我想简单回顾一下 I just want to go back one second
对比 比较一下 and just look, compare and contrast
我们讲过的三大仪式 the three big rituals we've been looking at
割礼 食物律法和安息日 Circumcision, food laws, Sabbath
割礼和食物律法可以说 Circumcision and food laws, you might say
从犹太人历史的角度上说 looking at the history of Judaism
割礼和食物律法代表着 Circumcision and food laws represent
文化超越自然 culture over nature
割礼是文化超越自然 Right, circumcision is culture over nature
可以说人类的身体 in the sense that human body
是由上帝创造的 comes out the way God made it
上帝以他的想法创造 the way God intend it to be made
但是我们人类对身体做了什么 But we humans do something to it
至少是一半人的身体 Or at least half the bodies
男人的身体 the male bodies
我们做了些什么 We do something to it
如果你持批评态度 Right? If you are a critic
可以说是破坏了身体 you call it mutilation
如果你是虔诚的犹太人 你会说 If you are a pious Jew, you say
我们让上帝的创造更完美了 we are perfecting God's creation
所以这实际上是文化超越了自然 Right, so it is a fact, culture over nature
说到食物律法 In the case the food laws
文化方面不止是 the culture aspect is not merely
分级体系 the classification system
基于利未记第11章产生的 Right, the enormously complete series of
一系列庞杂的完整的规则 rules and categories which I spoke about
以及分级体系 based on Leviticus 11
还有就是 Right, but also the fact that
我们不吃某些肉 we humans do not eat meat
来自四足动物的肉 these from quadrupeds
我们吃的肉 not eat meat unless it is
只能是由人工屠宰得来的 slaughtered by human artifice, right
鱼可以直接吃 Fish we can eat directly
虽然中世纪的犹太人 Although there were Medieval Jews
认为鱼也应该先杀死 who thought fish, too, should be slaughtered
我们先不说这个 We won't talk about that, right
鱼可以直接吃 Fish we eat directly, right
植物可以直接吃 Plants we eat directly
但是鸟类 如果你想吃 But, birds, if you want some
先不说鸟类 don't talk about the birds
先说四足动物 talk about quadruped
你想吃四足动物的肉 You want to eat a quadruped
比如说汉堡 i.e., a hamburger
牛排 Right, a steak
同样也需要被人工屠宰 It has to be slaughtered by human artifice
如果是死在野外的 so if it drops dead in the field
也不能吃 it may not be eaten
如果是被其他动物咬死的 If it's torn apart by another animal
被食肉动物咬死丢在野外的 by a predatory animal and left on the field
也不能吃 you may not eat it
唯一能吃的肉食是那些 The only meat that can be eaten is meat
由人类屠宰得来的 that are slaughtered by human artifice
还是一样 文化超越自然 Again, culture over nature
而安息日有趣的是 The interesting thing about Shabbat, then
从某种观点上说 from that perspective
安息日正好相反 The Shabbat is the opposite
安息日是让自然的事情自然发生 Shabbat is when we humans let nature alone
事实上很多犹太哲学家 In fact that's many Jewish philosophers
都认为在这些 have argued is the point behind
庞杂的拉比禁忌背后 all those myriad rabbinic prohibitions
这些禁忌主要是为了让 The point of all those prohibitions is that
人类不要和自然产生联系 不要影响自然 we humans do not interact with, affect nature
我们要从自然世界中抽身出来 Our point is to retreat from the natural world
让自然世界保持自然状态 and leave the natural world be
所以我不生火 不做饭 So we don't light fire, we don't do cooking
什么都不做 we don't do anything
所以这是上帝的日子 对吧 So it is a day when, the day of the Lord, right?
上帝完成了他的创造 In which the Lord has finished his creation
上帝在安息日什么都没有创造 the Lord created nothing on the Sabbath Day
我们在安息日也什么都不能创造 we create nothing on the Sabbath Day
所以这是自然超越文化 So it is the triumphs of nature over culture
这至少是很多 Well, that's the way at least many
早期的犹太哲学家 Jewish philosophers of the early modern times
所持的观点 have positioned
在理解事情原委时分析得出的结果 and to try to understand what's going on
这是犹太教一面 Okay? That's on the Jewish side
接下来继续来看看基督教的一面 Now a further observation on the Christian side
基督教是如何应对食物律法的呢 So what have Christians done with the food laws?
基督徒对于食物律法的做法是 Christians done with the food laws
将之取代 they are replaced
抱歉 不是取代 Sorry, not replaced
是取缔 They are canceled
我们基督徒不需要遵守食物律法 We Christians don't have to obey the food laws
如果你问为什么Torah里有食物律法呢 Why there are food laws in the Torah, you ask
这不是问题 Well, it's not a questions
基督徒不要担心这个 Christians have to worry about
我们有其他的回应 we have different responses
但是我们基督徒不需要 But we Christians do not need
不需要担心食物律法 do need not worry about the food laws
那么割礼呢 How about circumcision?
割礼也同样被取缔了 Circumcision has also been canceled
对我们基督徒来说 Right? for us Christians
但是我们基督徒也有一个仪式 Except that we Christians have a ritual
从某种意义上讲 which sort of vaguely as
有点割礼这个意思 an analogue to circumcision
而且确实中世纪的基督徒神学家 And indeed medieval Christian theologians
在对比和比较 will compare and contrast
二者间的救世 益处 好处 these salvific, salutary, if benifits of
一方面是割礼 circumcision on the one side
另外一方面是洗礼 verses Baptism on the other
很明显不是一样的仪式 It's not the same ritual, obviously
但是他们明白这二者之间 But nonetheless, they were understood to be
还是多多少少有些联系 vaguely corresponding one to the other
所以犹太教有割礼 So the Jews have circumcision
我们基督徒有个好得多的仪式 we Christians have a much better ritual
洗礼 Baptism
我们已经见识过了犹斯丁对此的描述 We've already seen that kind of rhetoric in Justin
而关于星期日和安息日的 When comes to Sunday and Sabbath, right?
基督徒不知道应该如何应对 Christians were not sure which way to go
我们只是简单地说 Do we simply say
犹太人的安息日被取缔了 the Jewish Sabbath is canceled?
终结了 Done with?
就像食物律法 Like the food laws?
完结了 Done
或者我们基督徒要说 Or do we Christians say
不 我们基督徒有一个替代品 No, it's been, we have a Christians analogue
能够提供类似的功能 that sort of serves as an alternative to it
当然更加高级 Superior, of course
但是是替代品 but an alternative to it
也就是星期日 In which case is Sunday
这对于当代学者 That is a problem that
是一个挑战 a challenge for modern scholars
试图理解我们 Yes, try to understand how we
这里的我们是指基督徒 We in this case, Christians
我们基督徒如何理解我们的星期日 How we Christians try to understand the relationship
和犹太人的安息日二者之间的关系 of our Christian Sunday to the Jewish Sabbath
只是简单地什么关系都没有吗 Does it simply have nothing to do with it?
犹太人的安息日被取缔了 The Jewish Sabbath has been canceled
我们有了新的东西取代它 and we have something new to replace it?
没有任何关系 with nothing to do with it?
或者犹太人的安息日 Or has the Jewish Sabbath Day somehow
转换成了基督教的星期日 been transmogrified into the Christian Sunday
成为了基督教自己的安息日 which in turn, is a kind of Sabbath itself
这需要大家花些时间读下阅读材料 That want some attentions going on in your reading
今天的阅读材料里面 and on the Christian side of the page
关于基督教的那页 on the reading for today
这个问题我不打算 This is one of the issues that
在今天的课堂上讲 we will not talk about today in lecture
也就是如何理解基督徒的星期日 How to understand the Christian Sunday
和犹太人的安息日的关系 in its relationship to the Jewish Sabbath
是像食物律法一样 像割礼一样吗 Is it like the food laws, or is it like the circumcision?
