第一部分 讲的是现代学者 So, first part, is to talk about how modern scholars
如何审视早期基督教的起源 view the emergence of earliest Christianity
现代学者如何理解 How modern scholars understand
基督教是如何诞生的 where Christianity came from, right?
第二部分 我们将要讲犹斯丁 And part two is how Justin Martyr
在接下来的课程中 a figure whom we'll be reading
我们将会阅读许多关于他的 you know, excerpts from
材料 节选之类的 throughout the rest of the course
犹斯丁是如何看待以上问题 How Justin Martyr understands that same question
即 基督教的来源 Namely, where does Christianity come from
同时 我们也会告诉大家 and while we are at it, we'll look at some of the
犹斯丁作品的主旨思想 main themes in Justin Martyr's work
这些内容在后面的课程中 That will be a communicate regularly
会经常提到 for the rest of the course
这就是今天的第二部分 That's part two of today
这需要我做好时间安排 And this requires time management skills on my part
但是这并不是我的强项 And that's not always my strong suit
所以希望一切顺利吧 So hopefully we'll work out
那我们开始 Let's begin
现代学者如何理解 How do modern scholars understand
基督教的起源 the emergence of Christianity from
犹太教背景下的基督教起源 in the Jewish setting, in the Jewish context?
其实可供我们阅读的材料 So here are out of a thousand of possible things
有上千种 that actually to read
我在这里为大家挑选了Morton Scott Enslin I hit upon this old article by Morton Scott Enslin
关于他最重要的一点是 Most important thing you could know about him
他毕业于哈佛 He's a Harvard man, right
这是大家需要知道的最重要的一点 That's the most important thing you need to know, right
Morton Scott Enslin是一位 So Morton Scott Enslin was
非常杰出的学者 a very distinguished scholar
是上一代的美国学者 American scholar of the previous generation
他的文章相对来说比较古旧 The article is relatively old, right?
但是逻辑非常好 也很容易理解 But holds up very well, it reads very easily
是讲座的形式 起码读起来像讲座 It's a lecture, at least it reads like a lecture
没有特别多的脚注 There aren't too many footnotes
也没有特别难懂的东西 Not too much technical stuff in it
而且我认为 他的文章仍旧代表着 And I think, it seems to me it still represents the
总体看来 仍旧代表着 Read large, still represents pretty much
现代学者对于 how modern scholars understand
早期基督教起源的理解 the emergence of earliest Christianity
这里我就不一一赘述了 So I'm not gonna repeat the article here
大家可以回去读他的文章 You can go over to read it
非常容易理解 It is easily comprehensible
我想在这里挑一些重点 I wanna pick up some of the big, big points
好的 现在我们跳过 Okay, so I'm gonna skip the stuff about
福音这一部分 the gospels and so on
从这里开始 Enslin说 We'll start with where Enslin says
耶稣是一位末世论先知 Jesus was an escatological prophet
什么叫做末世论先知呢 Okay, what is an escatological prophet
末世论是什么 What is escatology?
世界末日 The end of the day
是的 是研究世界末日的 Good, study of the end of the days
时间末日 or the end of time
耶稣是一位末世论先知 So Jesus is an escatological prophet
也就是说他是先知 是上帝的使者 Namely, he's prophet, a messenger from God
他来告诉以色列人 犹太教徒 犹太人 coming to tell the Israelites, Jews, the Judeans
大家随便怎么称呼这些受众都好 whatever you would wanna use for this
因为这是一段过渡时期 during this transitional time
姑且就说 犹太教徒 We'll just say, Jews
耶稣到来将信息传达给 coming to bring a message to
犹太人 犹太教徒 the Jewish people, to the Jews
告诉他们世界末日即将到来 that the end of time is near
说花哨点 将至 Or the fancy word is nigh
末日将至 The end of time is nigh
世界末日将至 The end of the world is here
最后的审判 诸如此类 final judgment, and so on
那么 And
听到这样的消息 你该做什么 what you supposed to do with that information?
因此耶稣是一位末世论先知 So as he is an escatological prophet, right?
Enslin提出的证据是 Enslin's evidence for this is that
非常有力的末世论主题 there are strong escatological themes
一直贯穿着新约 in large chunks of the New Testament
尤其是在福音书中 particularly in the gospels, right?
有一个场景是 这个世界 Which we have a sense that this world
我们所拥有的世界 the world which we have it
我们所居住的世界 the world in which we live
我们的日常生活和存在 regular normal daily life of regular existence
将要终结 is coming to an end
将会被其他事物取代 will be replaced by something else
让人惊讶的 不寻常的事物 something amazing, something remarkable
从本质上来讲不同的事物 or something qualitatively different
现在你知道了这将要发生 Okay, so now that you know it is so
你知道火车 Now that you know the train is
马上就要进站 at the entry of the station
随时都可能进站 will be here any moment
你知道了这个信息 Now that you have this information
又该做什么呢 what are you supposed to do?
这可是个价值连城的难题 This is a million-dollar problem
你该怎么做 what are you supposed to do, right
对此没有明确答案 Not completely clear
Enslin也没有说明白 Neither Enslin is clear
实际上整本新约都不甚清楚 In fact, nor the New Testament is very clear
这个问题的答案 on the subject
但是一般大家的理解是 But the usual understanding would be
在这个层面上 耶稣和之前的一个人物 that Jesus will have been similar, in this respect
有类似之处 即施洗者约翰 to an earlier figure, namely John the Baptist
福音书中对他也有所提及 who's also mentioned in the gospels, right?
现在我们知道了这个信息 Where, now that you have this information
应该如何是好 what are you going to do about it?
有一种做法 是按兵不动 Well, one thing you can do about it is nothing
就好像我告诉你 You could, you know, the same if I told you that
明天要下雨 I don't know, it's gonna rain tomorrow
你该怎么做呢 What will you do about it?
什么也不做 明天下雨是吧 Nothing, it's gonna rain tomorrow
嗯 我知道了 That's nice to know
但是你也会说 不 You return would be, no
我会穿上雨衣 I'm gonna get my raincoat on
拿上我的胶套鞋 穿上靴子 take my galoshes and my boots on
关上地下室的门 检查房顶 I'm gonna close up the basement, check the roof
你可以做一些准备的 Right? You could do things to prepare yourself
同样 一般人会想 So similarly the usual thinking would be that
这些末世论先知告诉你 many these escatological prophets are telling you
这样的讯息 所以你可以忏悔 this information so that you will repent
你可以投奔上帝 You will turn to the Lord
去相信上帝 You will put your trust in Lord that
从而上帝会帮助你度过难关 Lord will help you get through this
他们希望你可以去投奔上帝 In the hope that by turning to Lord
求得自身平安 you'll wind up okay
你会来到胜利的一方 you'll wind up on the right side of the fence
一旦世界末日来临 Right, when the end of time, drama, right, comes
你会在正确的时间出现在正确的地点 that you'll be in the right place at the right time
这显然就是施洗者约翰的使命 This is clearly what John the Baptist was up to
也是给大家说教忏悔 who is preaching repentance
至于耶稣是不是也是如此 不那么明确 Not as clear whether Jesus was up to this or not
但是耶稣总是一副苦行者的画面 But the Jesus, he repitches a penitential picture
耶稣真正去宣扬忏悔 The number of times where Jesus actually
这样的画面其实在福音书中 preaches repentance are actually few and far between
并不多见 in the gospels
好的 我们不要跑题太远 But okay, I don't want to get too sidetracked
但是这里的关键是 But the key inside here is that
耶稣是一名末世论先知 Jesus is in an escatological prophet
他当时的环境 他的观念体系 working within a scenario, a system of ideas
是关于末日 关于来生 about the end time, the afterlife
最后的审判 等等 final judgment and so on
这些都是当时犹太教的观点 That are part and part so of the Judaism of the time
许多观念都是源自犹太教先知 Many of these ideas are distracted from the prophets
以及对他们的书重新解析 or from creative reading of the prophets
或者是和这些观点出自同源 or wherever this idea is coming from
这些都是犹太教社会的一部分 They are part and part so of Jewish society
当时很大一部分 甚至所有的犹太教徒 Many, most, all Jews of the time believe
都认为 that there would be
会有世界末日 some kind of escatological drama, right?
