我们已经讨论过了 Let's just say we've discussed
什么是希伯来圣经 what is the Hebrew Bible
已经讨论过了犹太教徒和基督徒是怎么样 We've discussed how Jews and Christians
解读希伯来圣经的 read the Hebrew Bible
我们已经讨论过了什么是犹太教 We've discussed what is Judaism
什么是基督教 and what is Christianity
讨论过了犹太教和基督教 We've discussed how Judaism and Christianity
在公元一世纪二世纪期间 became separate things
是如何分道扬镳的 in the course of the first and second century
主要关注的是形成期 focusing on that formative period
公元一和二世纪 First and second centuries
这些都只是引言 All that by way of introduction
现在 从这节课开始 We will now, from this point
一直到本学期结束 through the end of the course
我们会开始讲解 we'll be marching our way
一系列的宗教仪式 through a series of rituals
看起来都是受命于 that seemed to be commanded
希伯来圣经 by the Hebrew Scriptures
而这些戒律 Which are, these commandments
犹太教徒有一种解读 are interpreted one way by Jews
而基督教徒 and interpreted some other
又有另外一种完全不同的解读 completely different way by Christians
这很有意思 and isn't it fine to see
接下来我们就会讲到这些 and that's what we are going to be seeing
首先这是一套宗教仪式 First it's a set of rituals
接下来我们会讲到 and then we're going to be looking at
神学上的宗旨 a set of theological tenets
还记得吧 宗旨 t-e-n-e-t Remember, tenet, t-e-n-e-t
神学上的宗旨 right, of theological tenets
同样大部分都来源于圣经文本 which again, are extensively derived from Scripture
犹太教徒和基督教徒都一样 both on Jews side and the Christian side
这就是我们要讲的内容 That's what we'll be doing for
从今天的课开始 一直到学期结束 well, henceforth, through the end of the term
今天我们的课 So today we're gonna
从宗教仪式讲起 We'll start with rituals first
所有这些宗教仪式里面 首先要讲 And of all the rituals, to start with of course
其中最重要的割礼 circumcision takes pride of place
这就是我们今天还有周三 so that's what we're talking about
要讲的内容 today and Wednesday
好了 知道我们要讲什么 Okay, it's clear where we are
和后面要讲的内容了吧 and where we're going
很好 咱们开始上课 Good, so let's get right to work
所谓割礼 So, circumcision, right
割礼这个词来自拉丁语 So circumcision means, comes from Latin
环形切除的意思 To cut around, cutting around
因为这种切除方法是 Because the cut is made around
在男性器官上环形切除 the shells of the male organ
拿掉一片皮肤 也就是包皮 to remove the piece of skin, called the foreskin
好的 我们继续 There we go
我需要提前说明 I need to make a clear right away up front that
很多美国中产阶级男性割过包皮 Many middle class American males are circumcised
现在的比例 The percentage is lower than
比上一代人低一些 it was just a generation ago
曾经超过80%的 It was once over 80 percent
美国中产阶级男性割过包皮 Now it's somewhere down around 40 percent
现在大概降低到了40%左右 of middle class American males
当然 割包皮也是 Of course, circumcised as a part of
常规新生儿手术的一部分 routine neonatal circumcision
我可以要求大家举手 I can ask for a show of hands here
看看都谁割过包皮 about who are circumcised
不过我不会这样做 but I won't do that
关键的一点是你不一定非要是犹太人 The point simply is that you don't have to be Jewish
才可以割包皮 in order to be circumcised
这里的关键点 和接下来的重点是 And the key point here, the next follow-up point is
就算你割过包皮 Even if you're circumcised
也不意味着你就是犹太人 it doesn't means that you are Jewish, right
如果你是犹太人 So if you have been Jewish
如果你因为这种美国常规的 If you've been circumcised because of
新生儿手术而被割了包皮 this routine neonatal circumcision in America
这并不意味着什么 It just means that you are, whatever you are
只是你被割过包皮而已 But you have been circumcised
不会让你更加犹太或者不那么犹太 it doesn't make you Jewish more or less
我们在这里 So, the kind of circumcision
所讲到的割礼 we're talking about here then
不是那种产科医生 Is not the circumcision that
对新生儿做的那种 your obstetrician will do on your baby
医生问你的孩子要不要割包皮 if they ask you if want your baby circumcised
你说 割吧 You say, sure, right
我说的不是这种情况 I'm not talking about that
我们要讲的是一种宗教仪式 We are talking here about a ritual, right
一种宗教仪式 有宗教仪式目的 A ritual act, with ritual intention
也会有宗教仪式后果 and ritual consequences
所以 男同学们 放松 Okay, so gentleman, relax
大家知道割礼总是会 You know, circumcision always
让男同学们很紧张 makes gentleman nervous, but okay
我们这里 So, circumcision is
所说的割礼 that we are talking about
是受命于Torah的 the circumcision commanded by the Torah
割礼成为了犹太人 犹太教徒的一种 The circumcision that then becomes a/the
或者说就是最重要的宗教仪式 key ritual marker of Jews and Jewishness
这就是我们今天要讲的 That's what we're talking about today
我们直接进入问题的核心 So let's get right to the heart of the matter
割礼是Torah中 Circumcision is unique among
非常奇特的一条戒律 all the commandments of the Torah
我让大家读过 Okay, I asked you to look at
Torah里面关于割礼的主要的章节 the main chapters in the Torah about circumcision
创世纪第17章 Genesis:17, right
上帝要求亚伯兰 in which God commands Abram
行割礼 亚伯兰当时99岁 to circumcise himself, age 99
亚伯兰自己要行割礼 还要对 Circumcise himself, and to circumcise
以后出生的所有的儿子行割礼 all sons that will be born to him henceforth
以及家族中所有的男性都要行割礼 and circumcise all the males of his household
是指奴隶 或者仆人 meaning slaves, or servants
这种模式 这种结构 The pattern, the structure
这一章被安排得非常有戏剧性 the chapter is arranged in a rather dramatic way
对比上帝如何对亚伯兰 contrasting God's construction to Abram
和上帝如何对撒拉 to God's instruction to Sarah
这里出现了性别上的差异 There are the gender aspect comes up again
我的书里面写到了这个主题 That I speak about in my book
我在书里面想给大家一个基本上的认识 But I tried in my book to give you a general sense
这一章主要讲的是什么 what's going on in the chapter
那么我就不去 So, now I'm not gonna
重复太多书中的原文了 pick what's in the book too much, I hope
我只是想关注于整体 I just wanna focus on the big picture
以及最重要的元素 and the big important elements
要求行割礼 So, circumcision to people
是Torah中的戒律 is the commandments of the Torah
这是唯一一条宗教仪式戒律 It is the only ritual commandment
上帝在创世纪中命令了一位族长 given to one of the patriarch in the Book of Genesis
当然一同还有禁令 Well, there's a prohibition, it's also given
这个后面再讲 But we'll talk about it later
我们先来解释割礼 let's explain this point
按照Torah中的叙事顺序 According to the narrative sequence in the Torah
创世纪第1章到11章 上帝是所有人的上帝 So Genesis 1-11, God is universal god
创建了整个世界 creates the whole world
和世界中的一切 and all that is therein
创世纪第12章 Chapter 12 of Genesis
上帝突然开始把 God, all of a sudden, seem to devote
时间和关注都放到了一个人身上 亚伯兰 time and attention to one specific man, Abram
后来改名为亚伯拉罕 在创世纪第17章 Later to be renamed Abraham, in Genesis:17
亚伯拉罕和他的宗族 Abraham and his clan
他的妻子 他的子孙 来来去去 His wives, his offspring, his comings and goings
一直贯穿亚伯拉罕的一生 That remains for as long as Abraham is alive
从创世纪12章一直到 亚伯拉罕去世 Genesis:12 on down, Abraham dies
上帝曾经保证过 He's replaced, as a warrant God's beam headlight
他被以撒取代 by his son Isaac
以撒接下来又被他的儿子雅各取代 who, in turn, is replaced by his son, Jacob
这里有一些混乱 There we have a complicated mess there
一共有12个儿子 We got 12 sons, as we see
同一个故事里面出现了两个英雄 we have two heroes emerging in a story
一个是犹大 一个是约瑟 One Judah, one Joseph
这些我就不讲了 Okay, I'll skip that
可以看到以色列人的归宿 See when the Israelites wind up
以色列人 以色列人的子嗣 Israelites, children of Israel
另外一个名字 雅各 Another name, Jacob
最后去了埃及 wind up going down to Egypt
他们成了埃及人的奴隶 there are enslaved to Egypt
现在是出埃及记了 Now we'll look Exodus
他们成了埃及人的奴隶 对吧 Right? They are enslaved to Egypt, right?
