of that development
今天我们要讲 Okay, so today we are talking about
圣经中关于庆祝逾越节的部分 Biblical material on the festival of Passover
或者说复活节 or pascha
我会经常提到的 One word I'm gonna use a lot
一个词是无酵饼 is the word MATZAH
今天和周三都会 I'm using that word a lot today
经常说到 and on Wednesday
什么是无酵饼 So what is Matzah?
我在网上找到了一张 Here I found on the web
不错的无酵饼的照片 a nice picture of a Matzah, right
这是无酵饼的特写照片 This is a close-up view of Matzah
我会问大家一个问题 Now I'm gonna ask you one second
无酵饼上面那些小洞是什么 What are these little holes in the Matzah
可以看到很多小洞 对吧 You see those little holes there, right?
这是另外一张无酵饼的特写照片 Okay, so here is another Matzah close-up
大小大概是8x10英寸 The size of these is around 8x10 inches about
我发誓每过一年 I swear as I get older each year
无酵饼的盒子都在越变越小 the box of matzah gets smaller
从美国变成资本主义国家就一直这样 The usual way when American take capitalism
无酵饼在以前 So it's about the size of
大概有一页纸那么大 loosely a sheet of paper originally
现在小多了 Now it's a little smaller
这是买来的盒装的 That's the square piece of Matzah
方形无酵饼 you buy in the box
方形的无酵饼是机器做的 So square Matzah is made by machine
机器做出来的没有多余的边角料 So the machine has no leftovers anywhere
是方形的 It's a square sheet
如果是手工制作的 If you make it by hand
无酵饼会是圆形的 then the Matzah turns out to be round
另外 Okay, there's also
手工制作的无酵饼更加立体 Matzah made by hand is three dimensional
有点弯曲不平 It's kind of wavy and curvy
而机器做的无酵饼 whereas machine Matzahs
就是完全平滑的了 are completely flat and smooth
下面坐着的面点师们 Okay, you bakers in the class
就算是手工制作的无酵饼 Even this hand-made Matzah
仔细看都会看到 you look closer, you will see
一排一排的痕迹 that lined-up marks
是用一个小工具来来来回回 caused by a little gizmo go through
在面团上弄出来的小洞 poking holes in the dough
为什么要在面团上弄那么多小洞呢 Why do we poke holes in the Matzah dough?
请说 Yes?
不让它膨胀 To keep it from rising?
不让它膨胀 正确 Keep it from rising, correct
无酵饼的全部意义在于 The whole point of Matzah is
它是没有发酵的 that it's not leaven, right
他是用面粉和水做的 It is bread in the sense that
某一种面包 it is flour and water
但是完全没有膨胀起来 But it does not rise at all
我们不允许有任何的细菌 We don't allow any bacteriological
或者酵母或者真菌 对吧 or yeast or the fungus, isn't it?
微生物 Microbe
微生物 就是这个词 It's a microbe, there we go
谢谢 是微生物 没错 Thank you, it's a microbe, okay, right
我们不允许这些小东西 We don't allow the little beasties
让面团发酵 to ferment the dough
所以非常快地 So, it's very quickly
把面粉和水揉好 You slaps together flour and water
扔进烤箱 对吧 Throw it into oven, right?
同时还在要上面戳一些小洞 And also, we run a little pricks gizmos in it
和做披萨面团一样 the same way we do with pizza dough
对吧 披萨面团 要发酵膨胀 Right, pizza dough, ferment it and rise it
要确保不要膨胀 So, to make sure it does not rise
要确保面团 and to make sure the dough
能完全烤透 is completely baked through
所以要在上面戳一些小洞 That's why we puncture holes in it
好了 这就是无酵饼 Okay, that's Matzah
这就是无酵饼 That's Matzah, okay?
圆形的无酵饼 Our circular Matzah like this
直径大概有一英尺 is about the diameter of foot, or so
复活节 逾越节 还有无酵饼 Of pasch, pascha, and also Matzah
我们来讨论下这两个词 So let's discuss the two words for a second
首先是Pesah So we begin with the word Pesah
这是逾越节的希伯来语写法 which is the Hebrew way of saying Passover
Pesah是什么意思 Pesah, what does that mean?
犹太人翻译成 越过 Well, Jewish translated it, pass-over
也就是众所周知的节日 逾越节 Right, hence the festival is known as Passover
那么是谁越过了什么呢 Right, so who passed over what?
死神越过了 The angel of death passed over
房屋 抱歉 the houses, excuse me
死神越过了 Angel that passed over
以色列人的房屋 the houses of the Israelites
经常用的动词就是pesah That's the verb that's used to pesah
我添加了注释 Right, as I note here
这个词不是真的逾越节的意思 It's not clear really means the Passover
也许是跳过的意思 skip or jump maybe
也许是保护的意思 maybe to protect
不是真的是说死神越过了 doesn't mean the angel passed over
确实是有漏洞的 Anyway, the flaws is just the debate
但是我们不用在乎 but what do we care?
在犹太学习圣经里面有相关的注释 There's note in the JSB on the subject
犹太人已经叫逾越节叫了一千多年了 And millennia of Jews have called this Passover
我们也没法改变这个事实 So we are not gonna change that now
所以pesah的意思是越过 跳过 So pesah then means to skip over, jump over
死神越过了 the angel of death skips over
或者毁灭者越过了 or the destroyer skips over
以色列人的房屋 the houses of the Israelites
而没有毁灭任何以色列人 And it does not destroy any of the Israelites
这就是pesah这个词 Okay, so that's the word pesah
接下来引出了祭品 Refers then to a sacrifice
我们会马上讲到 which we'll discuss in a moment
以及和祭品相关联的节日 And to a festival associated with the sacrifice
我们先来说下祭品这个词 Let's do the word sacrifice now
祭品是什么意思 What do you mean by sacrifice?
祭品是什么意思 What do we mean by sacrifice?
是在说你们的父母做出了牺牲 Do I mean that your parents made a sacrifice
(英语中的sacrifice同时有祭品和牺牲的意思) to send you to Harvard?
把你们送到了哈佛吗 No, that's a metaphorical meaning
不是 这是比喻的含义 I'm here using its real meaning
我说的是本身的含义 What is a sacrifice?
什么是祭品 Trust me, I got two kids in college
相信我 我有两个孩子在上大学 Trust me, they are making a sacrifice
你们的父母把你们送到哈佛 to send you to Harvard, right
是做出了牺牲的 So what does it mean?
那么这是什么意思 A lamb
羊羔 A lamb, right
羊羔 没错 A lamb or a goat, right?
羊羔或者山羊 对吧 So which is slaughtered
先会被宰杀 They slaughter and then
先宰杀然后 the meat is processed in a ritual way
它们的肉会被以仪式方式处理 and consumed in a ritual way
并以仪式方式用掉 That's a sacrifice
这就是祭品 Okay, let's now talk about Matzah
接下来我们说说无酵饼 I've already showed you pictures of Matzah
我已经给大家看了无酵饼的图片 Matzah then is simply unleavened bread
无酵饼就是没发酵的面包 a word of uncertain etymology
这个词的来源不太清楚 but clearly it means unleavened bread
不过肯定是说没发酵的面包 Bread that has not been allowed to rise
没有膨胀起来的面包 Okay, let's get to work then
好了 我们要细讲了 We have a vocabulary, pesah
我们有了一个词 pesah Referring to the sacrifice of a lamb or a goat
指的是羊羔或者山羊这样的祭品 And the ritual processing of
以及那些处理 the meat and the blood and so on
肉和血的各种仪式之类的 And we have Matzah, unleavened bread
我们有了无酵饼 没发酵的面包 Okay, let's go to work
好了 重点来了 The Torah sometimes conflates
Torah有些时候会把 sometimes distinguishes
一天逾越节和 a one-day pesah festival
七天无酵节 from a seven-day Matzah festival
的一些区别合并起来 This is already getting confusing
这已经很让人迷惑了 Right, in popular parlance
常见的说法 if you went to a Hebrew school, right
如果你去了希伯来学校 You know that we talk about
你知道我们在讨论 the festival of Passover
庆祝逾越节 How many days is the festival of Passover?