许多人甚至认为 And many of them actually thought that
今天就是 明天就是世界末日 that time was now, or tomorrow
下周就是世界末日 or latest next week
世界末日马上就要来了 maybe it's around the corner
这样看来 作为一名末世论先知 So that sense, as an escatological prophet
耶稣是非常有犹太风格的 Jesus is VERY JEWISH
好的 这就是Enslin Okay, that's one of the main themes
提出的主要观点 that comes out of Enslin
我们看这一点 That bullet point
耶稣没有打算 Jesus did not had no intention
创立一门新的宗教 to found a new religion
这非常明显 Okay, that's obvious
这对Enslin说就是白纸黑字 That's clear to Enslin
是他进行研究的假设之一 That's sort of working assumption
是想当然的 That's no brainer for Enslin
他并不是说要取代犹太教 Right, he's not coming to replace Judaism
他来自犹太教 He's coming within Judaism
他的听众是犹太教社会 talking to Jewish society
他告诉犹太人关于末世的消息 and tell them that something that day
大家也明白了他的意思 the audience understands what he's saying
我想跳过这里 Okay, I wanna skip
我们已经讲过这儿了 We've done that thing, there
现在我们来说说耶稣的死 Now we have Jesus's death
大家都知道耶稣的死 This is a subject all of you know
许多人也对此非常感兴趣 Many people are interested in it
如果我能多出来一堂课 and if I had one more session in this course
我就会给大家讲 I think I would devote it to
耶稣受审 耶稣的处决 the trial and execution of Jesus
让大家从不同角度看待这一问题 thus to look at different perspectives on that
但是现在没有多出来一节课 But alas, I don't quite have that one extra session
所以我们就很快过一遍 So I'll go through this very quickly
耶稣死去 Jesus dies
耶稣被处决 Jesus is executed
耶稣被谁处决 Jesus is executed by whom?
这一点Enslin也没有详细说 This point Enslin did not talk about in great length
但是我们需要明白 But it's an important point that we understand
谁对谁做了什么 who did what to whom
耶稣是在十字架上被处决的 Jesus is executed on the cross, right?
钉在十字架上是要被勒死的 Crucifixion is kind of a death by strangling
基本上说就是这样 Right, it's fundamentally what it is
被吊在十字架上 You are hung up in such a way
隔膜最后都会受损 that you diaphragm ultimately gives out, right
因此所经历的是非常痛苦的死法 So as long as you shining a painful death
而且越来越痛苦 直到最后无法呼吸 and increasingly painful until finally you can't breath
这就是十字架上的死刑 So that's death on the cross
那么是谁使用这种方式 Now, who uses crucifixion as a means
作为法律上的判决呢 of judicial execution?
答案就是罗马人 Answer, the Romans
当时罗马人是掌管犹太的 Remember the Romans are in charge of Judaea?
我们周一讲过 Remember that from Monday
罗马人公元前63年来到犹太 再未离去 The Romans arrived in 63 BCE and thus never left
好吧 他们好久之后走了 Well, they all left long time later
所以当时罗马人在犹太掌权 So the Romans were in charge
犹太是罗马的一个省份 Judaea is a Roman province
本丢比拉多是罗马的官员 Pontius Pilate is the Roman governor
在十字架上钉死 Right? Execution by crucifixion is
是罗马人对社会底层人群 a judicial mode of execution by the Romans
的一种处决方式 for people of the lower classes
上流社会的人死法更有尊严 Upper-class people get more dignified exits
因此 我们可以肯定 So therefore, we know for sure
这是唯一的一个事实 Therefore there is only one fact
关于耶稣的唯一事实 you can say we know about Jesus
他死于十字架 It is that he died on the cross
他是被十字架钉死的 He died crucified
如果是这样 那就意味着 And if he died crucified, that means
他是被罗马人杀死的 he died by Roman hands
罗马人才是刽子手 So Romans are the ones
他们掌握着生杀大权 who have their hands on the electric-chair switch
是罗马人做的 It's a Roman hand doing that
现在问题当然就是 The problem of course, is
罗马人为什么要这样做 why are the Romans doing it
罗马人为什么要处死他 why the Romans execute him
关于这一点 福音书 On this point, the gospels, alas
完全没有说清楚 are completely unclear
有时候还自相矛盾 Somewhat contradictory
但是四部福音都以自己的方式 And all four gospels, each in its own way
非常努力地将指责 is trying very hard to point the blames
从罗马人身上转开 away from the Romans
而是指向耶路撒冷的犹太教权威人士 and instead, towards Jewish authorities in Jerusalem
是道德上的谴责 To a shift, at least, moral blame
并非真正的责任 not actually responsibility
因为不管怎么说 Cos at the end of the day
是罗马人处死的耶稣 it's the Romans who did it
那罗马人为什么这么做 Why did the Romans do it?
是因为犹太人 Answer, Jews, the Jews
约翰福音中是这么说的 That's how Gospel John talks
或者是长老们 Or prescribed as elders
这是马太 马可和路加福音的说法 That's how Matthew, Mark and Luke talk
犹太人将他送上十字架 put him up to it
因此我们会清楚地看到 So we'll see very clearly
一会儿我们就会讲到犹斯丁 when we start looking at Justin
圣经中有一个重复出现的主题 This is a recurring theme that
犹太人对于耶稣在十字架上受难 the Jews are somehow responsible
要负有一定责任 for the crucifixion of Jesus
这样的母题在福音书中已经出现 That motif begins already in the gospels
即使它们都说得很清楚 even though the gospels make it clear
是罗马的士兵处死的耶稣 It was the Roman soldiers who did the deed
罗马士兵是受本丢比拉多之命 Roman soldiers under the command of Pontius Pilate
是罗马的官员做出的此举 the Roman governor who did the deed
但是他们这样做是因为 But they did the deed because
受到了犹太教人士的挑唆 they were put up to it by Jewish authority figures
那犹太教人士为什么要这样做呢 Why the Jewish authority figures want this?
关于这一点 福音书就完全 On this point, the gospels are completely
含糊其辞 让人摸不到头脑 vague, unclear, unhelpful, and very confusing
这就是为什么现代学者 Right? Which explains why modern scholars
直到今天 也没有明白 to this very day, have not quite figured out
这个故事是什么意思 how to make sense out of the story
不过这就不是我们的问题了 Okay, but that's not our problem
如果我教基督教入门 If I ever teach the introduction to Christianity
或者是新约入门 or introduction to New Testament
我就能讲上一两堂课相关内容 We'll spend a whole session or two on this
有问题吗 Questions?
好的 Okay
Enslin没有就此多做研究 Enslin does not spend time talking about this
他所感兴趣的是作为一次运动 He's just interested in Christianity
一个团体的基督教 as a movement or as a group
基督教作为运动 它的起源 Christianity as a movement emerges
伴随着耶稣的死亡 with the death of Jesus
耶稣在世时 When Jesus is around
没有基督教一说 there's no such thing as Christianity
有的不过是末世论先知 You have an escatological prophet
在乡间游荡 roaming in the countryside
不好意思 让我清清嗓子 Excuse me, I have to clear my throat
耶稣是一位末世论先知 Jesus is an escatological prophet
在乡间游荡 说教 roaming in the countryside, preaching
吸引听众 表演奇迹 attracting crowds, doing miracles
这就是耶稣 That's what he's doing
而不是基督教 That's not Christianity
这不过是一个圣人和他的跟随者 that's a holy man with his followers
他死后 耶稣死后 After he dies, after Jesus dies
就有了耶稣的运动 We now have the emergence of a Jesus movement
或者说是一个宗派 一个组织 or a sector, a party, or a group
大家随便怎么叫都可以 whatever word do you wanna call it
这就是起源 This is the beginning
从这里我们可以看到 Here we could see the beginnings of
基督教的起源 what will become Christianity
那这些人都是谁呢 Who are these people
耶稣运动的成员都是谁呢 who are the members of the Jesus movement?
