我们已经讨论过了犹太教和基督教 We've discussed the Judaism and Christianity
已经讨论过了圣经 We've discussed Bible
也已经讨论过了圣经解读 We've discussed interpretation of the Bible
这周我将要给大家讲 Now this week I was going to talk about
一些关于历史的内容 a little historical stuff this week
犹太教和基督教的 Right? Judaism and Christianity
一些历史叙事 a little historical narrative
它们的分道扬镳 parting of the ways
犹太人传统上是如何描述 Jew's classic phrase to describe the separation of
犹太教从基督教中分离 以及基督教从犹太教中分离 Judaism from Christianity and Christianity from Judaism
然后再介绍一些主要的 And introducing some of the main characters
我们课程中即将学习的人物 whom we will be meeting during our course
这就是本周的计划 That's the plan for this week
在我们的课程大纲上 我忘记注明 I forgot to note on the syllabus that
我需要退后一步 I need to back up one step further
给大家一个整体上的概况 Which is to sort of give a kind of a general overview
介绍一下古代的犹太教和古代的犹太历史 of the ancient Judaism or ancient Jewish history
他们所处的环境 在这种环境下 The context out of which, or in which
事件的发展和传播 all these events turn or transpire
在书中是如何叙述的 in these books will be written
我把这些内容都已经上传到了课堂笔记课程页 So I post it up on the course page on the lecture notes
一个很详细的纪年表 上面有名字和日期 a nice timeline, names and dates and so on
这些本不是我们这节课的内容 but you shouldn't do that in this course
不过我们今天会讲 but we will do that today
希望我能把这些 Hopefully I'll get it done
在最后二十分钟讲完 the last half of the whole session
然后就可以学习Enslin先生的内容 And we can get to Mr. Enslin
他在那里耐心地等着我们 who's waiting patiently for us
学习早期的基督教 to talk about earliest Christianity
但如果今天我们讲不到Eslin先生 But in effect I don't get to Mr. Enslin today
大家也别急 我会把这块内容插入周四的课堂 Not to worry, I'll fit it in perfectly well with Thursday
或者调整周四课程 Or, I will vary definitely
把一切都联系到一起 sew everything together on Thursday
但是首先 我需要讲一些名字 日期 But first, I need to do some names, dates
事实 人物 等等 facts, figures and so on
好吗 Okay?
给大家的纪年表上有很多人名 The timeline I gave you is full of names
很多人名和日期 and full of names and dates
我也不能一一俱到 I can't go through all them
也不指望大家能都能了解 nor do I expect you to know all them
就是希望大家可以简单看看 I'm simply hoping you can look at them
听到相关内容觉得耳熟 and something will sound familiar to you
能够勾起自己的一些回忆 and draw your memory and you will
然后大致明白事情发展的经过 have the sense of all things fit together
为了学习目的 我将会 For our purposes, I'm gonna
直接跳到我们的纪年表 just jump down on your timeline
首先是日期 So, the first dates
也就是公元前8世纪末 that will be the end of 8th century BCE
已经写在幻灯片上了 对吧 I'll have it up there, don't I?
这是什么 先知 What, prophets, right
我们将要研究一些圣经的先知 We'll be looking some of the Biblical prophets
学习一下我们的课程笔记内容 We'll come across our pages of this course
最有名的是以赛亚 我提到他很多次了 Notably Isaiah, whom I mentioned many numbers of times
他是公元前八世纪的一位先知 Right? Who is a prophet in the end of 8th century BCE
公元前700年 700th BCE
这就是耶路撒冷的以赛亚 That's Isaiah of Jerusalem
我真正对于耶路撒冷的以赛亚感兴趣的是 The real Isaiah of Jerusalem what I'm interested in
因为我们的希伯来圣经课没有这点内容 Cos I'm not doing it at the course in Hebrew Bible, right?
在这里关注的是以赛亚的预言 We are here looking at how prophecies of Isaiah
是如何被几个世纪后的犹太人和基督教徒解读的 are read by Jews and Christians centuries later
但最起码我们要有个整体的认识 But at least we should have some big idea
耶路撒冷的以赛亚 that Isaiah of Jerusalem
也就是以赛亚书传说中的作者 the putative author of the Book of Isaiah
是生活在以色列预言的黄金时期 is in a period of the Golden Age of Israelite prophecy
也就是公元前八世纪 the time of the 8th century BCE
我们还会学习同一时期的其他先知 We'll meet other prophets from that time
弥迦也会出现在我们的课程中 Also Micah will come across our pages
阿摩司也是我们要学习的公元前八世纪的人物 Amos, who are also our figures from the 8th century BCE
预言的另一个重要时期 The other main period of prophecy is
是和神殿的毁灭紧密相连的 associated with the destruction of the temple
587/586 这个日子要特别记住 587/586, that's a date worth knowing
注意 注意 Hint, hint, hint, right
公元前587/586年 587/586 BCE
我在中间划了一条斜线 I put a slash there
因为我上学那会儿还是公元前586年 cos when I went to school it was 586 BCE
几年之前 Then a few years ago
突然间就成了公元前587年 it suddenly became 587 BCE
对这种纪年上的分歧 我也没有研究 So I didn't investigate this chronological uncertainty
但是其实对我们影响 But it doesn't really in effect
也并不是很大 对吧 that term very much, right?