好了 首先我们说说 Okay, first we talk about
宗教学家对基督教的安息日/星期日的研究 sectarian doing the Christian Sabbath/Sunday
当然首先要看的是 So of course, the first thing we look at is
在新约里面 what traditions we have
有什么样的关于耶稣的传统 in the News Testament about Jesus
给我们一些提示 to help give us a clue
关于割礼方面 不太多 In the case of circumcision, it's not much
必须看保罗 you have to look at Paul
关于耶稣的一些小故事 very little in the stories about Jesus
食物律法 有一个重要的故事 The food laws, we have that one important story
上帝宣称各样的食物都是洁净的 Thus He declares all foods clean
我们已经讲过了 Which I've already spoken about
现在来看看安息日 Now let's look at the Sabbath
说到安息日 In this case, the Sabbath
实际上在福音书里面有 there are in fact a series of traditions
关于耶稣和安息日的一系列传统 in the Gospels about Jesus and the Sabbath
从这些我们基督徒可以 from which we Christians can
获得一些信息 try to derive a message
来理解我们基督徒应该 to understand what is meant to be
用何种态度来对待安息日 our Christian attitude towards the Sabbath
我们有一系列的故事关于 So we have a bunch of stories about
耶稣给人治病 Jesus performing healings
用华丽的词说是驱魔 Or the fancy word is exorcisms
驱魔是什么意思 What's an exorcism?
赶走魔鬼 Casting out demons?
赶走魔鬼 没错 Casting out demons, yes
赶走魔鬼 Right, casting out demons
这是简单的翻译 没错 That's the simple translation, right
疾病和医学 鬼神学 In which disease and which
被认为是同一枚硬币的 medicine and demonology were thought to be
正反两面 two sides of the same coin
赶走魔鬼 Which casting out demons
也可以说是 治疗或者用药 or what we would call, healing or medicine
被认为是同一件事情的不同方面 were thought to be different sides of the same art
耶稣在安息日 So Jesus performs exorcism
实施驱魔 或者说是治疗 or healings on the Sabbath
这一点引起了很多 And therefore receives criticisms
犹太人的批评因为上帝的这种做法 from many Jews because he is doing so
如果你是一个熟知拉比律法的犹太人 Now if you are a rabbinic legally minded Jew
比如我 对吧 as I am, right?
我们一直很奇怪 We are always intrigued by
他们在批评什么 what are they criticizing him for?
比如说检查一遍 Namely, go through the listed
39条劳作禁忌 39 prohibited labors, for example
然后问 这些禁忌中有没有哪一条禁止 And ask, are any of those prohibit
实施驱魔 伸出双手 doing exorcism, laying out hands
念出一些魔法咒语之类的 reciting some magical formulas or so on
和大家交谈 having a conversation
这些行为里面有哪一条 Is there anything in that process that
是违反39条劳作禁忌的 violates any of the 39 prohibited labors
至少我就找不出来 I, at least, can not find any
所以我有点疑惑 So I am a little puzzled by
他们在批评什么 what are they criticizing him for?
除非你说 Unless you are gonna say
他们违反了 They gets caught on the
非美活动委员会的某种条款 House Un-American Activities-type clause
这是反美的 It's un-American
我找不到任何违反 In that way, I can't find any violation of
禁忌的地方 anything anywhere
但是这是反美的 But it's un-American
而我们犹太人不会在安息日做这些 Similarly, we Jews don't do this on the Sabbath
我必须要说 It's, you know, here I have to say
这是正确的反应 It's the right reflection
这是错的 我们不会这样做 It's just not right, we don't do this
这看起来是批评的原因 对吧 That seems to be the basis of criticism, right?
为什么不能在一周中的其他时间治疗 Why should he heal some other day of the week?
为什么非要在安息日治疗 We have to heal on the Sabbath?
所以实际上你看到的 So, that in fact, is some the rhetoric
这些段落里面的一些说辞 you see in some of these passages
都是含糊不清的 It's all very cryptic
我觉得有趣的是 For me, the interesting thing is
这些故事假设在犹太人的社会中 the stories presume general observance
对于安息日律法的遵守是普遍行为 of the Sabbath rules out there in Judean society
这被认为是一个准则 Right? This is taken as a norm
这是一个准则能够 Is this the setting with Jesus
被犹太人遵守的环境 the norm is functioning
这是一个 Is this the setting
所有人都遵守安息日的环境 which everybody observes the Sabbath
这是约翰福音第5章第10节的段落 It is a passage from the John 5:10
今天是安息日 It is Sabbath, it is not lawful
你拿褥子是不可的 for you to carry your mat
犹太人对那个瘸子说 The Jews say to the cripple
正要被医治的那个人 who is about to be healed
或者已经被治好的那个人 or who has just been healed
那天太阳下山的时候 That evening at sunset
他们把所有病人都抬来了 they brought him all who were sick
为什么要太阳下山 Why at sunset?
因为太阳下山安息日就结束了 Cos Sabbath is over at sunset
太阳下山安息日结束 So at sunset the Sabbath is over
这个时候大家从家里面出来 and that's when people to come out
把那些病人都带到耶稣那里去 and bring him there those sick to be healed
然后犹太教堂的人对大家说 So then the ruler of the synagogue says to people
有六天的时间可以做事情 There are six days in which work ought to be done
在那些日子来治病 Come on those days and be cured
不要在安息日 not on the Sabbath
这正是我想要说的 This is actually what I would say
在一周的其他六天里面 You know, pick some other six days
挑一天来治病 of the week you can be healed
不要非在安息日 Don't have to do on the Sabbath
但是有一个故事 Okay, there is one story though
很明显是在说遵守安息日的 which clearly unambiguous deals with
法律方面的问题 the legal observances of the Sabbath
我们可以看到 And here we can see
这是严肃的讨论 We actually have a real serious discussion
不止是不符合 Not just, it's not appropriate
安息日的精神 to the spirit of the Sabbath
而且涉及到实际的法律问题 There's an actual legal issue involved
这就是著名的关于门徒 That's the famous story of disciples
在安息日收获的故事 plucking grain on the Sabbath
如果是古英语翻译 If you have an old English translation
会说是玉米 it will say corn
但是这里的玉米是英国的玉米 But corn in that case is English corn, right
而在美国叫做小麦 Which is what we call wheat
不要和美国的玉米弄混 Don't confuse it with the American corn
我们用另外一个词maize(玉米) what should be called maize
这是常见的译法 If you have normal translation
这个故事来自马可福音第2章 Okay, here it is, from Mark 2
在安息日耶稣 One Sabbath, Jesus was
从麦地经过 going through the grainfields
他的门徒行路的时候 and as his disciples walked along
掐了麦穗 they began to pick some heads of grain
也有翻译成 扯下麦穗 Some translations, pluck heads of grain
法利赛人对耶稣说 The Pharisees said to him
看那 他们在安息日 Look, why are they doing
为什么做不可做的事呢 what is unlawful on the Sabbath
同学们 Okay, class
掐麦穗是在安息日不可做的事情吗 is picking grain unlawful on the Sabbath?
是的 Yes
是的 这是什么劳作 Yes, it is a labor of
那些想烤面包的人吗 from those who want and gonna bake bread?
好吧 我接受这个说法 Alright, I'll accept that
不是太准确 That's not very precise
是那些想要烤面包的人 one of those ones that you do to bake bread
是的 没错 Yeah, exactly, right
这是哪一条 Which is that one?
收割 Reaping?
收割 Reaping
掐麦穗是收获的子集 So plucking grain is a subset of harvesting
或者说收割 or reaping
还记得我说过吧 Remember I told you this
我提前埋下了伏笔 I prepared you for this moment, right?