或者说耶稣的宗派 派别 Or the Jesus sect, or party?
当然他们都是犹太教徒 They of course are all Jews
犹太所有的人都是犹太教徒 As were everybody in Judaea
虽说这有几个希腊人 We got a few Greeks here
那有几个罗马人的 没错 they got some Roman there, Yeah, true
但是大家都是犹太教徒 But the people is all Jews
这还是一个犹太教的社会现象 There is still very much a Jewish social phenomenon
可能是一些人 Maybe a group of people
聚集在一起怀念耶稣 gathered around to remember Jesus
这可能就是最大的一个迷思 This is perhaps the greatest mystery of all
一般说来 如果组织中 Normally, if the charismatic
非常有领导力的创建者死去 founder figure of the group dies
一般这个组织就会随之而去 Normally we expect the group to die with him
但是发生了不寻常的事 But something remarkable happened
组织并没有消亡 That the group did not die
反之 这个组织似乎通过耶稣的死 In fact the group seems to been empowered, right?
而获得了力量 by the death of Jesus
因为这些跟随者认为耶稣 because these followers believe that Jesus
死去之后 接下来 once he died, he death was followed
不久之后 三天之后 soon after, three days later, right
就会复活 by his resurrection
这在四部福音书中都有记载 Right, this appears in all four gospel accounts
他在死后三天 Right? That he was resurrected
就得以复活 three days after his death
这就是空坟墓的故事 This is the story of the empty tomb, right?
门徒们周日来到耶稣的坟墓 Disciples come to him tomb on that Sunday morning
周五处决之后那个周日 after the crucifixion on Friday
发现坟墓是空的 and discovered the tomb is empty
从这里他们就开始 So here they begin to
有了一系列不寻常的想法 have remarkable series of ideas
都涌上了脑海 come flooding forth
直到现在还在犹太教群体中流传 which will, they are still in Jewish group
但是他们开始有了一些不同以往的行为 But they begin to do things that are different
作为犹太教团体非常独特的行为 that are ultimately unique as a Jewish group
他们秉承耶稣的信仰 Right, holding the set of beliefs about Jesus
尤其是耶稣的复活 Especially the beliefs that Jesus was resurrected
Enslin尽量的不去涉及 Enslin is trying not to put his finger on
这下一个价值连城的难题 the next giant million-dollar problem
即 如第三部书中所说 Which is, and as the third book point out
作为未来运动的非犹太基督教 Gentile Christianity as a wave of the future
这其中有一些神秘的事情 Right? There's some of the mysterious process here
耶稣的跟随者 他的犹太教跟随者 which Jesus's followers, his Jewish followers
住在耶路撒冷 犹太的 living in Jerusalem, living in Judaea
住在犹太教徒之间的 犹太教徒 living among Jews, Jews themselves
不知怎的 基督教就通过创造出 Somehow, Christianity invent through another
另外一种神秘的方式 very mysterious process, right
完成了突破 breaks out of
我喜欢用这样的一个比喻 The metaphor I like to use
突破了它的犹太教背景 breaks out of its ethnic Jewish setting
而成为一个面向所有人的宗教 to become a, ultimately, a religion for all
它摆脱了 突破了种族的界限 It sheds and breaks its ethnic bonds
摆脱了 突破了地理界线 Sheds and breaks its geographical bonds
是为了 in order to be
走出自身 征服罗马帝国 go out and conquer the Roman Empire
而最终也完成了这样的目标 which they ultimately will do
而这种从犹太到非犹太的转变 And this transition from Jews to gentile
从一个犹太团体 犹太组织 From Jewish sect, or party, or a group
发展成一门宗教 to a religion
这就是基督教的起源 Here is where Christianity begins
Enslin对此进行了讨论 当然 So Enslin talks about this and of course
主要的过渡人物还是保罗 the major transitional figure here is Paul
保罗的书信 By the letters of Paul
发挥了重要作用 推动了 play a key role in this transition from
从耶稣的组织到基督教的发展 what you might call Jesus group to Christianity
从犹太民族到非犹太民族的发展 from a group of ethnic Jews to non-ethnic gentiles
从犹太教的一支 一支特殊的犹太教 from a kind of Judaism, a peculiar kind of Judaism
终究还是犹太教 到另一门宗教的发展 but a Judaism nonetheless, to something else
保罗在这里发挥了重要作用 Paul plays a key figure here
Enslin对此有过讨论 and Enslin talks about it
Enslin认为 So Enslin thinks that here
在非犹太教的追随者中 among these gentile followers
能够找到这种不寻常观点的起源 You will find the origins of this extraordinary idea
耶稣就是主 that Jesus is Lord
因为Enslin认为 犹太教徒不可能会相信 Right? Cos Enslin figures the Jews can't believe that
因为犹太教徒知道耶稣就是个普通人 After all, Jews know that Jesus is just a guy
他们看着他游荡乡间 Thay saw him roaming around
追随者们都跟着他 Right? They are with him
耶稣是圣人 没错 Jesus was the holy man, true
是先知 没错 A prophet, true
上帝的使者 没错 A man of God, yes
不过这么说所有的先知都是上帝的使者 In the sense the way all prophets are men of God
不过犹太教徒不会认为耶稣就是上帝 But they would not thought him as God
必须的 必须的什么意思 Surely, what does SURELY mean?
必须的 什么意思 What does SURELY mean?
Cohen教授用这种语调说 必须的 Professor Cohen says SURELY in that tone of voice
那就是说 我也不知道是不是必须的 That means, I'm not sure at all
完全不知道 Completely not sure
他们肯定不会视耶稣为上帝 Surely they would not have seen him as God
他们是犹太人嘛 They are Jews, right?
他们相信只有一个上帝 They believe in the One God
又怎么会产生这种疯狂的想法 how can they come across this crazy idea
一定是有非犹太人其中作祟 It must be that gentiles who of course
他们已经习惯了有很多上帝 are accustomed to many gods
他们已经习惯了如何消除 Or accustomed to effacing that distinction
人神之间的界限 between human and God
皇帝成为上帝 什么什么的 The emperors become gods, and so on
追根溯源 他们肯定是首先 They are the ones who are responsible
提出 耶稣是主 这样的说法 for the idea that Jesus was Lord
在这个问题上 很多人都会对Enslin说 Or on this point, a lot of people would say to Enslin
不对不对 Hmm Hmm Hmm
没那么 必须的 Not so sure
关于这点的讨论仍在继续 Right, this point is still open
大家还在争论不休 究竟 There's still endless debate about how exactly
耶稣是主 这种观点 the idea of Jesus as Lord
是从何而来 where this idea comes from
而又是如何在 And how it functions
早期的基督教中发挥作用的 within this earliest levels of Christianity
但是关键是 这是很早的观点 But the key thing is that it's very early
保罗已经知道了 It's already known to Paul
当时还是公元50年前后 Right, in the 50s CE
耶稣是公元30年代去世的 Jesus dies in the 30s
也就是20年之后 或者不到20年 So it's by 20 years later, not more than
耶稣就已经成了上帝 Jesus is already Lord
希腊文中的kyrios Greek, kyrios
拉丁文中的dominus Latin, dominus
他已然是追随者眼中的上帝了 He's already Lord to his followers
到这里我想说 At that point I would say
可能这仍然是一种犹太教 Well, maybe it's still a kind of Judaism still
但也是一种比较怪异的犹太教 But it's also a strange kind of Judaism
我也不知道其他犹太教团体 I don't know any other Jewish groups that has
会有人升华为上帝这种现象 human beings become Gods
因此上帝复活 so Lords, resurrecting
我觉得反正挺奇怪的 This is, I don't know, it's weird
好吧 就是很奇怪 let me tell you, it's weird
这是一种犹太教 是 This is a kind of Judaism, it's a
我现在想问一句 I'm trying to a point of asking
这还是犹太教吗 Is this not Judaism anymore?