上帝通过他全能的手 张开双臂 God, through almighty hands and outstretched arms
把以色列人从埃及救回来 Right? Redeemed the Israelites from Egypt
带着他们走出了埃及 and takes them out of Egypt
把他们带到了西奈山 brings them to Mount Sinai
或者何烈山 如果你看的是申命记 or Mount Horeb, if you read the Book of Deuteronomy
对吧 现在以色列人到了西奈山 Right? The Israelites are on Mount Sinai
我们就有了伟大的主显节 And there we have the great EPIPHANY
摩西受十诫 Great revelation where Moses
是一个伟大的启示 receives the 10 commandments
接下来是犹太教人想象中的 完整的Torah And in later Jewish imagination, the entire Torah
就在这一刻 at that moment
根据叙事本身 So, according to the narrative itself
戒律是从 The commandments begin
十诫开始的 with the Ten Commandments
出埃及记第20章 Exodus:20
从出埃及第12章就开始有了伏笔 You've a slight warm-up for that in Exodus:12
当以色列人开始 where the Israelites are given
接受关于逾越节的晓谕 instructions about the Passover
我们会在 which we'll be reading
随后几周内讲到 in a couple of weeks down the road
但是除此之外 在创世纪中 But other than that, in the Book of Genesis
根本没有戒律 you don't have commandments
只有故事 you have stories
没有上帝向以色列人 You don't have Gods giving commandments
或者亚伯兰晓谕戒律 to the Israelites or to Abram
只有一般性的戒律 you have generic commandments
行于我前 正直公正 Walk before me and be righteous
多生多产 Be fruitful and multiply?
多生多产 也许吧 Be fruitful and multiply, well, maybe
族长没接到这样的晓谕 That's not given to the patriarch
这是对正直的奖赏 That's a reward for their righteousness
对于虔诚和正直的奖赏 As a reward for their piety and righteousness
你们的子嗣会 your seeds will be as multiple as
多如繁星 the stars in the sky
但是具体的戒律 比如 But specific commandments such as
不要在安息日做重要的事情 Don't do any matter of work on the Sabbath day
创世纪里面就没有说 You don't find that in the Book of Genesis
具体的戒律比如说 Specific commandment such as
不可偷盗 Thy shalt not steal
在创世纪里面也没有说 you don't find anywhere in the Book of Genesis
具体的戒律 不要吃猪肉 Specific commandments, not to eat pork
创世纪里面也没有说到 You don't find anywhere in the Book of Genesis
结论如此 Got the idea
但是创世纪第17章是一个例外 Except Genesis:17, where here we have
在这里不止是随便提到戒律 not just a casually mentioned commandment
而且这条戒律被 but a commandment that is
一遍又一遍地重复 repeated and repeated and repeated
一遍又一遍地强调 and emphasized, emphasized and emphasized
这条戒律 So this commandment
这条关于割礼的戒律 commandment of circumcision
用一个华丽的字眼说就是 is, the fancy-schmancy word is
前西奈山的 前西奈的 PRE-SINAITIC, pre-Sinai
这些是在西奈山之前 So that's before Mount Sinai
在西奈山受十诫 Before the Ten Commandments
之前的事情 were given on Mount Sinai
这样一切变得 That's what makes this very
通俗地说 非常独特 as we say in vulgar English, very unique
你们明白什么是通俗的 对吧 You understand what is vulgar, yes?
因为独特不能非常独特 就是独特 Cos it's unique, you can't be very unique, it's unique
通俗的英语里面 大家会简单地认为独特是 Right, vulgar English, people think unique is simply
哇 之类的 Wow, sort of
需要粉笔吗 Do you need chalk?
刚才是需要 现在不用了 I did need chalk, but that moment passed
他在往黑板上写前西奈山 Okay, he'll write pre-Sinaitic on the board
非常好 Okay, very good
这是什么意思呢 教授 So, what does that mean, professor?
这是从创世纪里面来的 So it comes from the Book of Genesis
又能怎么样呢 So big deal
如果你从犹太人的角度去想 Well, if you are a Jewish thinker type
或者基督教的圣经解读者 or Christian reader of the Scriptures
你肯定会注意到这点 you will notice this normally
创世纪里面提到的割礼 And here in Genesis circumcision
是Torah中的第一条戒律 is the first commandment given in the Torah
补充一点 拉比在假装 Footnote, the rabbi is pretending
还有比这个更早的戒律 there is other commandment, earlier than that
但是我们不管这个 But we are not gonna worry about them
回到我们讲的 Back to where I am
这是Torah给出的第一条戒律 Right, there is a first commandment given in Torah
当然不能算上给亚当的戒律 Not count the commandment to Adam
不要吃一切禁果 Don't eat all the forbidden fruit
我的意思是这不是戒律 I mean, that's not a commandment
你们懂的 That's, you know
在人和上帝依然发展的 Commandment for ongoing relationship
关系中的戒律 between people and God
在创世纪第17章出现了割礼 Here we have the circumcision in Genesis:17
这很有趣 This is interesting
接下来 Next
割礼是 Circumcision is
对了 补充一点 Oh, footnote, there is, of course
这里有一条禁令 one prohibition given to the
这里是 你应该受割礼 This is, the thy shalt circumcise
在创世纪中有一条是你不应该做 There is one thy shalt not in the Book of Genesis
是吃Gid Hanasheh Right, that's the, eating the Gid Hanasheh
用英语怎么说来着 What's it called in English again, the?
坐骨神经 Sciatic nerve
什么 What?
坐骨神经 Sciatic nerve
不要吃坐骨神经 Okay, don't eat the sciatic nerve, right?
动物的坐骨神经 That's, that would be animal
不要问为什么 好了 继续 Don't ask, okay, next
所以他们不吃菲力牛排 It means no filet mignon
也就是说犹太人不吃菲力牛排 Yes, it means Jews don't eat filet mignon, right
因为他们不能挑出动物 Because they can't get that part
这部分的肉 of the animal of that meat, alright
犹太人的文化里面 屠夫太贵了 Jewish culture, butcher is too expensive
没法处理这些肉 Can't process it
回到我们讲的 Okay, back to where we are
我们在讲割礼 We are talking about circumcision
不是食物 now it's about food
看到没 我们总是会说到食物 You see, we always get back to food, right?
一说到犹太人 总是要说到吃的 With Jews, we always come back to food
好了 继续 Okay, next
戒律被授予亚伯兰 So, the commandment is given to Abram
或者亚伯拉罕 在创世纪里面 or Abraham, in the Book of Genesis
非常不同寻常 这条戒律 Hardly unusual, makes this a commandment
在Torah的戒律里面 a different category as far it's authority
因其措辞体现的权威而自成一类 in terms of Torah-zone rhetoric
接下来 一旦履行 即为终身 Next, performed once in a lifetime
只要你做了 就是做了 Once you've done it, you've done it
如果你受了割礼 Once it's been done to you
就是受了 完事了 it's been done, period
就没有其他的事情了 Nothing more to do
和其他的戒律 Unlike every other commandment, of course
遵守的方法不同 which applies, perhaps
可能需要每天都要遵守 in every moment of every day
敬畏耶和华 孝敬父母 Fear the Lord, honor your father and mother
每天都要遵守 which apply to every moment of every day
或者会非常具体 Or, which are more specific
在安息日不要做重要的工作 Every Sabbath day, don't do any matter of work
每年第一个月的第十五天 On the fifteenth day of the first month
庆祝逾越节 celebrate the Passover
割礼是一次性的 This is done once forever
割礼实施在身体之上 It's performed on the body, right
很多戒律 Many commandments
都是由人来执行 of course are performed by the body
你要做什么 You do something
你不许做什么 Or, you don't do something
你被要求做什么 You are framed to do something
但是割礼是实施在身体之上 But this commandment is done on the body
Torah中的其他一些戒律 Now there are some commandments in the Torah
也会禁止在身体上做一些事情 that also regulate what is done to the body
比如说 不要纹身 For example, no tattoos
或者有戒律关于 Or there are commandments about
不要把头发剪成什么样 don't cut your hair in a certain way
有一些戒律是关于 So there are a few commandments about, you know
不要对身体做什么 What we don't do to the body
但是割礼是 But with this commandment
非常有趣的一条戒律 we have a very interesting one
因为是要求对身体做什么 Cos it's a commandment to do something to the body
如果用激进的说法 If you want to be pugnacious and polemical
你可能会说 这是残害身体 You might say, you are mutilating the body
如果你不想这么极端呢 You don't want to be polemical?