逾越节一共有几天 Seven/eight, right
七天或者八天 没错 In the Torah, it's a seven-day festival, right
在Torah里面逾越节是一个七天的节日 Then latter rabbinic Judaism
但是之后的拉比犹太教 for complicated reasons
出于一些复杂的原因 it turned out to be an eight-day festival
把逾越节变成了八天的节日 which I won't pursue at the moment
我先不细说这个 So we have a seven-day festival
我们有了七天的节日 And it's loosely called the festival of Passover
不太严格地说就是逾越节 If you read this Hebrew Biblical text carefully
如果你仔细读过希伯来圣经 and no doubt you do
毫无疑问你们都仔细读过 Then you'll notice sometimes
你有时会发现一些 some very disturbing phenomena
非常令人疑惑的现象 that the text don't always say
圣经对逾越节并不是 what it just said
总是表述一致 There was a seven-day Passover festival
这是一个七天的逾越节 a seven-day pesah festival
七天的节日 Rather, it seems to have a much more
而是看起来有一些 complicated scenario going on
更加复杂的情况 An evidence that lurking behind this
而隐藏在这之后的证据 was a very complicated history
有着非常复杂的历史 So, the main text is Exodus 12
主要的章节是出埃及记第12章 Where are we in the story?
故事发展到哪里了 We've already had nine of the ten plague
十个灾难已经经历了九个 The Israelites are enslaved to Egypt
以色列人成为了埃及 by the wicked pharaoh
邪恶的法老的奴隶 Right, Moses and Aaron
摩西和亚伦 They redeem your brothers, right
他们救回了你们兄弟 have brought nine out of ten plague
十个中的九个灾难发生在 upon the Egyptians
埃及人身上 But the wicked pharaoh is obdurate
但是邪恶的法老很固执 He is not going to release the Israelites
他不肯释放以色列人 So God says one more plague
所以上帝说再多加一个灾难 I'll bring upon the pharaoh
降临到法老身上 One more, and that will do it
再多一个 法老就会屈服了 And that is the plague of the
这是什么灾难 death of the first born
杀长子之灾 Death of the first born, right
杀长子之灾 没错 All the first-born Egyptians shall be
在埃及所有的长子都会 slain in one evening
在一夜之间被杀死 in a miraculous display of divine might
一种神力的不可思议的展示 And then pharaoh will finally finally relent
然后法老最终会屈服 allow Israelites to leave
放以色列人走 So it's that critical moment
这个关键时刻 just before that final fateful evening
那些长子都要被杀光之前的 on which the first-born are killed
那个决定性的晚上 that is the Passover
这就是逾越节 That's the setting for Exodus 12
这就是出埃及记第12章的场景 which lays out in great detail
展示出了大量的细节 the rules, and laws, rituals
法规 律法 仪式 regarding the Pascal sacrifice
来限定逾越节的祭品 Pascal, that's the noun we use from pesah
Pascal pesah的名词 Right, so a Pascal, p-a-s-c-a-l
Pascal 拼成p-a-s-c-a-l or p-a-s-c-h-a-l, the Lucian has an h in it
或者p-a-s-c-h-a-l 卢西恩的拼法有个h Okay, Pascal, okay
好了 逾越节 Exodus 12
创世纪第12章 On the 14th day of the first month
正月十四的晚上 in the evening is pesah
就是逾越节 followed by a seven-day Matzah festival
接下来是七天无酵节 Let's keep this straight
咱们要讲清楚 Okay, I'll talk about the calendar
我来讲讲日历 I'm offering a second of brief digression
第二次离题补充一些内容 then I'll go back to Exodus 12
然后再回到出埃及记第12章 How does the Hebrew calendar work?
希伯来日历是什么样的 Answer, this is another complicated
答案是 这是另外一个复杂的问题 this is a swamp
这是个沼泽 Trust me on this one
相信我说的 You don't wanna get stuck in this one
你不会想要陷进去 So let's go very fast
所以咱们要快速地 And try to tread very lightly over here
试着从上面轻轻踩过去 Okay, what does a month mean?
一个月是什么意思 A month
一个月 What is a month
是什么一个月 What is our month, January, February, etc.
我们的一个月 一月 二月等等 have 29, 30, 31 days?
有29或者30或者31天 Cos we take a solar year divided by 12
因为我们把一个太阳年分成12份 Our month has no connection with
我们的月和原始的月 the original month
没有联系 Where does the word month come from?
月这个词从哪里来的 Moon
月亮 Does our month have
我们的月和 any connection with the moon?
月亮有关系吗 Zero
没有 We have the period of time
这一段时间 which is more or less a lunar cycle
可能差不多是月亮运行周期 It's actually more than a lunar cycle
其实是多于月亮运行周期 Right, but our month
但是我们的月 a new moon come
新月在 on the first day of the month
当月的第一天出现 The new moon to come
新月在当月的 on the 15th day of the month
第15天也会出现 It doesn't matter, completely random
这没有关系 完全是随机的 In the Hebrew Bible, apparently
在希伯来圣经里面 很明显 A month really was lunar
一个月确实是月亮运行周期 Or, sorry, at some point of history
抱歉 在希伯来或者说犹太 of the Hebrew/Jewish calendar
历史上的某个点 the month really is lunar
月确实是月亮运行周期 i.e., the new moon
也就是新月 is on the first day of the month
是当月的第一天 or the last day of the previous month
或者是前一个月的最后一天 The 14th or the 15th is the full moon
第14天或者第15天是满月 And then the 29th day of the month or the 30th
然后当月的第29天或者第30天 is then the new moon
会有新月 The problem is if the
问题在于 If you have a month of
如果一个太阴月 29 or 30 days of lunar month
(太阴月:也就是月亮运行的周期 月相周期) Then it ends up to 354
是29或者30天 depends on what you multiply
一年就会是354天 ends up to 354
你怎么算都行 a typical lunar year of 354 days
最后是354天 Right, if you are math majors
一个典型的太阴年是354天 You can sit down and see how it works out
如果你是数学专业的 354 days, it's 6x30+6x29
可以坐下看看是怎么计算的 It's 354
354天 是6x30+6x29 354 days of the lunar year
结果是354 is twelve lunar month
一个太阴年是354天 is too short to fit the solar year
12个太阴月 That's okay if you don't worry about the fact
和太阳年比前来太短了 that the month will go through the seasons
这也没什么 如果你不介意 Each year you lose 11 days
相同的月份会出现在不同的季节 So gradually each month will take turns
每一年都会丢失11天 rotating through the agriculture year
渐渐地月份会在 However, if you want your month to say
农耕年里面流转 in sync with the season
但是如果你想让月份 Then you've got to figure out a way
和四季同步 to take the lunar month
就必须找到一个方法 and connect it to the solar year
把太阴月 Cos the sun determines the seasons
和太阳年联系起来 What does it tell us in Exodus 12:1
因为太阳决定了四季 This is going to be the first month
出埃及记12章第1节告诉了我们什么 This is the Pascal sacrifice
这会是在第一个月 the Pascal festival
这是逾越节献祭的日子 is the spring festival
逾越节 So the ancient Israelites must have
是春天的节日 some way to coordinate a lunar month
所以古代的以色列人肯定 which seems to be the word
有一种把太阴月对应起来的方法 they are using for a month
这应该就是他们 The word for month in Hebrew means new
用来表达月用的词 The new moon
月这个词在希伯来语里面是新的意思 They have a way to coordinate the month
新月 with the solar year
他们有一种把太阴月和太阳年 I know how later Jews did it
对应起来的方法 I don't know how
我知道后来的犹太人怎么做的 the people in the Biblical times did it
但是我不知道 We don't know
圣经时代的人怎么做的 It's confusing
我们不知道 But later on they have a way of intercalating
这很令人迷惑 That's the word intercalating
但是后面他们有了一种方法插入 extra days each year
用的是插入这个词 So that the 354-day lunar year
在每一年插入额外的天数 gets supplemented with some extra days
所以354天的太阴年 and extra months
被插入了一些额外的天数 Turns out later on
一些额外的月份 7 times out of every 19 years in a cycle
最后的结果是 You are adding an extra month
19年是一个周期 其中有7次 So that the lunar year and solar year
要加入额外的一个月 can be kept in sync
这样太阴年和太阳年 Whether that's the calendar
就能够保持同步了 used in the Book of Exodus
出埃及记里面用的 I do not know
是这个日历吗 And nor does anybody else
我不知道 So we have three possibilities
也没有人知道 The solar year, which still we have
所以有三个可能性 Solar year, we pay no attention to the moon
太阳年 我们现在用的 A lunar year, which would be simply
太阳年 我们不关心月亮 each month is turned by the moon
太阴年 可能就是简单的 Twelve months go by, you have a year
每一个月就是月亮运行周期 You lose 11 days of the calendar
12个月过去就是1年 But anyway, so what?