我也不知道 I don't know
我知道这是很怪异的犹太教 Right, I know it's an odd Judaism
很独特 It's unique
再也没有其他犹太教组织有这样的理论 No other Jews come up with this package
因此Enslin的文中说 犹太教徒 So in Enslin, the Jews
犹太教笃信者认为他是救世主 believers thought him as messiah
这一点我们 We will come back to that
过几个星期之后就会讲 in several weeks down the road
但是非犹太人认为他是上帝 是主 But the gentiles thought of him as God and Lord
当时很多学者都赞同Enslin At that point many scholars would agree with Enslin
而现在许多学者 Nowadays, many scholars
会提出异议 would argue with him and say
他们认为基督教就是在犹太教中发展起来的 No, they think it actually grow up within Judaism
好的 我们继续 Okay, let's move right along
而现代学者会比Enslin更加有力地强调 Modern scholar would emphasize more than Enslin did
说没有稳定的 that there was no such thing
犹太教抑或基督教 as stable Judaism or stable Christianity
有很多犹太教分支 You have lots of different kinds of Judaism
也有很多流派的基督教 and lots of kinds of Christianity
这一点我们周一已经讲过了 I went to that already on Monday
这里我就一句带过 I'm gonna move fast here
大家有什么问题吗 Okay, questions on this?
我讲的内容其实 I'm swimming through
挺深奥呢 大家要明白 very deep waters here, you understand
不过大部分时候我都试图 Or mostly I'm trying to
飞得高一点 fly over them at the same time
做些比喻啊 什么的 to make some metaphor
基督教从宗教的角度说 Christianity, theologically speaking
基督教是 Christianity is the
我马上就回答你的问题 I'll get to your question in one second
基督教有许多 Christianity has a bunch
我说的基督教是指基督教徒 By Christianity, I mean Christians
他们信奉一系列的神学观点 Christians believe in a series of theological beliefs
而这些观点 that are not readily parallel
与其他犹太教分支并不类似 with other kinds of Judaism
最容易得到这个结论的就是 Right, so most obviously the idea that God is
唯一的上帝是一分为二的 The oneness of God is somehow two
有上帝 还有主 There is the God, and then the Lord
耶稣是人也是神 Jesus is both human and divine
耶稣是神的一部分 Jesus is part and part so of the divinity
很难在其他古代犹太教分支中 It's hard to find beliefs like that
找到类似的观点 anywhere else in ancient Judaism
在某个时期 这样的观念就脱离了犹太教 At some point, those beliefs become not Jewish
类似地 我们有一些基督教的仪式 Similarly, we find Christian rituals
有两个最明显 there are two distinctive
基督教的仪式很难在 Christian rituals that are not
其他的古代犹太教分支中 readily, or easily parallel
找到类似的情况 anywhere else in ancient Judaism
首先是圣餐 First ritual is the Eucharist
圣餐礼 Right? Or holy, or sacred communion
我们会讨论到这个话题 Right? We'll talk about this
基督教徒要拿走上帝的 Right? In which Christians partake of God's
不好意思是 基督的肉体和血液 Sorry, of Christ's body and blood
这在约翰福音第6章中有所提及 That sort of referred to in John:6
而且还提到了吗哪 with reference to the manna, right?
直到今天 这仍然是基督教 And to this day, this is the central piece
的核心仪式 of the Christian ritual life, right?
在圣餐中取走上帝的肉体 The partaking of the sacred communion
通过这种方式 每个基督教徒就进入 by which the individual Christian enters into
可能我说的也不对 大家包涵一下 I'm probably wrong, I wish you forgive me, right
进入基督的身体 从而加入到 the body of Christ, and thereby participates
与耶稣的同生同死 同复活 in the life, death, and resurrection of Christ
让基督进入你的身体 达到这样的目的 You do that by being Christ into you
通过食其体 饮其血 by eating and drinking
这就是圣餐礼 So that is the sacred communion
这起源于很久之前 That is very early also
在古代犹太教其他分支中没有类似的仪式 That has no parallel anywhere in ancient Judaism
而在某个时刻 这就脱离了犹太教 At some point, that becomes not Jewish
起先这件事情 Originally, that was something
不失有趣 也比较特别 interesting and distinctive
另外一个主要的基督教仪式就是洗礼 The other main Christian distinctive ritual is baptism
你通过圣餐 Right? You enter the body of blood
进入到耶稣的身体 血液中去 of Jesus through communion
也可以通过受洗达到这样的目的 You also do so through baptism
受洗 洗礼 Baptism or washing, of course
当然在古代犹太教中也随处可见 is found all over the place in ancient Judaism
在希伯来圣经中就出现多次 It's found widely in the Hebrew Bible, right?
是作为一种净化的方式 as a means of purification
但若是不仅仅作为净化 But as a means not just of purification
而是作为一种替代性地 but as a means of entering into the
进入耶稣身体的方式 the vicarious experience of Christ
通过浸入水中 And through entering into the water
然后再出来 and coming out of the water
这样与耶稣同死 同复活 You are again dying and being resurrected with Christ
这在古代的犹太教中 That's something which is found only in Christianity
只有在基督教出现 in ancient Judaism
没有人在其他地方找到类似的 No one has found anything like it anywhere else
因此这就是基督教对于 So, these are Christian versions of
圣经的修订 or revisions of Biblical things
相对于之前的形式 By the form which they appear before
非常新颖 非常特别 there's something new and different
他们从犹太教出发 They started out with something within Judaism
如果我们放眼过去审视 if they need to go back to that
是一种非常独特 有趣 They are a peculiar interesting
特别的犹太教仪式和信仰 unique kinds of Jewish rituals and beliefs
而最终它们 that they ultimately will become
实际上也很快地 脱离犹太教 Actually very quickly, they will become non-Jewish
对Enslin做一下总结 So to summarize Mr. Enslin
Enslin认为基督教起源于 Mr. Enslin sees Christianity emerging
犹太教的社会环境中 within the social space of Judaism
耶稣是犹太教徒 他的信徒也是犹太教徒 Jesus was a Jews, followers were Jews
他起先传达的是非常犹太教的讯息 And he began with a very Jewish message
世界末日 A message of the end of days
就出自他的预言 coming out of the prophets
他劝导人们救赎 等等 teaching repentance and so on
来为世界末日做准备 to prepare for the end of days
这是与犹太社会形态一致的 That is a Jewish social form
圣人在社会中游荡 Holy man, wander around in the society
教导一些耶稣认为 teaching things that Jews would
并不特别的事情 have found unexceptional
后来发生了不寻常的事件 Then something remarkable happens
这个组织开始发展 as this group develops
变得独特 Right, it becomes unique
教导人们神学和仪式 Teaching theology and ritual practice
而这些都与古代犹太教传统格格不入 that are not readily parallel to ancient Judaism
最重要的是 这个组织 And most importantly, the group is taking over
自己变身成一个独立的组织 or the group transmutes into a group
从犹太民族中分离出来 separate from, distinct from ethnic Jews
与犹太教的传统与习俗加以区别 distinct from the ways and practices of Judaism
最终演变成另一种不同的宗教 and ultimately becomes something different
也就是我们最终 something we will ultimately
所谓的基督教 come to call Christianity
这是非犹太教的现象 Which is a non-Jewish phenomenon
这就是Enslin所追踪的发展轨迹 That is the Ark with a trajectory traced by Enslin
而这个轨迹实际上被 And that trajectory will be traced by
几乎所有的现代学者所追踪 virtually all modern scholars
即便我们可能会争论 even if we would argue exactly
究竟如何在这样的发展过程中整合轨迹 how to parcel out these pieces in this development
我们也会争论如何去解读这些 exactly we would argue how to interpret these
好的 总结一下 Okay, or to summarize it
耶稣和基督教都起源于犹太教 Jesus and Christianity begin within Judaism
都属于犹太教 are a kind of Judaism
他们都是犹太教徒 都是一种犹太教 They are Jews and kind of Judaism
而基督教随着自身的发展 渐渐挣脱了犹太教 And Christianity, as it grows, becomes not-Jewish
所以用另一种方式总结 So, to summarize that in another way
更加学术的方式 more academically
那么耶稣来到世上时 Does Jesus come into the world
是不是同时带来了基督教 and bring Christianity with him?