你可能会说 你在改变身体 You say, you are changing the body
如果恭谦一些 你就会说 You wanna be apologetic, you say
你在改进身体 you are improving the body
但是这样的戒律只有一条 But it's the only such commandment
事实上这很奇怪 可能有些人会想 And in fact it is so odd that some people think
为什么禁止纹身 Why there's a prohibition to tattoo
但是却要受割礼 but there's an obligation to circumcise?
嗯 有意思 Hmm, interesting
实施在身体之上 So, on the body
最后 可能使本条戒律 Last, and might special of making this commandment
相比其他戒律 非常独特 unique among all the commandments
被称为Brit It's called Brit
德系犹太人希伯来圣经读作Bris Right, so the Ashkenazi Hebrew Bible pronunciation Bris
但是一般说Brit But usually we say now Brit
都是一个词 bris brit berit Same word, bris, brit, berit
都是同一个词 It's all the same word, right?
Brit或者Bris Brit or Bris
这就是约上的戒律 对吗 It is the covenantal commandment [Hebrew] Right
这条戒律是约 This commandment is the covenant
你要问 什么是约 Now what is a covenant, you ask?
后面的几周会回过头来讲这个 We'll come back to this in a couple of weeks
约是一种契约关系 A covenant is that contractual relationship
在一些情况下相互约束 mutually binding a set of conditions
联系着以色列人和上帝 that link Israel to God
以色列人和上帝 做了个约定 Israel and God, we got a deal
有了合约关系 We have a contract
有了协议 We have an understanding
这就叫做约 And the word for that is covenant
后面几周还会讲到 Or as we'll discuss in a couple of weeks
这不是自然发生的 而是有意为之的 It's not natural, it's constructive
这是个非凡的想法 This is an extraordinary idea
古以色列人在Torah中的非凡想法 that the ancient Israelites have in the Torah
上帝和以色列人达成了协议 Right? God and Israelites come to terms
这些协议就是约 Those terms are the covenant
一般会用Brit这个词 或者约(covenant) That word we use is brit, or covenant
有些情况下被翻译成 Sometimes it's translated
基督教翻译成 圣约 in the Christian translations as Testament
有旧约 也有新约 There is an old one, then there is a new one
犹太人认为只有一个 就是这样 Jewish way speaking, there is only one, period
这就是约 So that's the covenant
在对这个词的应用之中 Know among the uses of this word
Brit 非常有趣 Brit, interestingly enough
这条戒律 This commandment
独立于所有戒律之中 almost alone of all the commandments
可以称其为 约 can be referred to as THE COVENANT
含义是 割礼 meaning, circumcision
在Torah里面 That was only one of
只有一条戒律 the commandments in the Torah
是类似的用法 that we see the similar kind of usage
给大家的材料里面我故意没说清楚 I deliberately was vague in my handout
这里好来个小测试 for a quick quiz here
考考你们这些日校 主日学校 for you day school kids, Sunday school kids
圣经学校的同学 Bible school kids, right
10分 So for 10 points
可以得到额外加分的机会 And the opportunity wants the bonus, right
Torah中另外还有哪一条戒律 What is that other commandment in the Torah
至少有一个圣经段落 which also, at least one Biblical passage
在出埃及记中 in the Book of Exodus
被叫做戒律 称为约 is called the Commandment, the Covenant
哈利 Harry
安息日 Sabbath?
安息日 你得到10分 Sabbath, you get 10 points
父母花钱让你上主日学校 Your parents got the money worth
看来没白费心思 on the minorities, right
没错 在出埃及记里面有一段 Right, so there is one passage in the Book of Exodus
安息日也被称为约 where the Sabbath is also referred to as the covenant
或者说是约的记号 Or the sign of the covenant
非常有趣的描述 Interesting language
但是在创世纪17章中让人吃惊的是 But what's amazing about Genesis:17
约这个词出现了13次 is that the word Covenant appears 13 times
可以看到在第17章 as we'll see it in one moment
只是一小段就出现了13次 appears 13 times in Chapter 17
所以我得出了什么结论呢 同学们 So, what have I deduced from all these, class?
事实上远在割礼被 The fact that circumcision alone is
长年累月的实施之前 given in the Book of Genesis
就已经在创世纪中被提了出来 before months and lifetime does on the body
而且被称为约 And it's called the covenant
我会得出这样的结论 I'm gonna deduce from that
Torah中的割礼属于 The circumcision in terms of
划分等级的象征 Torah is all hierarchy
它非常的重要 It's pretty damn important
不管是谁写了创世纪第17章 Right, whoever wrote Genesis:17
肯定认为割礼非常的重要 certainly thinks circumcision is a big deal
这不仅仅是另外一条戒律 It's not just another commandment
而是看起来自成一类 seems to be something sui generis
它独树一帜 It's a category of its own
包含着它自身的重要性 with its significance of its own
对于重要性 我倾向于说 and the importance, I attempted to say, right
它要比那些 that it is greater than that of your
普通的戒律重要得多 run-of-the-mill commandment
比如不要偷盗 Like thy shalt not steal
孝敬父母 honor thy father and mother
这条不一样 This is different
至于具体的含义 Now what does it mean?
是接下来要解决的问题 That's a question we'll turn to next
有问题吗 Okay, questions?
这位女同学 Yes ma'am
我以为上帝之前也立过约 I thought God had established a covenant before
比如说和挪亚 大洪水 Like with Noah, the great flood
是在创世纪第9章 which was, like Genesis:9
非常好 Excellent, right
没错 你在 抱歉 So, right, you have in, excuse me
在Torah里面 You have in the Torah
有一系列的约 a series of covenants, right
你可以争论说上帝和亚当夏娃 You can argue you have a covenant
就曾经立过约 between God and Adam and Eve
在伊甸园里面 对吧 in the Garden of Eden, right?
我把伊甸园给你们 I'am giving you Garden of Eden
但是作为条件 but it comes with conditions
不要做X 万万没想到 他们做了X 对吧 Don't do X, surprise, they do X, right?
然后他们被赶了出来 Then they get kicked out
之后在上帝和人类之间 Then we have, seems another covenant
似乎是有另外一个约 between God and humanity
人类犯罪 上帝降下洪水 Humanity sins, and God brings to flood
然后挪亚出现了 Then we have Noah
挪亚的情况 创世纪第9章 In the case of Noah, Genesis:9
有了关于约的描述 We have the language of covenant
非常的明确 对吧 produced specifically, right?
非常明确的 之前都是含糊的 Explicitly, before that was inexplicit
这里用来描述约的语言 Here we have language of covenant
都是明确的 used explicitly, right?
洪水退去之后 And after the flood
彩虹是约的记号 The rainbow is the sign of the covenant
和创世纪第17章的描述一样 The same with language in Genesis:17
这是约的记号 It's the sign of the covenant
然后上帝和亚伯拉罕 Then you have the covenant
之间也立了约 between God and Abraham
然后是上帝和以色列人等等 And then God and the Israelites and so on
这是一系列的约 See you have a string of covenants
这意味着什么 我不太确定 What does that mean exactly, I'm not sure
但是这是唯一仪式化的 对吧 But this is the only one that is ritualized, right?
在上帝和亚伯拉罕 Where this covenantal relationship
之间的契约关系 between God and Abraham
亚伯拉罕 你是我的人 Abraham, you are my guy
亚伯拉罕对上帝说 你是我的神 And Abraham says to God, you are my God
所以我们在这里达成了协议 You know, we got a deal here, right?
我们两个 The two of us
然后上帝说我要将约封缄 Then God says I'm gonna seal the deal
割礼就是这其中的封印 Circumcision is the seal
这就是之后的犹太人 That's the word later Jews
用来指割礼的词 use to refer to circumcision
我们通过割礼封缄协议 Right, we are gonna seal the deal with circumcision
所以我要说 Well, that's where I will say
从这点来说 At that point, hmmm
这是有本质上不同的 This is something qualitatively different
很好 Good
问题 观察结果 不同意见 Questions? Observations? Complaints?