会在日历上少11天 Then we have a solar-lunar calendar
但是又会怎么样呢 Lunar by the month, solar by the year
然后我们还有太阳-月亮日历 They sync with each other
月亮周期是月份 太阳周期是年份 Okay, is that too much information
二者彼此同步 than what do you wanted to know
这是不是比 about the calendar? Right
你们想知道的关于日历的内容 Our assumption is
多得太多了 I bet that's I have shed enough
我们的假设是 Okay, so it seems that that Passover
我觉得我已经说得够多了 The Pascal sacrifice is to be
看起来逾越节 on the first month, as it calls it
逾越节献祭是在 the first month of the year
第一个月 也就是 Which is in the spring
一年的第一个月 Cultures divide whether new year occurs
是在春天 in the spring or the fall
文化决定了新的一年是在 So here we have the first month in the spring
春天还是秋天开始 This is a spring festival
在春天的第一个月 and this is to be brought on the 15th day of the
是春天的节日 14th day of the first month is the Pascal sacrifice
然后接下来 第15天 followed by a seven-day Matzah festival
第一个月的第14天是逾越节献祭 on the 15th to the 21st
接下来是七天的无酵节 Next piece of information you need to know
是从第15天到第21天 In the later Jewish calendar
接下来大家需要知道的是 and apparently also in the Biblical calendar
在后来犹太人的日历里面 The Israelite Biblical calendar
显然也在圣经的日历里面 the day begins the night before
以色列人的圣经日历里面 Alright, you don't know what that means
日期开始于夜晚降临之前 You will completely be dwarfed, right
你不知道这是什么意思 What does it mean
那就该自我检讨了 the day begins the night before?
日期开始于 Right, at dusk, in the evening
夜晚降临之前是什么意思 We go from one day to the next
在傍晚 在当天晚上 We don't do the artificial thing of
我们就从一天切换到了下一天 at twelve, midnights, starts a day
我们不会按照人为规定的 No, a day begins at dusk
在十二点 午夜 才开始一天 Not in the morning, at dusk
不 一天开始于傍晚 So, the 14th day of Missa
不是在早晨 而且在傍晚 or the first day of the first month
所以弥撒的第14天 14th day of the first month, right
或者说第一个月的 The sun is getting low on the horizon
第一个月的第14天 The Israelites have slaughtered the Pascal lamb
太阳就要落下地平线的时候 on the 14th day
以色列人在第14天屠宰好 As the 14th, the sun sinks below the horizon
逾越节羔羊 We now are on the 15th day of the first month
在第14天 太阳要落下地平线的时候 That's when they eat the Pascal lamb
我们就已经是在第一个月的第15天了 on the 14th, into the 15th
就是这个时候开始吃逾越节羔羊 later afternoon into the evening
第14天结束 第15天开始 They need to finish it before midnight
傍晚到晚上的时候 Why? Don't know
需要在午夜前结束 That's what it says
为什么 不知道 Okay, I'll stop here, questions?
圣经就是这么说的 This is a key thing
好了 我在这里停下来 有问题吗 The chronologies will come back
这是个要点 next week and will hunt us
这个时间表下周还会出现 You gotta pay attention
而且一直困扰你 Okay, you understand the chronology
大家必须注意听 14th day, you slaughter the Pascal lamb
要弄明白整个时间表 15th day, which begins the 14th at dusk
在第14天 宰杀逾越节的羊羔 15th, it begins a seven-day matzah festival
第15天 是从第14天傍晚开始的 The 14th is the slaughter of a Pascal lamb
从第15天开始 是七天的无酵节 Got it?
在第14天要屠杀羊羔 Questions?
明白了吗 Beed, you look unhappy
有问题吗 or upset about something
Beed 你看起来不太高兴 Do you have any idea why you
或者有什么困扰你的 want them to pick the marrow?
你知道为什么 No, I've no idea
要挑出骨髓吗 It all accords to the ritual prescriptions
不 我不知道 in Exodus 12
这些都是根据出埃及记第12章中 I don't have time to deal with them all
仪式的指示 Perhaps in section you can sit down
我没有时间全都讲到 and actually read Exodus 12 slowly and carefully
也许你可以坐下来 It is, yep
好好地细读一下出埃及记第12章 Interesting, that's the word
这一章 It's interesting
很有趣 就是这个词 All kinds of prescriptions there
这一章很有趣 Okay, no questions?
有各种各样的指示 Yes, Yoni
好了 没有问题了吗 I think David is more qualified to comment on this
Yoni 请说 But to me, I think the Islamic calendar
我想David更有资格说这个 you sort of have a non-intercalated lunar calendar
但是我想伊斯兰教的日历 which is why Ramadan falls on a different
是一种没有插入天数的月亮历 That's correct
这就是为什么斋月的月份不同 So, Islamic calendar is a good example
没错 of people who have a lunar calendar
伊斯兰教的日历是个很好的例子 and don't care what is coordinate with the seasons
他们使用月历 So we don't care if it's coordinate with the seasons
而且不在乎月份是不是和季节对应 and each year you are gonna lose on the
不在乎月份是不是和季节对应 Cos a lunar year of 12 lunar months
所以每一年都会有变化 is shorter than the solar year
因为一个太阴年是12个太阴月 So each year you are gonna lose 11 days
要比太阳年短 The result is that the festivals
所以每一年都会短11天 will rotate the way through the agriculture year
结果就是节日 Is that a problem?
会在整个农耕年里面轮转 It's only a problem if your culture
这是个问题吗 demands that they be in sync
除非你的文化要求月份 If you have not agricultural festivals
和季节对应 才会成为问题 Then why not?
如果没有农耕的节日 Have Ramadan one year in the spring
为什么不行呢 And then they'll gradually
在某一年的春天是斋月 work in pace with the calendar
然后会渐渐地 through all the seasons
随着日历变化 That's not a problem
在各个季节出现 unless your culture demands it
这不是问题 makes it so
除非有文化方面的需求 Okay, David, did I say something wrong with that
才会有问题 or, we are cool
David 我有说错的地方吗 Okay, questions?
没问题吧 Good, five minutes on, you'll remind me
好了 还有问题吗 Okay, Exodus 12
很好 五分钟后提醒我 Okay, that's the first, there we go
好了 出埃及记第12章 There I get you briefly mentioned
这是第一段 就是这里 So the 14st day of the first month
我给大家简单讲一下 The 14th day is pasch, pascha, pascah
第一个月的第14天 followed by seven-day matzah festival
第14天是逾越节 That's in Exodus 12
接下来是七天的无酵节 Then you get a bunch of other passages
这是出埃及记第12章说的 Here it's where mind begains the boggle, right?