掐麦穗是一种收割 Plucking is a kind of reaping
所以是被禁止的 So it is prohibited
他们开始掐麦穗 They began to pick some heads of grain
几年前我在同一门课上 I asked, a few years ago
讨论过这个问题 I discussed in the same class
一位来自印第安纳州的本科生 A undergraduate form Indiana
知道这些东西 她说 who knows such things, said
实际上你可以嚼小麦的麦粒 In fact, you can chew wheat kernels
没长成的就可以 If they are young
实际上可以揪下来嚼 You can, in fact, pluck them, and chew them
可以获得一定的营养价值 or receive a certain nutrition value from it
她说有点像是嚼口香糖 Something like chewing gum, she said
嚼劲儿和口香糖差不多 The consistency is like chewing gum
实际上如果你饿了 One, in fact, if you are hungry
可以嚼麦粒 you can in fact chew
掐下 嚼麦粒 pluck, chew wheat kernels
一个来自印第安纳州的女孩 So a girl from Indiana knows
知道这说的是什么 where and what speaks
我们可以假设 That's what we are presumably
他说的就是这个道理 he talking about here too
门徒们在安息日 The disciples are plucking fresh grain
掐了麦芽 on the Sabbath
然后耶稣说 So then he answered
你们没有读过 Have you never read
大卫在亚比亚他所做的事吗 what David did at Abiathar
等等等 bla bla bla
我不打算 I am not gonna go
我没有时间都读一遍 I don't have time to deal with it right now
第27节 Verse 27
耶稣对他们说 Then he said to them
安息日是为人设立的 The Sabbath was made for man
或者人类 现在这样翻译 or humanity, we would translate nowadays
人不是为安息日设立的 Not man, humanity, for the Sabbath
第27节 28节 Verse 27, verse 28
人子也是安息日的主 So the Son of Man is Lord even of the Sabbath
如果你是基督徒 Know here, if you were a Christian
可能你会说 perhaps you would say
在这里我看到了一些更有原则的 Here I see something approximating
对于安息日律法的抵制 a more principle rejection of Sabbath law
也许吧 Maybe
作为犹太人 As a Jewish reader
我对这个故事有些疑惑 I am now a little puzzled by the story
因为我看到了冲突的信号 cos I get conflicting signals
一方面 必须要问自己 One the one hand, you have to ask yourselves
那些门徒们为什么要 Why are they, disciples
在安息日掐麦穗 plucking grain on the Sabbath
为什么耶稣原谅了他们 And why is Jesus excusing them
为他们道歉 apologizing them?
如果他们要饿死了 If they are about to drop dead of hunger
是不是就允许 Would it be permitted for them
在安息日掐麦穗了呢 to pluck grain on the Sabbath?
是的 Yes
就算是遵循拉比律法 Even according to the strictest interpretation
最严格的解读 of the rabbinic law
如果你要饿死了 If you are about to drop dead of hunger
或者如果在安息日确实有生命危险 Or indeed, if your life is in danger on the Sabbath
在安息日要怎么做呢 What do we do on the Sabbath?
我们违反安息日律法 We violate the Sabbath
违反安息日律法 对吧 We violate the Sabbath, right?
到今天也是如此 That is true to this day
如果有个女人要生孩子 So if a woman is in child birth
就要叫救护车 you call an ambulance
把她抬上车 you get her in the car
送到医院去 and drive her to the hospital
怎么样去医院是一个 What you should do when you get to
比较棘手的问题 the hospital is a tricky problem
但是我先不讨论这个 But I won't discuss that right now
不管怎么样 你拿上钱包 But anyway, you get your wallet
开上车把你的妻子送到医院去 you take your wife and drive her to hospital
如果有人生病了 叫救护车 Someone is sick, you call an ambulance
我们不用担心安息日律法 Right, we don't worry about the Sabbath laws
因为人的生命 because human life
比安息日更加重要 takes precedence over the Sabbath
而且耶稣也确实说了 And indeed, this phrase of Jesus here
安息日是为人设立的 The Sabbath is made for humanity
人不是为安息日设立的 not humanity for the Sabbath
这里有一个值得注意的类似理论 There is a remarkable parallel to it
我给大家的阅读材料里面提到了 which I gave you the reference too on the handout
R. Simeon b. Menasyah说 R. Simeon b. Menasyah says
圣经说你应该遵循安息日 Scripture says you shall keep
因为它对你来说是神圣的 the Sabbath for it is holy to you
安息日是为你设立 The Sabbath is given to you
但是你不是为安息日设立的 But you are not given to the Sabbath
拉比们说 Now rabbis says that
我们不是说 He's not saying that to say
我们需要抛弃安息日律法 we need to do, put away Sabbath laws
这句话的重点是在说 The point of that comment rather is
如果有生命危险 In health emergency
你的生命比安息日的优先级要高 your life takes precedence over the Sabbath
他这样说是因为 And he's saying that because
在古代有一些严格的 there are some strict Jewish legalese
犹太法律 out there in antiquity
会说 不要救 would have said, no
死就死吧 就这样吧 You drop dead, that's all
很不幸 It's unfortunate
但是必须要遵循律法 but you have to observe the law
而违反这种趋势 So against that tendency
拉比对这个律法的解释 the rabbis have said this law
违反这种趋势 我认为 And against that tendency, I think
是耶稣的评论 is the Jesus comment
如果他的门徒要饿死了 So if his disciples are starving to death
我可以理解 Then I understand
从拉比的观点来说 from the rabbinic point of view
整个故事都说得通 the whole story makes perfect sense
如果他不是要饿死了 If he's not starving to death
从上下文看确实不太像 which seems unlikely in context
那就不用担心了 Then I'm off the worry
那么耶稣在这个故事里面到底做了什么 So what exactly is Jesus doing in this little story?
特别是第28节 And especially true for verse 28
第2章第28节 人子 也就是耶稣 2:28, the son of man, Jesus
也是安息日的主 is lord even of the Sabbath
后来的基督徒理解成 which later Christians understood to mean
耶稣废弃了安息日禁忌 Jesus is setting aside the Sabbath prohibitions
类似马可福音中的一节 Akin to the verse in Mark
上帝宣称各样的食物都是洁净的 Thus he declare all foods clean
后来的基督徒理解成 Which later Christians understood to mean
食物律法被废弃了 The food laws have been setting aside
他们把这个故事理解为 They understood this to mean
安息日律法被废弃了 the Sabbath laws have been setting aside
这是个微妙的关于律法的故事 Okay, it's a tricky law story
故事流露出来一些冲突的信号 with conflicting signals to being set out
我不是很确定应该如何理解 I'm not quite sure how to read it
我不太确定 I'm not quite sure
故事原本的意图是什么 what the original intent of the story is
但是我确实知道 You know, I do understand
后来的基督徒是如何解读的 how later Christians read it
这一点很清楚 That's very clear to me
但是我不确定的是 But I'm not sure that is thoroughly
这段情节的原本含义是什么 what this story originally meant in context
或者说这段叙事 or its narrative context
这一点我不能完全确定 That I'm not completely sure
但是不管怎么样 就是这个故事 But anyway, that's the story
成为了争论的焦点 That's the smoking gun
你想要讨论耶稣 You want to discuss Jesus
怎么样废除安息日律法的 setting aside these Sabbath laws?
你就应该研究这个段落 马可福音第2章 This is the passage you will study, Mark 2
有什么心得体会吗 Okay, any observations on that?
有什么想法 Any bright ideas
怎么样去理解这个故事里面 how to figure out, disentangle this
流露出来的那种冲突信号 conflicting signals that the story is sending out?
第2章23节非常重要 Right, 2:23 is a remarkable thing
安息日是为人设立的 等等 Right, the Sabbath is humanity, etc.
其他拉比 耶稣 The other rabbis, and Jesus are in
也都完全同意 complete agreement
如果耶稣和拉比的观点一致 If he means what they mean
好吧 没有天才的心得体会 Alright, no brilliant observations, okay
如果你突然有了灵感 If you have any flashes of inspiration
怎么样解决故事里面的冲突 告诉我 how to disentangle the story, let me know
我很想听听 I will curiously hear about it
因为我对安息日律法非常感兴趣 as I'm much interested in the Sabbath law
大卫 你有什么心得 Okay, David, you have an observation?
请说 Yes
我只是在想 I'm just wondering
在当时 耶稣活着的时候 at about this time, during the life of Jesus
与之对应的 当基督教 would later, when Christianity
开始运动 兴起的时候 as opposed to this Jesus movement, or rises
在犹太教里面 How much legal skepticism
有多少怀疑论存在 is floating around in Judaism?
假设耶稣确实 Assuming that Jesus does really
反对安息日律法 doesn't agree the Sabbath laws
他是唯一反对的人吗 Is he the only person doing this?