男同学们觉得很疯狂还是觉得还好 And gentleman feeling crazy or we are okay here?
很好 我们继续 Good, then we'll keep going
在创世纪第17章的叙事者 Okay, so it's clear in the eyes
眼中这是非常清楚明了的 of the narrators in Genesis:17
割礼和其他那些 Circumcision is qualitatively different from
普通的戒律有本质的不同 your run-of-the-mill commandment
那么到底是什么意思呢 Then what does it really mean?
或者叙事者们想要告诉我们什么 Or what's the narrator trying to tell us?
叙事者们有什么瞒着我们的 Or what's up there in the narrator's sleeve?
关于这一点 我们需要 At that point, we need to start to
开始调查研究 investigate, and sort of look around
创世纪第17章 在这里 So Genesis:17, here is where do a peice of
要去读一些阅读材料 exactly some of the stuff was in the reading
在创世纪第17章很清楚 What's very clear in Genesis:17
存在这样的关联 is that there's an association
在割礼和子嗣之间 between circumcision and progeny
割礼和生育力之间 Circumcision and fecundity
割礼和土地之间 Circumcision and land
看起来是一个三角关系 So we seem to have a triangle
也就是说上帝 当时亚伯拉罕已经99岁了 Namely God, Abraham is 99 years old
这个可怜的男人还没有真正的继承人 The poor man does not have an official heir yet
他有个儿子 不过是使女夏甲的 He has a son, by a handmaid, Hagar, right?
这个儿子就是以实玛利 That son is Ishmael, right?
也许是个不错的小伙子 不过 Probably a nice fellow, right? but
只是和使女的儿子 you know, it's the son of the handmaid
不是正妻所生 Right, he's not a son from a wife
他的妻子是撒拉 或者撒莱 现在叫撒拉 The wife is Sarah, or Sarai, now we call Sarah
如果我们问 究竟 Now if we ask, what's exactly difference
妻子和使女之间有什么区别呢 between a wife and a handmaided?
这是个有趣的问题 Well, it's an interesting question
我也不知道确切的答案 Which I don't really know about the answer fully
但是很明显圣经中假设 But clearly this text assumes
这是有地位上的差异的 there is difference of status
所以正妻那边 没有子嗣 So from the wife, he has no offspring
使女这边 或者叫情妇 From the handmaided, the concubine, if you will
他有以实玛利 he has Ishmael
他已经99岁了 He's 99 years old
必须要面对这一点 You know, let's face it
他已经有些绝望了 You know, he's kind of a little desperate
上帝说 受割礼 So God says, be circumcised
谢谢 Thank you
上帝说 受割礼 God says be circumcised
我保证你会有很有子嗣 And I promise you a mighty progeny
猜猜怎么了 Well guess what?
猜猜下一章发生了什么 Guess what happens in the next chapter?
以撒出生了 Isaac is born
看到没 管用 See? It worked
现在有了正式的继承人 以撒 Now we have an official heir, Isaac
承诺所得的儿子 或者说约中的儿子 Son of the promise, or son of the covenant
之后的犹太人就这样称呼 He's called in later Jewish reading scripture, right
现在有了正式的继承人 Just now we have an official heir
作为正式继承人的一部分 Part of being an official heir
是要继承些什么 is that he got to inherit something
所以他不仅继承了地位 So he's inheriting not just status
作为上帝的人 of being the man, the God man
作为和上帝有着 Right, the man who is standing in
非常紧密关系的人 close relationship with God
他还继承了土地 He's also inheriting the land
我的意思是 That's what we meant by
有了割礼 子嗣和土地 we have circumcision, progeny, land
这三者都在创世纪第17章中出现了 Right? These three come together in Genesis:17
在我们假设的相关 So in the eyes of what we assume are the
叙事者的眼中 well, associate narrator
我们假设是教士的叙事者 We assume there is a priestly narrator
现代圣经学者是这样称呼他们的 coined by modern Bible scholars
创世纪第17章是教士学校的产物 Genesis:17 is product of the priestly school
所以把他们叫创世纪第17章的教士叙事者 So called them the priestly narrators of Genesis:17
割礼在上帝的眼中 Right, circumcision is part and part so of
是具有不同的地位的 the covenant, namely, special status in God's eyes
至少对于我们 或者上帝的人来说 of us, the people, or his man, at least
如果你问那女人呢 What about the women, you ask
我专门写了本相关的书 Well, I wrote a book on that
至少对男人来说 Okay, so at least for the man
在上帝眼中的特殊地位 with special status in God's eyes
划分出了上帝的子民 marking us off as God's people
划分出了约中的特殊地位 marking us off as special status in the covenant
划分出了上帝土地的使用者 marking us off as the tenants of God's holy land
圣民 圣地 由割礼划分 Holy people, holy land, marked by circumcision
这就是创世纪第17章中发生的事情 That's what's going on in Genesis:17
很多人类学家 Now, as many many anthropology
历史学家观察发现的是 historians, etc. have observed
割礼和生育力 生殖力 The association of circumcision with
之间的联系很常见 fertility, fecundity is common
很多文明会实施割礼 Many cultures that practice circumcision
视之为象征性的 隐喻性的 See it either as symbolically, metaphorically
或者也许是生理上的 or perhaps physically
都当作一种对生育能力的增强 seeing as an enhancement to fertility
生理上的可能是因为 Right, physically perhaps cos it is
这会改善射精 thought to improve ejaculation
或者也许隐喻地说 Or perhaps because metaphorically
在某种程度上消除了壁垒 it somehow removes barriers
某种程度上提升了 and somehow opens up
繁殖能力 生育能力 fecundity, opens up fertility
这很常见 This is quite common
以色列人 或者至少是 The Israelites, or at least specifically
创世纪第17章中的以色列人 the Israelites narrated in Genesis:17
有些特别之处 This is something unique
被当做生育能力的标志 Which is to take what was a sign of fertility
所以一般都会针对 consequently often performed
未成年的男性 on an adolescent male
一般会被当作是 Often performed as a part of
成年仪式的一部分 a fertility coming of age ritual
或者说年轻的男性 Or some such where the young male
必须出去 has to go off and
杀死大象 猎获老虎 you know, kill an elephant, bag a tiger
还要受割礼 and get circumcised, you know
然后才可以回来娶妻 Then he can come back in his way to take a wife
要证明自己的价值 Right, having proved himself worthy
类似的东西 that sort of thing
所以以色列的叙事者 So the Israelites narrator, right?
对这个仪式做了两件非比寻常的事情 He's done two remarkable things with this ritual
第一 把约和上帝联系了起来 One, associate with covenant and God
现在是 This is now part of
现在是关于割礼的约的 this is now THE mark of covenantal status
地位的标志 this circumcision
历史上据我们所知从来没有人这样做过 No one else did that as far as we know in antiquity
另外一件非比寻常的事情是叙事者 The other remarkable thing this narrator did
把仪式和生育能力 生殖能力 was he kept, he's trapping associations
联系了起来 with fertility and fecundity
此外现在仪式是 Except now the ritual is
并不是对青春期的男性 not done on adolescent male
而是对新生的男童 The ritual is done on an infant male
对于生育能力仪式来说非常奇怪 Which is really odd for a fertility ritual
我的意思是 才出生8天的男孩 I mean, eight-day old boys
根本没有生育能力嘛 are not particularly fertile yet
对吧 他们还需要母亲 Right? They still need their mother
所以这里有些很奇怪的东西 So, there's something odd going on here
我们现代的人类学家 which we modern anthropologist
刨根问底 希望了解其中真相 steps upon, gone to the bottom of
我们并没有确切知道 We don't know exactly
上帝把割礼和约联系起来 where is God's this covenantal idea from
的想法来自哪里 to associate with circumcision
但是他做了 but he did
而且在历史上没有类似的情况 to which has no parallel anywhere in antiquity
而把生育力仪式 And moving it a fertility ritual
实施在新生儿上意味着其实 to that of an infant boy means in effect
这个仪式并不是针对 That the ritual is marking the fertility
婴儿将来的生育能力 not the future fertility of the boy
而是对他现在的父亲而言 but marking the present fertility of the father
所以看起来是一种 So it seems to be a ritual that
联系父子的仪式 binds father and son
或者很多人类学家的另外一种说法 Or the way several anthropologists have read it
这是一种把男孩 It's a way of taking the boy
从女人中区分出来 out of the world of women
而归到男人这一类之中 and into the world of men
现在女人刚刚生了个孩子 Here is an infant recently produced by a woman
母亲 对吧 the mother, right?