然后还有其他一些段落 It is trying to make sense out of all these
接下来就开始各种犹豫了 Exodus 23 is a festival calendar
想让所有的段落都说得通 of three pilgrimage festivals
出埃及记第23章是 only mentioning a seven-day matzah festival
三大朝觐节的日历 And leaves out completely
但是只提到了七天的无酵节 a one-day pesah festival
而完全没有提到 a one-day pesah festival
一天的逾越节 No specific day is given
一天的逾越节 Now Leviticus 23
没有具体的日期 14th day of the first month is the pesah
利未记第23章 15th day is a seven-day matzah festival
第一个月的第14天是逾越节 That's like Exodus 12
第15天开始是七天的无酵节 The real dousy is Deuteronomy 16
和出埃及记第12章一样 Deuteronomy 16 is the killer
真正麻烦的是申命记16 Deuteronomy 16 says
申命记第16章是杀手级别的 There altogether you have a seven-day festival
申命记第16章说 The first day is pesah
加起来一共是七天的节日 Followed by six days of a matzah festival
第一天是逾越节 According to Exodus 12 and Leviticus 23
接下来是六天的无酵节 You have the 14th as your pesah festival
根据出埃及记第12章和利未记第23章 followed by a seven-day matzah festival
逾越节是从第14天开始 Deuteronomy seems to suggest
接下来是七天的无酵节 that the two haven been thoroughly conflated
申命记似乎是在说 And that seems to be the 15th is the first day
这二者被合并起来了 which seems to be a pesah
而且看起来第15天是第一天 followed by a six-day matzah festival
也就是逾越节 So what happed to the 14th?
接下来是六天的无酵节 What happens with the separation
那么第14天怎么办 between pesah and matzah?
逾越节和无酵节 In Deuteronomy, don't know what to do
之间的间隔怎么办 But I do know this
在申命记里面 不知道该怎么办 One passage in Exodus says it explicitly
但是我知道这个 Seven days you shall eat matzah
出埃及记里面有个段落很清楚地说 And in Deuteronomy the parallel passage says
要吃七天的无酵饼 Six days you shall eat matzah
而在申命记里面与之对应的章节说 Is that a problem, class?
要吃六天的无酵饼 No
这是个问题吗 同学们 Yes and no
不是 Yes and no, good
是也不是 This is a review question
是也不是 非常好 Is that a problem?
这是个复习题 Yes and no
这是问题嘛 Yes, sure, it looks like a problem to me
是也不是 But of course the answer is no, why?
是的 没错 对我来说这是个问题 Contradictions are only apparent
但是答案当然是否定的 为什么 Contradictions are only apparent
矛盾都只是表面上的 You have to know how to interpret it
矛盾都只是表面上的 So how do our rabbis solve this one?
你要知道如何去解读 Look at the notes in JSB
所以拉比是如何解决这个问题的 The rabbis said
看看犹太学习圣经里面的注释 It's only an obligation to eat matzah on the first day
拉比说 Arguing that you six days
只是在第一天才必须吃无酵饼 you may eat matzah if you want to eat matzah
也就是说另外六天 You can certainly eat carrots all day
如果你愿意你可以吃无酵饼 There's no actual obligation to eat matzah
你可以吃一整天的胡萝卜 as long as you don't eat leaven bread
没有具体的义务必须吃无酵饼 The only obligation
只要你不吃发酵的面包就行 the only day upon which
唯一的义务 it's an obligation to actually
有义务 eat matzah is the first day
吃无酵饼的日子 If you object
其实只有第一天 It's not what Deuteronomy says, though
如果你反对说 Shh
但是这不是申命记说的 Don't be a goodnik
嘘 You know what a goodnick is?
不要当刺头 Someone asks some noxious questions like that
知道什么是刺头吗 But that is not what the text says
就是那些会问这种讨厌问题的人 Hey, I'm trying to get you out of a jam
但是这不是圣经说的 You know, give me a break
嘿 我是在想办法解决问题呢 You know, that's not a problem
不要斤斤计较了 Anyway, so look at the notes in JSB
这不是个问题 As I say on bullet point
无论如何 看看犹太学习圣经的注释 These variations show the inevitability of exegesis
我也强调过的 Just as you shall not do any matter of work
这些不同之处表明了释经是必不可免的 on the Sabbath day
就像你不应该在安息日做任何 shows it must have some way of explaining it
重要的工作 It's just too vague
肯定有什么方式能够解释 It's too obscure
说得太含糊了 Here is a good example
太晦涩了 where it's not vague at all
这是个很好的例子 It's too specific
一点都不含糊 I got a problem, I have a contradiction
而是太具体了 I got to resolve it, somehow
我遇到了问题 我遇到了矛盾 Okay
那么我就必须解决 So, modern scholars argue that
好了 we have here a conflation
当代学者会说 of two originally separate festivals
我们合并了两个 This for our purpose it doesn't really matter
原来分开的节日 but, hey, let's just try to solve this problem quickly
出于我们的目的来说这没什么关系 Right, modern scholar say
但是 我们是想赶快解决这个问题 These contradictions, theses tensions
当代学者说 These parallel terminology, pesah, matzah
这些矛盾 这些冲突 suggest we have two separate festivals
这些类似的术语 逾越节 无酵饼 that have been conflated
说明了我们有两个分开的节日 On the one hand, we have a pesah festival
被合并起来了 Pesah is a sacrifice
一方面 我们有逾越节 Pastoral in origin
Pesah是祭品 That's why they are slaughtering lambs and goats
原来用的词是Pastoral (牧人的) because it has to do with flocks
这就是为什么他们屠宰羊羔和山羊 And it's apotropaic
因为需要屠宰一群羊 Ah, word we can use casually now in conversation
而且这是辟邪用的 Yes, what is apotropaic?
我们终于可以随意用这个词了 To turn away evil
什么是辟邪用的 Oh, good
赶走邪恶 Delighted, right
非常好 Right, averting evil
我很高兴 Turning away evil or destruction
避免邪恶的事情 Right, that's what's lurking behind
赶走邪恶或者灾难 the story of the Pascal sacrifice
这就是隐藏在 save the Israelites from destroyer
逾越节祭品后面的故事 That's apotropaic
把以色列人从灾难中拯救出来 Turning off evil
这就是辟邪用的 Protecting flocks, protecting the first-born
赶走邪恶 Protecting the young, or something like that
保护羊群 保护长子 You know, we sacrifice the one
保护年轻人 或者类似的意思 to protect the others
我们牺牲了一个 Then there's a matzah festival
保护了其他人 which seems to be agrarian
然后是无酵节 You know, fresh harvest
似乎和耕地有关 early-spring harvest fresh sprouts
就是那些新鲜收割的 that kind of stuff, right
早春收割的新鲜的豆芽 Whether it's leaven
之类的东西 they don't know exactly
是不是发酵的 Looking at your anthropologist friends
不是很清楚 They will try to explain it to you
问问你们的人类学家朋友 But it has to do with spring, harvest
他们会做出解释 Beginning the agricultural cycle
但是必须要在春天 收割 Beginning agricultural year, etc., etc.
开始农耕周期 The seven-day matzah festival
开始农耕年 等等 One agrarian, one pastoral
七天的无酵节 One apotropaic
一天耕地 一天放牧 one celebrating the natural cycle
一天驱邪 And these festivals, of all mysterious origins
一天庆祝自然周期 were just opposed and then conflated
这些节日 这些神秘的起源 So pesah, the Pascal sacrifice
之前是对立的 现在被合并了 the pesah sacrifice
逾越节祭品 is home and family based, right?
逾越节祭品 That's the whole point of Exodus 12
是基于家和家庭的 对吧 Exodus 12, each family, each clan
这就是出埃及记第12章在说的事情 is to slaughter a lamb and eat it
出埃及记第12章 每一个家庭 每一个宗族 A nuclear family of mom, dad, and two kids
都要屠宰羊羔然后吃羊肉 can't eat a whole lamb, right?
一个核心家庭 妈妈爸爸和两个孩子 How are you gonna
吃不完一整只羊 对吧 consume a whole lamb at one sitting?
一顿饭怎么能 Answer, your invite uncle Morris, say, Aunt Sylvia
吃掉一整只羊呢 and you know, the whole family over
解决方法是 邀请你的叔叔阿姨 Then you got a big family feast
把整个家族都请过来 Right, so I's fundamentally a family feast
然后是盛大的家宴 And it's done by tent
所以这基本上是家宴 Right, each tent, presumably each clan
是在帐篷里面 gets together, has its own lamb
每一个帐篷 可能是一个宗族 which is slaughtered and consumed
聚集在一起 吃自己的羊羔 on that evening
在那天晚上屠杀 So it seems to be a home-based ritual
和吃掉羊羔 Right, ritual by tent
所以这看起来是基于家族的仪式 Later on we would say by house
基于帐篷的仪式 or by household
再晚一些会说是家庭 As opposed to the matzah festival
或者说一家人 which seems to early on to have been
与之对应的无酵节 some kind of pilgrimage festival
似乎在早期 What does pilgrimage mean?
