大家早上好 Okay, good morning everyone
早上好 Good morning
很好 孺子可教 很好 Good, you are educable, good
今天我们讨论塑造出了 Okay, so today we are discussing
犹太人形象的或者说是塑造出了 the third of a series of the big three rituals
遵循律法的犹太人生活的 which characterize Judaism
最重要的三个仪式中的第三个 or characterize ritually observant Jewish life
所有这些仪式都可以说是 And all of which have been rejected
被早期的基督徒 supplanted, replaced, transformed, modified
废弃 取代 变换 修改 reinterpreted, whatever verb you like
重新解读 怎么说都行 right, by earliest Christianity
然后从古代基督教直到今日 and then from Christianity of ancient times to this day
我们已经学了割礼 食物律法 You know circumcision, food laws
今天来看看安息日 and today we are looking at Sabbath
也可以称创世七日 or the Seventh Day
讲完这个之后我们会讲到 After this, we'll be looking at
逾越节 复活节 犹太教和 Passover, Easter, essential ritual for
基督教都有的一些基本仪式 both Judaism and Christianity
然后我们会讲到神学的一些理论 And then we'll move on to theology
神学观点 真理宣言 to theological points, truth claims
这就是接下来课程的内容 That's where we are going in the course
今天我们要讲 Okay, so today we are talking about
安息日或者说是创世七日 the Sabbath, or the Seventh Day
用英语说就是星期六 What we call in English, Saturday
星期六什么意思 What does Saturday mean?
请说 Yes?
土星日 Saturn's Day?
是的 星期六是土星日 Yes, Saturday is the day of Saturn
要知道英语里面 So you know right away that
一周每一天的名字 the names of days of the week
其实是受到 that we use in English in fact
占星术的影响 reflect all astrological ideas
每一天 一周的每一天 where each day, each the seven days
都是受到 is under the influence of
七大行星的影响 one of the seven planetary spheres
古代人知道五大行星 对吧 The ancients knews about five planets, right?
水星 金星 火星 木星和土星 Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
五大行星加上太阳和月亮 Five planets plus the sun and the moon
就有了太阳日 月亮日 So, you have Sun-day, Moon-day
然后星期二来自 Right, then you get Tuesday with
搞笑的北欧神话 this funny, north stuff
星期三是更加搞笑的北欧神话 Wednesday is more funny north stuff
英语的名称都是混合词 Okay, but our English names are a mixture of things
但是这些名字 But the names, still euh, show
用天文学的说法是 in astros would be called in the biz
占星学的一周 an astrological week
这种一周是七天的想法 The idea there are seven days
每一天都是受到 each day under the influence of
一颗行星的影响 certain planetary sphere
对于希伯来圣经中的安息日 There was endless discussion whether
安息日休息的理念 the Hebrew Bible with its notion of
和占星术的一周的关系 Sabbath, rest every Sabbath Day
是不是受到占星家们所谓占星周的影响 has anything to do with this astrological week
一直都是存在争论的 of seven days as calculated by astrologers
答案可能是否定的 The answer is probably not
但是这个问题很复杂很混乱 But the question is very complicated and messy
就教学目的而言 And for our purposes
我不会担心这一点 I'm not gonna worry about it
因为这不会有什么影响 cos it doesn't really affect us
重点在于如果你喜欢周末 Key point is, if you like your weekend
你应该感谢的是Torah you should be grateful to the Torah
因为占星术的星期从来 because the astrological week never
没有产生过 produced the pattern of life
Torah中的这种模式 which emerges from the Torah with its
每个第七天是一个节日 every seventh day is a holiday
每个第七天都有一个圣日 every seventh day is a holy day
每个第七天都要有一天休息 every seventh day is a day of rest
在占星术的星期里面从来没有 That never came out astrologically week
而只是在Torah中才有 that comes only out of the Torah
当然基督徒做出了修改 and then Christians of course modifing
有了星期日 giving us a Sunday
渐渐到了19世纪 Then gradually in the 19th century
我们有了五天工作日 we get five days' work
好了 跑题了 Okay, now we digress
但是这是从Torah中来 Okay, but it comes out of Torah
咱们来讨论下Torah So let's talk about the Torah
希伯来语中的词是Sabbath the Hebrew word, of course is Sabbath
我没有写下来 which I didn't write down
但是你都知道这个词Sabbath But you understand the word Sabbath
Sabbath是什么意思 what does the word Sabbath mean?
有人在小声说 Whispering it
什么是Sabbath What's Sabbath?
不要小声说 Somebody don't whisper
有人回答吗 Somebody say something
Sabbath来自希伯来词Shabbat Sabbath comes in the Hebrew word Shabbat
Shabbat Vayeshev Shabbat Vayeshev
大概是停止的意思 which probably means to cease
或者停止劳作 or to cease labor
所以Sabbath直接从字面意思翻译 So Sabbath might be literally translated
就是休息或者停止劳作 rest, or cessation from labor
类似的意思 something like that
有人小声说出来答案了吗 Did somebody whisper that?
是的 Yes
为什么不大声说 Why not just say that loud?
如果大声说我可以奖励你一颗小星星 You get a gold star if you said it out loud
但是你在那小声嘀咕 But you whispered it
我不能奖励你小星星 I can't give you a gold star
割礼基本上 Okay, so circumcision is
在圣经中只有一章 basically one chapter in the Bible
创世纪第17章 Genesis 17
很长的一个章节 That's the big chapter
加上一些分散的信息 plus some scattered references
然后主在圣经中 And Lord large tracks in the Bible
继续前行 go on and on
他再也没提到过割礼 He never mentioned circumcision
食物律法 The food laws
食物律法也是很长的一章 利未记第11章 Food laws is one big chapter, Leviticus 11
然后是一些短些的章节 Then we got a couple of other little things
这一段那一段 申命记第14章 here and there, Deuteronomy 14
到处都有一些参考信息 there's a lot of references here and there
安息日 正好相反 The Sabbath, in contrast
到处都有提到 you have everywhere
相关的信息几乎散布在 The reference is scattered throughout
整个希伯来圣经之中 the entire Hebrew Bible, virtually
从头到尾都有关于安息日的内容 From one end to the other about the Sabbath
为什么会这样没有确切的答案 Don't know exactly why this is so
但是就是这样 But it is so
与之相关的段落 Now the number of passages involved
非常多 非常长 is much greater, much larger
而且很明显古以色列人自己 And apparently the ancient Israelites themselves
也对安息日赋予了重要意义 attributed much significance to the Sabbath
而食物律法和割礼 In a way that food laws and circumcision
可能是之后才作为 perhaps only emerged later on
重要的仪式开始出现的 as ritually significant markers
我们在这些段落里面读到了什么 Okay, what do we see in these passages?
我在大家的教学大纲里面写出了一些 I gave you a bunch of them on your syllabus
安息日直接存在于宇宙的本质之中 It's built into the nature of the cosmos
上帝用六天创造了世界 Right, God creates the world in six days
创世纪第1章 Genesis 1
这是什么意思呢 What that actually means is not
我们现在不需要去考虑 our worry at the moment
上帝用六天创造了世界 God creates the world in six days
然后在第七天 上帝休息了 Then on the seventh day, God rested
换句话说 根据叙事者的说法 In other words, according to that narrator
根据哲学家的说法 according to that philosopher, right
安息日其实是 The Sabbath is part and part so
宇宙秩序的一部分 of the cosmic order
创世纪第2章 It doesn't say in Genesis 2
开始的几节没有提到 first few verse, doesn't say
上帝命令你们在安息日休息 God commanded you to rest on the Sabbath also
但是肯定这是暗指的 But surely that's implied
肯定是在说 Surely that's meant
上帝在第七天休息了 God rested on the seventh day
而且让这一天成为圣日 and made it holy
明白了吗 Understanding what
这就是为什么我们以色列人做同样的事情 that's why we Israelites do the same thing
我们也在第七天休息而且让这一天成为圣日 We also rest on the seventh day and make it holy
但这也是一条前西奈的戒律 But this is also a pre-Sinaitic commandment
或者我同意实际上这不是戒律 Or actually I agree it's not actually commandment
只是暗指 It's implied
这是两个版本十诫的 Okay, so this is one of the main contrasts
主要反差之一 in the two versions of the decalogue
Decalogue是什么意思 What does decalogue mean?