那公元前587或者586年发生了什么呢 What happened in 587? Maybe it was 586 BCE
那年夏天 In the summer time
耶稣撒冷的神殿毁灭 the temple of Jerusalem was destroyed
犹太人从耶路撒冷流亡到巴比伦 The Judeans are exiled from Jerusalem to Babylon
也不是所有的犹太人 不过有很多 Not all of them but a good chunk of them
今天的巴比伦在哪儿呢 Okay, where is Babylon today?
美索不达米亚 没错 我们是哈佛学生嘛 Mesopotamia, of course this is Harvard College
所以我们今天才会讲到这块内容 Yes, I know, that's why we are on this today
巴比伦是现在的什么地方 Right, where is Babylon today?
伊拉克 是的 Iraq, right, Iraq, right, right
因此现在的巴格达 So the modern-day Bagdad is
我会将这里称为巴比伦的市中心 what I used to call, I got to call it downtown Babylonia
就在古巴比伦的中心地带 Right? At the heart of historical Babylon, Babylonia
或者用另外一个词 美索不达米亚 or the other word would be Mesopotamia
底格里斯河与幼发拉底河之间 between the Tigris and Euphrates
因此犹太人从犹太流亡 So the Judeans are exiled from Judaea
他们向东方流亡了几百英里 They are exiled hundreds of miles, right, to the east
来到巴比伦 to Babylon, right?
巴比伦王国毁掉了神殿 The Babylon Empire destroyed the Temple
而在神殿毁灭的期间 During this time, the destruction of the Temple
这段时期也会在大家的阅读材料中反复提到 which will be mentioned from time to time in your reading
出现了预言的第二段黄金时期 Right? There's a second golden age of prophecy
这紧密联系着 It's associated with these events of the
公元前7世纪 events around the end of the 7th century
公元前6世纪的事件 early 6th century BCE
这里我们迎来了两位大先知 Here we have the other two big prophets
耶利米和以西结 Jeremiah and Ezekiel
这些名字都会被反复提及 Right? Whose name will also come up from time to time
他们是先知 These are prophets
再说一遍 什么是先知呢 Again what are prophets?
就是上帝的使者 他们为人间带来讯息 Messengers from God, bringing a message to the people
预言当代的事 未来的事 about contemporary events and further events
这就是公元前587/586年 Okay, that's 587/586 BCE
犹太人第一个神殿毁灭 流亡 the Judean's destruction of the first temple, the exile
如果大家了解中世纪教皇历史 And us who know the history of medieval papacy
这就是巴比伦流亡一词的起源 This is where the phrase of Babylonian Exile comes from
大家明白我讲的什么吗 You know what I'm talking about?
你们可能不知道 算了 You don't know, maybe, okay
我们不可能面面俱到嘛 You can't do everything in this course
好的 流亡就是说 教皇去了阿维尼翁 Okay, so the exile is, the Pope goes to Avignon
教皇从罗马去了阿维尼翁 Right, the Pope leaves Rome to go to Avignon
这就是所谓的巴比伦流亡 It's was called the Babylonian Exile
而犹太人从犹太 Okay, so the Judeans returned from Judaea
口误 从巴比伦回到犹太 Sorry, returned to Judaea from Babylon
重建了他们的神殿 and rebuild their temple
重建了类似于 and reestablished something like
自治的区域 an autonomous existence
自己的团体 自己的家园 Their own community and their own homeland
这是什么时候的事情呢 Right? What date we give for that?
这说来话长 一言两语难以道明 Well that's a complicated, very messy problem
我们就姑且用耶利米为我们提供的日子 We'll just pick a date that Jeremiah gives us
耶利米说 流亡七十年 Jeremiah says the exile will last 70 years
七十年之后 我们就来到了公元前516年 70 years, so we go down to 516 BCE
这也在大家的纪年表上 公元前516年 That's up there on your chart, 516 BCE
也就是公元前587/586年后70年 70 years after 587/586, right?
犹太人从巴比伦回归 The Judeans have returned from Babylon
重建了他们的神殿 and have rebuilt their temple
这就是我们常说的 So now this is called, we now often call this
第二神殿 The second temple
大家反应过来了吗 You've figured out, right?
因为之前有过第一神殿 Cos there was a first temple, right
好的 简单回顾一下 Okay, a quick review
第一神殿是何时被攻陷的 The first temple was destroyed when?
公元前587/586年 很好 587/586, excellent, okay
第二神殿在公元前516年得以重建 Second temple gets rebuilt in 516 BCE
那我们这里向前跳跃一下 Now just to run ahead for a second
马上就会回到原题 不要担心 And we'll come around right back, don't worry
第二神殿是在公元70年被毁灭的 The second temple, in turn, is destroyed in 70 CE
这个日子也已经写在幻灯上了 Right? That's the date coming up on right there
耶路撒冷的神殿被罗马人攻陷 Jerusalem temple destroyed by Romans
所以大家不要混淆 Right? So don't confuse
公元前587年第一神殿被攻陷 the destruction of the first temple, 587
公元70年第二神殿被攻陷 destruction of the second temple, 70 CE
不要混淆巴比伦人和罗马人 Don't confuse the Babylonians with the Romans
我知道从某种角度说 I know from more perspective
这些都是陈年旧账 all happened long time ago
都大同小异 And it's all the same
我也理解大家这种看法 I understand that perspective
而且我自己经常也这么想 the temptation is very overwhelming
我理解大家 这没什么的 I was once there, it doesn't matter, right
但终究还是有区别的 But it makes a difference, right?