还有其他人也在反对吗 Are there other people doing this?
非常好的问题 Excellent question
这就是为什么我注意到福音书里面的故事 That's why I observed that the gospel stories
想当然认为 take it as a given that
在当时的犹太社会 in Jewish society of the time
犹太人遵循安息日律法 Jews observing the Sabbath, right
所以有多少犹太人会 So how many Jews would be running around
故意跑出去做这个事情 to make a point of deliberately
在安息日掐麦穗 plucking grain on the Sabbath?
在公共场合 当着大家的面 In public, in front of the crowd?
也就是这个故事的重点 which is the point of the story
为什么他们这么做 And why are they doing that?
只是想讨人厌吗 Just to be noxious?
所以 这一点要怎么解释 So what, you know, what to explain that?
很难理解 Hard to know
我的意思是 你问的是 I mean, you are asking about
犹太人社会中的异常问题 the problem of deviance in Judean society
很难理解 Right, it's hard to know
在犹大地区能有多少异常事件 how much deviance you can attribute
据我所知不太多 as far as we know in Judea, not much
也许亚历山大犹太人流散区会不太一样 Maybe Alexandria Diaspora would be different
远离他们的故乡 outside their homeland
但是在犹大 But in Judea
据我们所以不太多 as far as we know not much
我并不是在暗示 Not that I'm suggesting
所有的犹太人都会同意彼此 all Jews would agree with each other of course
对于律法的解读 in interpreting the laws
哈哈哈 Hahahaha
肯定不会 Hardly not
更不要说那个时候有 Not the day there were different
大量不同的学派 教派 large number of schools and sects
运动和组织 and movements and groups
当然有很多 Of course there were, yes of course
但是尽管如此 But nonetheless
也没有异常迹象表明 there's not deviance in the sense
这些人是在抗拒律法 that people who were rejecting the law
这也是为什么后来的基督徒会 That's how these disciples were understood
理解成那些门徒 later on by Christian readers
是在抗拒律法 they are rejecting the law
这就是为什么他们在安息日掐麦穗 That's why they are plucking grain on the Sabbath
我不确定 I don't really know
这就是为什么我说 That's why I say that I'm not sure
我不确定故事里面到底 I understand what's going on here
说的是什么 exactly in the story
我指的是原文 In its original context
后来的解读 我都能理解 What it later means, I understand
等到公元二世纪 And by the time the rabbis came around
拉比活跃时期 in the second century
听不到有异常行为 we don't hear the deviance
在犹太社会里面基本上听不到 we barely hear the deviance at all
有异常行为 in Judean society
还有问题吗 Okay? Other questions?
很好 咱们继续 Good, now let's go
这就是关于耶稣的素材 So that's the Jesus material
如果你是基督徒 So interested, if you are a Christian
对基督教和安息日感兴趣 you are interested in Christianity and the Sabbath
你要学习的和研究的段落 the passage you want to study
就是马克福音第2章 and reflect upon is Mark 2
这是主要的故事 Alright, that's the main story
好了 星期六和星期日 Okay, Saturday and Sunday
接下来我们看看基督教的观点 Now we'll go and see what happens to this
以及我们的朋友犹斯丁都做了什么工作 in Christianity and see our friend Justin at work
但是为了让一切 But here again, to keep the story
确保我们讨论的内容清楚 不与其他混淆 Make sure we keep things clear and separate
我们需要明白 We will need to realize
当我们说到基督教的安息日仪式 when we talk about Christian observance of
或者说是星期六 the Sabbath, or Saturday
我们需要非常清楚 We need to be very clear of ourselves
我们讨论的是什么 What are we talking about?
我们讨论的是星期六 安息日 Are we talking about Saturday, the Seventh Day
作为劳作禁忌的一天 as a day of prohibited labor?
39条劳作禁忌的一天 The day of 39 prohibited labors
我们上周讲过的 which we've talked about last week?
也就是休息日 Namely day of rest?
还是在讨论安息日 Or are we talking about the Sabbath
积极的一面 in its positive side
是祈祷的日子 是学习圣经的日子 The day of prayer, the day of study of Scripture
是喜乐之日 The day of delight?
或者是以上这些的组合 Or some combinations of that
我们讨论的是什么 What are we talking about?
或者用基督徒的说法 Or put it in Christian language
是礼拜之日 the day of worship?
我们并不是小心地讨论 So don't just talk about deliberately
基督徒和安息日 about the Christians and the Sabbath
以及安息日的两个不同的方面 and the two very different aspects to the Sabbath
我们需要让这两方面分开来 We need to keep these strings separate
也就是我努力要做的 which I'm going to try to do
先来说说星期日 Let's first begin with Sunday
先把安息日放到一边 leaving aside the Sabbath a moment
星期日是作为基督徒的礼拜日出现的 Sunday was emerging as a day of Christian worship
星期日也被称为主日 Okay, Sunday is also known as Lord's Day
是主的日子 Right, the day of Lord's Day
如果你懂拉丁语系的语言 If you are Romance language speakers
会对这个很熟悉 对吧 You are familiar with this, right?
也就是Dimanche 星期日 This is what you mean by Dimanche, so on
是主的安息日 This is the seventh day of the Lord
星期日 主日 it's Sunday, Lord's Day
这一点大家都同意 So, on this point, everybody agrees
研究这个问题的学者都同意 that all scholars of the subject agree
有很多 you have the gradual
早期星期日是以特殊的礼拜日 Early on, Sunday emerges within Christian society
出现在基督教社会中的 as a day of special worship
我说的不是休息日 I'm not talking about the day of rest
不是劳作 talking about labor
我说的不是这个 I'm not talking about that
我说的不是星期六 I'm not talking about my Saturday, now
我说的是星期日是以 I'm talking about Sunday emerging
基督教的礼拜日出现的 as a Christian day of worship
这在早期基督教就开始了 This begins early on in Christianity
在新约里面可以看到 you see various references here
很多的参考资料 in the New Testament itself
一般都会使用 where it already refers to
主日这个短语 the phrase, the Lord's Day
这个短语其实 is actually the phrase itself
在启示录里面已经出现了 appears in Revelation, right
所以星期日很早就在 So Sunday already emerges early on
基督教的社会中出现了 within the Christian society
在公元一世纪的时候 in first century of our era
作为一个特殊的基督教日期出现 as a special Christian Day
为什么 星期日有什么特别的 Why? What special about Sunday?
比较明显的答案是 The obvious answer is
星期日的出现和复活节的出现 The rise of Sunday is connected with
是有关联的 the rise of Easter
因为星期日是基督复活的日子 Cos Sunday is a day of Christ resurrection
我们会在 We'll talk about this in
后面几周讲到这个问题 a couple of weeks down the road
基督在星期五被处决 Right, Christ would have been crucified
然后死去了 and dies on Friday
从福音书年表来看 That's almost 100% sure
这基本上是100%确定的 from the gospel chronologies, right
基督死去然后复活 Christ dies and is resurrected
抱歉 基督被处决 死去 Sorry, he's crucified, died
然后在星期五被埋葬 and he's buried on Friday
然后基督在星期天的 Right, and then Christ is resurrected
早晨复活了 early Sunday morning
或者你坚持说是在星期六晚上 Or if you insist, Saturday evening
基督复活了 这是三天 He's resurrected, that's in three days
星期五 星期六 星期日 Friday, Saturday, Sunday
所以基督在星期日复活 So the Christ is resurrected on Sunday
在早期基督徒就相信 So early on, the Christian believe
基于此 星期日 Connected with that, then Sunday
会以一个特殊的基督教日期出现 therefore emerges as a special Christian Day
或者说这一天对于基督徒很特别 or the day that is special to Christians
是用来纪念基督的复活的 memorizing Christ's resurrection
而节日 每年庆祝的节日 And the festival, the annual festival of that
用来纪念的节日 remembrance of that moment is
当然就是复活节 of course Easter
接下来几周 We'll talk about that
会讲到这方面的内容 in a couple of weeks down the road
所以整个轨迹很清楚 So that trajectory is very clear
所有人的同意 Everybody agrees
星期日在早期的 the emergence of Sunday
基督教社会中就以 as a Christian worship day
礼拜日出现了 is early in Christian society
公元一世纪就已经这样了 First century, already
星期日的出现 And it's emerging
从公元一世纪就已经开始 It's beginning as an onward ascent
渐渐显现 地位越来越突出 into Christian prominence already in the 1st century
那么星期六怎么办呢 Okay, where does that leave Saturday?