十诫 Ten commandments
什么是十诫 What is 10 commandments?
我不是让你们把十诫都写出来 I'm not asking you to list the 10 commandments
只是让你们告诉我 I'm asking you to tell me
什么是十诫 What are these 10 commandments?
我知道 是个电影 1956年的 塞西尔 戴米尔导演 I know, it's movie, 1956, Cecil B. DeMille
成千上万的演员 查尔登 海斯顿主演 Cast of thousands, Charlton Heston
是的 我知道 Yes, I know that
还有什么 What else is it?
在圣经里面提到过不只一次 They are found in multiple places in the Bible
是的 两次 Yes, twice
在Torah里面 提到过两次 In the Torah, it's referred to twice
十诫是什么 The 10 commandments are what?
十诫就是戒律 So these are the commandments
一共有十条 谢谢 Ten in number, thank you, right
是谁给谁的戒律 Given by whom to whom?
上帝给摩西给以色列人 God to Moses to the people of Israel
是的 然后摩西刻在了两块石板上 Right, and Moses wrote them down on two tablets
你们都看过图片 You've all seen photos
知道是什么样子的 You know exactly what they look like
我们都知道是什么样子 we all know what they look at
是在两块石板上 But it's on two tablets, right?
老段子 吃两片药 the old joke, take two tablets
(英语中药片和石板是同一个词) and call me in the morning, right
明天早晨叫我 So this is the
所以这个是 These are the ten commandments, the big ten
这些就是十诫 最重要的十条 Those of you who are followers of sports, right
就像你在关注体育中的前十名一样 So these are, this is the big ten
这些是最重要的十条 Right, now, of those big ten
在这最重要的十条中 the Sabbath is number
安息日是 Well, it depends how we count
这取决于怎么数 We'll do the Jewish counting, No.4
如果是犹太人的数法 是第4条 Sorry, that's one of the ways of Jewish counting
抱歉 这是犹太人的一种数法 There are also Christian countings
还有基督徒的数法 It gets messy
很乱套 But it's not before Moses
但是在摩西之前 we got the right numbers
我们连数量都没弄对 when he got the 10 commandments
当摩西拿到十诫 So the result is Jews and Christians are
犹太人和基督徒就开始 arguing ever since how to count to 10
争论怎么样排序 Look at the notes in the JSB
看看犹太学习圣经里面的注释 It will explain some of these to you
会给大家一些解释 Anyway, No.4 is observe or remember
不管怎么样 第4条是 the Sabbath Day to keep it holy
纪念安息日 守为圣日 Okay, as in everybody's notes
大家的笔记上都有 you can look at that in the JSB
可以看下犹太学习圣经 to explain, right, the two versions of
会对这两个版本的十诫 the 10 commandments that we have
作出一些解释 One is in Exodus 20
其一是在出埃及记第20章 The other on is in Deuteronomy
另外一个在申命记 where Moses write to those respectively
摩西分别写了一遍十诫 retells many of the stories, incidents of laws
重讲了很多故事 律法 that have appeared earlier in the Torah
这些都是在之前的Torah中出现过的 Moses, unfortunately, does not use
很不幸 摩西没有 exactly the same language
使用同样的说法 And the divergence is greatest in the Sabbath
对于安息日的分歧最大 In the Book of Exodus
在出埃及记中 we are to remember the Sabbath Day
我们要纪念安息日 because we are once slaves in Egypt and God
因为我们曾经在埃及为奴 No
错了 Right, God created the world in six days
上帝用六天创造了世界 and therefore on to rest
因此需要休息 We are echoing back to Genesis 1
我们在回顾创世纪第1章 whereas in Deuteronomy
但是在申命记中 all of sudden has something to do with slavery
突然出现了有关奴隶的内容 Why these two differ is an interesting question
二者为什么有差异是个有趣的问题 On the handout I write a little brief note
在给大家的材料上有简单的说明 It perhaps comes to, the problem is
问题可能出在 上帝是所有人的 universality vs. Israelites-specific
和上帝是偏向以色列人的 whatever, you go to the passage
不管怎么样 你们自己读一读 Anyway, it's right there in the 10 commandments
反正在十诫中出现安息日了 It's a big one
很重要的一条 Is circumcision mentioned
在十诫里面 in the 10 commandment, class?
提到割礼了吗 同学们 No
没有 Are the food laws mentioned
在十诫里面 in the 10 commandments?
提到食物律法了吗 No
没有 Okay
好了 Sabbath, like Israel and like God, is holy
安息日像以色列人 像上帝 是神圣的 I mentioned that already, right?
我已经提到过了 对吧 The concept of holiness applies to time
神圣的概念可以用在时间上 as well as places, as well as objects
用在地点上 用在物品上 as well as persons
用在人身上 So the Sabbath is holy
安息日是神圣的 Another way by which the Israelites are
这是以色列人用另外一种方式表明 showing you how special the Sabbath is
安息日的特别之处 Sabbath is a sign of covenant
安息日是上帝和 between Israel and God
以色列人之间约的记号 The Sabbath is a covenant
安息日本身也是约 This is the same kind of language
同样的说法我们 we saw in texts with circumcision
在提到割礼的时候看到过 referring to Sabbath here too
这里也提到了安息日 So, put it all together
所以总结一下 The Biblical legacy about the Sabbath is richer
圣经里面关于安息日的信息很丰富 than about food laws or circumcision
比食物律法和割礼的内容更多 And it seems to indicate Israelites themselves
这似乎表明了以色列人自己 attributed much significance to it
赋予了安息日很大的意义 Not just one chapter somewhere
不止是随便的一章 But there is a very rich Biblical legacy on the subject
而在圣经中有非常多的相关内容 from which we deduced
因为我们可以推断 the Israelites themselves attributed
以色列人自己对此 much significance to it
赋予了重大意义 and saw the Sabbath as
把安息日不仅仅 not just a day off
当成休息日 They saw the Sabbath as a special day
而是当成在上帝和以色列人 in the relationship between God and Israel
关系当中的特殊的一天 Okay, questions, observations?
好了 问题 感想 Now, as we'll see today
我们今天讲的 as you saw on your reading
在阅读材料读到的 as you've seen on Monday
在周一见过的 When we talk about the Sabbath
当提到安息日 we have two different things we are talking about
有两个方面必须讲到 One, it's a day off, a rest from work
首先 这是休息日 停止工作休息 So one thing we need to talk about is
所以有一件事情就是 what does it mean when we say
说到不要在安息日工作 don't do work on the Sabbath Day?
是什么意思 That we might call the negative side
这可以称为负面的一面 Prohibition, don't, don't, don't
禁令 不要不要不要 Then we have a positive side
还有正面的一面 Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy
纪念安息日 守为圣日 Well, how do you do that?
要如何去做呢 What do you do?
应该怎么做 The day then is a spiritual day
安息日也是精神上的 The day has some kind of connection
是在上帝和我们之间 between God and us in some way
能够建立联系的一天 We'll see in the Christian material
在基督教的材料里面 These two different sides of Sabbath
可以看到安息日有两面 which becomes Sunday
后来发展成了星期天 And we'll see, now also two different sides
同样也看到在犹太人方面 of that on the Jewish side
安息日也有两面 So I'm gonna start with the prohibition side
我先从禁令的方面讲起 The don't side, don't, don't, don't
不要做什么 不要不要不要 is the Sabbath, right, the prohibitions
在安息日的禁忌 Do not do any matter of work on the Sabbath Day
不要在安息日做任何工作 What it says in Exodus 20
(希伯来语) echoed in Deuteronomy
在出埃及记第20章如是说 What does this mean?