是一种朝圣节 It's not a trick question
朝圣是什么意思 Somebody tells me, what's pilgrimage?
这不是什么难题吧 Luckily I asked, yes?
谁能告诉我 朝圣是什么意思 What's pilgrimage?
幸好我问了 Travelling to a holy site
什么是朝圣 Good, right, we travel to a holy site
去朝拜地 not just, so you are not just a tourist, right
很好 没错 去朝拜地 You wanna go and see
所以你不只是游客 对吧 Notre Dame the Cathedral, right?
你想看看 You wanna go and see
巴黎圣母院大教堂 Oratoire Saint-Joseph in Montreal, right?
你想看看 You are not just a tourist
蒙特利尔的圣约翰礼拜堂 You are a pilgrim, right?
你不只是游客 You are there on a religious mission
你是朝圣者 Usually to a religious site
你在履行宗教使命 You think you are fulfilling some obligation
一般都是去宗教圣地 Famous example everybody knows
你认为你要履行某种义务 of course the Muslims
大家都知道的最有名的例子 have the obligation to go on pilgrimage
当然是穆斯林 at least once in a lifetime to Mekka
有一生之中至少一次 Okay, so similarly we are told in the Torah
去麦加朝圣的义务 that Israelites are to go on pilgrimage
类似地Torah告诉我们 to the sacred center
以色列人要去神圣的中心 This is the language
朝圣 most characteristic of Deuteronomy
这是申命记 of Deuteronomy
最独特的语言 That you go on pilgrimage to a sacred site
申命记 Where would that sacred site be, class?
你要去圣地朝圣 This is not a trick question
圣地是在哪里 同学们 The Temple in Jerusalem
这不是难题啊 Temple in Jerusalem
耶路撒冷的神庙 Now Deuteronomy holds a fast one
耶路撒冷的神庙 Cos Deuteronomy
申命记有一种比较通行的说法 Deuteronomy is the same book with
因为申命记 that mysterious six days you should eat matzah
申命记就是那部告诉你 That's the same paragraph
神秘的你要吃六天无酵饼的章节 at that very troubling line, right?
是在那个令人费解的 Deuteronomy is also the one
说法的同一段 对吧 which combines pesah, matzah
申命记还把 into one seven-day festival
逾越节和无酵节 and is to be celebrated at the central shrine
合并成了七天的节日 In other words, in Deuteronomy
还要在神圣中心庆祝 the Pascal sacrifice is not a household sacrifice
换句话说 在申命记中 by, in your tent
逾越节献祭不再是家族献祭 with Uncle Joe, and who I said before?
在你帐篷里面 Uncle Murray, aunt Sylvia, right?
和你的叔叔 我还说谁来着 all in a big tent
叔叔阿姨 对吧 Rather, your family is to get up
在大帐篷里面 and go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem
而是你的家族要去 Language in Deuteronomy is
耶路撒冷朝圣 the place that God has chosen
申命记里面说的是 there his name to dwell
上帝所选择的 And there you are to celebrate the
立为他名的居所 Pesah, matzah festival
你要在那里庆祝 So it's not to be celebrated in your house
逾越节 无酵节 It is to be celebrated in the central shrine
所以这不是在你的家里面庆祝 That's another innovation of Deuteronomy
而是在中心的神坛庆祝 But originally we think
这是申命记里面的另外一个新东西 The pesah was in your tent
原来我们以为 Matzah was a pilgrim festival
逾越节要在帐篷里面庆祝 Then things casually get
无酵节是朝圣节 Last but not least
现在一切合并起来了 Both of these get historicized
最后 being associated with the exodus from Egypt
这些都被历史记录下来了 As we imagine that the original pesah
而且和出埃及联系了起来 was protecting flocks and herds from the destroyer
我们想象中的最开始的逾越节 It has nothing to do with exodus from Egypt
是保护牛羊群被毁灭 according to modern Bible scholars
按照当代学者的说法 Similarly, the matzah is part of
和出埃及没有任何关系 some agricultural cycle celebration
类似地 无酵节是 Nothing to do with the Exodus from Egypt
农耕周期庆祝的一部分 But Torah is already historicizing
和出埃及也没有任何关系 these events, these rituals
但是Torah把这些事件 trying to take these rituals
这些仪式历史化了 and put them into the context
试图把这些仪式 of the sacred history of the people of Israel
放到以色列人 So why do we eat matzah, class?
神圣的历史的大背景中 According to Exodus 12?
为什么我们要吃无酵饼 同学们 Why do we eat unleavened bread?
根据出埃及记第12章 Cos it's an agricultural celebration?
为什么我们吃没发酵的面包 No, no, no, no, no
因为是在庆祝农耕吗 I just told you
不 不 不 不 不 That's what the modern Bible scholars say
我说过的 So of course that's correct
那是当代圣经学者的说法 But that's not the answer
当然是正确的 looking for at this moment
但是这不是我要的答案 In Exodus 12
想想当时的情况 why do we have unleavened bread
出埃及记第12章 Why do we eat matzah?
为什么我们吃没发酵的面包 They are fleeing from Egypt
为什么我们吃无酵饼 We are in a big hurry!
他们在逃离埃及 We are in a hurry to leave, right
他们很着急 Any of you who buy a bread machine
他们着急要走 对吧 You know, typical cycle is three hours
你们如果用过面包机就知道 Three hours and forty minutes, right
标准的时长是3个小时 While matzah cycle is 18 minutes
3个小时45分钟 From beginning to end, there's all it
而无酵饼的时长是18分钟 18 minutes you get it into the oven
从开始做到能吃 就这么长时间 and it comes out in five minutes
放到烤箱里面18分钟 you are done
5分钟后拿出来 You are in a hurry? Matzah is for you
就可以吃了 So according to Exodus 12
如果急着要走 无酵饼很合适 It's historicizing it
所以根据出埃及记第12章 I'll tell you why we eat unleavened bread
已经被历史化了 Because our ancestors were
我告诉你们为什么吃无酵饼 in a terrible rush to get out of Egypt
因为我们的祖先 They didn't have time for the 3-hour bread cycle
急着要逃出埃及 Similarly, why do we slaughter the Pascal lamb?
他们没时间用3个小时烤面包 According to Exodus 12?
类似地 为什么我们屠宰逾越节羊羔 Because we need that lamb
根据出埃及记第12章说的 to put on the doorpost, so
因为我们需要 Because we need the blood
羊羔的血涂在门框上 The point of the Pascal lamb
因为我们需要血 is to give us the blood
逾越节羊羔的意义 As anybody knows
就是提供血 who read the Book of Leviticus
看过利未记的 We'll talk about this in a couple of weeks
都会知道 Right, the key stuff of
我们后面几周还会讲到 sacrificial ritual in ancient Israel is the blood
古代以色列 Because the life is in the blood
献祭仪式的重点就是血 as it says in Leviticus 17
因为生命是在血中 So what you do with the blood
利未记第17章这样说 is what distinguish, even in Deuteronomy
怎么样处理血是 is what distinguishes
就算是在申命记里面 也是 sacred slaughter from profaning slaughters
神圣的屠宰 Okay, I'm a little ahead of myself here
和亵渎神的屠宰的区别所在 Okay, but it's the blood
好吧 我有点超前了 What do we Israelites do with the blood in Egypt?
但是重点是血 Put it on the doorpost
在埃及的以色列人怎么样处理血 Put it on the doorpost
涂在门框上 Why do you put it on the doorpost?