否则的话根本不会有这个婴儿 without whom this infant would not be
没有母亲的话孩子也会死去 and without whom this infant would die
因为毕竟古代文化中 Since after all, ancient culture is
是母亲抚育婴儿 the mother nurses the baby
或者其他女人抚育婴儿 or some woman nurses the baby
但是母亲肯定会抚育婴儿 对吧 But the mother nurses the baby, right?
但是我们的社会制度却是 But it's our way, our society's way of saying
女人确实是母亲 没错 Woman belongs to the mother, yes
不过从社会的角度上 But socially speaking
这是个未来的男人 未来的男性 This is a man in the future, this is a future male
会生存在男人的世界之中 who will inhabit in the world of men
而不是女人的世界中 not in the world of women
或者说得更加激进一些 Or to put it more pugnaciously
父权战胜了母系 Paternity trumps maternity
证据之一就是以实玛利 夏甲的儿子 Witness the fact that Ishmael, son of Hagar
很可爱的年轻人 很好的年轻人 Very lovely young man, very nice young man
我们希望他能好运 We wish him only the best
不过 再见 But, goodbye
以撒才是承诺中的儿子 Isaac, of course, is the son of the promise
因为以撒有个正确的母亲 Cos Isaac has the right mother
而以实玛利没有 and Ishmael has the wrong mother
所以母系确实有关 So maternity does matter
现在割礼与之产生了冲突 The circumcision is now at tension with this
因为我们认为母系 in which we think maternity is
重申了自己和割礼的关系 reasserting itself in circumcision
这些都是很深奥的内容 Okay, those are some deep water
如果你学习了人类学第一课 You just take Anthro 101
或者学习了宗教仪式课程 or if you do studies of ritual
我可以保证你会看到两种仪式 I'll guarantee you'll do two rituals
其中之一是献祭 因为人类学里面都会有这个内容 One is sacrifice, cos everybody does that in Anthro 101
另外一个在人类学中会学到的仪式 And the second ritual you'd like to study in Anthro 101
就是割礼 可能是 is circumcision which is probably
世界上被实施最广泛的宗教仪式 the world's most widely practiced ritual
你会进行讨论 And you'll discuss this
而且和割礼 And the meanings associated
相关的意义数不胜数 with circumcision are this long
但是在不平凡的创世纪第17章 But it's remarkable Genesis:17
提到了很多常见的仪式场景 Echoes many of these universal themes
但是是以以色列人特有的方式 But does so in a peculiarly Israelite way
和上帝立约 实施在婴儿身上 父权 So see with God, moving it to infancy ritual, paternity
这个是非常有趣的组合 This is an interesting package
好了 有问题吗 Okay, questions?
没有 好吧 No, hmm, okay
可能这意味着你们同意我的观点 I guess it means you all agree with me
或者你们都睡着了 or you are all asleep
肯定是二者之一 Here is one of here
割礼是约的记号 Circumcision is a sign of the covenant, okay
要注意这个短语 Just pay attention to that phrase
周三还会讲到 We'll come back on that on Wednesday
在创世纪第17章第11节 that's in Genesis 17:11, right?
以一些特殊的方式 Where in some peculiar way
在阅读材料里面有讨论的 as it is discussed in my reading
割礼不止是约 circumcision is not just the covenant
同时也是 这里使用的短语是ot ha-brit it is also, the phrase used here is ot ha-brit
是约的记号 It's a sign of the covenant
这是什么意思呢 同学们 What exactly that means, alas?
创世纪第17章的故事这次作出了解释 The narrator of Genesis:17 this time explain
我不知道具体到底是什么意思 So I don't know exactly what it means
约的记号 sign of the covenant
但是之后犹太教徒和基督徒 But later Jews and Christians alike
会经常用到这个短语 will make much of the phrase, right?
这是约的记号 It is the sign of the covenant
在这里的含义的 So in context this means
这是约的记号 It is a sign of the covenant
让犹太人成了特殊的犹太人 which marks out Jews as special Jews
以色列人在上帝眼中也是特殊的 the Israelites as special in God's eyes
上帝把割礼看待成 That God's looking upon the circumcision
谁加入了他的阵营 God knows who is on his team
就像在挪亚那一段 Just as in the case of Noah
上帝把彩虹当成 When God sees the rainbow
约的记号 the sign of the covenant
上帝在遵守他的誓言 God is reminded of his pledge
不会再用洪水毁掉世界 and will never destroy the world again by flood
读读那几段 Look at the passage
看看是不是同意我的观点 See if you agree with me
这是这几段的字面意思 that's a simple plain meaning of the passage
但是之后犹太教徒和基督徒 but later Jews and Christians
都认为还有其他含义 thought it meant something else
我们会在周三讲到 as we'll discuss on Wednesday
其他隐式的含义 Other implicit meanings
我自找麻烦地 To trouble myself I gave you
在阅读材料里面给了你们一些段落 on the syllabus a couple of the passages
我希望你们能读一下 I suggested you may wanna read
取决于你们有多感兴趣 depends upon how much interested you are in this
但是创世纪第17章 必须读一下 But Genesis:17 you've got read it
而且要认真地读 you gotta read it carefully
好好看看学习圣经里面的注释 look at the notes in the JSB, and etc.
好好消化一下 You know, chew on it
当然还有其他一些段落 You know, a bunch of other interesting passages
可能会反映出 which may reflect
关于割礼其他的设想 different conceptions of circumcision
就Torah本身而言 within the Torah itself
创世纪第34章是到目前为止 Genesis:34 is by far and away
我想说 至少对我来说是 I would say, for me, at least
创世纪的叙事中 the most shocking, the most troubling
最震惊 最伤脑筋 the most disturbing chapter anywhere
最令人不安的章节 in the narrative of Genesis
也许在整个Torah里面都是这样 perhaps in the whole Torah
有了提前的预告 So, with advance like that
你应该回家读读创世纪第34章 You are gotta go home and read Genesis:34
有各种情节 It's got everything
有性爱 有暴利 It's got sex, it's got violence
而且结局不是那么好 and not a happy ending either
不是很美满的一章 not a very nice chapter
但是不管如何 割礼在创世纪34章的情节中 But anyway, circumcision plays an important role
扮演了重要角色 in the plot of Genesis:34
在这里似乎叙事者 Where it seems to narrator
什么都不知道了 did not know anything at all about
关于那些立约的事情 all those covenantal things
父权和繁殖力 and paternity and fecundity
土地和约 and land and covenant
所有那些在创世纪17章里面发生的事情 and all those things you know about in Genesis:17
到了创世纪第34章的时候 When you get to Genesis:34
这位叙事者 可能是同一个 也可能不是 this narrator, the same guy, probably not
另外一位叙事者 别的叙事者 different narrator, some narrator
前面的东西都没了 There's no any of that
这看起来像是以色列人做的事情 That seems to be something that we Israelites do
因为我们总做这样的事 because we always done it
这是一种国际上的民族印象 This is a called of a national ethnic tribal marker
因为以色列人会 You know, because Israelites have
我不知道 也许会切掉耳垂 I don't know, cut off your earlobes
但是这就是我们的做法 But this is what we do
你想加入我们吗 你也要这样做 You wanna join us? you'll do it
这就是创世纪第34章 Okay, that's Genesis:34
如果读到这里记得看一下 Look at it if you are there
利未记第12章 说的是洁净的主题 Leviticus:12 pitch me a purification theme
出埃及记第4章 Exodus:4
这一章 又一次 This now is, again
可能是Torah里面最神秘的章节 perhaps the most mysterious verses in the Torah
就是这一章 出埃及记第4章 would be this one, in Exodus:4
摩西逃到了埃及 So Moses has fled to Egypt
现在我们来看一下原因 to reasons we will go into now on the plot
他来到了米甸 Right, he's off in Midian where
米甸的大祭司 The, chief priest in Midian
非常健康 非常活跃的人 This man's healthy, a dynast type
风流情种 You know, trouble, hesitant type
脱掉上衣 女孩们都为他着迷 Takes off a shirt, all the girls swoon, right?