在申命记中也有重复 Now just imagine that you are
这是什么意思 an Israelite in the wilderness
可以想象一下你是 Moses has come down, aka
在荒野中的以色列人 Charles Heston has come down
摩西从山上下来 也就是 from Mount Sinai with two tablets
查尔登 海斯顿从 And he proclaims that out loud
西奈山上下来拿着两块石板 And Moses says in his thunderous voice
响亮地发表声明 Don't do work on the Sabbath Day
摩西用他那雄壮的声音说 Do you see the movie
不要在安息日工作 The 10 commandments is kind of
看过那个电影吗 It's kind of chicky, you know
十诫的电影看起来有点 it's kind of funny in retrospect
有点粗糙 你知道的 The special effects in 1950s just aren't quite
回想起来有点搞笑 with the how become in the movies
在50年代电影特效技术 Nonetheless it's a blast, it's a whoop
还没有成型 You should watch it
尽管如此电影在当时也很轰动 So, anyway, so the thundering voice
你们应该看看 Don't do any work on the Sabbath Day
不管怎么样 雄壮的声音说 On the Sabbath Day
不要在安息日做任何工作 So I can just imagine some Israelites
在安息日 some smart ass in the back, say
可以想象某个以色列人 Moses, Moses, I don't understand
后面的自作聪明的家伙会说 what that means
摩西摩西 我不明白 Don't do any matter of work on the Sabbath Day
这是什么意思 It means I shouldn't go to work?
不要在安息日做任何工作 I shouldn't get paid?
是说我不应该去上班吗 But I can go to the mall, I'll go shopping, right?
我不应该拿薪水吗 That's not a problem, right?
但是我可以去商场 我可以去购物 对吧 And that's not work, is it?
这没有问题 对吧 Any you know, I like to work out
这不是工作 对吧 Like on my home gym
还有 我想要锻炼身体 I can sit there all day
比如说在我家的健身房 and work up to sweat
我可以练上一整天 But that's not really work, is it?
练得浑身是汗 And someone else would say
但是这不是真正的工作 对吧 Yeah, I can take my kids to the beach, right?
有人可能会说 That's not a problem
我想带我的孩子去海边 That's not work, is it?
这没问题吧 You understand the questions
这不是工作 对吧 will multiply very rapidly
大家会看到问题会 What does it mean?
变化得很快 Thou shalt not do any matter of work
这是什么意思 One does not need to be a Pharisee or Jesuit
不要在安息日做重要的工作 or a close-minded reader of the text
不需要是法利赛人或者基督徒 to understand immediately
或者是保守的圣经解读者 This is vague
都会马上明白 My idea of work and your idea of work
含义是模糊的 might not be the same
我认为的工作和你认为的工作 So it's interesting to pursue this point
不一定是一回事儿 Understand this is a specimen
所以研究这个问题很有意思 not just in Biblical exegesis
要知道这是个典型的例子 Or interpretation, remember?
不光是如何释经 Exegesis, fancy word, interpretation?
或者说解读 记得吧 Right, but also as an example of
释经 解读的华丽说法 how the Sabbath itself grows
这也是安息日本身 As we look through the text over time
如何发展的例子 we can see more and more things
随着我们对文本的研究 gets prohibited
可以看到越来越多的东西 There's greater and greater specificity
被归为禁忌 as we move forward in time
随着时间的进程 as Israelite culture and society
细节越来越具体 is less and less comfortable with this
而以色列的文化和社会 very vague, general prohibition
越来越不喜欢这些 And we are looking for specifics
模糊的 大而化之的禁忌 So we are looking at the Bible itself
而开始寻找具体的细节 what does the Bible itself tell us
我们来看看圣经本身 before we look at the post-Biblical material
在看后圣经时代的材料之前 In the Bible itself we have various passages
先看看圣经本身告诉了我们什么 Exodus 35, not to kindle a fire
在圣经里面有很多段落 You may not kindle a fire
出埃及记第35章 不要生火 Though later Jews argue what does that mean
(希伯来语) you shall not kindle a fire?
不要在安息日生火 Or you may not let a fire remain lit
后来的犹太人会问 这是什么意思 May not use a Kindle?
不要在安息日生火 That's very, right
或者不要让火一直烧着 Don't use a Kindle on the Sabbath
不可以用Kindle阅读器 Yes exactly, thank you, it's very good, right
这个非常 好吧 iPads are okay
不要在安息日用Kindle阅读器 That's not true, iPads are not okay
完全正确 谢谢 非常好 Okay, that's not, anyway
用iPad就可以 Where was I?
这不是真的 用iPad也不行 Yes, so later Jews would argue
但是这不是 总之 whether it means you may not kindle a fire
讲到哪去了 i.e., strike a match to light a fire
但是后来的犹太人会争论说 But if you have a fire already lit from before
这是不是说不要生火 it's perfectly okay to leave
也就是用火柴生火 to take advantage of an already-lit flame
但是如果之前火已经点燃了 Okay, that's a good example of
让火一直烧着 close-reading will provides different modes of reading
使用已经点燃的火是没问题的 Okay, but our friends, the rabbis, sages
这是一个很好的例子 They thought it meant do not light a fire
细读文本可以发现很多不同解读方法 That's how they understood
但是我们的朋友 拉比们 圣贤们 the prohibition of Exodus 35
他们认为真正的意思是不要生火 Then we have the story of the wood-chopper
这就是他们对于 which is a literature by
出埃及记第35章禁忌的理解 Robert Goldenberg in your reading
然后是关于劈木头的故事 Right, we are not quite sure what the prohibition is
在大家阅读材料里面 But whoever was who did it
一篇Robert Goldenberg的文章 there's something bad
我们不太确定这条禁忌是什么 You went out, and
但是不管是谁触碰了禁忌 What does that mean?
都会有不好的事情 It is chopping wood, gathering wood
你到外面去 We are not sure what it means
(希伯来语) But whoever it was
这是什么意思 he lost his head over it
劈木头 搜集木头 Cos you will be executed to violate the Sabbath
我们不清楚具体的含义 So if I knew exactly what that meant
但是不管谁这样做了 I would know something else about
都会因此而丢掉脑袋 what's prohibited on the Sabbath
会因为违反安息日的戒律而被处决 according to the Bible
如果我知道确切的含义 Then we are back to Exodus 16, the manna
我就可以知道更多的 Remember the chapter of the manna
圣经中提到的 I asked you to read a few weeks ago?
关于安息日的戒律 Just humor me, just be nice, right?
接下来回到出埃及第16章 关于吗哪 You know, if I have called
还记得关于吗哪的那章吗 Probably you'll have to say, just say yes
几星期前我让你们读过的 Right, you all remember the passage
娱乐我一下 当当好人 好吧 of the manna, Exodus 16
如果我问了 that we read a few weeks ago?
也许你们应该回答 说是的就行 Yes
还记得出埃及记第16章 Right, as an example of
关于吗哪的段落吗 Jews and Christian Bible exegesis
我们几周前读过的 Well, I mentioned then
是的 Preparing you for this moment
这是犹太人和基督徒 The interweaved, interwoven into that chapter
对于圣经解读的例子 about the manna from heaven
我之前提到 is stuff about the Sabbath
是为今天的课打下伏笔 Right, and SURELY
这一章中交织的 Surely the narrator has stuff of the Sabbath there
关于来自天堂的吗哪的内容 because he, the narrator, thinks
其实是关于安息日的 this is the source for Sabbath laws
对吧 而且肯定 that later Jews will want to, later Israelites
叙事者在这里讲到安息日肯定是 would want to observe
因为他们认为 Something about, you don't go outside
这就是之后犹太人 the camp on the Sabbath
和以色列人想要遵从的 You prepare your food
安息日律法的源头 ahead of time on the Sabbath
关于安息日不要 That's why the manna
到外面去宿营 Does the manna fall on the Sabbath, class?