大家得把这些弄清楚 好吗 You gotta get these things straight, okay?
因此第二神殿是在 So destruction of the second temple is
公元70年被罗马人攻陷 70 CE by the Romans
好的 回到刚才我们的话题 Good, okay, let's go back to where we are
公元前516年 第二神殿得以重建 So the second temple is rebuilt in 516 BCE, right?
现在我们所处的时期中 We are now in the period of the Judeans
犹太人是生活在大帝国之下 living under the reign of empires, large empires
巴比伦王国攻陷了第一神殿 Babylonian Empire, which destroyed the first temple
时过境迁 It came and went
现在我们迎来了新的帝国 新的地头蛇 Now the new empire, the new big bully on the block
新的帝国殖民主义力量 the new imperialist colonialist power
波斯王国 is now the Persia Empire
波斯在哪儿呢 Where is Persia?
伊朗 是的 Iran, right
因此古巴比伦在伊拉克 So ancient Babylon is Iraq
现在我们从伊拉克转移 Now we shift from Iraq
将米索不达米亚王国建设在了伊朗 and based Empire Mesopotamia to Iran
波斯王国 Right? The Persian Empire
犹太人就生活在波斯王国的统治之下 Judeans are living under the Persian Empire
时过境迁 波斯王国之后 Persian Empire comes and goes
我们又迎来了 And of course, following the Persians come
希腊 The Greece
希拉王国 Right? The Hellenistic Empire
亚历山大大帝出现了 对吧 You have there Alexander the Great, right?
亚历山大大帝 Alexander the Great
在333年 在这部分大家 333, you can pick a lot of different dates
会看到很多日期 但是333 from Alexander the Great, 333
这个数字比较好记 You will remember it, easy number to remember
亚历山大大帝一大功勋 One of the great victories is Alexander the Great
就是在公元前333年攻克波斯 over the Persians in 333 BCE
可能在公元前332年攻克犹太 Probably conquers Judeans in 332 BCE
但是其实无所谓 But that doesn't really matter
或者公元前334年 都有可能 or 334, whatever, it doesn't matter
公元前333年 亚历山大大帝 333 BCE, right? Alexander the Great
所以现在 波斯人已经不复存在 So now the Persians are out of the picture
波斯人已经失败了 好吗 Persians are kaput, right?
现在我们看到的是希腊人 And now we have the Greeks
也就是所谓的希腊帝国 or so-called Hellenistic Empires
不过这不是我们关注的内容 Okay, it's not our concern
因为这部分历史对课程没什么影响 cos this will not play into our course very much
古代的犹太人和基督教徒 Because ancient Jews and Christians knew
对希腊化时代知之甚少 更谈不上关注了 very little about the Hellenistic period, and cared less
我们只需要知道 Right, the only events that you need to know about
在公元前2世纪中叶 are the middle of the second century BCE
大约是公元前167-164年 Right? It was 167-164 BCE, right
在幻灯中有写 对吗 It's up there, isn't it somewhere?
好的 Yes, it's good
因为我的iPad上的版本稍有不同 I have a slightly different version here in my iPad
所以我才会担心 要确保 That's why I'm a little worried to make sure that
这些内容在幻灯片上 They are line up, okay
公元前167-164年间风云四起 167-164 BCE, this is a very dramatic event
这段时期也是犹太教 They are important historically
发展的重要历史时期 in the development of Judaism
有一些戏剧性的事件 These are the dramatic events
叙利亚王国的希腊国王 where the Greek kings of Syria
要知道曾经有一位塞琉西国王 这就讲深了 Know there is a Seleucid, too much information, TMI
没关系 It's okay
叙利亚王国的希腊国王 The Greek Kings of Syria, right
亵渎了耶路撒冷的神殿 profane the temple in Jerusalem
具体出于何种原因不明 for reasons not clear
犹太人对此非常愤怒 The Judeans take umbrage at this fact
其中有一些就奋起反抗 And some of them at least rebelled
叙利亚的希腊国王 塞琉西国王 against the Greek Kings of Syria, the Seleucid King
他们通过叛变重新占领并净化了神殿 And they rebel and retake the temple, repurify it
因此而诞生的节日 Right? Then the little holiday that emerges as a result
就是我们所说的 is the holiday of
光明节 Hanukkah
这一点我忘记写在幻灯片上了 Again, I forgot to put that down
光明节 Festival of Hanukkah, right?
因此犹太小孩才会收到礼物 That's why Jewish boys and girls get presents
因为马加比家族 Right? Because the Maccabeus
和哈斯摩年家族成功地 and Hasmoneans were successful
击退了塞琉西王朝 in beating back the Seleucids
这些事件不仅在我们的课程中非常重要 Now these are important, not for our course thoroughly
在整个犹太教历史中都非常重要 But it's important moment in history of Judaism
因为这些王朝你来我往 Because when these empires coming and going, right?
这是唯一一次 犹太人 This is the one and only time the Judeans
真正对王朝奋起反抗 actually rebelled against the empire
并且取得成功 and did so successfully
并且从这段时间开始 And also, from this period on, right?
从公元前2世纪中叶开始 对吗 From the middle of the 2nd century BCE and on, right?
我们迎来一段百花齐放的年代 This is a time of great diversity, richness
在古犹太教中 in ancient Judaism
突然间涌现了 All of a sudden we see lots of
许多有趣的 激动人心的事物 fun and exciting things going on
我们有了派别 有了教派 We have parties, we have sects
大家一定要把 派别 这个词理解对了 Make sure you understood that word correctly, right?