我不确定 I'm not sure
但是我知道星期日发生了什么 对吧 But I know what has happened as to Sunday, right?
我会把赌注压在星期日的未来上 So my future betting money is on Sunday
星期日会很重要 This is gonna go places
现在我们来说说 Now let's talk about
星期六接下来怎么样了 what's going to happen on Saturday
我们基督徒还要继续遵循星期六吗 So do we Christians still observe Saturday
现在我们有了星期日 now that we have Sunday
而且地位越来越突出 emerging at greater and greater prominence
作为礼拜仪式的地位也很高 into great liturgical ritual prominence?
我们基督徒还要遵循星期六吗 Right, do we Christians still observe Saturday
没有人把星期日叫做安息日 Nobody is calling Sunday Sabbath
星期日是主日 Sunday is the Lord's Day
我们基督徒要怎么对待安息日 So what do we Christians do with the Sabbath
或者说得直白点儿 犹太人的安息日 or to put it more bluntly, the Jewish Sabbath?
安息日 The Sabbath Day
有一个很有趣的结论 So here are the interesting observations
安息日是休息日 Sabbath is a day of rest
其实在十诫中出现了 is the only one of ten commandments
而新约却没有确认这一点 not confirmed by the New Testament
如果你去看十诫 And if you go look at the ten commandments
当然可以有各种的计算方法 which of course can be counted in different ways
有多种排列的方法 All various ten in one way or another
都是被耶稣确认的 are confirmed by Jesus
唯一一条在新约中没有 The only one that does not receives confirmation
被接受确认的就是这条 in the New Testament is this one
要纪念安息日 Remember the Sabbath Day
以安息日为圣日 The Sabbath Day to keep it holy
不要在安息日做任何重要的工作 Don't do any matter of work on the Sabbath Day
新约对这个主题保持了沉默 New Testament is silent on that subject
如果你问我们基督徒 So, what do Christians do with that
要如何对待第四条戒律 fourth commandment, you ask
不要担心 不要担心 Okay, don't worry, don't worry
他们可以解决的 They can handle it, right
但是要记住 But okay, remember things
不要只看字面意思 are not what they appear
需要经过解读 Things need to be interpreted
所以我们如何处理 So what do we do with
在安息日休息这件事 their rest on the seventh day
我们基督徒也在安息日休息吗 Do we Christians rest on the seventh day?
还记得我们的朋友巴纳巴斯吗 Well, remember our friend Barnabas
谁能告诉我巴纳巴斯的活跃年代 Someone remind me when Barnabas is?
期中考试快到了 你们应该知道这个 Mid-term is coming, you should know this
巴纳巴斯的活跃年代 Right, when is Barnabas?
没错 在公元132年之后 Right, sometime after 132
似乎可以参考下巴克巴战争 Here you seem to refer to the Bar Kochba war
巴纳巴斯的书信集被叫做 So Barnabas, the epistles of Barnabas as it's called
应该是布道 不是书信集 probably sermon, not epistle
巴纳巴斯的布道是在 The sermon of Barnabas is around
公元130年左右 130 something, or so CE
比我们的朋友犹斯丁早了一代人的时间 There was a generation before our friend Justin
犹斯丁在什么年代写作的 who is writing around when?
公元160年 很好 160, good
在公元160年左右 Right, around 160 or so CE
从基督教文献来看 巴纳巴斯比犹斯丁 So Barnabas stands at another Christian document
早了大概一代人时间 about a generation earlier than Justin
我们已经看到过 Okay, so Barnabas, already
巴纳巴斯对于 we've already saw him
食物律法的观点 in connection with the food laws
关于食物律法美妙的寓言式解读 the wonderful allegory of the food laws
我们也参考过他 We saw him with reference
对于割礼的一些简单看法 also briefly to the circumcision, right?
巴纳巴斯争论说 Barnabas is arguing that
犹太人对于圣经的解读 when the Jews interpret the Scripture
其实都是错误的解读 Literally, they are misinterpreting it
上帝从来没有 God never intended
想让圣经被从字面理解 these things to be taken literally
这就是他的主要观点 That is his major approach
他在这里也持有同样的观点 He has a same kind of argument here too
犹太人误读了圣经 The Jews misunderstand Scripture
上帝从来没有想让安息日戒律 God never intended the Sabbath commandment
从字面理解 to be taken literally
这肯定只是象征 It's all meant to be symbolic
这就是安息日是 Okay, this is the notion that
第八天的概念 the Sabbath is the eighth day
我们知道 here we know
巴纳巴斯对于第八天 Barnabas has a whole long discussion
做了很多讨论 about the eighth
后来的基督徒也赞同第八天 Later Christians also play up on the eighth
第七天在上帝眼中非常不错 Seventh day is great in God's eyes
但是第八天 But the eighth day
七加一 更加重要 seven plus one, it's bigger
更好 It's better
所以我们看到了星期天 Right, so that language that we see
是第八天的说法 the Sunday as the eighth day
用基督徒的另外一种说法是 which is another Christian way of saying
用来取代安息日 replacing the seventh day
这个观点很了不起 Right, that is marvelous
好了 但是我没有要求大家读巴纳巴斯 Okay, but I didn't ask you to read Barnabas
这只是一些摘要 So that's just a few brief notes
我让大家去读犹斯丁了 I asked you to read our friend Justin
犹斯丁如何应对 What does Justin do with
在安息日休息 rest on the seventh day?
这里有一系列的讨论 Here we have a series of arguments
很类似 that are similar to
没有发展得这么完善 not as developed as
不过很类似于他对 but similar to this kind of arguments
割礼问题的讨论 he has in connection with circumcision
你们肯定知道 Right, you know exactly
他要怎么说 where he has to wind up
他会这样说 He's gonna wind up by saying
我们基督徒不需要遵循 we Christians do not need to observe
安息日的劳作禁忌 the labor prohibitions on the seventh day
古人不需要遵循安息日 Ancient worthies found favor in God's eyes
也获得了上帝的青睐 without observing the Sabbath
就像古人没有受过割礼 Just as ancient worthies found favor in God's eyes
也获得了上帝的青睐 without being circumcised
还记得这个讨论吗 Remember that argument?
不是一模一样的说法 It's not exactly the same argument
安息日是要把犹太人标记出来 The Sabbath is a sign to mark out the Jews
就像割礼是个记号 Just as circumcision is a sign
把犹太人标记了出来 to mark out the Jews
还有谁在安息日停止工作 Who else lies around idle on the Sabbath day?
只有犹太人 Just the Jews
这个时候还没有周末 You never heard weekends yet
不要忘了这点 Don't forget, right?
只有犹太人 Just the Jews
就像谁受过割礼了 Just as who is circumcised
只有犹太人 Just the Jews
因为上帝要把他们标记出来惩罚他们 Because Lord is marking out for punishment
这是一样的母题 Right, this is same motif
我们已经见过了这个母题 We've already saw that motif
由摩西提出以赛亚确认 Given by Moses and reaffirmed by Isaiah
因为你们的铁石心肠 because of the hardness of your heart
这也是为什么上帝让你们行割礼 That's why God gave you circumcision too
因为你们犹太人需要被时时提醒 cos you Jews need these constant reminder
这些来自上帝的惩罚 of these punishment from God, right?