在安息日要 No
提前准备食物 No, so how to you eat on the Sabbath
这就是为什么吗哪 if you are relying on the manna
在安息日有吗哪降下吗 同学们 and the manna doesn't fall on the Sabbath
没有 What do you do?
没有 那么在安息日怎么吃饭呢 You have a double on Friday, right
如果你依赖于天降吗哪 So God is telling us that we need to
而在安息日没有降下吗哪 prepare our food for the Sabbath on Friday
你要怎么做 Cos on Sabbath we may not cook anything
在星期五收双倍的食物 对吧 We need to prepare our Sabbath food on Friday
上帝告诉我们 我们需要 This is what later Jews understood
在星期五备好安息日的食物 right, from this chapter
因为在安息日不能做饭 And one can argue, I think reasonably that
我们需要在星期五准备安息日的食物 the narrator meant this to be understood in this way
这就是后来犹太人的理解 This is meant to explain to you
对本章的理解 the origin of various Sabbath laws and prohibitions
也有人争论说 一个合理的解释是 Exodus 16
叙事者就是想让大家这样理解 The fullest and most detailed chapter
就是让给大家解释 is from Jeremiah 17
各种安息日律法和禁忌的本质 Remember who's Jeremiah, again?
出埃及记第16章 Remind me, somebody, Jeremiah
最完整有最多细节的章节 One of the prophets, right
是耶利米书第17章 One of the prophets, right
还记得谁是耶利米吗 He's not, so the two golden ages of prophecy
有谁记得吗 耶利米 8 century BCE, Isaiah
是一位先知 是的 Jerusalem is the big one
是一位先知 是的 Hosea, Amos, 8 century BCE
有两个先知的黄金年代 And then 6th century
公元前8世纪 以赛亚 If you want 700 over here
耶路撒冷有重要的地位 600 over here
何西阿 阿摩司 公元前8世纪 That's Jeremiah in the latter group
然后是公元6世纪 Jeremiah, Ezekiel, two big prophets
公元前700年 from around the year 600, give and take
公元600年 Okay, Jeremiah 17
耶利米属于后一个年代 Here we have a very interesting paragraph
耶利米 以西结 两位大先知 Shall I read it?
大约在公元600年前后吧 Nay, I cann't read it, you can read it yourselves
耶利米第17章 Anyway, interesting paragraph
这里有一段很有趣的段落 which Jeremiah is waxing eloquently about
我要读一下吗 what is prohibited on the Sabbath
我不读了 你们自己看 And we have here some very pregnant senses
总之是很有趣的一段 Senses that will launch whole tractates
耶利米绘声绘色地描述了 in the tons later on
安息日的禁忌 As he try to decipher
这是一些内容很丰富的段落 what exactly Jeremiah meant
这些表述催生了之后的许多论文 But here I see the growth of Sabbath prohibitions
数以百计的论文 There's something here about
就在他解读 Hear the word of Lord
耶利米言辞意义的过程中 Where are you, do not, verse 21
但是我看到的是安息日戒律的发展 Do not bear a burden on the Sabbath Day
有一些关于 or bring it by the gates of Jerusalem
耶和华如此说 Do not carry a burden out of your houses
在哪呢 不要 第21节 or do any work
不要在安息日担担子 Keep the Sabbath Day holy
从耶路撒冷的各个城门进入 So there is something about carrying a burden
也不要从家里面担出担子去 Not to carry a burden out of your house
什么都不要做 Not to carry a burden
以安息日为圣日 through the gates of Jerusalem
所以这里讲到了担担子 From these verses, later Jews
不要从家里面担担子出去 will deduce the prohibition
不要担着担子 that we may not take a burden
从耶路撒冷的城门进入 which is understood to mean anything, right
从这些段落后来的犹太人 out of a house into the public sphere
推导出禁忌 into the public way
我们不可以担担子 We are not to go out
被理解成不要拿任何东西 through the gates of Jerusalem
从家里面出去到公共区域 outside the settlement
到公路上去 Right? Later Jews will develop a whole series
我们不可以 of very complex rules governing
离开自己的居住地 what we may carry on the Sabbath
从耶路撒冷的门出去 We may wear cloth, for example, on Sabbath
之后的犹太人发展出了一系列的 Pious Jews don't walk around
复杂的规则来界定 naked on the Sabbath
什么是在安息日可以拿的 in other words, cloth is not considered
比如说我们在安息日要穿衣服 to be transporting
虔诚的犹太人不会在 But you may not have something in your pocket
安息日光着身子走来走去 Cos that's transporting
换句说话 衣服不会算成 That's carrying
是在搬运东西 You may not walk around
但是口袋里面不可以装东西 carrying something in your hand
因为这是搬运了 But with items of clothing
是拿东西了 Of course you may wear it
不可以在手里面 I'm just starting with the rules, trust me on this
拿着东西到处走动 The rules get very complicated
但是关于衣服 Then the rabbis come up with a genius device
当然要穿衣服 to circumvent the prohibition
相信我 这还只是个开始 called an eruv
规则非常的复杂 Goldenberg mentions that
然后拉比发明出了一种天才的装置 Forget that
去避免违反戒律 Too much information, TMI
叫做eruv Okay, so this comes out of
Goldenberg提到过 Jeremiah and a pile of passages in Nehemiah
不用记这个 Where we see, in these texts
太多信息了 太多了 which come after the Torah
这些都来自 the prohibitions are expanding
耶利米书和尼希米记很多段落 Moses in the Torah never said
可以看到在这些段落中 don't transport on the Sabbath
在Torah之后 don't carry burden on the Sabbath
禁忌在不停地扩张 don't carry burden
摩西在Torah里面从来没说过 out of your house on the Sabbath
不要在安息日搬运东西 don't carry burden through
不要在安息日担担子 the gates of Jerusalem on the Sabbath
不要在安息日 Moses never said those things
担着担子走出家门 It's not in the Torah
不要在安息日 But here these prohibitions are growing
担担子通过耶路撒冷的城门 multiplying
摩西从来没说过这些 They will continue to do so
Torah里面没有 over the course of time
但是这些禁忌在扩张 as Jews try harder and harder to understand
在增加 what does it mean
而且在一段时间内 what does it mean what it says
还会继续增加 do not do any matter of work on the Sabbath Day
因为犹太人在更加努力地解读 Questions on that?
圣经的含义 Isaiah 58:13, a very important verse for
这句话是什么意思 the development of the Sabbath
不要在安息日做重要的工作 This is from Isaiah
有问题吗 Modern scholars will tell you
以赛亚书58章13节 it's not by the real Isaiah
安息日发展中很重要的一节 of Jerusalem in 8 century BCE
来自以赛亚书 It's by a later anonymous prophet
现代学者会告诉你 who we simply agree to call Isaiah
这不是公元前8世纪 cos we have none the name for him
在耶路撒冷的真正的以赛亚 who's alive in the 6th century BCE
这是之后一个匿名的先知 My preference here doesn't matter
我们同意把他叫以赛亚 in the slightest
因为不知道他别的名字 Isaiah 58:13
他生活在公元前6世纪 If on account of the Sabbath
我说的这些内容其实 you turn back your foot
一点关系都没有 from doing your own desires on my holy day
以赛亚书58章13节 What does that mean?