不是 No
不是的 No
再强调一遍 虽然主日学校 Again, the Sunday school
教给大家的说法和我们的说法不同 they probably taught you that he did
但是现代学术派学者都会说 不是 But modern academic scholars would say, no
耶稣是开启了 Jesus begins the process
最终的基督教 that will ultimately conclude
他开启了 with the emergence of something
我们后来所谓的基督教 we might meaningfully call Christianity
我们也可以非常有力地告诉大家 Yes, and we could argue precisely
这些什么时候发生 如何发生 when and how that happens
但是耶稣本身并非基督教徒 Yes, but Jesus himself is not a Christian
耶稣本身也没有意向 Jesus himself had no intention whatsoever
为世界带来基督教 of bringing Christianity into the world
他只不过是一位犹太的 And he was simply a Jewish
末世论先知 仅此而已 escatological prophet, period
这种关键的见解为所有现代学者所认同 That key insight is shared by virtually all modern scholars
大家知道这里的重点是什么吗 同学们 Okay, do you understand what is at stake here, class?
耶稣是基督教的创始人吗 Is Jesus the founder of Christianity?
这个问题很棘手啊 Well, it's a tricky one, isn't it?
如果你去主日学校 一切就很简单 You go to the Sunday school, it's very simple
答案是肯定的 The answer is yes
如果你不去主日学校 You don't go to Sunday school
答案就比较复杂了 The answer as you see, is
可能吧 或许是 也不能这么说 差不多吧 Well, sorta, maybe, not really, kinda
大家明白吗 You understand
好了 这是我们周一的内容 Okay, that's Monday's lecture
我们现在继续往下走 Okay, now we'r gonna jump to on
还有很充足的时间 too plenty of time
好的 Okay
大家务必要读Enslin But please read Enslin
我说过了 很容易理解 也很顺畅 As I said, it reads easily and smoothly
基本上就是个讲座 It's basically a lecture
没有太多学术的东西 用词也不吓人 It's not technical, it's not threatening
大家很容易读下去 You can read it and follow it
现在我们来讨论一下殉道士犹斯丁 Okay, we are gonna talk now about Justin Martyr
他来自公元2世纪 也就是圣经的形成时期 He's from 2nd century CE, Biblical 2nd century CE
他是非犹太人 He is a gentile
他来自罗马的巴勒斯坦 He comes from Roman Palaestina
但是从民族上说 正如他自己所言 But he is ethnically, as he tells us himself
他根本不是犹太人 He is not Jewish at all
他是一位说希腊语 在希腊接受教育的 So, here is a Greek speaking, Greek educated
非犹太人士 ethnic gentile
我们等一下 One second, one second, one second
我突然意识到一个问题 I just have realized something
非犹太 是什么意思 Right, what does the word GENTILE mean?
谁能告诉我 Somebody tell me
不是犹太人 Not Jewish
没错 不是犹太人 Right, someone that is not Jewish, right
因为犹太人和许多民族一样 Because the Jews, like many ethnic minorities
将世界分为两类 divide the world in two
我们和他们 Right, us and them, right
我们就是犹太人 So there is us, Jews
他们就是非犹太人 And then them are the gentiles
除了我们所有的人 there's everybody else
这是一种常见的 Right, so this is a common way
少数民族审视世界的方式 for ethnic minorities to view the world
有宗教背景的少数民族审视世界的方式 the religious minorities to view the world
因此非犹太人这种说法 So the whole notion of gentile
本身就带有犹太的色彩 is itself a Jewish construction
大家都明白这点吗 Okay, everybody understands that?
非犹太人不知道自己是非犹太人 Gentile does not know they are gentiles
他们也不认为自己是非犹太人 They don't think they are gentiles
他们认为自己就是自己 They think they are whatever they are
犹太人才认为他们是非犹太 Jews think they are gentiles
明白吗 Understands that?
这种语言的表达 这种区分 这样的证明 This language, this division, this verification
这种世界的两分法 this dual division of the world
最终要追溯到希伯来圣经 ultimately goes back to the Hebrew Bible
我们用这样的称谓来理解世界 We'll seize the world in these terms
以色列 以色列人 相当于非犹太的各民族 Israel, people of Israel, versus THE NATIONS
非犹太这个词在拉丁文对应的就是各民族 And gentile is Latin word for nations
大家明白了吗 Okay, is that?
回到刚才我们的话题 Back to where we are
殉道士犹斯丁来自巴勒斯坦 So, Justin Martyr is from Palaestina
但是不论从各种方面看来 他都不是犹太人 But he is not Jewish in any way, shape matter or form
他受的是希腊教育 He is Greek educated
说的是希腊语 He speaks Greek language
他曾经受过哲学教育 He has philosophical education
有哲学背景 and philosophical background
他可以随便定义自己的身份 He is some, he is whatever he is
他是非犹太人 He is a gentile
他熟读圣经 所以他称自己为非犹太教徒 But he knows Bible, so he calls himself a gentile
那么我们主要要读的书是这本 Okay, and the main book we'll be looking at is
与特来弗对话录 the Dialogue with Trypho the Jew
不好意思 按错了 Oops, push the wrong botton
与特来弗对话录 Dialogue with Trypho the Jew
这一本 Here we go
在犹斯丁的作品中 which is Justin's work on the
他找到了分割 He found the boundaries
基督教和犹太教的界限 between Christianity and Judaism
他的另一部主要作品叫做 辩道 His another main work is called The Apology
这部犹斯丁的作品中 which is Justin's work in which
他向罗马世界解释了基督教 he explains Christianity to the Roman world
因此他非常关注 So there he's interested in the boundary line
基督教和异教 或者多神论的界限 between Christianity and Paganism, or polytheism
也就是信仰许多神 Right? The beliefs in many gods
这在古代社会中非常常见 that characterize the ancient world
我们会简单看看这部书 That book we'll look at very briefly
只选取一些片段 Just some experts from
这不是我们主要关注的 But that's not our concern
我们需要关注的 Your work, what is our concern
是与特来弗对话录 或者与犹太人特来弗对话录 is the Dialogue with Trypho, or Trypho the Jew
他在此书中研究了 in which he is working on a boundary line
基督教和犹太教之间的界限 between Christianity and Judaism
当时是公元160年左右 around the year 160
也就是保罗生活的年代之后约100年 Okay, so he's about 100 years or so after Paul
耶稣生活的年代之后130年 About 130 years or so after Jesus
也就是说 So, in other words
他没见过他写的对象 he doesn't know his people personally
但是他生活在那个时代 在巴勒斯坦 But he's on the spot, he's in Palaestina
罗马的巴勒斯坦 他当时在场 Roman Palaestina, he's on the spot
而且他是早期一位 非常重要的目击者 And he is a very early, important witness to
他目睹了我们所谓基督教的起源 the emergence of what we will call Christianity
这就是殉道士犹斯丁 That's Justin Martyr
我们会阅读一些 We'll be reading excerpts
与特来弗对话录的片段 from the Dialogue with Trypho
你们不会关心这些学术辩论 Okay, you won't care whether scholarly debate
是真的还是虚构的 was real or fictional
我跳过去 I'll skip that
你们不会关心他的目标读者是谁 You won't care about whom he's writing for
但是关键的一点 关键的主题 But, the key point, the key theme
在与特来弗对话录这部书中 in the Dialogue with Trypho, is
是所谓的挑战 I'm tended to call it, or the challenge
是三只熊的挑战 The challenge of three bears
不能太热 不能太冷 It's too hot, it's too cold
需要正好 It's just right
不要太大 不要太小 It's too big, it's too small
需要正好 It's just right
基督教需要犹太教 Christianity needs Judaism
但是不能太少 不能太多 but not too little, and not too much
正正好好 It's gonna be just right
这就是犹斯丁的 That's what's Justin's
与特来弗对话录 what's the main themes of
这部书中的主题 the Dialogue with Trypho is
基督教怎么会包含太少犹太教内容呢 How would Christianity have too little Judaism?