这些事情本身并没有意义 These are, don't have value in and out of themselves
这些不是救世 They are not salvific
这只是让他们一直疲于应付 Right, they just make work these assignments
就像是你们的老师 Just like the way your teachers
在学校让你们做的 tought you in school
写50遍 我不会在上课的时候说话 Right, 50 times, I will not talk there in class
根本没有任何意义 It doesn't have any value
只是为了工作而工作 So work for the purpose of the work
是一种惩罚 It's punishment
安息日和割礼是一样的 Sabbath, just like circumcision
上帝想要一个永远的安息日 So God wants a perpetual Sabbath
犹斯丁在这里 And this now, Justin here
提出了一个天才的讨论 actually hits upon a brilliant argument
成为了基督徒从那时 which will become the standard
一直到现在的一个标准答案 Christian argument from that day to this
新的律法要求 The new law requires you
永远遵守安息日 to keep perpetual Sabbath
你们犹太人只是停下来一天 You are on, you Jews are idle for one day
就以为很虔诚了 and think your hard stuff
这不是上帝真正想要的 That's not what God really wants
上帝想让你们每一天都停下来 God wants you to be idle everyday
停下来是什么意思 停止罪恶 Idle in what sense? Idle from sin
停止从事你自己的劳作 Idle from pursuing your own labor
而为上帝劳作 instead working for God
这才是上帝真正想要的 That's what God really wants
每一天都是安息日 Every day is to be a Sabbath
你们犹太人因为 So you Jews have proud of yourselves
每周停止一天就感到很自豪 cos you take off one day a week
我们基督徒一周七天 We Christians, we have seven days
都献给上帝 devoted to God
这种观点以某种方式 This will become one way or another
成为了基督徒解读 the standard Christian reading of
第四条戒律的标准 the fourth commandment
说到的是七 It says seven
不是第七天的意思 But it doesn't mean the seventh
而是所有的 It means all
是每一天 It means every day
我在第一天的课上就说了 As I told you the first day in class
这门课都是关于解读的 This course is all about interpretation
圣经的含义 Scripture means what
是由解读者解读的 the interpreter says it means
不要和我说 Don't come and tell me
圣经没有这样说啊 But it doesn't say that
我知道没有这样说 I know it doesn't say that
但是这成为了基督徒 But this becomes the standard Christian
标准的解读方法 mode of, mode of reading
上帝想让每一天都是安息日 That God desires the Sabbath everyday
安息日意味着 停止 The Sabbath meaning, idleness
停止意味着 Idleness meaning
当然你要做完你的工作 of course you get your work done
但是要停止罪恶 But idle from sin
不要沾染上罪恶的事情 you keep your hands away from sin
要把你的心献给上帝 you keep your hearts devoted to God
这才是真正的安息日 That's the real Sabbath
当然对于虔诚的基督徒来说 and that of course is meant to be every day
就是每一天 for a pious Christian
犹斯丁还有另外一个 And then Justin has another
非同凡响的有趣讨论 extraordinarily interesting argument
如果上帝想让大家遵循安息日 If God really wanted observance of the Sabbath
他不应该让 he would not have had
神庙还在那一天运作 the temple function on that day
说说看 上帝想让祭司 Tell me, the God wish the priests to sin
在安息日献上祭品而沾染罪恶吗 when they offer the sacrifices on the Sabbath?
或者那些行割礼的 Or those to sin, who were circumcised
在安息日行割礼的罪恶 and circumcise on the Sabbath?
等等 etc., etc.
如果上帝知道从事 If God know this is a sinful act
这些行为是罪恶的 to operate these things
为什么他还允许这些事情 Why would he allow these things?
这是意译 大家可以看下具体段落 Paraphrasing, briefly you can see the passage
我还有一个观点 Now I hear a backup to a point
上周没怎么详细讲 which I didn't quite get to last week
是在Goldenberg的阅读材料里面 But it's in your Goldenberg reading
还记得39条吗 Remember these 39
神秘的39条劳作禁忌 mysterious 39 prohibited labors?
密西拿没有告诉我们这些是从何而来 The Mishnah didn't tell us where they come from
在圣经里面也没有引用 Doesn't cite in Scripture
基本上没有合理的证据 doesn't give you a rational argumentation
只是列出来了 It simply list it
然后你们自己决定如何应对 And you figure out what to do with it
这是典型的密西拿的风格 特别让人讨厌 in a typical, infuriating style of the Mishnah
而塔木德 当然是 The Talmud, of course
拉比传统的另外一个层次 the next layer of rabbinic tradition
对密西拿进行注解 commenting on the Mishnah
试图弄明白 trying to understand
这些东西从哪里来的 where do these stuff come from
塔木德给出的关于 And one answer the Talmud gives
39条劳作禁忌的一个答案是 in connection with the 39 prohibited labors
39条劳作禁忌 is the 39 prohibited labors are
是那些劳作 those labors which
在神龛里面执行的劳作 were performed in the tabernacle
还记得神龛吗 Remember the tabernacle?
什么是神龛 What's a tabernacle?
在荒野中可以移动的神龛帐篷 Portable tent shrine in the wilderness
以色列人 摩西 神龛帐篷 Israelites, Moses, tent shrine
出埃及记 民数记 Book of Exodus, Numbers
很好 完全正确 Okay, good, that's full credit
这就是神龛 That's tabernacle, right
回到前面我说的 So back to where I am
根据塔木德说的 So according to the Talmud
这些劳作是以色列人为了 Those labors that Israelites needed to
竖起神龛而要做的事情 perform it in order to erect the tabernacle
为了神龛能够运作起来 in order for the tabernacle to run
这些劳作 Those are labors
什么是劳作 什么不是劳作 答案是 What is a labor, what is not a labor, answer?
如果一种行为是为了 If it's activity, it needed to happen
让神龛能够被支起来 for the tabernacle to be erected
神龛能够运作 the tabernacle to function
圣经中把这些称为劳作 That is defined by Scripture as labor
这些正是我们犹太人 And that is precisely what we Jews
在安息日不能做的 may not do on the Sabbath
与之相反的是因为这些 the mirror image because that is
是在神龛里面发生的事情 what is happening in the tabernacle
因为神龛在安息日运作 Because the tabernacle runs on the Sabbath
所以安息日有点像 So the Sabbath is a kind of
神龛像是中间的一个绿洲 This tabernacle is like an oasis in the middle
被安息日的各种仪式包围着 surrounded all around by Sabbath observance
但是在神龛里面 But in the tabernacle itself
动物被屠杀 火被看护着 Animals are slaughtered, the fire is tended
皮毛被剥去 leather and skin is flayed
所有这些事情都是禁忌 all those things happen there prohibited
但是发生在神龛里面 But it happened in the tabernacle
所以神龛和安息日 So the tabernacle and the Sabbath
有点像是对立的共同体 are sort of mutual antipodal entities
每一个都是神圣的 Each one is sacred
每一个都是神圣的来源 each one is the source of holiness
但却是对立的 But they are antipodal
这些就是Tomson That's what Tomson says
对于密西拿的评价 in connection with the Mishnah
39条劳作禁忌 a list of 39
这就是这39条的出处 That's where the 39 comes from
安息日是神庙的对立面 The Sabbath, as a kind of anti-temple
神庙是安息日的对立面 The temple is a kind of anti-Sabbath
而犹斯丁对此的分析 There's a remarkable parallel
惊人地相似 to that here in Justin
犹斯丁的观点 where Justin suggested
是反过来用这个论据 using the argument in the reverse
如果上帝想让大家遵守安息日 If God really want the observance of the Sabbath
那么神庙也应该关掉 then the temple should also have closed down
神庙其实是站在了安息日的对立面 The temple is, in fact, oppositional to the Sabbath
但是犹斯丁用这个观点证明 But Justin uses that point to prove
我们其实不需要遵守安息日 that we don't really need to observe the Sabbath
类似地马太福音里面 Similar to the point also in the Matthew
有一个和马可福音相同的故事 a parallel to the story of Mark
关于掐麦穗的那个 about plucking grain
马太为他的 where Matthew says to
门徒辩护说 in defense for his disciples
这是比神庙更加重要的东西 something greater than the temple is here
当门徒和我在一起的时候 When the disciples are with me
我们可以把安息日放到一边 we can put aside the Sabbath
就像是神庙里面的祭司 the same way the priests in the temple
把安息日放到了一边 put aside the Sabbath
所以我们有了一个关于安息日 So we have here an ancient argument
和神庙的古老的争论 about Sabbath and temple
或者说安息日和神龛似乎 or Sabbath and tabernacle seems to be
被理解成对立的共同体 understood to be mutually antipodal entities
犹斯丁用来证明 And Justin is using it to prove
我们不要需要遵循 that we don't really need to observe
安息日律法 the Sabbath laws
而拉比在塔木德里面用来证明 And the rabbis, in the Talmud used it to prove
这就是我们如何知道劳作禁忌的 That's how we know what is prohibited
有些自相矛盾 但是这些就是安息日 Paradoxically, but that which is performed
在神庙里面执行的事情 on the Sabbath in the temple
这些就是我们的知道的 That's what we know is
在神庙外面被禁止的事情 prohibited outside the temple
再一次我可以想象这里 Once again, I could imagine here
有一个非常好的争论 a good argument
如果我把各种观点都摆出来 Right, if I get them all on the table
不知道到底发生了什么 Don't know whatever happened
但是至少在书上可以看到 but I can see on paper at least
一个非常好的争论 the good argument
这也是我们怎么样理解神庙 How we understand relationship
和安息日的关系 of temple to Sabbath
好了 这个要点讲完了 Okay, so just finished that point
星期日是以基督教的礼拜日出现的 Sunday is emerging as a Christian worship day
第二点 Point two, we have
在公元二世纪的时候 by the 2nd century of our era
巴纳巴斯和犹斯丁 our friends Barnabas and Justin
非常清楚地公开讨论 are very clear undisguised polemic
说我们基督徒不需要 saying that we Christians don't need to
担心安息日律法 worry about the Sabbath laws
劳作禁忌 prohibited labors
这些只对犹太人有效 Those are only for Jews
或者说不是对所有人 Or perhaps, it weren't for anybody
犹太人完全误读了这些 Jews, they misunderstood them altogether
好了 有问题吗 Okay, questions on this?