你若在安息日 I'm not sure
掉转你的脚步 Ancient readers weren't sure either
在我圣日不以操作为喜乐 what does this mean
这是什么意思 if you turn back your foot
我不确定 They thought it meant
古代的读者也不确定 if you don't go on a journey
这是什么意思 you stay home
如果你掉转你的脚步 They might be right
他们认为是在说 I have nothing better to suggest
如果你不出去旅行 It's an odd phrase
在家呆着 Not clear at all what Isaiah means
可能是对的 If on account of the Sabbath
我没有更好的建议了 you turn back your foot
这句话很奇怪 from doing your own desires on my holy day
(希伯来语) If you call the Sabbath a delight
完全不知道以赛亚是什么意思 the holy day of the Lord honorable
你若在安息日 If you honor it by not going your own ways
掉转你的脚步 finding your own interests, or speaking words
在我圣日不以操作为喜乐 Then, he says you have some
称安息日为可喜乐的 bons, and rewards waiting for you
称耶和华的圣日为可尊重的 Later Jews will argue
而且尊敬这日 不办自己的私事 what exactly what does these phrases mean
不随自己的私意 不说自己的私话 Not at all clear what these things mean
然后耶和华说 What does it mean, or speaking words
会有一些奖励等着你 Apparently the prohibition of
之后的犹太人会 certain kind of speech on the Sabbath
争论这些话到底是什么意思 Later rabbinic Jews thought it meant
含义完全不清不楚 you shouldn't talk business on the Sabbath
到底是什么意思 可能是演讲词 You can, other things of course
很明显这是对安息日 you can talk about on the Sabbath
禁忌的某种演讲 There's no requirement to be quiet
后来的犹太法师觉得是在说 to be silent
不应该在安息日谈公事 But there is the notion of appropriate speech, right
其他事情 That's what the prophet meant?
当然可以在安息日讨论 I don't know
没有要求不能说话 But that's what the prophet was understood to me
保持沉默 The most interesting line here, though, is
但是有种说法叫 讲话要得体 对吧 If you call the Sabbath a delight
先知是这个意思吗 This is discussed by Goldenberg
我不知道 Yet then we have an attention in the Sabbath laws
但是这就是我对先知的理解 between the Sabbath as a day of prohibition
最有趣的一段是在这里 don't, don't, don't, don't
如果你称安息日为可喜乐的 don't, don't, don't
Goldenberg论述过这个 Be careful lest you do something to
然后我们会注意到安息日律法 violate the Sabbath
安息日首先是禁忌 which seems to me entirely negative
不要不要不要不要 which seems to be very blunt
不要不要不要 oppressive, restrictive
要小心不要做什么 But there's the other side to the Sabbath
违反安息日的事情 Sabbath is a day of delight
在我看来完全是负面的 So we jump to the last paragraph here
看起来很生硬 in the notes, you know
有压迫感 有很多限制 We will look back
但是安息日还有另外一面 What does it mean that the Sabbath is a delight?
安息日是喜乐之日 Again, what Isaiah meant, I don't know
跳到最后一段 But I know what happens to this idea in Judaism
注释里面 from antiquity down to modern times
往回看一下 Sabbath on the one hand
说安息日是喜乐之日是什么意思 is a day of restrictions, of prohibitions
以赛亚是什么意思 我不知道 On the other hand, this is a day of delight
但是我知道这个看法在犹太教中有何影响 How is a day, or the Sabbath day
从古代一直到现在 a day of delight?
安息日在一方面 Since delight is delight in two senses
是限制的日子 禁忌的日子 in classical Judaism
另外一方面 也是喜乐之日 from ancient through modern to temporary times
为什么安息日是 It's a delight in the light of the spiritual sense
喜乐之日呢 Right? You remember the Sabbath day
因为传统的犹太教认为 to keep it holy
喜乐有两种理解 How do we do that?
从古代一直到现代 We spend time in synagogue on the Sabbath
首先喜乐是心灵上的 We study the Scriptures on the Sabbath
还记得吧 以安息日 We meditate on the Scriptures on the Sabbath
为神圣 This idea is already ancient
要怎么做呢 This is mentioned by Flavius Josephus
我们在犹太教堂过安息日 in the first century of our era
我们在安息日研习圣经 And this for the rabbis, at least
我们在安息日沉思圣经 is one side of the delight aspect of the Sabbath
这是一个很老的观点 Cos what is greater delight than
由Flavius Josephus提出 to take a day from work?
时间是公元1世纪 and sit and study Torah
对于拉比们来说至少 That's the spiritual side of the delight
这是安息日喜乐的一方面 There is also, though very blunt
因为有什么比停止工作 a carnal side
花上一天时间坐下 What does that mean?
研究Torah更加喜乐的呢 If I have a nice outfit
这是心灵层面上的喜乐 I'm not gonna wear
另外还有 有些直接的 I'm gonna save it for the Sabbath
肉体上的面 According to the expression like Sunday best
这是什么意思 Used to have such an idea in English
如果我有一件好衣服 The Sunday best
我想要穿 Well, the Sunday best idea comes from
我要留着安息日穿 Saturday best idea
就像常说的星期日穿最好的衣服 You have a nice pair of clothes
在英语里面有这种表达 Wear on the Sabbath
星期日穿最好的衣服 You have nice meal lined up
星期日穿最好的衣服的点子来自 You save it for the Sabbath
星期六穿最好的衣服 You want good food on the Sabbath
你有一件好衣服 You want to eat well, and eat a lot on the Sabbath
在安息日穿 Right, you are feeding the body
有一顿好饭 This is a day of delight for the body
留着安息日吃 And last not least, it's the right day
在安息日要吃最好的 of the week for husband and wife to have sex
在安息日要吃好 而且要多吃 Of course, they can have sex
你在给身体提供养料 when they feel like it
这是对身体的喜乐之日 Right, given things about menstruation
不仅如此 这还是 impurity and such things
夫妻之间做爱的好日子 But in principle, husband and wife
当然 夫妻可以在 but however, people are busy
想做爱的时候做爱 people are tired
不考虑经期不洁 When is the right day of the week?
这些因素 Answer, it's the Sabbath
原则上讲 夫妻之间 You know, of course
可以大家都很忙 There are always, are these fuddy duddies around
都很累 Right, to see people having fun
哪天是一周最合适的日子呢 and they immediately object
答案就是安息日 or immediately find reason to find fault
当然了 So we have such people too
当然也有那些吹毛求疵的人 And there are those
看到人家很快乐 We've already known from antiquity already
总是很快提出异议 For whom the day of the Sabbath
马上就来找茬 is a day of prohibition, right
也有这样的人 overwhelms the idea
也有那些 the concept of the Sabbath as a delight
古代的时候就已经知道了 Well, they don't have this idea
那些觉得安息日 the Sabbath as delight
是一个禁忌的日子 For them, it's just a day of prohibitions
而不是觉得 So we know about some Jews and antiquity
安息日是一个喜乐之日 who are fasting on the Sabbath
他们不觉得安息日 Wait a second, are fasting on the Sabbath
是一个喜乐之日 They say the Sabbath is a day
对他们来说 只是禁忌之日 you don't eat at all
我们知道一些犹太人和老古董 It's a weekly fast-day
会在安息日禁食 And similarly in the Middle Ages
等一下 是在安息日禁食 There will be Jews who will say, right?
他们说安息日是 You may not have sex on the Sabbath
什么都不吃的日子 It's inappropriate to have sex on the Sabbath
是每周的禁食日 Learn the footnote
类似地在中世纪 What will be the legal basis
也有犹太人会说 for prohibiting sex on the Sabbath?
在安息日不应该做爱 Answer, the prohibition of ploughing
在安息日做爱是不合适的 Okay, back to where I was
看看注释 So you have then a prohibition
安息日禁止性爱的 There are those out there who are
法律依据是什么 see the restrictive side of the Sabbath
答案是在安息日禁止耕地 as overwhelming the other aspect
好了 言归正传 But rabbinic Judaism, classical rabbinic Judaism
这是一条禁忌 from ancient through modern times
有一些人看到的是 sees a balance
安息日有很多限制的一面 It is both restrictive, prohibited
而不是其他方面 list, a long list of prohibitions
但是拉比犹太教 古典拉比犹太教 At the same time, there is From Isaiah 58
从古代一直到今天 The idea the Sabbath is a day of delight
看到的都是平衡 Spiritual delight, carnal delight, and that is fine
同时有限制 禁止 That is part and part so
很多条的禁忌 what makes the Sabbath the Sabbath
同时 在以赛亚书第58章 Okay, you had a question
安息日也是喜乐之日 Yes, so for the Jews who believe that
精神上的喜乐 肉体上的喜乐 这不冲突 you should be having
而这也正使得 the best meal on the Sabbath
安息日成为安息日 How would they have the best meal?