所以他把其中一个女儿许配给摩西 So, he gives him one of his daughters to marry
这就是在米甸发生的事情 对吧 So there it is, there he is in Midian, right?
然后他得到了上帝的信息 And he gets the message from God
是时候回埃及去了 The time has come to go back to Egypt
去救回你的兄弟们 以色列人 to redeem your brothering, the Israelites
我给大家简单介绍了下 So okay, I'll summarize for you loosely
这一段的故事 what's going on in the narrative
这一段就是第4章第24节 Well, the narrative is, 4:24
在半路上宿营的一个晚上 At a night encampment on the way
耶和华遇到了他 想要杀死他 The LORD encountered him and sought to kill him
这里肯定有斗争 我不知道背景是怎么样的 It was a wrestle, I don't know the context here
但是对于将要发生的事情 It is surely there's some explanation
肯定有解释 of what's going on
但是根本没有 No, no, this is nothing what happened
没有背景 There is no context
摩西骑上驴 Moses gets on his donkey
想要回埃及去 and is heading back to Egypt
在上一节上帝刚刚交代过的 Right? As God told him in the previous verse
接下来的一句就是 Right? The next verse is exactly this one
半路上宿营的一个晚上 At a night encampment on the way
耶和华遇到了他 想要杀死他 The LORD encountered him and sought to kill him
什么 耶和华想要杀死摩西 What? Lord wants to kill Moses?
什么什么 第25节 What, what? Verse 25
因此西坡拉 摩西在米甸娶的妻子 So Zipporah, that's Moses' Midianite wife
拿出一块火石 割掉了他儿子的包皮 took a flint and cut off her son's foreskin
然后丢在摩西的腿前说 and touched his legs with it, saying
你是我真正的血郎了 You are truly a bridegroom of blood to me
我看到的反应是 什么 To which my response is, what?
开始变得越来越奇怪了 This is more mysterious and gets more mysterious
代词也不是很清楚 Right, the pronoun is not clear
到底是他还是他的 Who's the him and his?
谁的包皮 谁的腿 Whose foreskin, whose legs?
腿说的真的是腿 Does legs mean LEGS
还是有其他含义 or legs mean something else?
到底是怎么回事儿 What is going on here?
然后接下来 Then after it says
当他离开以后 When He let him alone
耶和华离开摩西以后 西坡拉说 The Lord left him alone, she added
你因为割礼 A bridegroom of blood
就是血郎了 because of the circumcision, right
所以我可以很肯定地说 So I can say without fear of contradiction
没有人知道 Nobody knows at all
到底这两节说的是什么事情 What the meaning of these two verses is
我可以这样说因为 This I can say, because
各种各样的解读数不胜数 The number of interpretation is this long
所以我得出结论没人能够肯定 from which I can deduce that no one is sure
所以中世纪和现代解读者 So the ancient medieval and moderns
都在和这节奇怪的内容纠结 all grapple with this very mysterious verse
我可以简单地说其中一个重点 So I can simply say the one key point
接下来的几周会讲到 We'll come back at this in a couple of weeks
割礼在这里是辟邪用的 is that circumcision is here APOTROPAIC
看到这个华丽的词了吗 You see that fancy-schmancy word?
这是辟邪用的 It's APOTROPAIC
意思是挡住 避开 Meaning it wards off, turns aside
APO是离开 从什么离开 APO means away, or from
TROP 是转过的意思 TROP, of course meaning turn, right?
TROP是拉丁语 和avert via一个意思 TROP is Latin, same as Latin avert, via
所以是转过 合起来就是辟邪用的 So, it's turn, so it's APOTROPAIC
转移 避开邪恶 毁坏 死亡 Averting, turning aside evil, destruction, death
耶和华想让某个人遭遇这些 Somebody was about to get it, from the Lord
而行割礼救了他的命 and somehow the act of circumcision saved him
到底他是指谁 我不太确定 Who's the him, I'm not quite sure
但是因为西坡拉 But the him is saved because of
对他行了割礼而得救了 the act of circumcision done by Zipporah
我想说 千钧一发啊 I attempted to say, a nick in time
对吧 在危机时刻救了命 Right? Saved the person in danger
因此这就是一个辟邪的仪式 Hence is the apotropaic ritual
这很重要 我们后面还会讲 This will be important, we'll come back
等到讲逾越节 when we talk about Passover
血的逾越 and the passover of blood
同时要注意血这个词 Also notice, too, the word blood
这里有一小段 Here is in the little passage
你成了我的血郎 A bridegroom of blood you are to me
我们提到割礼 这里唯一一次 The only time we're talking about circumcision
提到了血 blood is here
我写过关于这个主题的书 Okay, I got a book which I never finished
不过没写完 咱们继续往下讲 on this subject, so I'm just going to move on
好了 这里有很多的含义 Okay, so here a bunch of other meanings
我想要尽量分一下类 You know, I tried to sort this out
历史上的 年代上的 等等 historically, chronologically, etc. etc
无需多说 这很麻烦 Needless to say, there's a problem
但是文本本身足够丰富让我们看到 But the text itself is rich enough to show us
在创世纪第17章的正式含义之外 that alongside the official meanings of Genesis:17
繁殖力 土地 继承 约 地位 fecundity, land, inheritance, covenant, status
还有很多其他的含义 Right, we've seen a bunch plus of other meanings
在古以色列这里出现 are floating around in ancient Israel
基于这些原因 from which, or out of which
创世纪第17章自己成了一个选辑 the narrator of Genesis:17 made a selection
但是其他章节依然如故 But the other ones are still there
没有消失 didn't go away
下一点是 Next point to
好吧 大家有问题吗 Okay, questions on this?
这个很简单 It's an easy one
答案是否定的 The answer is no, okay
关于割礼是一种卫生的仪式 And the idea that circumcision is hygienic ritual
用来预防摩西看到的 to prevent a few Moses saw, I don't know
包皮感染或者什么的 infection of the foreskin or such things
这是当代解读者的观点 Right, these are modern readings
这样的观点其实是逆推得出 which actually go back to antiquity
特别是对于某些特定的犹太人 Particularly coming among certain kind of Jews
因为卫生仪式是合情合理的 for whom the hygienic ritual is rational
所以论点站得住脚 and therefore defensible
其实这些关于上帝和约的 whereas these mumbo jumbo gumbo
胡言乱语 about God and covenant
关于Torah的瞎话 都没有道理 and Torah, status is not rational
所以你想要以理性方式为割礼辩护 So you want to defend the ritual on rational terms
就应该说它有卫生方面的好处 You would argue it has health benefits
没错 很多人从健康角度为其辩护 And indeed, the ritual is still defended on health grounds
有些人认为割礼能够防止 by some for whom it seems to force separate attack
艾滋病毒 against transmission of AIDS virus
由男人传染给女人 from the male to the female
或者男人感染女人 Or infection of the male from the female
艾滋病毒 The AIDS virus
有什么在统计意义上的好处 What does that statistically significant benefit
统计意义上的好处 Statistically significant benefit
抱歉 说错了 Sorry, I'm coming out wrong
这种好处在统计意义上来说很显著 What that benefit is significantly high statistically
以此来为例行新生儿割礼辩护 so as to justify routine neonatal circumcision
但是这就是健康医疗政策的问题了 dash, that's a question for health and care policy
是保险公司的事情 对吧 Right, for insurance companies, right?
但是这对我们讨论的内容来说 But that's a different kind of question
是另外一回事了 than what we are discussing here
在Torah里面没有发现任何 Okay, the hygienic idea is not found
关于卫生的内容 anywhere in the Torah
类似地 当我们提到食物律法 Similarly when we get to the food laws
比如说犹太人被告知不要吃猪肉 Right, the idea that Jews are told to avoid pork
如果就是说摩西闻不惯猪肉的味道 because Moses is trying to say that from tricky noses
也没太有说服力 Right, it's also not likely
这是对文本的二次解读 That's a secondary reading of what's going on
并不是本身的含义 It's not in the text at all
我们后面还会讲到 Okay, we'll come back to that
所以简单回答是否定的 So the short answer is no
其他问题 Other questions?