这些都可以说是很深奥的问题 These are very deep waters we are assuming
你们明白吧 you understand, right?
这里有的很多重要的东西 对吧 There are a lot of big things going on here, yes?
迎合我一下说是的 Just humor me and say yes
是的 Yes
很好 Good, okay
接下来我们 Then we come to the
来讲最有趣的部分 most interesting part of the story
天啊 Cohen教授 这些都很有趣 Gee, Professor Cohen, these are all interesting
是的 我知道 但是 Yes, I know, but
和其他那些都一样有趣 Just as interesting as the rest
今天的观众都不配合 Tough crowd here today, right
星期日是休息日 Which is, Sunday is a day of rest
星期日是做礼拜的日子 我们已经讲过了 Sunday is a day of worship, we've already have
基督徒不需要担心这个 That the Christians don't need to worry about
星期六是休息日 Saturday is a day of rest
我们也讲过了 We've taken care of
有一些古老的基督徒组织 There were some Christian groups in antiquity
把安息日作为礼拜日 that observes Sabbath as a day of worship
有一些教堂 Right, so there are some churches
特别是在古老的东方 especially in the east in antiquity
在安息日有一些特殊的礼拜仪式 which have special liturgies for the Sabbath Day
不再把安息日 So removing the Sabbath
作为基督徒的礼拜日 as a Christian day of worship
这是另一个复杂的故事 That's another complicated story
同学里面有基督徒吧 Christians, you have Christians in the room
我想现在基督教没有什么特别的 Currently I believe Christian liturgy doesn't say
针对星期六的礼拜仪式吧 anything special for Saturday, yes?
星期六只是一周里面 Saturday is just another
很平常的一天 regular day of the week
对吧 Is that correct?
好的 我是这么认为的 Yes, that's what I thought, okay
很好 现在我们把星期日 Good, now we look at Sunday as
当成基督教的休息日 a Christian day of rest
那些劳作禁忌 Right, in which the labor prohibitions
安息日的休息日特性 The rest side of the Sabbath
从星期六变成了星期日 is transferred from Saturday to Sunday
所以问题来了 So the question is
星期日成为基督教的安息日了吗 Does Sunday become a Christian Sabbath?
这就是我们要讨论的 Okay, that's what we were up to
我认为这是这个问题 That's, in my mind, the most interesting
最有趣的一面 aspect to this question
在基督教历史上有两种对策 Okay, two strategies in the history of Christianity
我已经讲过这个了 I've already taught you about this
星期日是礼拜日 Sunday is a day of worship
而不是休息日 abolition of the day of rest
Craig Blomberg的一个很好的讨论 A nice discussion by Craig Blomberg
我不认识Craig Blomberg I don't know Craig Blomberg
但是这是本周我让大家 But that's the second reading
阅读的第二篇阅读材料 I asked you to read this week
他好像是一个 He seems to be a nice
来自丹佛的虔诚的基督徒 pious Christian fellow from Denver
不过没关系 But that's fine
他说得很明白 对吧 He says very explicitly, right?
对我来说 作为基督徒 For me, he's a Christian
我完全不用担心安息日的事情 I don't worry about the Sabbath at all
基督废弃了安息日 Christ has set aside the Sabbath
就像是基督在圣经里面废弃了所有律法 Just as Christ has set aside all the laws of Scripture
除非在新约里面 unless they have been confirmed for me
重新被确认过 in the New Testament
对我来说他是一个虔诚的基督徒 So for me he's a pious Christian
Blomberg先生说我根本不管安息日 Mr. Blomberg says I paid no attention to the Sabbath
可以假设他说的 As suppose to some other Christians
其他一些基督徒 he's talking to
确实对基督徒的安息日感兴趣 who are paying attention to the Christian Sabbath
我们后面再讲这个 We'll come back to that in one second
我们看到的第一个信号 So the first sign that we have
星期日成为基督教的休息日 Sunday emerging as a Christian day of rest
因此成为基督徒的安息日 Consequently as something like a Christian Sabbath
是在公元321年 is this law passed in 321 CE
被君士坦丁大帝通过的律法 by the Emperor Constantine
记得谁是君士坦丁吗 Remember who is Constantine?
那个干了什么的罗马大帝 Roman Emperor who what yes yes?
信仰了基督教 who converted Christianity
非常好 Excellent
信仰了基督教的罗马大帝 Roman Emperor who converted to Christianity
第一个基督教大帝 Right, the first Christian emperor
我们之前提到过他 We've met his name earlier
也许你能想起来 perhaps you might recall
当我们提到尼西亚会议 when we discussed the Council of Nicaea
以及尼西亚信经 and the Nicene Creed
还记得吗 Remember that?
下周二就是 You've got a mid-term
期中考试了 同学们 coming up on Wednesday, class
我是在帮大家的忙呢 I'm trying to be helpful here, right
还记得尼西亚信经吗 Remember the Nicene Creed?
在尼西亚会议上 Right, in the Council of Nicaea
尼西亚是君士坦丁堡的郊区 Nicaea is the suburb of Constantinople
君士坦丁堡 君士坦丁 看到两者的关联了吗 Constantinople, Constantine, see a pattern here?