好的 你有问题 I assume it would be cold, then
如果犹太人相信 since you can't light a fire?
在安息日应该 Ah, yes, exactly, so, right
吃最好的饭 So Friday night
他们要怎么才能吃到最好的饭 anybody can have a hot meal for the Sabbath
因为在安息日不能生火 Cos you, remember what I said earlier?
饭应该是凉的吧 You can light the fire in advance
是的 没错 Get you up and hot
在星期五晚上 And you, after you don't feed it any more
人人都可以在安息日吃上热饭 It will remain hot for some time
因为记得吗 我之前说过的 So anybody came up with
你可以提前生火 a hot meal on a Friday night
先把食物弄热 That does not require
在停止加热之后 any great leaps of imagination
还会继续热一段时间 Shabbat during the day, however
所以人人都可以 It gets harder, right
在星期五晚上吃上热饭 How do you get a warm meal
这不需要 if you can't light a fire?
太多的想象力 You can't light a fire
安息日当天呢 Well, not to worry
就麻烦多了 Ancient and medieval Jews figured out ways
如果不能生火 that you develop a kind of a thick stew
怎么才能吃上热饭呢 kind of thing, which is hot on Friday evening
不能生火 And you pack it up and does such a way
不要担心 So that when you are ready to eat it
古代和中世纪的犹太人找到了方法 on Saturday midday
发明了一种很稠的炖菜 it is still hot, or at least warm, still warm
在星期五晚上会是热的 But you are right, that is a problem
然后用一种方法包裹起来 If you are a critic on the Sabbath
当在星期六中午 you will make fun of the fact
准备吃的时候 you will make fun of the fact
还会是热的 或者至少是温的 that the Jews are eating
但是你没说错 这是个问题 cold food on the Sabbath
如果你对安息日持批评态度 That's mentioned by Martial
你会取笑事实上 a Roman poet in the first century
你会取笑事实上 And our friend Justin already
犹太人在安息日 makes fun of the fact that the Jews
吃的都是凉的食物 are eating lukewarm food on the Sabbath
Martial提到过这点 That's another way of saying
他是公元一世纪的罗马的一位诗人 But you are right, there is a challenge
我们的朋友犹斯丁 But the idea is
也已经取笑过了犹太人 you wanna have your groovy food
在安息日吃的是半冷不热的食物 and somehow, it's still warm
这是另外一种说法 and somehow you haven't
但是你是对的 这是个挑战 lit the fire at the same time
问题在于 Yeah, it's a challenge
你想吃最好的食物 Modern Jews get around this by
想要吃热的食物 having timers on their ovens
但是你却不能 And the theory of set a timer before
同时生火 the Sabbath starts then, it's like there forward
是的 这是个挑战 it goes on at 10:30
当代的犹太人通过 And your food is nice and warm by 12:00
给烤箱定时绕过了这个问题 But, the rules are very complicated
在安息日到来之前 But that's the nutshell
就提前定上计时器 Cos if you look around by
十点半开始 there's 100 old rules
12点的时候食物就会是热的了 Okay, other questions?
但是规则非常复杂 Okay, the most amazing
这只是最基本的 Oh, I'm going fast today
如果你仔细研究 Okay, the most amazing development
有100多条古老的规则 in the history of the Sabbath prohibition side
还有其他问题吗 the negative side, the prohibited side
最令人吃惊的 is the list of 39 labors
今天讲得很快 which is the next sheet
由安息日禁忌一方面的历史中 Is it up on the, up there, okay
得出的最令人吃惊的部分 That's 39 labors that appears in the Mishnah
消极的一面 禁忌的一面 Okay, does somebody remind me
就是39条劳作法规 what is the Mishnah?
在下一张表格里面 Okay, what is the Mishnah?
打到幻灯片上了吗 好的 Don't confuse it with Midrash, remember?
在密西拿里面有39条劳作法规 Right, what is the Mishnah, Anna?
谁能提醒我下 Oral Torah?
密西拿是什么 Mishnah is oral Torah
密西拿是什么 I wish you had not said that
不要和米德拉什弄混 还记得吗 Because that requires me to
密西拿是什么 安娜 give an hour-long lecture to explain
口传Torah why it's not the oral Torah
密西拿是口传Torah But, okay, I'll accept that for an opening bid
我真希望你没这么说 But let's getting more specific
因为这需要我 What is the Mishnah?
用一个小时的时间来解释 Answer, the Mishnah is
为什么这不是口传Torah Wish you sensed, you Harry?
作为第一个回答的 我勉强接受 A text code by the 200 CE
但是咱们讲仔细些 which was written down
密西拿是什么 I kind of, was gonna say something
答案 密西拿是 like we understand in that
希望你们能明白 哈利 it was writing down as parts of the oral Torah
是在公元200年 Well, how much time do we have here?
写就的一部法典 Let's see
我有点想说 No, I have plenty of time
以我们的理解是 I'm going fast today, because my throat hurts
是写下来的口传Torah的一部分 Okay, then, alright
我们还有多少时间 Let's get to the key point
我看看 The Mishnah is a book
我有很多时间 Okay, the oral Torah is an idea
今天讲得很快 我觉得嗓子都疼了 a concept, a theory
那么 好吧 So that's all with the first one
直接切入重点 The Mishnah is a book
密西拿是一本书 At some point, the book is written down
口传Torah是一种想法 But I'm not sure whether it was meant
一种概念 一种理论 to originate from the oral book
所以第一个要点是 Kind of like Homer
密西拿是一本书 Where the poems are memorized
在某个时间这本书被写出来了 and sung for a long time by memory
我不确定是不是 And only gradually does it get written down
起源于口传书 So sort of like that
就像荷马那样 or whether Mishnah began its life
诗歌被大众记住 as a written book
然后凭借记忆传唱了很长时间 Okay, we are not sure
后来慢慢被写了下来 But it's a book
有点像是这样 i.e., it's a relatively fixed collection of texts
也可能密西拿一开始 It's a big book, okay
就被写成了书 The subject of this big book, this Mishnah book
我们不确定 which you, as Harry correctly said
但是这是一本书 emerges in the second century of our era
也就是基本固定的文本的合集 Same time, Justin Martyr is busy
是一本很厚的书 talking away over here, 160 or so CE
这本巨著的主题 密西拿的主题 The sages of the land of Israel are busy writing
就像哈利说的那样 producing what will become the Mishnah book
在公元二世纪形成 Okay, it's a book full of laws
同一时间 殉道士犹斯丁 Full of legal discussions, legal points
正忙于发表见解 公元160年 63 tractates in the Mishnah, as they are called
以色列的圣贤正忙于写就 62 out of 63 are discussions of legal material
创造密西拿这本书的内容 Legal material, rituals, customs, practices
整本书里面都是法律 Things you should do
整本都是法律讨论 法律观点 Things you should not do
密西拿里面的63册 Things you must not do
63册里面的62册在讲法律 And if you do that
法律 仪式 习俗 实践 what punishment might be, right?
应该做的事 the whole series of such things
不应该做的事 How the priests in the Temple
不能做的事 go about their rituals?