我知道你们进入大学之前就有派别 I know you got to college from parties and secs
但是这是不一样的 But that's different
这些是真正意义上的教派派别 These are PARTIES AND SECTS
在这段时间中存在的 is what we have during this period
从公元前2世纪往后 from the 2nd century BCE down
一直到神殿毁灭 to the destruction of the temple
我们有过法利赛 撒都该 和爱色尼 we have Pharisees, and Sadducees, and Essenes
还有库姆兰 and the people of Qumran
死海古卷 还有我们的朋友 the Dead Sea Scrolls and our friends
早期的基督教徒 the earliest Christians
我们有了很多的派别 We got plenty of parties and sects
这在犹太教历史上前所未有 Never before seen in the history of Judaism
突然间涌现了犹太教教堂 We have the emergence of synagogues all of a sudden
这是在公元前2世纪之后 following this period from 2nd century BCE
第一次出现了 书吏 We have the emergence of a whole new scribal class
总而言之 万物都在涌现 In other words, things are happening
此起彼伏 繁荣昌盛 This is bubbling, it's effervescent
从公元前2世纪中叶开始 Things are happening in this period
这段时间发生了很多事 from the middle of the 2nd century BCE
而且早期的基督教运动 And the emergence of the earliest Christian movements
多多少少也是因此而生 are part and part so of this
我们应该怎么描述呢 What shall we call it?
社会动乱 社会不安 Unrest of the society? This social upheavals?
宗教探索 Religious questing?
无论你想怎么说 Whatever, however you wanna characterize it
都与这段时期有关 Well, it's part and part so of that
而这样的场面从 And this goes straight from
公元前2世纪开始 the middle of the 2nd century BCE
也就是我们第一次听说 First time we hear about
法利赛 撒都该 和爱色尼 Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes
你不知道这些是什么人 没关系 If you don't know who they are, that's fine
下个学期接着选我的课 But take my course next term
我会开一门专门讲犹太教历史的课程 We'll have a course on ancient Jewish history
将会讲到法利赛 撒都该 和爱色尼 And we'll discuss Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes
会让大家熟悉这部分内容的 like coming out of your ears, okay
也会讲这些分别都是做什么的 We'll try to figure out what they are
总而言之 这些都是不同的教派 Anyway, with these different groups
派别 民族 随便你怎么说 parties, sects, clans, whatever you wanna call it
他们在社会中成长 Right, they are growing up in society
好吧 其实 And, okay, well, you know
我就是想让大家兴奋起来 I'm trying to get you excited
但是好像没成功 But I'm not succeeding
好的 哈斯摩年家族现在坐上了宝座 Okay, so the Hasmoneans are on the throne
统治了一年 are reigning for a year
哈斯摩年家族的统治非常短 And Hasmoneans are very brief, blip
就是我们纪年表上的一点 short blip on the graph, right?
这一小段时间是犹太人的自制 the brief period of Judean autonomy
没有被大帝国统治 Not controlled by the large empires
而是自己探索出了一条小路 But they carve out a little space for themselves, right
直到接下来的大帝国时代到来 until the next big empire comes around
攻陷了犹太 and just crushes Judaea
这当然就是罗马人 And that of course, is the Romans
好的 现在说罗马人 Okay, the Romans
罗马人在 So here Romans arrive in
公元前1世纪时来到近东 in the near east in the 1st century BCE
在公元前63年来到犹太 And it gets to Judaea in 63 BCE
公元前63年 罗马人占领犹太 63 BCE, the Romans take over Judaea
哈斯摩年家族的独立王朝 And whatever sort of independence the Hasmonean
到此为止告一段落 the Hasmonean establishment is gone
犹太最终成为 And Judaea ultimately becomes
在罗马人的统治之下的 just a province or district of the
一个省 一个地区 under the Romans
以色列人的标准名字是什么 What are the right names or the people of Israel
是犹太人吗 他们的领土是犹太 the Jews, the territory is Judaea
还是巴勒斯坦或以色列 is it Palestine, is it Israel?