君士坦丁主持了 Right, so Constantine has presided over
尼西亚会议 the Council of Nicaea
第一个基督教罗马大帝 First Christian Roman Emperor
为了让基督徒 So, in order to make it easier
星期日去教堂变得更容易 for Christians to go to church on Sunday
他在公元321年颁布法律 He has passed a law in 321
要求在星期日停止工作休息 requiring rest from work on Sunday
为了促使大家积极地去教堂 in order to facilitate attendance at church
你可能会说 Now you would say
这不是真正的基督教安息日 This is not exactly Christian Sabbath
这有点像是实际问题 It's sort of practical matter
比如说如果奴隶在星期日忙着干活 i.e. If slaves are busy working on Sunday
就不能去教堂 then they can't go to church
所以君士坦丁为了促使基督徒 So Constantine to facilitate Christian
基督教社会中的大众 the public observance of Christianity in society
确保给你的雇员 make sure that you give your employees
奴隶 星期日休息 slaves, off on Sunday
这样他们就可以去教堂了 so they can go to church
这还不是基督教的安息日 It's not Christian Sabbath yet
不过已经很接近了 But we are getting there
但是跳过几千年 But to skip ahead a couple of millennia
跳过一些激烈的争论 Jump over some very contested terrain
星期日成为基督教的安息日 Sunday becomes a Christian Sabbath
在英语里面经常有这样的说法 Which we are familiar with this language in English
在基督教社会中 安息日指的 Of, the Sabbath day referring to Sunday
就是星期日 in Christian circles
这主要来自清教 That comes primarily out of Puritanism
至少对我们这些说英语的人来说 That's primarily, at least for us English speakers
主要来自 It comes to us primarily from
17和18世纪的 the Anglican sectarianism
英国教派 in the 17th and 18th centuries
你们知道 那些五月花组织的人 You know, the May Flower people, right
这些人是提出 So they are the ones who
基督教安息日主义的想法 promote the idea of Christian Sabbatharianism
也就是说星期日 in the language of Sunday
是基督教的安息日 as Christian Sabbath Day
这种说法是来源于 is the language that comes out of the
清教徒的 from the Puritans
在当代基督教的多个教派中 Within modern Christians sects of varieties
有一些教派其实是 there are various groups which do
把星期日当成安息日的 in fact, see Sunday as Sabbath Day
有一个叫做安息日会 So here is Seventh Day Adventists
安息日会是基督教的 Seventh Day Adventists are Christians
一个基督教组织 a Christian group
通常如果你看英文的 Usually if you see books of English
关于基督教的安息日的书 about Christians on the Sabbath Day
有99%的几率 99% out of the time
都会提到安息日会 It's advanced by the Seventh Day Adventists
我觉得你们应该知道 Just thought you should know
因为对他们来说 Because for them
这是他们的基督教的 this is a distinguishing hallmark
显著特征 of their Christianity
他们的基督教认为 Their Christianity is that
上帝在创造世界中认可安息日 God sanctified the seventh day in creation
这是在西奈之前 以色列人之前 That's before Sinai, before the Israelites
他们认为这是前西奈的戒律 It's a pre-Sinaitic commandment, they argue
上帝在创造世界中认可安息日 God sanctified the seventh day of creation
结果就是这意味着 and consequently that is meant to be
这是我们人类 a prominent part of
认同上帝的重要的一部分 our human recognition of God
就是安息日 在安息日礼拜 is the Sabbath, worship of the seventh day
我们应该效仿上帝 which we imitate God by
纪念上帝的创造世界的行为 remembering God's acts of creation
这就是安息日会的观点 That's the Seventh Day Adventists
这个值得提一下 Worth bring up with this is
火之战车 Chariots of Fire
你们这些人 你们这代人 You people, your generations
还看这个电影吗 still watch that movie?
你记得这个电影吗 Right, you remember the movie?
知道吧 在海滩上跑步 Right, you know, running on the beach
这是个不错的电影 Right, so that's a nice movie
有两条主线 So there are two plot lines
而且两条主线很有意思 Which, interestingly
都和我们的课程有关系 both intersect with our course, right?
一条主线是犹太人希望能够 So one is the Jew yearning for acceptance by
被旧的异教徒的英国社会所接受 this old so gentile anti-Semitic English society
他想通过赢得奥林匹克 Right? He's gonna get himself accepted by
而被接受 winning the Olympics
他还取了个异教徒的妻子 对吧 He also marries a gentile wife, right
这也有帮助 That helps too, right
反正这是其中一条主线 So, anyway, that's one plot line
另外一条主线是 The other plot line is
基督教的男人 Right, this Christian guy
不肯在安息日比赛 who refuses to race on the Sabbath
哪一天是安息日 Which day is the Sabbath?
星期日 Sunday
人人都知道他最后肯定会赢 Everybody knows he's gonna win, heads down
但是他不能在主日比赛 But he can't run on the Lord's day
不要担心 Not to worry
在最后时刻赛程表改变了 schedule gets changed at last minute
他比赛了而且赢了 He runs and he wins
所有事情都圆满解决 Everything works out
我剧透了 I ruined it for you, okay
你们应该看看这个电影 You ought to see the movie
但是 But okay
重点在于 Right, the point there is
这位飞毛腿代表着一种英国的基督教 This skitter represents a kind of English Christianity
他是个虔诚的基督徒 Right, this man is a pious Christian
我想他的姓是Liddell I think his name is Liddell
我不知道记错没有 If I remember correctly, right?
我忘了他的名字了 I forget his first name
什么什么Liddell Something Liddell, right
他是非常虔诚的基督徒 So he is a very pious Christian
所以他在主日不能赛跑 He will not race on the Lord's day
也就是星期日 which is Sunday
这是基督徒的严守安息日主义 Right, this is a Christian Sabbatarianism
基督徒遵循安息日律法 Right, Christian observance of the Sabbath
也就是星期日 meaning, Sunday
星期日 meaning, Sunday
这也是为什么在美国历史上 And that's why in America, we used to have
曾经有过蓝色法规 BLUE LAWS in the good old days
你们没听说过蓝色法规 You don't know about blue laws
我年纪足够大还记得蓝色法规 I'm still old enough to remember blue laws
在新泽西还在实行 Still have in New Jersey
新泽西 New Jersey?
还有蓝色法规 There's still blue laws
好极了 真不错 Ah, lovely, right, exactly
在星期日不应该去买东西 Right, you know, you shouldn't go shopping on Sunday
因为应该呆在家里或者去教堂 Because you should stay home or go to church
如果关闭了商场 So if they close the malls
理论上说大家就会去教堂 the theory is to go to church
当然也不是特别有效 Doesn't work out quite that way
但是理论上说 But that's the theory
至少在中午12点之前 or at least before twelve o'clock
商店都是关门的 Stores are closed
或者在12点之前不能喝酒 Or you shouldn't sup a liquor before 12 o'clock
一系列的类似法规 A whole series of such laws
还是会有这样的概念 Right, which again, there is the notion of
还残存着这样的概念 There's still a residual idea
在基督教的星期日 That on the Christian Sunday
除了要必须礼拜之外 It is meant to be, aside from the day of worship
还是一个休息日 Also, some kind of a day of rest
这也是从英国清教流传而来的 This comes again, through English Puritanism
最终也成为基督教 And ultimately comes to this
长长的复杂链条上一部分 long complicated Christian chain of
影响着我们对基督教的理解 how we understand relationship of
对星期日 主日 Christian Sunday, the Lord's day
和星期六的关系的理解 to Saturday
是我们把一个换成了另一个吗 Is it, are we transferring the one to the other?
或者我们只是完全将之取代 Or are we simply replacing it completely
这也是发展中的 Right, that's the point which is a point of
基督教历史中的一个冲突点 ongoing tension in the history of Christianity
讲完了 早了5分钟 And I'm done, five minutes early
问题 心得 Questions, observations?
或者谈谈你们的经历 Or anything from your experience
有来自新泽西的吗 You may be from New Jersey
可以说说蓝色法规吗 can tell us about the blue laws?
在新泽西星期日不能去买东西 Is it true you can't go shopping at all
这是真的吗 on Sunday in New Jersey
真的一整天的都不行吗 Is it true the whole day?
不 只是在伯根郡 No, Bergen County
在伯根郡 在星期日所有店都关门吗 Bergen County, everything is closed on Sunday?
所以只能去其他郡 So you just go to a different county
只能去其他郡 Just go to a different county
所以不是整个新泽西州 只是伯根郡 So not the state of New Jersey, just Bergen
在星期天所有地方都关门 Everything is closed on Sunday?
所有商场都关门 All the malls are closed?
好吧 Okay
请问 Yes
是的 在中午之前不能买酒 Yeah, you can't buy alcohol before the noon
必须要先去教堂做礼拜 Right, you have to go to church
然后才能喝酒 Then get drunk
就是这种逻辑 Right, that's the logic, right
这种逻辑 That's the logic
没错 Yes, that's right
这条律法现在依然有影响 That laws is still in effect
我看到过一些超市 I've seen there were supermarkets
会在12点之前把卖酒的货架 and such covered-up liquor section
全都遮起来 before 12 o'clock
好了 还有其他问题吗 Okay, any other questions?
关于期中考试的问题 Anything about the mid-term? [Rhine & trismile Production]