如果你做了 There is no temple anymore
会受到什么样的惩罚 you object in the second century about in the CE
这一系列的事情 Yeah, exactly
祭司在神庙里面的 Mishnah is a very odd book
仪式是怎么样的 Talks about, a lot of times about
已经没有神庙了 things which are not practical, practicable
你会说在公元二世纪已经没有神庙了 It imagines there is still a temple
是的 没错 And their priests were still sitting there
密西拿是本很怪的书 And there are the prayer laws, all those things
很多时候都在讨论 Mishnah is obsessed with those things
那些不能实施 无法实施的事情 Okay, it's an odd book
想象着神庙依然存在 So it's a book of legal materials
祭司还坐在那里 Right, ruling, discussions, debates
还有祈祷的律法 都是这类东西 about points of ritual practices
密西拿执迷于这些东西 custom, norm of law
是一本很奇怪的书 written in Hebrew
关于法律资料的书 by our friends the rabbis and the sages
支配 讨论 辩论那些 in the land of Israel
实施仪式的方法 Now, okay, still have two points
习俗 律法规范 at least two minutes, right, so
是在以色列 Where does the Mishnah come from?
由我们的朋友 拉比和圣贤们 How does the Mishnah know this stuff?
用希伯来语写就 How does the Mishnah know
还有两点要讲 1,000 pages words of material
还需要至少两分钟 That's how long it is in English translation
密西拿是从哪里来的那 1,000 pages
密西拿是怎么知道这些东西的 How does the Mishnah fill up 1,000 pages
密西拿从哪里 full of materials about
知道的1000页的内容 ritual, custom, law, practice
英文翻译版就是这个长度 How does it know all these stuff?
1000页 One of the most amazing things
密西拿是怎么填满1000页的 about the Mishnah is
各种材料 包括 it doesn't tell us
仪式 习俗 律法 实践 It just gives laws, rituals, debates
怎么知道这些东西的 They just sprawl, just talk, one after another
密西拿最令人惊奇 comes actually in perfusion
的一点是 You are buried in this mass of material
它没说 It doesn't tell you where it comes from
只是给出了律法 仪式 辩论 Later sages who write the Mishnah
只是肆意蔓延 不停地说 一条接一条 study the Mishnah were very bothered by this
不停地灌输 And their answer is
你会被各种材料淹没 I know where the Mishnah comes from
密西拿从来没说这些东西从何而来 The Mishnah is the oral Torah
后来书写密西拿 Charlton Heston came down from Mount Sinai
研究密西拿的圣贤对此耿耿于怀 and he had on his manly shoulders
所以他们的答案是 the two tablets of the law
我知道密西拿是从哪里来的 so called the 10 commandments
密西拿是口传Torah That's just one shoulder
查尔登 海斯顿从西奈山上下来 On his other manly shoulder
在他魁梧的肩膀上 Charlton Heston brought down the oral Torah
扛着两块石板的律法 in which Moses will explain
也就是十诫 what the Torah means
这只是一只肩膀 Moses will expand upon the written Torah
另外一只肩膀上 which is just a smaller part of the Torah
查尔登 海斯顿扛着口传Torah the bigger part of the Torah is the oral part
后面摩西会解释 The part that God never wrote down
这些Torah是什么意思 Part that Moses taught to his disciples
摩西会扩展写下来的Torah and their disciples and their disciples
这只是一小部分Torah and their disciples, their disciples down to us
更大的一部分Torah是口传Torah And the Mishnah is the repository of that
上帝没有写下来的那部分 That's a theory about the Mishnah
摩西教给他的门徒的那部分 The Mishnah itself never propounds about itself
门徒传门徒 Except in very few discreet passages
门徒传门徒 一直传到我们这儿 You have to wait to the next layer in tradition
密西拿就是口传Torah的积累 in which the later rabbis and sages
这是密西拿的一种理论 who study the Mishnah
密西拿自己从来没有提到过自己 don't like the fact that the Mishnah is
除了非常少的几个段落 a cannon rolling free on the deck of Judaism
必须要等到下一阶段的传统形成 We can regularize it
那些后来研究密西拿的 We can get it under control
拉比和圣贤 if we say, oh, it's the oral Torah
不喜欢密西拿那种 They are not making it up
对犹太教肆意开火的状态 It comes from tradition
我们可以调整下 Good example
我们可以控制下 Mishnah Shabbat 7 Mishnah 2
只要我们说 这是口传Torah I'll pick one passage out of
不是胡编乱造的 just blank, completely random
而是来自传统 out of 1,000 pages words
一个很好的例子 Here is one
密西拿 安息日第7章第2条 The primary labors here on the Sabbath
我从1000页里面 are forty save one
完全随机地 Goldenberg gave you a translation
挑出来一段 of this passage also
这一条 and also a brief discussion of it
安息日里面的主要劳作 The primary labors we have on the Sabbath
是39条 are forty save one
Goldenberg也给出了 Okay, you have 1 through 11
这段的翻译 sowing through baking to
并进行了简单地讨论 The 12 through 24
安息日里面的主要劳作 shearing wool, tearing the sewing stitches
是39条 hunting deer, building, pulling down
从第1条到11条 extinguishing, kindling
是从播种到烹饪 striking with a hammer
从12条到24条 39, taking out from one domain to another
剪羊毛 撕开缝线 Okay, Goldenberg gives you a nice discussion of this
猎鹿 盖房子 拆迁 arguing that these labors are
熄火 生火 fundamentally the rabbinic view of civilization
怎么用锤子 Right, the way these are clustered
第39条 从一个地方迁移到另一个地方 whereas the rabbis are saying
Goldenberg对此进行了讨论 What's prohibited on the Sabbath
他认为这些劳作法规 is human culture
基本上就是犹太人眼中的文明 Right, all these things that we humans do
把以上综合起来 to create food, paragraph one
拉比会说 To make clothing, paragraph two
安息日的禁忌 Paragraph three, to prepare parchment and write
是人性文明 Paragraph four, building
都是我们人类做的事情 用来做什么呢 and fire
第一段 生产食物 Then we have 39
第二段 制作衣物 taking our from one domain to another
第三段 准备羊皮纸写字 It's always a tricky one
第四段 盖房子 But okay, leave that aside for a second
生火 Here these paragraphs are the rabbinic concepts
一共39条 of what human civilization is about
不算迁移的那条 That's what's prohibited on the Sabbath
那条有点复杂 Okay, that's very nice
但是没关系 先把那条放到一边 And my friend Bob, Bob Goldenberg
这些段落是犹太人观念中的 teaches at Suny Stony Brook
人类文明的样子 Nice fellow, right
也就是在安息日的禁忌 But everything is very lovely
这非常好 I say that he wrote
我的朋友Bob Goldenberg But the question that bothers me
纽约州立石溪大学的老师 which doesn't just bother Bob
很好的人 cos he's just interested in
他写的所有东西 what he wants to do in that essay
都很不错 Right, interesting question is to observe
但是困扰我的问题是 how does the Mishnah know this?
Bob对此到不太在意 Let's discuss what does the Mishnah know
因为他只对在论文里面 The Mishnah knows that
想说的东西感兴趣 there are primary labors
一个有趣的问题是 You see it then in my translation
密西拿怎么知道这些的 which is what this is
先来讨论下密西拿知道些什么 I have a note below
密西拿知道 Primary labors, these labors are primary
有主要的劳作 in the sense that there are
在我的翻译里面可以看到 secondary and tertiary labors
说的就是这个 that unfold under each of them
下面有个注释 So the Mishnah has this idea that
主要的劳作 这些劳作是主要的 they are archetypal
也就是说还有 Prohibitions of labor
第二位的和第三位的 Which in turn, encapsulate or include
一级一级往下排 other labors that unfold beneath them
密西拿的观点是 So classic example
这些都是原型 No.3, reaping, or harvesting
劳作的禁忌 So the classic example is
按照顺序 包含或者包括 you got there on a wheat field
下一级的其他劳作 harvesting the wheat
一个典型的例子 That's what we are talking about
第3条 收割 或者收获 However, by extension
典型的例子是 Reaping also includes plucking fruit
你到麦地里面 which needs perhaps a different verb
收割小麦 different set of verbs
我们说的就是这个 Plucking fruit
可是扩展一下 Remember that for Monday
收割同时也包括采集果实 when we talk about Jesus said to the disciples
也许需要另外一个动词 Plucking fruit, or plucking grain
不同的动词 By extension, then, to the next one
采集果实 Standing under a tree, and shaking the branches
还记得周一讲的吗 that food will fall off
我们讲到耶稣对门徒说 which is the further extension
采集果实 或者采集谷物 Each of these 39 labors then
扩展一下 到下一条 is a master group, a master class of labor
站在树下摇晃树枝 within which certain labors are included
食物就会掉下来 which unfold to include various sub-labors
这是更进一步的扩展 You have that idea anywhere in the Torah, class?