很好 下一个重点 Good, the next important point
是你需要记住这里的比喻 you need to remember is this metaphor
割礼 Circumcision
割礼意味着切掉包皮 That circumcision means cutting off the foreskin
所以圣经本身 Torah本身 So, already the Bible itself, already the Torah itself
已经知道 already knows there
包皮在肉体上的存在 just there is a foreskin in the flesh
而割礼意味着割掉包皮 And circumcision means cutting off the foreskin
拿起一把刀割掉包皮 Taking a knife and cutting off the foreskin
类似地 也有隐喻的包皮 Similarly, there is a metaphorical foreskin
同样需要被切掉 which also keens to be or needs to be cut away
所以这里很不寻常 So here this is unusual
并没有很多其他的戒律 There are not too many other commandments
能够看到是这样使用语言的 where I can see the language can be used
即有文本字面的含义 shown to be used either literally over here
同时还有比喻 and also metaphorically
但是现在有了 But here we have it
割礼同时给了我们 So circumcision gives us
一个比喻 同时 对吧 a metaphorical language also, also, right?
可以在申命记里面找到 You found that in the Book of Deuteronomy
我给大家的材料里面提到了 as I gave you on your handout
同样出现在耶利米书 It's also in the Book of Jeremiah
在大家的教学大纲里面 And on your syllabus you have
有几段需要读一读 a couple of passages to look at
这很重要 This is important
这里是解读的一个关键点 This is going to be a key to the way
基督徒会读这些段落 Christians will be reading these passages
所以我需要你明白Torah本身的含义 So I need you to understand the Torah itself
已经有意识地 already is aware
去使用比喻的说法 of this metaphorical language
如果有一个比喻意义上的包皮 If you have a metaphorical foreskin
同样也可以有比喻意义上的割礼 Then you can also have a metaphorical circumcision
在这种情况下包皮是什么意思呢 What does foreskin mean in this case?
是说一些阻断 It means some blockage
一些对于交流的阻断 something that blocks communication
在上帝和信徒之间 和人类之间 between God and the person, and the human being
有些东西 是的 是阻断 Something it is, some, yeah, it's blockage
你要切掉一些阻碍的东西 You are cutting away something interferes
切掉一些 You are cutting away
阻断交流的东西 something that blocks communication
现在有了虔诚 悔改 Now that were piety, repentance
对主的罪恶 之类的词的出现 sin to the Lord's words and so on, and so on
基本上的意思是 That presumably means
对心灵的割礼 意味着 circumcise the heart, means
让心灵准备好接受神圣的信息 Make the heart ready to receive the divine message
但是这不是后来我们 But this is not just some later
对于这些段落的解读 we reading of this passage
这种隐喻已经 This metaphor is already
在Torah和圣经中了 in the Torah and in the Bible
记住这个 周三再讲 Remember that for Wednesday
好了 我会把剩下的8分钟时间用在 Okay, I'd like to spend the last 8 minutes or so
接下来我们看一下口传圣经文本 looking at rabbinic text from Tractate Nedarim
在大家的阅读材料中前两节 it's coined in the first two in the reading
我没有犹太版的殉道士犹斯丁 Again I don't have a Jewish analogue of Justin Martyr
对于殉道士犹斯丁 So Justin Martyr I have all these
现在眼前有了一位很好的基督徒的辩论者 nice Christian polemic laid out clearly before me
而在犹太教方面 我开始寻找 So on the Jewish side, I got to look around
一位犹太人的辩论者 for Christian polemic, Jewish polemics
Polemic这个词是什么意思呢 What does the word Polemic mean?
快快快 Quick, quick, quick
别等黄花菜凉了啊 知道就马上说 We're gluing the time, I know right away as I'm saying
我今天说了多少次 500多次了 I used the word, what, 500 times today?
好吧 那Polemic是什么意思呢 Right, so what does the word Polemic mean?
我为你们感到羞耻 Well, shame on all of you
我要说 我不打算告诉你们 I attempted to say, I'm not gonna tell you
好吧 我还是告诉你们吧 Alright, I'll tell you
好辩的 对吧 Argumentative, right?
好辩的 没错 Argumentative, right
Polemos是希腊语的战役或者战争的意思 So polemos, polemos in Greek means battle or war
所以Polemic就是一次攻击 So a polemic is an attack
所以Polemical的意思就是 Something which is polemical
好战的 好辩的 is pugnacious, is argumentative
试图取得胜利 It's, right, out to score points
试图击倒对手 out to knock out the opponents
这就是辩论者 That's a polemic
所以我可以用中立态度描述割礼 So I could describe circumcision neutrally
也可以从辩论者的角度描述 or I can describe it polemically
说我认为这是对身体的改变 indicating that I think it's a body mutilation
很可怕 很恶心 It's horrible, and it's yucky
我不能相信犹太人会这样做 I can't believe Jews ever did it
我不知道为什么他们还在这样做 I don't know why they still do it
这就是辩论者的腔调 That'll be a polemic
与之对立的是谦卑者 Right? The opposite way would be apologetic
也就是避开争论者 Which would be to ward off polemic
好的 回到正题 Okay, back to where we were
这位同学你看起来不太高兴 你没事吧 David you look unhappy with this, are you okay?
很好 Good
殉道士犹斯丁 我们在周三讲过 So Justin Martyr, as we'll see on Wednesday
是我们第一个非常好的例子 our first good clear example, right?
他以辩论的方式写作 He's writing polemically
他对于割礼有非常明确的态度 He has very clear ideas about circumcision
他也不会不好意思说 He's not embarrassed to say it
只是他在攻击犹太人 And at least he's attacking the Jews'
对于这些圣经段落的解读和理解 interpretation or understanding of these Biblical verses
我在寻找犹太教里面类似的人物 So I'm looking around for nice Jewish reply
但是找不到犹太教反基督教的书籍 I don't have a Jewish anti-Christian book
需要再过一千年 I have to wait for more millennium to go by
古代才出一位这样的人物 in antiquity to get one
我想找一位 So I'm looking for one
而且我找到了 and here I found one
很隐秘 很简单化 It's covert, it's simplistic
但是我想他还是符合条件的 But I think he gets the job done
这是来自口传的犹太法典Tractate Nedarim This is from, Tractate Nedarim from the Mishnah
强调一下 是Mishnah犹太法典 So again, Mishnah, don't confuse
不要把这个词和Midrash米德拉西混淆 the word Mishnah with the word Midrash
米德拉西是对圣经的注释 Midrash is scriptural commentary, scriptural exegesis
我们已经说过一次这个词了 We've already used that word once, right?
而Mishnah则是一本写于二世纪的书 Whereas Mishnah is a book of the 2nd century
是第一本关于法律的圣经解读 the first rabbinic book is a law book
抱歉 是一本律法书 Or, sorry, it's a book of laws
律法书 希望我们有机会讨论 Book of laws, hopefully we'll discuss this
那么我们现在来看这部法典 So here is Mishnah Nedarim
拉比以实玛利说 割礼乃伟大的想法 Rabbi Ishmael said, great is he precept of circumcision
十三条约都是建立与此之上 Since these thirteen covenants were made over it
脚注会给大家解释 The footnote would explain to you
这是什么意思 what that means
换句话说 Right? So in other words
关于割礼的律法有 The commandment of circumcision has
相当于13条约的价值 the value of thirteen covenants
如果你问这是什么意思 Alright, if you ask what does that mean
当然这是夸张的说法 是说教性的 of course is rhetorical, it's homiletical
想要说的当然是 Which tries to say, of course, is
割礼非常重要 Circumcision is really big
相当于13 不只是1倍 而是13倍 Equals 13, not just x, equals 13x
拉比尤西怎么说呢 How about Yosi said?
割礼是很重要的戒律 Circumcision is a great precept
约在希伯来语中是mitzvah Hebrew here is mitzvah, commandment
因为它会超过安息日的重要性 For it overrides the severity of the Sabbath
比如说有个孩子在周六出生了 Okay? Let's say maybe a boy is born on Saturday
常有的事情 It happens
往后数八天 Eight days ahead of it
加上八天 So you count eight days
包括当天的话是下一个周六 Eight days inclusively means next Saturday
所以你要在安息日行割礼吗 So do you do a circumcision on a Sabbath?
是的 Yes
是的 割礼比安息日重要 Yes, does circumcision overrides the Sabbath
这种意义上 是的 in that sense, yes
不可避免地 你将要 Inevitably, you're gonna have to
不可避免地亵渎安息日 desecrate the Sabbath inevitably
而行割礼 to do the circumcision?