如果你是马吉安主义者 你就太少 You have too little Judaism if you are a Marcionite
我们已经讲过了邪恶的马吉安这个人物 对吧 We've already met this sinister figure Marcion, right?
马吉安和犹斯丁生活在同一个时代 Marcion is in the exact temporary with Justin
马吉安的观点是说 Marcion is the one who says
基督教不需要希伯来圣经 that Christianity doesn't need the Hebrew Bible
马吉安认为 Marcion is the one who says
我们基督教徒所崇拜的上帝 We Christians, the God that we worship
我们基督教徒崇拜的上帝 we Christians worship
并不是犹太教的上帝 is not the same with the Jewish God
因为犹太教的上帝是败坏的上帝 Because the Jewish God is an inferior god
他就是想让你一辈子落魄潦倒 whose goal is to keep you down and out
就是想让你受压迫 to keep you oppressed
而基督教的上帝 It's the Christian God
希望给你带来完全的救赎 who wants to bring you to full salvation
因此我们基督教徒不希望与希伯来圣经 So we Christians have wanted nothing to do with
或者希伯来圣经中的上帝有任何瓜葛 the Hebrew Bible or the God of the Hebrew Bible
马吉安就是犹斯丁的一个隐含的目标 Marcion is one of Justin's targets, implicitly
我们经常可以看到他 Right, we see him in every page
尤其是犹斯丁在引用希伯来圣经的时候 where Justin quotes Hebrew scripture
因为犹斯丁认为希伯来圣经 Cos Justin believes that the Hebrew scripture
是基督教的一部分 is part and part so of Christianity
希伯来圣经的上帝 and that the God of Hebrew Bible
就是基督教徒崇拜的上帝 is the God whom we Christians worship
因此马吉安就是很典型的 So Marcion is an example of somebody
犹太教太少的一类 who has two little Judaism, right?
他将犹太教完全剥离出基督教 who has removed Judaism from Christianity
这样不好的 That's not good
这是与特来弗对话录这部书中 That's one of the main messages
其中一条主要讯息 in the Dialogue with Trypho
即 马吉安和马吉安主义者是错的 is that Marcion and Marcionites are wrong
我们基督教徒需要希伯来圣经 We Christians need the Hebrew scriptures
因为那是我们崇拜的上帝 cos that's the God whom we worship
我们在这里稍停一会儿 Let's stop for one second
为什么基督教徒需要希伯来圣经呢 Why do we Christians need Hebrew scriptures?
因为其中有我们崇拜的上帝 Well, he's the God whom we worship
所以也没有办法 so there's no choice
但是我们真正需要圣经的原因是 But we really need the scriptures because
是什么 Because because why?
因为基督教源于犹太教 不对 Cos Christianity came from Judaism? No
他又不是Morton Enslin写历史学论文 He's not Morton Enslin writing a historical essay
说什么我们的历史根源 You know, we have our historical roots
在古代犹太 不是的 in ancient Judaea, no, no, no, no, no
这不是犹斯丁说的话 That's not what Justin would have said
因为耶稣是圣经中的先知 Because Jesus is prophet in the Bible
因为耶稣是先知 Because Jesus is prophecy
因为耶稣作为救世主 作为圣人 Because Jesus as Messiah, Jesus as holy man
作为先知 Jesus as prophet
我们只能从圣经中推断出来 I can verify that only from the scriptures
没有希伯来圣经中的预言书 I don't have the prophecies of the Hebrew Bible
又怎么能证明 how on earth am I gonna prove
耶稣就是上帝 圣子 that Jesus in fact is God, son of God
救世主 先知 圣人 救赎者呢 a messiah, prophet, holy man, redeemer
我知道这些是从圣经中得来的 I know that because I got scripture
如果没有圣经 我无从证明 Take away scripture, what do I get?
我怎么证明呢 How do I prove this?
肯定是不行的 Answer, I can't
我们在每一页都可以看到 Now as we'll see on every page
犹斯丁急切地想通过引用圣经来加以证明 Justin is eager to quote scripture to prove these things
因此 马吉安的犹太教太少 So, too little Judaism, that's Marcion
他们想要摆脱掉 They want to get rid of
圣经中的上帝和圣经本身 the God of the Bible and the Bible itself
而我们基督教徒不能这样做 We Christians can't do that
代价太高了 Price is too high
而另一方面 犹斯丁还说 On the other hand, Justin also says
我们需要担心有一些基督教人士 We have to worry about those Christians out there
在信仰中包含的犹太教太多 who have too much Judaism
那他们又是谁呢 Which Christians are those?
犹斯丁知道有一些基督教徒说 Justin is aware of Christians who are saying that
我们基督教徒有希伯来圣经 we Christians have the Hebrew Bible
我们有圣经的文字 we have the scriptures
所以我们要遵循其中的律法 and we need to observe the laws in the scripture
耶稣从来没有说要废除律法 Jesus never came in order to abolish the law
律法是什么意思呢 What do you mean by the law?
就是关于食物的律法啊 割礼啊 You know, the food laws, circumcision
安息日啊 那些犹太人做的恶心的事情 Sabbath, all those yucky things that the Jews do
好吧 你可能觉得他们恶心 Yes, well, you might think they are yucky
但是我们基督教徒知道 我们尊崇圣经 But we Christians know, we revere the Scriptures
而这从某种程度上说 and that's part and part so of
是基督教徒需要做的一部分 what we Christians need to do
因为圣经就是圣经 Because the scriptures are the scriptures
耶稣从来没有说 And Jesus never came along and said
不要进行割礼 Don't circumcise your sons
福音书中也没有类似的文段 There's no such passage anywhere in the gospels
那你又是怎么有这种想法的呢 Where do you get that idea?
耶稣从没有说过 不要遵循安息日 Jesus never said, violate the Sabbath
耶稣从来没有说 可以吃猪肉 Jesus never said eat pork
我们基督教徒需要遵循这些律法 So we Christians are about to observe the laws
犹斯丁说 啊啊啊啊 And Justin said, ah, ah, ah, ah
这里犹太教就太多了 That's too much Judaism
可能你也发现了基督教徒们 Probably you've found to be Christian
并没有为儿子实行割礼 are not circumcising your son
你可以成为基督教徒 而同时吃猪肉 You should be a Christian and eat pork
你可以成为基督教徒 And you can make Christian and
而且在周六晚上逛商场 go to the mall on Saturday afternoon
这就是犹斯丁的话 That's what Justin
不完全是原话吧 Well, he hasn't quite said that
但是大家明白 他就是这个意思 But you understand, that's where he's going, right
也就是说 这样犹太教就太多了 In other words, that's too much Judaism
犹斯丁知道有一些基督教徒 Justin knows Christians out there like that
会认为自己是错的 He says they are wrong
这没关系 只要他们不影响到我的生活 It's okay, though, as long as they don't bother me
我也不去干预他们的生活 I don't bother them
他们可以有一些比较疯狂的想法 they can have their crazy ideas that they want
但是很清楚 But it also is clear
他们坚持要求大家去遵循法律 they insist we have to observe the law
是为了获得救赎 to attain salvation
然后犹斯丁会告诉你 这些人是错的 Then they gotta tell you, they are wrong
因为这样犹太教就太多了 Cos that is too much Judaism
按照犹斯丁的说法应该怎么样 So where are we in Justin?
我们应该 We are in
可以回到金发女孩和三只熊的故事 I can go back to the Goldilocks and three bears
刚好适量 You can be just right
我们是在走钢丝呢 It's a tight line we are walking here, right?
我们手中拿着圣经 尊崇圣经 We are upholding scripture, venerating scripture
尊重圣经 解读圣经 respecting scripture, interpreting scripture
而另一方面 On the other hand
我们并不是以犹太人的方式 we are not following it the way the Jews do
而是以另外一种方式 We are following it in some other way
这就是与特莱弗对话 That is the main thesis of
这部书的主题 the Dialogue with Trypho the Jew
其中有一段写的特别好 and he has this one terrific passage
基督教徒总是能强辩到底 The Christian speaker always gets the last word
总是能大放厥词 always gets the big word, right?