涂在门框上 Cos that is what keeps the destroyer at bay
为什么要涂在门框上 Right? That's why the destroyer passes over
因为这样可以不让毁灭者接近 the houses of Israelites
这就是为什么毁灭者从 and directs his maleficent attention
以色列人的房屋上飞过去了 to the houses of the Egyptians
然后把埃及人当成了 So here again
他邪恶的目标 Exodus 12 is historicizing this ritual
所以再一次地 Historicizing the whole Pascal sacrifice
出埃及记第12章历史化了仪式 Right? By putting it into part and part so
历史化了整个逾越节献祭 of the sacred story the Israelites living in Egypt
在某种程度上成为了以色列人 We modern scholars, respectfully
逃离埃及的神圣的故事的一部分 But usually not respectfully at all
我们当代学者 尊敬地说 We modern scholars, right, suggest
但是一般都不怎么尊敬 that this is a secondary interpretation
我们当代学者认为 of what had been earlier rituals
这是对于早期仪式的 Which the narrator of Exodus 12
一种二次解读 is trying to bring into the sacred calendar of Israel
出埃及记第12章的叙事者 Feel free to accept that explanation
试图把逾越节加到以色列神圣的日历里面 Feel free to object it
可以同意这种解释 I have no money invested in this explanation
也可以不同意 Right, feel free to say
我没有对这种解释下赌注 It's modern Bible scholars making all these stuff up
也可以说 And you are not entirely wrong
是当代学者自己编造出来的 If that is your opinion, right
你完全错了 However I'm duty-bond
如果这就是你的观点 You know, due diligence I got to say
但是这是我的责任 what people out there think
我有责任讲清楚 If you want to get a PhD
大家都是怎么认为的 This is what you have to believe
如果你想得到博士学位 Hillary is not here
你就必须相信这个 She has a PhD of Hebrew Bible
Hillary不在这儿 We would just test to make sure that this is, right
她得到了希伯来圣经的博士学位 They didn't get it wrong
我们只是想确认下 Okay? Questions on this?
他们没有搞错 This is a big point
好了 有问题吗 Okay, understand the difference in
这个是重点 what the text says what we moderns think
要明白圣经说的 is the truth lurking behind the text
和当代学者想的不同之处 Okay, let's talk briefly out there
是隐藏在圣经文本后面的真相 Ritual in Exodus 12
好了 我来简单讲讲 Then we get to the next big point
出埃及记第12章的仪式 So what we do according to Exodus 12
然后我们开始讲下一个重点 Alright, what actually is the ritual
根据出埃及记第12章 我们要怎么做 So we take a lamb or a goat
仪式到底是怎样的 We set it aside on the 10th day of the month
我们准备羊羔或者山羊 to prepare for slaughter
在第一个月的第10天备好 on the 14th day of the month
准备屠宰 The 14th day of the month
在第一个月的第14天 Remember that, Ken?
第一个月的第14天 14th day in the afternoon?
还记得吗 Ken 14th day of the month?
第14天的下午 We slaughter that lamb or goat
第一个月的第14天 We usually use the phrase Pascal lamb
我们屠宰羊羔或者山羊 So all that say is lamb
一般我们会说逾越节羊羔 But the text is implicit
一般会说是羊羔 It could be goat also
但是圣经暗示了 It doesn't need to be a goat
也可能是山羊 But we'll say lamb, alright
不一定非要是山羊 So you take the lamb
但是我们说羊羔 好吧 you slaughter the lamb
所以你牵出羊羔 The blood is taken and then
屠宰掉羊羔 processed in a specific way
然后把血取出 daubed on the doorpost of your habitations
用一种具体的方式处理 Right, the lamb is then roasted
要涂在你家的门框上 Roasted over fire
然后把羊肉烤熟 The soundest agreement also in Deuteronomy
在火上烤熟 and Exodus is how you cook it
申命记里面也完全同意 But I can't do everything here, okay
的烹饪方法 还有出埃及记 So you, but read the notes in the JSB
但是我不能什么都讲到 Right, so you cook, roast the Pascal lamb
大家看看犹太学习圣经的注释 Right, and then in the evening
所以你烤了逾越节羊羔 What do you do?
然后在当天晚上 You and Uncle Joe and Aunt Flora
你要做什么 and everybody else
你和你的叔叔阿姨 you get together
还有所有人 and you have a big family feast
聚集到一起 And you consume the entire Pascal lamb
举办一次盛大的家宴 Again you are in a hurry
你们要吃掉整只的逾越节羊羔 because you are bustle leaving Egypt
别忘了你很着急 So the whole thing has to
因为你们要忙着逃离埃及 be finished before midnight
所以所有事情 before midnight, you may not
都要在午夜前结束 eat anything past midnight
要在午夜之前 午夜之后 Don't break any of the bones
你什么都不能吃 Why? Don't know
不要弄碎任何一块骨头 Don't break any bones
为什么 不知道 or other series of instructions
不要弄碎任何一块骨头 And then you are to eat it
还有一系列的指令 in a state of readiness
然后你要用战备状态 ready to leave Egypt at a moment's notice
吃完你的食物 So in other words, you have a meal
准备好能随时逃离埃及 It's supper
换句话说 你吃了一顿饭 Roast lamb, anyone?
是晚餐 Shawarma, that's what it is, shawarma
有人想吃烤羊肉吗 You don't know what shawama is
切片烤肉 就是这个东西 切片烤肉 Walk down any street
不知道切片烤肉是什么 in the modern Middle East
中东地区的 you know, and you'll see shawama
任何一条街上 right into your left
都可以看到切片烤肉 You know, it's the meat on the stick, you know
到处都是 you know it, you've seen it, okay
是那种在立式烤肉架上的 Back to where we are
你们知道的 你们都见过 Now, yes, question, yes sir?
言归正传 Why didn't lambs bring after, like midnight
有问题吗 请说 if the Pesas is not over
为什么在午夜过后不能吃羊肉 Is there a reason not to bring it?
如果逾越节还没结束 There's definitely a reason
不能吃是有原因的吗 Definitely a reason
当然是有原因的 You can ask me what that reason is
当然有原因 And I will tell you I don't know what it is
你可以问我原因是什么 But I'm sure there is a reason
我会告诉你我不知道 But in context what's suggested
但是我能肯定是有原因的 because Israelites are
根据上下文环境我想 in a hurry to leave
可能是因为以色列人 So they can't doddle
正忙着要逃走 So you have an instruction
所以不能耽搁 you have to be finished eating
因此有指示说 put away all your utensils
必须要在午夜之前 get ready to go by midnight
吃完东西 放下餐具 What happens at midnight?
准备好离开 The destroyer comes around
午夜发生了什么 Destroyer comes around
毁灭者来了 and kill the first-born of the Egyptians
毁灭者来了 There's a mighty cry that arises in Egypt
要杀掉埃及所有的长子 There's a mighty yell
埃及到处都是大声的哀嚎 As the first-born everywhere
(希伯来语) from the first-born of heir in the palace
大声的哀嚎 to the first-born in the jailhouse
因为所有的长子 Right, they all dropped dead
从皇宫里面的继承人 Cut down by destroyer
到监狱里面的长子 And then Pharaoh of the Egyptians
都要死去了 comes to Israelites and say
都被毁灭者杀掉了 leave, leave, please
然后埃及的法老 get out, get out, leave
对以色列人说 just leave us alone, go already
走吧 走吧 拜托了 So you have to be ready
离开吧 离开吧 走吧 Then it's time to start packing
赶快走吧 快点走吧 That's the story in Exodus 12
所以你必须准备好 Know of these rituals which carry forward
是时候开始打包了 the history of Judaism
这就是出埃及记第12章的故事 I'm assuming that Exodus 12 is giving us rituals
要知道这些仪式推动了 that the author regards as normative, right?