是的 Yes
怎么都要做 是的 You do it anyway? Yes
因此尤西说 看到了嘛 So Yosi says, you see?
可以看到割礼有多重要 It shows how great circumcision is
比安息日还要重要 It even overrides the Sabbath
当然所有人都知道安息日有多重要 And everybody knows how important the Sabbath is
拉比则说 此拉比非彼拉比 Rabbi said, that's the name of a fellow
这就是个叫拉比的人 应该是个族长类的人物 who is simply called rabbi, he's par exolons
犹大 族长说 Right, the Judah, the Patriarch said
伟大的割礼 尽管 Great circumcision, for notwithstanding
亚伯拉罕履行了众多戒律 all the precepts which Abraham fulfilled
都要直到他行了割礼 who's not designated as perfect
才能被称为是个完全人 until he circumcised himself
如圣经所言 as it is written
你当在我面前作完全人 Walk before me, and be perfect
创世纪第17章第1节 Genesis 17:1
在这一章 上帝展示了 So that chapter, in which God lays out
割礼这一戒律的很多细节 in great detail the commandment of circumcision
这一章告诉我们 In that chapter which tells us
亚伯拉罕是如何忠实地 how Abraham faithfully observed
做了上帝让他做的事情 what God commanded him to do
这一章以这样的陈述开始 That chapter opens with a statement
你当在我面前作完全人 Walk before me, and be perfect
意思是 什么让亚伯拉罕成为完全人 Meaning? What makes Abraham perfect?
割礼 Circumcision
是割礼让 It is circumcision that is a
稍微讲的细一点 now I'll elaborate a little bit
割礼是对人类身体的完善 It is a perfection of the human body
或者说通过割礼 Or the obedience that
我们所表现出来的遵从 we show by doing circumcision
是完善的记号 is a sign of perfection
我们稍后再讲这个问题 I can look at that one second
另外一种解释 伟大的割礼 Another explanation, great circumcision
先跳过这一点 这是我们下一个主题 Okay, I'll skip that one, that's our next topic
接下来是犹太法典 Okay, now we get to the Talmud
这是对于犹太法典的在历史上稍后 which are the later elaborations
作出的解释和评论 commentaries on the Mishnah
观点是相同的 So we have the same point
拉比这样教导说 It was taught, Rabbi said
伟大的割礼 Great circumcision
因为凡此世上 for none so ardently busied himself
我们的祖先亚伯拉罕最尊重上帝的意念 with God's precepts as our Father Abraham
而他是因为割礼才变得完全 yet he was called perfect only in virtue of circumcision
还有另外一个版本 下一段 And we have another version, next paragraph
伟大的割礼平衡着 Great circumcision it counterbalances
Torah中的所有戒律 all of the precepts of the Torah
最后一段 Last paragraph
伟大的割礼 直到有了它 Great circumcision since but for it
天堂和人间才可以容忍 heaven and earth would not endure
它有宇宙尺度的重要性 It has cosmic importance
我知道你们中的大多数 Now, I realize most of you are not
都不太熟悉犹太法师的风格和说教 familiar with the rabbinic style or rabbinic homiletics
或者说犹太法师的夸大其词 perhaps rabbinic exaggeration
但是这点要相信我 But trust me on this one
这不是例行了事 This is not routine
拉比们不会到处跑着说 Rabbis don't go around saying
吃逾越节薄饼和逾越节是 Eating matzo and Passover is the greatest precept
Torah中最伟大的戒律 of all the precepts in the Torah
孝敬父母是 But honoring your father and mother is
必须要孝敬父母 but for honoring your father and mother
天堂和人间才可以忍受 heaven and earth will not endure
他们不会这样说 No, they don't talk that way
割礼奇怪之处在于 Something odd about circumcision
这样说有点不太正当 to illicit, these kind of
但是大家要诚实点儿 Let's be honest ladies and gentlemen
夸张地说 超过了最高的崇拜 Exaggerated, over the top praise
假设这些段落 Presumably these passages are
不是单纯的说教 not innocent bits of homiletics
假设这些段落是 Presumably these passages are
拉比们对于 the rabbis' responding to
一些人或者一些东西的回应 something or somebody out there
那些可能持对立观点的人 who want to assume, to say the opposite
现在这对于基督徒来说很不错 Now it would be nice of their Christians
非常的好 That would be lovely
因为现在有了完美的对决 because now I have a real perfect debate
我们周三会讲到 as we'll see on Wednesday
基督徒会引用 Christians will cite
抱歉 我们已经讲过了保罗 sorry, we've already met with Paul, right
保罗引用了证明文本 Paul cites as the proof text
我们基督徒不需要 that we Christians don't need
对肉体行割礼 circumcision of the flesh
那么保罗是在拿谁说事儿呢 who is my Biblical paradigm for that Paul?
特别的放肆 亚伯拉罕 Chutzpah! It's Abraham
因为亚伯拉罕在第15章 Because Abraham in Chapter 15
一直到第17章之前 to before Chapter 17
亚伯拉罕一直被称为正直的人 Abraham is called the righteous
[希伯来语] Abraham is deemed and reckoned
亚伯拉罕在上帝的眼中 righteous in God's eyes
被视为正直的人 Paul says in Romans, you see?
保罗在罗马书中说 看到没 Abraham is fully righteous in God's eye
亚伯拉罕在第15章已经是上帝眼中 in Chapter 15
正直的人了 He's not circumcised yet
他还没有受割礼呢 and he's still righteous before God
但是他在上帝眼中也是正直的人 It shows you that you don't have to
这说明了不需要受割礼 be circumcised to be righteous
就可以是正直的人 You will be righteous before
你在上帝要求受割礼之前 God asked for circumcision
就是正直的人 And this passages says in reply
而这一段作出回应 Oh yeah, you can be righteous
是的 你可以是正直的人 but you are not perfect
但是你还不是完全人 It's a beautiful debate
非常美妙的辩论 You can be righteous but you are not perfect
你可以是正直的人但还不是完全人 You wanna be perfect in God's eyes?
你想做上帝眼中的完全人吗 blameless in God's eyes?
想在上帝眼中完全清白吗 You've got to be circumcised, that's Chapter 17
那就必须受割礼 第17章说的 To which the Christians say, yeah, I know
基督徒会说 是的 我知道 But in Chapter 15 you are righteous
但是在第15章你是正直的人 But the Jews says, yes, but in Chapter 17
但是犹太人会说 是的 但是在第17章 you are not perfect, you are perfect
你还不是完全人 完全人 So here I can hear a real argument
这里可以听到真正的争论 This is a real debate
真正的辩论 I will love, this is where I just said
我喜欢 我刚刚说的 Not just make my, Shaye Cohen making this up
不是我自己编造出来的 It would be nice to warrant the fact
可以保证是真正的辩论 that it is a real debate
就非常的好 to which I can't prove it at all
但是我完全没法证明 But, alright, that's what we do
但是 没关系 这就是 in ancient Jewish studies business
古代犹太教学者干的事情 You make it up, and you hold that and sweat
编点什么 然后咬住不放偷偷流汗 Okay, but in any case, we have this
不过至少我们现在有了 either this construction is not exactly right
也许结构上不是完全正确 At least we see
至少我们看到了 this passage is exaggerating
这个段落夸大其词 it bestowing extraordinary values
被赋予非凡的价值 and significance on circumcision
强调割礼的重要意义 Probably because there are Jews out there
可能是因为有犹太人参与进来 who, in fact, are designating it
实际上指出了这一点 Or the Jews out there who are saying
或者犹太人说 It looks like it's important, at least in Genesis:17
这看起来很重要 至少在创世纪第17章 seem to swell beyond
这段文字 the normal reasonable statement about the
似乎超越了关于约的价值的 the value of a commandment immediately
正常表达方式 But I'll explain to you why
但是我会给你解释为什么 you do and don't need it
你需要或者不需要它 I'll explain to you why it is not as important as
我会给你解释为什么这不像你想象中的 you think it is
那么重要 And this rabbinic text comes and says
但是犹太法师们会说 No, that's even more important
不 这甚至比你想象的 than you thought it was
更加重要 Okay, didn't have this discussion
好了 没有讨论到的 we'll continue on Wednesday
我们在周三继续 We'll look at the Christian side
我们会看看基督教方面的观点 Okay, everybody [Rhine & trismile Production]
好了 同学们