而犹太教徒则是东拼西凑 The Jewish speaker gets a couple words here and there
在书中随着故事发展 As the book progresses
犹太人说的话就越来越少 the Jewish speaker talks less and less, right?
而基督教的作者也越来越不愿意争辩 As the Christian author gives up more and more
不愿意再继续这个故事 这段对话 on this fiction, on this dialogue
而是开始写起了文章 and just starts writing essays
好的 总而言之 Okay, fine, anyway
刚开始有一段非常关键 There is a key passage in the beginning
是以对话的结构 讨论的形式 where you still had a dialogue format, active discussion
犹斯丁说 特莱弗 你们虽然有圣经 Trypho, he says, you have the scriptures
但是你根本不理解 but you don't understand them
我们基督教徒理解圣经 We Christians understand the scriptures
因此圣经是我们的 and consequently, the scriptures are ours
而不是你们的 not yours
你虽然读了圣经 Because you read them
但是你并不理解 and do not understand them
而我们读了 也领悟了 We read them, and understand
这基本上就是 That is the very unhermeneutically
这部书的主题 blunt thesis of the book
走钢丝一样 So again, it's a fine line
我们有圣经 We have the Bible
但我们不是按照犹太教徒的方式去尊崇它 but we don't revere it the way the Jews do
我们以不同的方式解读 We interpret it differently
或者按照犹斯丁的说法 正确的方式 or as Justin would say, correctly
这就是29章中的这一段 Okay, that's the great passage in 29
现在我们回到 Now, I wanna go back to
回到Enslin和殉道士犹斯丁 go back to Mr. Enslin and Justin Martyr
Enslin认为 For Mr. Enslin, the fact that
耶稣和耶稣的追随者们都是犹太人 Jesus and Jesus's followers were all Jews
这也就是说 is another way of saying that
基督教是以犹太教一支而起源的 Christianity began as a kind of Judaism
基督教徒由犹太教发展出来 Christianity grew up out of Judaism
Enslin仍旧使用母女的那个比喻 Enslin still use the mother-daughter metaphor
犹太教是母亲 Judaism is the mother
基督教是女儿 Christianity is the daughter
而现代学者并不喜欢 Modern scholars don't like that
再用母女的比喻 mother-daughter metaphor any more
他们认为犹太教和基督教 They see Judaism and Christianity
都是成长于历史上的形成时期 both growing alike out of the formative period
也就是公元一世纪 二世纪那段时间 in the immense of the first and second century
然而 Enslin认为 But nonetheless, for Enslin the fact that
因为耶稣和早期基督教徒都是犹太教徒 Jesus and the earliest Christians are all Jews
这就证明了 is evidence that
基督教曾经是犹太教的一支 Christianity was once a kind of Judaism
这也是两教之间紧密联系的证据 It's evidence of closeness
而犹斯丁则不这么认为 For Justin, it's the opposite
因为耶稣是犹太人 Since Jesus comes as a Jew
而犹太人又出卖了耶稣 The fact that the Jews turn upon him
犹太人还把他送上了十字架 and the fact that the Jews execute him
犹斯丁完全忽略了罗马人做过什么 Justin completely ignores the Roman participation
只说犹太人 and only talks about how the Jews
将耶稣送上了十字架 condemned Jesus to death
犹太人杀死了他 and the Jews executed him
对他而言 这并没有证明 For him, this is evidence not of
犹太教和基督教的紧密联系 the closeness of Jewish and Christianity
而是相反 But the opposite
两教之间有着不可填补的沟壑 The fact that we have an unbridgable gap
耶稣来到世界上是因为 Jesus came into the world because
上帝在拒绝犹太人 God is rejecting the Jews
犹太人杀死了耶稣是因为 And the Jews executed Jesus because
他们抗拒基督教 they are rejecting Christianity
因此很矛盾 两者之间的紧密联系 So paradoxically, the closeness of the two
并非Enslin所认为的那样 is evidence not of, as Enslin would have it
说曾几何时 两教之间没有区别 And once upon a time, they are the same
两者之间的紧密联系 Rather, closeness of the two is
说明了两者水火不容 evidence of their complete incompatibility
耶稣来到世间是为了抵抗犹太教 of the fact that Jesus came to reject Judaism
而犹太教也在抗拒耶稣 And Judaism, in turn, rejecting Jesus
这就是他的理解 That's how he understands things
我认为这种理解方式 Which I would say, is completely the opposite
与Morton Scott Enslin的理解完全相反 of the way Morton Scott Enslin understands things
现在 同学们 Now, class
大家支持哪一方呢 Whom you gotta vote for?
是支持在历史发生后一个世纪 Justin Martyr, who lives a century after the events
生活在同一个地方的殉道士犹斯丁 in the same place, a century after the events
他在时间 地缘上都很接近 very close, in time and geography
还是Morton Scott Enslin 哈佛大学1919年毕业生 Or Morton Scott Enslin, Harvard class in 1919, right?
曾经在费城的神学中心 who taught Bible at a
教圣经的教授呢 theological center outside Philadelphia
那我换一种说法 I'll be putting it that way
我觉得我可能比较支持这位古人 I guess I have to put my money on the ancient guy
他生活的年代和地缘都比较近 who's much closer in time and place
而这个美国人吧 than this American guy
虽然他是哈佛毕业生 even though he went to Harvard
但是大家都知道 But still, you know
从古代到1919年发生了好多事情 a lot of things happened between 1919 and antiquity
那为什么我们就不相信犹斯 So shouldn't we just trust Justin and say
认为Morton Scott Enslin疯了呢 Morton Scott Enslin is crazy?
或者说他就是一个渴望 Or Morton Scott Enslin is an American
给大家解释圣经的美国人 eager to be hermeneutical?
渴望展示基督教 eager to show the softer kind
比较温柔的一面 or gentler side of Christianity
给他的犹太教邻居 to his Jewish neighbors?
因此Morton Scott Enslin And Morton Scott Enslin, therefore
想让基督教看起来尽可能地 wants to make Christianity look like Judaism
像犹太教 as much as he can?
大家怎么认为 What would you say?
这个问题很棘手啊 This is a tough one
大家怎么认为 What you should say?
当然了我是有偏见的 Now I, of course, have prejudice
我怎么着都是犹太人 I am a Judean thinking to yourself
关于这个话题 I can't trust anything
Cohen教授说的不可信 Professor Cohen says either on this
但是我觉得还好吧 But I believe you can on this one
即使我是犹太人 我就是 Even though I am a Jew, I am
大家很清楚我在什么地方有偏见 And it's clear where my prejudices are
可能大家还真不清楚 Maybe it's not so clear, right
但是我一直在遮掩呢 But I try to keep it secret
无论如何 我觉得大家可以相信我的说法 But nevertheless, I think you can trust me on this one
如果你想要重现历史 I would say, if you want historical reconstruction
那就相信Enslin I gotta go with Mr. Enslin
而不是殉道士犹斯丁 and not with Justin Martyr
如果你想按照基督教的神学理论 If you want to stay with the Christian theology
或者经典基督教理论来看 or classical Christian theology
前现代的 前解读派的基督教理论 pre-modern, pre-hermeneutical Christian theology
那么我就要说 Then I would say, yeah
你还是相信殉道士犹斯丁吧 that's Justin Martyr
但这就不是历史了 But that's not history
而是对历史进行带有神学色彩的复述 This is a theological retelling of history
这就是我的意见 is what I would say
什么意思呢 Meaning what?