犹太教的历史 This is how we observe the Pascal lamb
我认为出埃及记第12章给出的仪式 Sacrifice the pesah
是作者认为标准的仪式 对吧 And we do it this way because
这就是我们如何看待逾越节羊羔 this is how our ancestors in Egypt did it
逾越节祭品 At some point, not all these things
我们这样做是因为 carry forward the history of Judaism
古代以色列人就是这样做的 The most striking one
某种意义上说 并不是说有的东西 that does not carry forward
都推动了犹太教的历史 is the blood manipulation
最让人印象深刻的就是 Later on, when the Israelites are settled
对于血的仪式 in the land of Israel
并没有推动历史的发展 and there is a temple in Jerusalem
后来当以色列人 And they are in fact
在以色列定居 Pesah is turned into a seven-day
还有了耶路撒冷神庙 seven-day plus the 14th
事实上 pilgrimage festival
逾越节成了七天的 As far as we know
七天还要加上第14天 they slaughtered the Pascal lamb
一种朝圣节日 and they bring the blood and
据我们所知 purled it at the base of the altar
他们会屠宰逾越节羊羔 And then it's the roast day
然后把血放出来 we are in Jerusalem
倒在圣坛的底座上 Anywhere you can find a spot
然后这一天在耶路撒冷 Remember there's hundreds
是烧烤日 of thousands of pilgrims
你如果能找到的空地 So it must be pretty crowded
要知道那一天会有 Anywhere you can find a spot
成千上万的朝拜者 You set up sharp, and you roast your lamb
所以肯定会很拥挤 You get together with your family unit
你如果能找到空地 and you eat it
就赶快支起架子烤羊肉 And no blood is daubed on any post
然后把你的家人都叫过来 doorpost, lintel or house
一起吃羊肉 So that blood ritual does not carry forward
再也不用把血涂到 Next big point for anticipation of Wednesday
家里面的门框和门楣上了 and our discussion of
所以这个血的仪式没有推动作用 the emergence of the Seder
下一个重点是给周三的内容做准备 This is the only festival in the Torah
我们会讨论 accompanied by a commandment
逾越节家宴的出现 to respond to a children's question
这是Torah里面唯一的节日 Right, the Torah has
涉及到了 怎么样 lots and lots of commandments
回答孩子问题的戒律 Lots of rituals
Torah里面有 Thou shalt, thou shall not, to be sure
很多很多的戒律 including a sacred festival calendar
很多仪式 Classic text is Leviticus 23
你要 你不要 毫无疑问 Which I've already alluded to earlier
还包括一个神圣的节日日历 But this, out of all the festivals
利未记第23章的经典文本 on the sacred calendar
我之前已经提到过了 Or the Sabbath, the weekly calendar
但是这个是所有的 or the annual calendar
神圣日记的节日中 This is the only festival associated with
安息日 周历 an educational, educative
还有年历里面 pedagogical function
这是唯一一个节日涉及到了 And as you observe this festival
教育目的 教育方面的 your child will come to you
教育的功能 and ask you something
当你过节的时候 And then the text says
你的孩子会来到你面前 This is what you shall say
问你一些问题 And the text
然后圣经说 the Torah does this more than once
这就是你应该告诉孩子的 The canonical number of course is
圣经和 does it four times
Torah提到了不止一次 But it actually does it more
权威的统计是 Anyway, so this is interesting
一共有四次 You know, that the text is also
但是实际上次数更多 telling us something
不管怎么说这很有意思 That only the festival of Pesah-Matzah
圣经还告诉我们 If I can conflate the two, right
一些事情 has this educational function
只有逾越节-无酵节 So here we see the text, Exodus 12
我可以把二者合并了 对吧 Good example
才有教育功能 When you enter the land that
咱们来看看圣经 出埃及记第12章 the Lord will give you as he promised
很好的例子 observe this ceremony
你们到了耶和华按着 Okay, that's fine
所应许赐给你们的那地 And when your children ask you
就要守这礼 What does this ceremony mean to you?
这没问题 The children don't ask you
你们的儿女问你们说 what does Sabbath mean to you
行这礼是什么意思 your children don't ask you
儿女没有问你 what is the Sukkot festival mean to you
安息日是什么意思 But the children will ask you
儿女没有问你 what does this ceremony mean to you
住棚节是什么意思 The ceremony, presumably
但是儿女问你了 this Pesah-Matzah complex
行这礼是什么意思 Your children ask you
这礼也就是指代 What does this ceremony mean to you?
逾越节-无酵节的复合体 Then tell them
你的儿女问你 It is the Passover sacrifice to the Lord
行这礼是什么意思 Pesah, right
你们就说 It is the Pesah of the Lord
这是献给耶和华逾越节的祭 Who passed over, that's the pun
逾越节 Right, who passed over, khag pesach in Hebrew
献给耶和华逾越节的祭 The noun then followed by the verb form
谁越过了 这是双关语 Who passed over the house of Israelites in Egypt
谁越过了 希伯来语khag pesach and spared our homes
名词后面跟着动词形式 when he struck down the Egyptians
当以色列人在埃及的时候 I'm not asking, I'm not questioning
他击杀埃及人 Heaven forbid, the truth of the narrative
越过以色列人的房屋 救了我们各家 This what, it is consistent with itself
我不是在问 我不是在质疑 Just that now this historical fact
这段故事的真实性 上天也不容我如此 in now being turned into a ritualized question
这段故事是能够自洽的 and a ritualized answer
但是正是从这里开始 And it's only Pesah-Matzah
历史事实变成了仪式化的问题 which has that feature
和仪式化的答案 So here we see a bunch more examples
只有逾越节-无酵节 13
有这个特征
For seven days eat bread made without yeast
还有更多的例子 For seven days eat bread made without yeast
第13章 and on the seventh day
你要吃无酵饼七日 hold a festival to the Lord
到第七日要 Okay, we have no problem there
向耶和华守节 Eat unleavened bread, blablablabla
这里没有问题 Verse 8, on that day tell your son
要吃无酵饼 等等等等 I do this because of what the Lord
第8节 告诉你的儿子说 did for me when I came out of Egypt
这是因耶和华 So here we don't wait for the kid
在我出埃及的时候为我所行的事 to ask the question
我们不要等着 We simply instruct the kid
孩子问问题 Again, this is the only festival that
我们直接教导孩子 has this aspect
再说一遍 这是这个节日 Okay, then I'll just skip on Exodus
独有的 No, in Exodus, 10 is an interesting passage
好了 我要跳过出埃及记 This is God speaking to Moses
不对 出埃及记第10章是个有趣的段落 Go to Pharoah
这是上帝对摩西说的 for I have hardened his heart
你进去见法老 and the hearts of his officials
我使他和 so that I may perform these miraculous
他的臣仆的心刚硬 signs of mind among them
为要在他们中间 Okay, all of us moderns don't like this
显我这些神迹 We always object, we always think
所有当代的学者都不喜欢这个 Pharaoh is not getting a fair shake
我们都会反对 都会想 How come God hardened Pharaoh's heart
法老没有受到公平的对待 It's not fair to Pharaoh
上帝怎么能让法老的心变硬呢 Towards which my quick response is
这对法老不公平 Yeah, but He was a no-goodnik
但是我的回应是 So it's okay
是的 但是上帝不是刺头 That's the brief response
所以没关系 You know, God hardens his heart
简短的回应就是 cos he wants his heart to be hardened
上帝让法老的心变硬了 Okay, that's a complicated problem
因为法老想让自己的心变硬 which are not our wish to discuss here
好吧 这是个复杂的问题 Gets continue, verse 2
不是我们这里需要讨论的 That you may tell
继续 第2节 your children and grandchildren
并要叫你 how I dealt harshly with the Egyptians
将我向埃及人所做的事 and how I performed my signs among them
和在他们中间所行的神迹 and that you may know that
传于你儿子和你孙子的耳中 I am the Lord
好叫你们知道 Those God's saying in this text
我是耶和华 I need an opportunity to display my power
上帝在这些段落中说的 Many people ask
我需要展示自己神力的机会 Why do God need ten plagues?