非常好的问题 Very good question, okay
我得写本书 I have to write a book on that
才能把这个问题说清楚 that so I can speak knowledgably on the subject
我看看啊 这个问题得讲两个小时 Let's see, I think two hours will settle
大约才能大致说明白 so we can just about to cover it
而且还是片面的 On one foot
对啊 还是片面的 Yes, on one foot, right
因此长话短说 So, in brief, right
我们所关注的这个地区呢 The district which particularly concerns us
也就是耶路撒冷周边这个地区 叫做犹太 The district around Jerusalem is known as Judaea
是古代犹大部落的领地 Right? The land of the ancient tribe of Judah
地名叫做犹太 人民叫做犹太人Judean The district is Judean, the people are Judeans
耶路撒冷就是犹太的首都 Jerusalem is the capital of Judaea
另外 犹太一词可以用来指代广义上的 Another word Judea can also be used more broadly
更大的一片领土 to mean a larger piece of real estate
我这里需要一个地图给大家指明白 I need a map, which I am gonna bother dig up right now
这块更大的领土是从北方的加利利 A larger piece of real estate from Galilee in the north
一直到以土买 或者是尼日尔 down to Idumea or the Niger
也就是南部的沙漠地区 the desert regions in the south
整个地区可以被大致成为犹太 The whole thing can be called Judaea loosely speaking
就好比从前 Just as in the old days
我们曾经用俄国 we used to use the word Russia
指代许多俄罗斯 to mean a lot of things well beyongd
共和国之外的地区 the actual Russian Republic
或者比较省事地用俄国指代整个地区 We will be sloppily, we call the whole thing Russia
当然大家知道不是这样的 You know, of course, it's not true
就好比说美国人仍然将不列颠王国成为英国 Or just as American still call the whole thing England
但是事情不是这样的 Ew, which of course is not true
英格兰就是英格兰 England is just England
不能和苏格兰与威尔士混淆 Not to be confused with Scotland or Wales
还有北爱尔兰 or the Northern Ireland, right
有时候你可以这样简单地 So sometimes you can use loosely
不精确地用最重要的地名 inaccurately use the names of the most important
中间地区的地名来指代整体 central district to refer the whole thing
因此类似地 犹太一词可以用来 So similarly, Judean can sometimes be used
甚至是在官方语言中也可以指代整个省区 even in official language to refer to the whole province
整个地区 the whole district
即使真正意义上说来 Right, even technically Judaea is
犹太就是耶路撒冷的周边 just the area around Jerusalem
因此我用犹太人 Okay, so I use the term Judeans
来指代所有的犹太居民 to mean the citizens of Judaea
生活在犹太地区 耶路撒冷周边地区的人们 people living in Judaea, the area around Jerusalem
或者广义上用来指代整个国家 and by extension in the entire country
而我们之所以称他们为犹太教徒 Right, what makes them Jews, of course
也就是宗教意义上的名称 which is their religious term
是因为他们崇拜 is that they all worship the God
耶路撒冷神殿的上帝 whose Temple was in Jerusalem
他们可能彼此争论 They may argue with each other
如何崇拜这位上帝 about how to worship this God
他们可能彼此争论 They may argue with each other about
这位上帝从我们这里要什么 what exactly this God demands from us
他们会争论 They argue with each other about
在这位上帝的指令下 what is and what is not desirable
他要什么 允许什么 permissible, obligatory
我们有什么义务 under the dictates of this God
但是他们都崇拜一个上帝 But they are worshipping that God
那么是摩西带领犹太教徒走出埃及的吗 So did Moses lead Jews out of the Egypt?
这个我已经说过了 I've already solved that one
是摩西带领犹太教徒走出埃及吗 当然不对 Moses led the Jews out of Egypt, of course not
摩西是带领以色列人走出埃及 Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt
犹太教徒这种说法 The language of Jews
从来没有出现在希伯来圣经中 is not found in the Hebrew Scriptures
注明一点 有些成书比较晚的作品除外 Footnotes, except for some late books, right?
不过我觉得他们是在说犹太人 I think it means Judeans
回到我们刚才的话题 Back to where we are
犹太教徒的语言从未出现在Torah中 Language of Jews is never found in the Torah
这不是圣经使用的语言 It's not Biblical language
因此如果我是指圣经中的民族 So when I refer to people of the Bible
我会说以色列 以色列人 I refer to them as Israel or Israelites
而生活在帝国统治时期 The period living under empires
巴比伦 波斯 希腊 罗马 Persia, Babylon, Persia, Greek, Rome
这些都是犹太人 These are Judeans
最后才有了犹太教徒 And ultimately we can call them Jews
而关于巴勒斯坦 Now the name Palestine
我过后面会讲到 I'll come back to it in one second
谢谢你Hillary 提出这个问题 Thank you Hillary, thank you on it
大家明白了吗 有人不明白吗 Is that clear? Anybody unclear on that?
这些大家不理解的东西 This is the, you know, normal pleasure
都是研究圣经的乐趣和享受 and fun thing you worry about
好的 刚才讲到哪儿了 Good, okay, so, where was I?
好的 另外一个人物 So another person
我们也需要稍微讲一下 we need to talk about for one second
当时罗马人将犹太 is before the Romans took Judaea as
收录为一个省份 amid of an outright province
有一段时间 他们让犹太人自行统治 For a time, they let the Judeans to have their own king
让犹太人自制 Let the Judeans rule themselves
其中最著名的一位 Right, and the name of the most famous
犹太国王名叫希律 of these Judean kings is Herod
希律大帝的从公元前37年统治到公元前4年 Herod the Great, who reigned from 37 to 4 BCE
大家的阅读材料中也会反复提及 His name will come up in our reading from time to time
希律大帝的人物形象很复杂 Herod the Great was a problematic figure
我喜欢用另一个人类别 The analogy I like to use
他有点像是约瑟夫 斯大林 he's something like Joseph Stalin
一方面呢 这位大帝有很大的成就 Right, on the one hand, he accomplished a great deal
另一方面 他又花了很大的代价 On the other hand, at a great great price
那他的付出是否值得呢 Was the price worth what you've got?