这39种劳作的每一种 That Moses comes down from Mount Sinai
都是一个主群 工作的主要级别 and tells us there are master groups of labors
而在每一个劳作下面 and sub-groups and then sub-sub-groups?
还包括各自不同的子类 Did Moses talk that way?
在Torah里面有这样的概念吗 同学们 No
摩西从西奈山上下来 And if you say, yeah, but who cares?
告诉大家有主要的一组劳作 It doesn't matter classifying the styles
还有次要组和次次要组 It's all the same, it's all prohibited, right?
摩西这样说了吗 That's not all the same
没有 That's Chapter 7 Mishnah 1 of Mishnah Shabbat
如果你说 可是谁在乎 which I didn't give you
是不是分类都没关系 You need to read Goldenberg
都是一样的 都是禁忌 对吧 It matters because if you do and act
这是不一样的 the series of acts on the Sabbath by mistake
密西拿安息日第7章第1条 by accident
我没有给大家 And only realized it, oh my God
你们需要读下Goldenberg It's Saturday today, I forgot
这些是有关系的 因为如果你 Or oh my God, the Hebrew scroll never told me
不小心在安息日做了 I'm not allowed to do this on the Sabbath
一系列事情 At that point, we juries want to sit down
突然意识到 天啊 and say, what exactly did you do?
今天是星期六 我忘了 What are the labors that you performed?
或者天啊 希伯来圣经没告诉我 And are they in fact a single category of labor
不应该在安息日做这个 or are they multiple categories of labor?
如果是这样 陪审团会坐下来说 Cos if they are in the single category of labor
你到底做了什么 then you are obligated to
你到底从事了什么劳作 bring it home and sacrifice
这些是一个类别的劳作 only for that whole category
还是不同类别的劳作 that you have violated
因为如果你违反了一个类别的禁忌 that not considered to be the discrete acts
你就只需要回到家 There, the discrete acts
针对这一类 only if they belong to different classes
违反的劳作 What are the classes?
献上你的祭品赎罪 39 classes
因为这不会被认为是独立行为 Now that's an extraordinary idea
独立的不敬行为 where did rabbis get that?
是指如果这些属于不同类别 Is that anywhere in the Torah?
都有什么类别 The answer is no
39个类别 And then where do they get this crazy idea
这是个非同凡响的想法 there are 39 prohibited classes of labor
拉比怎么得来的 39, that's just an odd number
在Torah里面有吗 Where does that number come from?
答案是否定的 Is that in the Torah?
那么是从哪里来的这个疯狂的主意 The answer is no
有39个级别的劳作禁忌 And then you ask
39 是个奇怪的数字 Let's look at these 39
从哪里来的这个数字呢 Where does these come from?
来自Torah吗 Some of them do come from the Torah
答案是否定的 Like kindling, right? No.37
如果你问 Right? it does come from the Torah
看看这39条 As I mentioned before
都是从哪里来的呢 But most of these don't come from the Torah
有些确实来自Torah So where does all these stuff come from?
比如生火 对吧 第37条 This is an excellent example
确实是从Torah来的 where the rabbis and rabbinic Judaism
我前面提到过 in the Mishnah have, in fact
但是大多数不是从Torah来的 Let's be honest, ladies and gentlemen
那这些东西是从哪里来的呢 have overwhelmed the Torah
这是个非常好的例子 The Torah is the original writing about
那些拉比和拉比犹太教 what's prohibited on the Sabbath
在密西拿里面 事实上 cannot compare
直白了说吧 女士们先生们 did agree with the specificity
推翻了Torah did agree with detail
Torah是关于安息日戒律 and is overwhelming concerning with classification
的原始文献 that we'll see here in the Mishnah
无法与之相比 This is an excellent example where the
保留了那些特征 How we get from the Torah to the Mishnah
保留了那些细节 is a giant question mark
但是我们在密西拿里面看到了 If you are a pious Jew living today
Torah的分级的做法 这非常独特 Your answer will be
这是一个绝好的例子说明 it comes from tradition
怎么样从Torah到密西拿 And if it you said, and if you were pious
是一个巨大的问号 you then would say
如果你是当代的虔诚的犹太人 the tradition somehow
你的答案会是 goes back to the oral Torah
这从传统中来 Moses on the Mount Sinai
如果你是虔诚的犹太人 If you are a historian
你会说 you would say
这些传统某种程度上 Well, these things grow over time
可以回到口传Torah in ways that we can't trace any longer, right
摩西在西奈山上拿到的那些 And the rabbis, fundamentally
如果你是历史学家 at some point you have to be honest
你会说 ladies and gentlemen, and say
这些东西以我们不能回溯的方式 They made it up
发展了很长的时间 That's such an oddly phrase
而拉比们 基本上 They created it
有些时候必须诚实点说 Right, it's cultural creativity
女士们先生们 They are enacting in the Mishnah
他们瞎编的 Prohibitions, laws, rituals, etc.
这个说法太怪了 which have no basis in the Torah at all
他们创造出来的 but which come from somewhere else
这是文化的创造力 And ultimately become enshrined in the Mishnah
这些是在密西拿里面颁布的 and then part and part so of Judaism
禁忌 律法 仪式等等 Now this list is fascinating
在Torah里面完全没有踪迹 then I wanna know
是从其他地方得到的 where do these things come from
最终成了密西拿的一部分 and what they do with them
也成了犹太教的一部分 That's what I do all day
这些东西非常有趣 while I'm not teaching CB-22
我想要知道 what's the number of this course, is it 23?
这些东西是从哪里来的 These are the things I worry about
以及是如何被遵循的 This is how I make a living
这就是我每天的工作 Working on the Mishnah and
只要我不是在上CB-22这门课 trying to understand where it comes from
这门课编号是什么来着 是23吗 Do you have any questions?
这些就是我天天琢磨的东西 We have like one minute left
我以此为生 do you have any questions?
研究密西拿然后 Yes, sir
试图弄明白它从何而来 So if you are gonna describe the Mishnah
大家有问题吗 in two sentences
还有大概1分钟时间 Not more, yes?
大家有问题吗 Right
请说 What would I say?
可以请你用两句话来 I would just say
描述密西拿吗 The Mishnah is a rabbinic book
就两句 是吗 from the second century
好吧 concerned with laws, rituals, customs and practices
我会怎么说 period, that's one sentence
我会说 I might then say
密西拿是一本希伯来语的书 It's the most remarkable characteristic of all
来自公元二世纪 its legal debates and disputes
主要讲的是律法 仪式 习俗和实施 I might add that, but I don't have to add that
好了 这是第一句 I would say, second century
我可能还会说 Rabbis, laws, rituals
最值得注意的特性是 That's the big stuff
对法律的辩论和讨论 We have a word in the book in there somewhere
我可能会加上这句 不过不一定非要加上 So it's not to be confused with the idea
我会说 公元二世纪 or concept like your oral Torah
拉比 律法 仪式 It's a concrete thing
这些是最主要的 Okay, how's that?
这个我们的书中有过作答的 Did I get a little credit?
所以不要和你们说的 Okay everybody
口传Torah的概念弄混 Enjoy your weekend [Rhine & trismile Production]
这是实体的东西
这个答案怎么样
我可以得到奖励吗
好了 同学们
周末愉快