很多人问 Couldn't God come up with, you know
为什么上帝需要10次灾难 drop an atom bomb up front
为什么上帝不能 And that would bring
直接丢颗原子弹下去 the whole land to the homeless
这会让所有人 Well, 1941, we didn't have the atom bomb
都无家可归 Okay, but God has the atom bomb
1941年之前 我们还没有原子弹 already lined up
但是上帝的原子弹 So why does he have to wait with ten plagues
已经对准目标了 Answer
所以为什么他非要等到10次灾难 Because it will not have its educative function
答案就是 if he deals this over too fast
因为如果他处理得太快 He needs time to sink in
就没有教育意义了 Pharaoh and the Egyptians needs to be
需要时间被理解 fully impressed with the power of the Lord
法老和埃及人需要 And no less so the Israelites themselves
完全被他的神力折服 who need to display the divine power
而且以色列人自己 That's why it needed a string of plagues
也需要看到神力 And that's why
这就是为什么需要一系列的灾难 he set the big one for the end
这也是为什么 Okay, then we have in Deuteronomy
他把最严重的放到了最后面 Exodus 13 and Deuteronomy 6, okay
在申命记里面也有相关内容 Presumably it is out of
出埃及记第13章和申命记第6章 these passages in the Torah
也许是从 which associate Pesah
Torah里面的这些段落 the redemption from Egypt
这些和逾越节相关的段落 Pesah-Matzah, associate that festival
从埃及救赎 with this educative function
逾越节-无酵节 才将这些节日 with it ritualized question
和教育功能相关联 followed by a ritualized reply
与仪式化的问题相关联 Presumably here is where we are going to find
以及仪式化的回答 the origins of what will later on
也许就是这里 become a Seder
我们会发现后来的 That's what we will talk about on Wednesday
逾越节家宴的起源 What is a Seder?
这就是我们周三要讲的内容 Well, the word Seder in Hebrew literally
什么是逾越节家宴 means order, or arrangement
Seder这个词在希伯来语中 So in other words, it's a script
是整理或者布置的意思 Everything is laid out
换句话说 这是脚本 It is prescribed, and described
所有东西都安排好了 So what is a Seder?
有了规定 有了描述 So here is my definition of Seder
什么是逾越节家宴 I may not very elegant
下面是我对逾越节家宴的定义 But I think it gets the job done
不是特别优雅 A Seder is a meal eaten
但是我想大家都能明白 and a ritual performed
逾越节家宴 on the first night of Passover
是在逾越节的第一天晚上的 When is the first night of Passover, class?
一顿饭以及一些仪式 The 14th day into dusk into the 15th
逾越节的第一天晚上是哪天 同学们 Got it?
第14天的傍晚到第15天 I'm telling you keep it straight for next week
明白了吗 You are gonna be, you are gonna need it, right
我说过的要把这个弄明白 为下周做准备 the 14th day, at dusk
你们需要弄明白 turns into the 15th
第14天 在傍晚 That's the first night of
进入第15天 what we now call
这就是我们说的 the seven-day Pesah-Matzah festival
七天的 So, that's the meal eaten
逾越节-无酵节的第一晚 a ritual performed on that night
所以这是当晚的 Why am I so careful on the chronology?
一顿饭以及一些仪式 You'll see, that has to do with Jesus
为什么我这么在意时间表 You'll see
你们会看到的 这和耶稣有关 On the first night, in the Gospel of John
你们会看到的 That's next week
是约翰福音里面的内容 On the first night of Passover
是下周的内容 Consisting of symbolic food and real food
在逾越节的第一个晚上 Right, the real, eat a big meal
包括符号的食物和真正的食物 Ritualized gestures and ritualized speech
真正的食物 一顿大餐 What are ritualized gestures?
仪式化的手势和仪式化的对话 This is the Matzah
什么是仪式化手势 This the bitter herbs
这是无酵饼 And various cast, various Jewish communities
这是苦草 has all kinds of ritualized gestures
不同的表演者 不同的犹太团体 as far as they are customary
都有各种仪式化的手势 And ritualized speech
有不同的习惯 Question and reply
仪式化的对话 But it's not so much of a free flow
提问和回答 The Seder upon is scripted
但这不是可以自由发挥的 It's scripted
逾越节家宴是有脚本的 Questions, answers, benedictions
有脚本的 Praise, scriptural exegesis, narrative
提问 答案 赐福 The whole kit and caboodle
赞扬 释经 故事 is what we mean by the Seder
所有这些东西 The scripted meal, scripturalized talking
就是我们说的逾越节家宴 The scripturalized speech
脚本化的晚宴 脚本化的对话 the scripturalized prayer
脚本化的演说 It's all scripted
脚本化的祈祷 In the book that we use is
都是有脚本的 the book we call the Haggadah
都写在我们用的 Which I'll come back to, of course, on Wednesday
叫做哈加达的书里面 Anyway, this is a big question, class
当然 我们会在周三讲到 With this I would conclude
总之这有个大问题 同学们 Do you see a Seder, as defined here
说完这点我们就下课 in this inelegant but rather full definition?
你看到逾越节家宴 就是我在这里 Do you see a Seder in the Torah texts?
不太优雅但是很完整的定义的 I've given you on the handout
你看到过Torah中出现过逾越节家宴吗 on all those bullet points I've given you
在我给你们的讲义中 All of the relevant Torah texts
给了你们所有的重点 I'm not hiding anything from you
所有的相关的Torah文本 You won't have to worry that
完全没有任何隐藏 I get one in my sleeves somewhere
你们不需要担心 and I'll pull out and surprise you
我从袖子里面藏着什么东西 No, no, no
变出来给你们惊喜什么的 I've done due diligence here
没有没有没有 I've given you all the relevant Torah texts
我尽了全力了 When your child ask you
我把Torah里面所有相关文本都给你们了 The child is what you should say
当你的孩子问你 to instruct your child
你应该怎么回答 when they ask you what does this mean
怎么指导你的孩子 by which what you should say
当他们问你这是什么意思 Tell them how the mighty hand
你应该怎么样回答 Lord gets to Egypt, blablabla
告诉他们神的力量 I've given you all the texts
上帝去了埃及 等等等 Do you see a Seder in those texts?
我给你了你们所有的文本 No
你看到里面提到逾越节家宴了吗 The answer has to be no
没有 You do see something unusual, right?
答案必须是否定的 You do see this
你确实看到了一些不寻常的东西 对吧 educational function of Passover
看到了逾越节 But it's not associated with
有教育的功能 any other festival in Torah
但是却完全没有和Torah中 Not even the Sabbath
其他任何节日产生关联 So that's something
就算是安息日 But I would argue
所以这很特别 that's the hook
但是我会说 upon which the Seder will later on hang
这是一个引子 Or that's the spark, if you want
到了后面会和逾越节家宴产生关联 Or that's the candles
如果你愿意 可以说这是火种 I don't know whatever you want
或者说这是开始 Right, that was explain
我不知道你们想怎么说 where the Seder comes from
这解释了 And that surprisingly, these verses
逾越节家宴的起源 These paragraphs loom large
而且这些段落很令人惊奇地 in the Haggadah text, in this scripted text
这些段落在哈加达 We play up and read aloud these verses
和圣经里面日益突出 Which say
我们宣言 阅读这些段落 The father must teach the son
也就是说 must reply the son
父亲必须告诉儿子 And if your son ask you what such a
必须回答儿子 I'm sorry
如果你的儿子问你 Child, if your child is asking you
抱歉 at such and such a day
孩子 如果你的孩子 This is what you should say in reply and so on
在逾越节那天问你 We play up these texts
这就是你应该做出的回答 in the Seder ritual itself as if to say
我们宣扬这些文本 This is how we are fulfilling
逾越节家宴仪式本身也是在说 the mandate of the Scripture
这就是我们如何履行了 But scripture itself does not have
圣经给我们的使命 this whole written moral or
但是圣经本身没有 the series of scripted ritualized acts
这些被写下来的 surrounding the Pascal
这一系列围绕着逾越节 eating of the Pascal lamb
围绕着逾越节羊羔的 And ultimately that's what turns
脚本化的仪式化的行为 the eating of the Pascal lamb
最终这一切从 from a meal into a Seder
吃逾越节羊羔的一顿饭 It is all this scripted stuff
变成了逾越节家宴 So, repeat
这些有脚本的东西 Do we see that scripted stuff in Scripture?
再说一遍 No
圣经中有这些脚本化的东西吗 No
没有 We will see it, however, on Wednesday
没有 When we look at the rabbinic Seder
不过我们在周三会看到 and rabbinic Haggadah text [Rhine & trismile Production]
我们会讲拉比逾越节家宴
和拉比哈加达