这些大家都可以讨论 Well, it's something you can argue about
因此希律大帝有点类似 So Herod the Great is something like
这种复杂的形象 that problematic figure
一方面他是个天才 A genius in some respect
另一方面他又很偏执 a paranoid, maniac, prosecutorial maniac
很神经质 on the other hand
两者还结合到了一起 but two things to go together
这就是希律大帝 Well, that's Herod the Great
我们会简单讨论这个人物 We will talk about him briefly
在此之后 公元前4世纪 After that in 4 BCE
王国渐渐分裂 The Kingdom gradually split into pieces
罗马人在几十年间 And the Romans just, and in a few decades
就占领了整个地区 just take over the whole thing
将其变为罗马人管理的省份 as a province with a Roman governor
使用罗马的官员 Roman governor
这些罗马官员中最著名的人物 Okay, the most famous of these Roman governors
在大家的表格上都有 It's on the figures on your list
叫本丢 彼拉多 is Pontius Pilate
他没给出罪名就 who executes one
处死了拿撒勒的耶稣 Jesus of Nazareth for unspecified crimes
这就是最有名的一位罗马官员 That's the most famous Roman governor
我们现在简单说一下公元前和公元纪年 We'll talk for a second about BCE and CE
确保大家都明白 Making sure you understand that
大家可能已经注意到了 公元前是从上往下数 So as you figured out, BCE were counting down
公元前可以使BC 也可以是BCE Or BC or BCE, which one you like
都是从上往下数 we are counting down
而CE或者是AD都是指代公元 And CE or AD, same thing, right?
是从下往上数 We are counting up
现在我们处于2011CE So we are right now in the year of 2011 CE
或者2011AD也没问题 or 2011 AD, if you prefer
我们追溯到从前 And we roll that back back back
确保大家能够明白这种纪年法 Right? Just to ensure you understand how it works
公元前2年 公元前1年 公元1年 公元2年 So it goes from 2 BCE, 1 BCE, 1 CE, 2 CE
大家明白了吗 Okay, everybody got that?
这里没有0年这个概念 There's no year 0
来个难题啊 Right, so trick questions
大家算一下 So how many years elapsed
公元前2年1月1日到公元2年1月1日之间是多少年 from Jan 1, 2 BCE to Jan 1, 2 CE?
中间有多少年呢 同学们 How many years elapsed, class?
好 那我重复一下问题 Alright, I'll repeat the question
从公元前2年1月1日 How many years elapsed
到公元2年1月1日是多少年 from Jan 1, 2 BCE to Jan 1, 2 CE?
或者习惯用AD也没问题 or 2 AD, how many years elapsed?
三年 Three
很好 Good
正确 Right
这可是哈佛大学啊 It's Harvard
我刚才想到这层了 但我没说 I thought that, but I didn't say it
非常正确 Exactly, right
中间没有0年 There is no 0, right
而在数学计算中 -2到2之间是 So in mathematics, -2 to 2 is 4
因为其中有0 cos you got 0
这里其实是要少算一年 Right here you are losing a year
因为没有0年 cos there is no 0
这就是我希望大家 Okay that's the point I'm trying to
明白的一点 get you to understand
那这个日期系统是什么意义呢 Okay, what is this dating system mean?
当然了 日期系统的发明 It was, of course, invented much later
一定是在这些事件之后 long after these events
发明者是中世纪的一位纪元学家 Right, by a medieval chronographer, right
他希望将这些古代世界中的重要年代 who was trying to arrange all the various chronologies
加以排序 in the ancient world
而对于这位中世纪的纪年学家而言 And for this medieval chronographer
最重要的事情是什么呢 the most important event, right?
为什么我们会在统一的时间转变纪年呢 Why do we have the turn of the eras altogether?
最重要的事情当然是 This most important event, of course, is
耶稣诞生 The birth of Jesus, right
根据他的计算 So according to his calculation
耶稣是公元前1年12月26出生的 Jesus was born December 26, 1 BC or 1 BCE
八日之后 Then eight days later
犹太教的男孩 What happens to little Jewish boys
出生八天之后要做什么 eight days after they are born?
割礼 Circumcised
他们需要稍作修剪 They get clipped
我们过不了多久就会讨论这个话题 We'll talk about that very very soon
因此耶稣受了割礼 Right, so Jesus is circumcised
割礼的节日是什么 What is the festival of circumcision?
公元1年1月1日AD January 1, 1 AD
或者公元1年1月1日CE January 1, 1 CE
这就是我们的纪年系统 Okay, that's the system
大家如果用的是 And those of who you are
学习圣经 就会知道 attend to the Students' Bible will know
希律大帝在位的时候 that Herod the Great was on the throne
曾经下令诛杀无辜 对吗 when in order to massacre all the innocence, right?
因为他听说了一个预言 Cos he see a prophecy about
说大卫家要出现新的国王 the new king in the House of David
所以他忙着杀掉所有的小男孩 So he's basy killing all the little baby boys
这样他们就肯定成不了国王 so that they shouldn't become king
他完全没有意识到耶稣的王国 He did not realize Jesus's Kingdom
是另一个王国 is a different kind of kingdom
这是马太福音中的故事 That's the story in Gospel Matthew
但是大家会发现 but you'll notice very currently
其中有一些不对劲 that something is wrong
希律王公元前4世纪就已经死去 Herod the Great dies in 4 BCE
怎么可能去屠杀 How was that possible that he's massacring
四年之后才出生的孩子呢 the innocents who were unborn until four year later?
非常好 Good point
这说明纪元出现了一些问题 对吗 It shows that chronology here is a little blubbery, right?