因为犹斯丁和你们这些 Because Justin, as those of you
以前去过主日学校的人都知道 who went to Sunday school will know
耶稣来到这个世界时 that Jesus came into the world
就带着基督教来的 and brought Christianity with him
耶稣带着基督教来到这个世界 Jesus came into the world and brought Christianity
完全的 完整的基督教 whole and complete
基督教从一开始就在排斥犹太教 And it begins with the rejection of Judaism
一开始我们就可以看到犹太人排斥耶稣 And it begins with the Jewish rejection of Jesus
因此两者之间的分界 So the division, the dividing line
从一开始就非常清晰 is clear at the very beginning
正如我之前所说的 And as I said before
犹太教不多也不少 Not too much Judaism and not too little, right
我们一开始就已经有了 We already have this
这一条明显的分界线 clear boundary lines being established
而犹太人处死耶稣 The execution of Jesus by the Jews, again
犹斯丁一直在其中完全忽略罗马人的角色 Justin routinely, completely ignores the Romans
这点我需要指出来 I would point out, yet again, right
犹太人处死耶稣 Execution by the Jews
从某种角度上看是犹斯丁对圣经的解读 is part and part so of Justin's reading of scripture
他认为犹太人是邪恶的 that the Jews are evil and wicked
上帝总是生他们的气 God is constantly yelling at him
上帝总是在惩罚他们 God is constantly punishing them
而邪恶的犹太人又是如何回应的呢 And wicked Jews, how do they respond?
他们杀了先知 They respond by killing the prophets
杀了使者 killing the messengers
不过这种对圣经的讲述方式 This is the very selective retelling
是非常片面的 of some Biblical stories
我没有足够的时间 But I don't have enough time
去给大家讲这些母题 to deal with that motifs now
但是这种说法 说犹太人杀死先知 But the idea that the Jews are killers of the prophets
而先知又是些正直的人们 The prophets are the same people, righteous men
是上帝送来人间 whom God sent them in order to
从罪孽中拯救人类的使者 rescue them from their sin
犹太人怎么做的呢 What did the Jews do?
他们背叛了耶稣 杀死了他 They turned against him and kill him
这些都可以 This all goes back to
追溯到历代志 one story in the Book of Chronicles
好的 言归正传 Okay, anyway
同样的事情也发生在这里 Well, that's what's here too
上帝将耶稣送来人间 God sent Jesus into the world, right?
让他带来救赎的讯息和真理 to bring down the message of salvation and truth
犹太人怎么做的呢 What did the Jews do?
他们排斥耶稣 还杀了他 They rejected him and they killed him
这是一种基督教的理论 This is one kind of Christian theology
不过我觉得 这并非对历史的回顾 I would say, this is not historical reminisces
而是极富有神学色彩的阅读方式 This is a highly theological reading
不仅是对圣经 of both the scriptures
而且是对当时发生的一系列事情 and also of the events of this time
这就是我的观点 That's what I would say
没有偏见的哦 Of course, unprejudiced
大家什么看法 What would you say?
这可是难题 This is very, this is a real toughie
如果大家是现代圣经学派 Again, if you belong to the modern Bible scholarship
现代圣经学派研究 Modern Bible academic scholarship
那Morton Scott Enslin对于历史的重现 Then Morton Scott Enslin's reconstruction
其实是被大家广泛接受的 is virtually unanimously accepted as the
有点像 something like the
更接近于当时的历史事件 历史事实 something close to the historical event, historical truth
最后一点 我们就剩三分钟了 Last big point, we get three minutes
按照犹斯丁的说法 According to Justin
为什么我们基督教徒不用遵循律法呢 So why don't we Christians observe the law?
没错 So it's true
我们尊崇圣经 我们使用圣经 We respect the scriptures, we use the scriptures
来证明基督教的真实性 to prove the truth of Christianity
来证明耶稣就是上帝 耶稣就是主 to prove that Jesus is God, Jesus is Lord
耶稣是圣子 是救世主 Jesus is son of God, Jesus is Messiah
是圣人 是救赎的方式 Jesus is the holy man, Jesus the vehicle of salvation
这些我们都可以从圣经中得以证明 We prove all those thing out of scripture
因此我们基督教徒热爱圣经 So we Christians like scripture
我们接受圣经 We embrace scripture
不惧怕圣经 we are not scared of scripture
而相反 And on the contrary
这是我们找到真理的方式 This is where we find our truth
因为希伯来圣经是我们的 Cos the Christian Bible, the Hebrew Bible is ours
但是我仍旧可以吃猪肉 However, I'm still able to eat pork
仍旧可以不给我儿子进行割礼 and I still don't have to circumcise my son
仍旧可以周六下午去逛商场 and I can still go to the mall on Saturday afternoon
为什么我们基督教徒需要遵循这些律法呢 Why? Why do we Christians have to observe the laws?
这就是在与特莱弗对话一书中 This will be another main motif, set of motifs
另一套主要的母题 in the Dialogue with Trypho
犹斯丁会在其中解释给我们 which Justin will explain to you why he
为什么他作为一个圣经的笃信者 支持者 a believer and upholder of the scripture
不去遵循圣经中的律法 does not uphold to the laws of scripture
这里我为大家选取了44.2这一段 And here, I select a few passages of 44.2
已经打到了屏幕上 which is up there on the screen
之前我曾经说过有一些片段 训诫 Before I said that some precepts, commandments
是为了崇拜上帝 were given for the worship of God
是公正的表现 a practice of righteousness
而其他的训诫 Whereas other commandments were arranged
一方面是讲关于耶稣的迷思 either respecting the mysteries of Christ
另一方面是讲犹太人的铁石心肠 or the hardness of your people's heart
我们于是有了三种分类 We get three possibilities
在此之前我总结一下 Before this I would conclude
希伯来圣经中的律法分为三类 The laws in scripture came and divided into three
第一 是为了崇拜上帝 One, some of them are, for the worship of God
是公正的表现 a practice of righteousness
比如利未记第19章 爱邻如爱己 So Leviticus:19, love thy neighbor as thyself
这是利未记第19章 That's in Leviticus:19
爱邻如爱己 Love thy neighbor as thyself
这是圣经中关于公正的段落 That's scripture, that's for righteous
因此我们基督教徒就要遵循 we Christians observe that law
尊敬父母 Honor your father and mother
我们基督教徒要遵循的 We Christians observe that law
即使这是希伯来圣经中的话 Even though it's in the Hebrew Bible
因为圣经中有些律法是关于公正的 Cos some laws in the scripture are for righteousness
所以我们要遵循 We Christians uphold those
第二 其中有一部分是针对耶稣的迷思 Two, others are in respect to the mysteries of Christ
这些我们需要用寓言的 预表的方式解读 Others should be understood allegorically, typologically
他们不是真实发生的 不能按照字面解读 They are not real, they are not literal
而是通过参考基督来解读 They understand them by referring to Christ
这一点周一已经给大家举过例子了 We gave you an example about it already on Monday
不对 是上周 Oh, last week
接下来我们也会看一些相关例子 And we'll see examples of that
如果我们不能解读出有关基督的含义 And last, if I can't turn it into a message about Christ
那说的就是犹太人的铁石心肠 Last is the hardness of your people's hearts
上帝说割礼 没错 It's true God says circumcise
但是你们知道吗 But you know what?
上帝只想要犹太人进行割礼 God wants only the Jews to circumcise
他不想让我们去进行割礼 He doesn't want us to circumcise
因为我们不需要 Cos we don't need circumcision
犹太人是邪恶的 上帝要惩罚他们 The Jews are wicked and have been punished by God
而割礼就是这个惩罚的一部分 And part of the punishment is the circumcision
所以让犹太人割去吧 So yuck, let them do circumcision
我们基督教徒才不需要 We Christians don't need circumcision
因为我们又不受上帝的惩罚 Cos we are not punished by God
实际上是受到上帝的恩泽的 We, in fact, are blessed by God
这些都是很深的理论 Alright, those are very deep waters
但是我们真的要下课了 But our time really is about up
下周我们将会 So next week, we start our
开始讨论 working our way through
一些圣经中非常具体的例子 some very specific examples of text
我希望能和大家一起去探索 And I look forward you to exploring
殉道士犹斯丁和圣经的相关知识 Justin Martyr and the Bible with you [Rhine & trismile Production]