把所有的事情梳理清楚是很难的 Get everything lined up just so was very difficult
而这位中世纪的著名纪元学家 And this very learned chronographer in the Middle Ages
也没能做到尽善尽美 didn't quite get everything right
不过这也不关我们的事 Okay, that's not our problem either
虽然这个问题很有趣 Although that's a fascinating problem
好的 现在我们来看罗马人 Okay? So we have the Romans
现在罗马人来到了犹太 Right? The Romans are now arrived in Judaea
现在我们进入公元后 Now we are counting up again
我们处于公元1年 We are in the 1st century CE or 1st century AD
说句题外话 Footnote on that, right?
我用CE表示公元 是因为作为犹太人 I use CE as a small token act of Jewish resistance
对基督教徒统一的说法有所抵制 against Christians hydro-monic discourse?
AD当然意思就是说上帝之年 Right? AD course mean year of the lord, Anno Domini
但是耶稣不是我的上帝 我的救世主 Jesus is not my lord and savior
所以我就不必如此说 So mine is futile
这虽然有些愚蠢 Yes, this is kind of stupid, yes
但是还是希望大家允许我 But nonetheless, allow me
将此作为文化存在的一种标志 This is a symbolic act of culture existence
因此我说公元年的时候 不说AD 而说CE So I don't say AD, I say CE, for the common year
如果大家想用AD来表示 If you wanna use the language of AD
没问题 我不反对 Fine, I have no objection
我也不会因为 And I will not be marking down
你这样写就给你打低分 if you write the language
不管你写AD 公元前 公元后 of AD, or Before Christ, Anno Domini
我都没问题 That's perfectly fine
大家就在这方面通融我一下 好吗 Right? Just allow me, humor me on this one, right?
这是个人问题 This is just me
至于你们选择什么 Okay, you'll decide something that
采用什么样的方式表达 you want to adopt as your cause
或者就是跟随大多数 我无所谓的 Or just go with the follow, I don't care
Anna 请讲 Yes, Anna
笔记上说BCE是前基督年 On the notes it says that BCE is before Christian year
CE是基督年 And CE is Christian year
可是您刚才说是普通年 You just said that it's common year
是的 都是一样的 Yeah, they are the same thing
我想说的就是 What I would want it to be
只要不让我说耶稣纪元 as long as I'm not saying year of the Lord
我就没问题 That's all that matters
只要我不说耶稣之前 As long as I'm not saying Before Christ
耶稣之前 这是一种表达事实的方式 Before the Christian year, there is a statement of fact
这一年是基督年 This is the Christian year
我们可以生活在此前 We can live before the Christian year
或者生活在基督年 or in the Christian year
这是一种表达方式 一种中立的事实 That's a statement, a neutral statement of fact
其实跟认同也没什么关系 That doesn't apply endorsement
只不过是我一面之言 That's just I said
大家明白就好 I just, fine, okay
所以大家怎么写都行 Even so it's going to say either, right
明白就好 这方面就迁就一下我 You get it, right, just humor me on this one
如果你们不想迁就我 也没问题 And if you don't want to humor me, that's okay
写论文的时候你们把AD Then you right AD in large capital, bold faced letters
大写 加粗 in your essays
我也不会因此给你们打低分 You won't be marked down for it
刚才讲到哪儿了 Okay, where was I?
好的 公元1世纪 Yeah, 1st century CE
公元1世纪当然是另一段 So, first century CE, this of course is yet
非常重要的时间 another momentous century
接下来还有很多重要的年代 in a series of very momentous centuries
很多让人兴奋的事情都发生于此 lots of exciting things going on, right?
这里有两件 So of course here marked by 2
非常重要的事情 really really dramatic events
我们先讲第二件事 Just to pick the second one first
在公元70年 神殿毁灭 In the 70 CE, this is the destruction of the temple
好的 这是另外一个 Okay, this is another date
大家需要牢牢记住的日期 you need to impress in your memory, right?
这是另外一个重要日期 This is another important one
公元70年 罗马人毁灭了耶路撒冷的神殿 70 CE, the Romans destroyed the temple in Jerusalem
为什么罗马人要毁灭耶路撒冷的神殿呢 Why did the Romans destroy the temple in Jerusalem?
因为犹太人反抗了 Because the Jews had rebelled
确切地说 是犹太民族反抗 Or the Judeans had rebelled
你会问为什么他们要反抗呢 Why did the Judean rebel you ask
非常好的问题 但是说来话长 Very good question, very long and messy question
我不会在这节课堂上说 Which I will not discuss here
但是我会在下个学期的 I will discuss it on my course
古代犹太教历史课上详细讲述 on ancient Jewish history next term
届时我们将会读一部巨著 We will be reading the famous book
约瑟夫的 犹太战争 The Jewish War by Josephus
他在这部书中 Who expresses the whole book to
为我们解释了事情的前因后果 try to explain to you what happened
为什么犹太民族 Right? Why the Judeans took it into the
满腔热血就开始反抗罗马人 crazy heads to rebel against the Romans
这种情况下可是连傻子都知道 when anybody, any idiot can tell them
犹太人无法胜利啊 they are gonna lose
我的意思是说 大家可以对比一下 I mean, you know, it's, just look at
你这儿有几辆坦克 How many tanks you have
罗马人有几辆坦克 and how many tanks the Romans have
你肯定会输 You are gonna lose
但是犹太人还是反抗了 But the Judeans rebelled anyway
于是就促成了 Okay, accommodating with
70年的神殿毁灭 the destruction of the temple in the year 70
梅察达是这场战争中的著名据点 And Masada, the famous raid-out
在这里还抵抗了几年 held out for a few more years
如果你去以色列的话 可以坐缆车 And if you get to Israel, you will go take a cable car
欣赏梅察达的景色 很美的 and see the Masada, it's beautiful thing
因此73 74年战争结束 So, 73, 74 the war is over, okay?
这个事件非常重要是因为 It's an important event because
这标志着神殿的终结 it marks the end of the temple
我们会适当讨论一下耶路撒冷的神殿 We'll talk about the temple in Jerusalem somewhat
神殿不在 The temple is no longer
我知道马路尽头有个以赛亚教堂 I know there is the temple of Isaiah down the road
贝斯 索隆教堂什么的 or there is the Temple of Beth Shalom
走上几条街 两里地就到了 or you know, a few blocks, two miles away
犹太教堂从19世纪开始 Right, so the Jewish synagogues, starting in 19th century
再次称自己为神殿 start to call themselves temple again
但是这不是一回事了 But this ain't the same thing, right?
耶路撒冷神殿非常独特 The temple of Jerusalem is something suigenerous
现在不复存在了 Right, it is gone
再没有回来 It's not yet returned
虔诚的犹太人从某种程度上 Pious Jews, some of them at least
都在期待着耶路撒冷神殿的重建 yarn for the restoration of the temple of Jerusalem
但是现在还没有发生 But it is not yet happened
虔诚的基督教徒也代表犹太教徒 And some pious Christians also, on behalf of the Jews
希望他们可以重新拥有神殿 want the Jews to get their temple back
因为如果犹太人重新拥有了神殿 Because they know if the Jews get the temple back
也就是说 基督会回来 That means the Christ will return
但是这些都没有发生 Okay, but none of these has happened
不过话说回来 这些的前提当然是说 Anyway, but the pre-condition of all this, of course
神殿遭到毁灭 that the temple was destroyed
被罗马人毁灭 Right? By the Romans
这位同学 你有问题吗 Yes, sir, you have a question?
是不是犹太教徒认为 So do those Jews believe that
就像你刚才说的 神殿会回来 like you've said it's gonna be like reinstated?
当然了 我们Cohen家族的人 Absolutely, we Cohens, we are gonna
到时候可是大统治者 you know, run the show again
现在我只能委屈当个大学老师 Here I am reduced to being a college teacher
才能过活 to make a living, right?
要是神殿重建了 When the temple gets rebuilt
我们Cohen家族的人可是了不得 You know, we Cohens will run the show
是这样的 Yeah
好的 Right
可以了吗 Okay?
这是非常重要的事件 That's a very momentous event
也长期地影响着 with a long-term repercussions
犹太教的历史 好吗 to the history of Judaism, right?
我们马上就回到这个话题 I'll come back to that point in just a moment
这段时间中另外一个重要事件 The other major event, of course, in these decades
是在公元1世纪中叶 in the middle of the 1st century CE
产生了 诞生了 is the emergence of, the beginnings of
基督教的雏形 what will turn out to become Christianity
我们见证了拿撒勒的 Right? So, we have the comings and goings of
耶稣来了又走 one Jesus of Nazareth
具体情况并没有清晰的说明 Exact knowledge is very unclear
但是显然 在公元30年 But apparently, sometime in the 30th CE
我们在两部福音书中 We have in the, two of the gospels
都看到了耶稣的幼年 we have infancy gospels
分别是马太和路加 in Matthew and Luke about the young Jesus
在马可和约翰福音中完全没有提及青年耶稣 Mark and John have nothing about the young Jesus
完全没有 Absolutely nothing at all
他就是噗的一下 He simply emerges, pooph
成年了 在约翰福音中代表上帝 as a fully-grown embodies the word of God in John
而在马可福音中就是一个成人 whereas simply as a grown up in Mark
而在马太和路加福音中虽然有幼年的记载 Even Matthew and Luke, which have infancy gospels
但是却完全没有少年时期 青春时期 have nothing about the teenage years, his formative years
就这样略过 they just skip
所以耶稣是以成人的形象出现 So Jesus emerges as a grown up
在我们的叙事之中 Right, on our narrative
而他的青年和青春期 whereas his youth and formative period
却不为我们所见 is hidden from us
同时他还在做事 Also he's doing something
当然了 Right, then of course
他所做的最重要的事情 the most prominent thing that he does
就是被杀害 被处决 of course, is to get killed, or be executed
我们将来会讲到这些内容 We'll discuss some of these down the road of this
因此这些事情只是发生在公元30年 So these events only happened in the 30th CE, 30 CE
即便耶稣死了 Right? Even that Jesus dies
被处决了 He is executed, right?
他的追随者也认为 His followers believe
他身上会发生不寻常的事情 something extraordinary about this man
即便他当时已经死去 Even after his death, right?
这就为后面最终的基督教 That of course launches what will become
做出了铺垫 ultimately Christianity
接下来的重要人物就是 保罗 Right? Then the next major figure would be Paul
因此耶稣是生活在公元30年代 So Jesus is active in the 30s CE
保罗则是生活在公元50年代 Paul is active in the 50s CE
我给了大家七封 So I gave you here the names of the
保罗所作信件的名字 seven genuine letters of Paul, right?
在新约中有13封信据称是保罗的作品 Out of the 13 letters attributed to Paul in New Testament
但是只有七封 大家普遍认为是保罗所作 Seven are widely consented by all hands
这些就是真正的保罗作品 these are genuine letters of Paul
其他六封还有待讨论 The other six we can talk about
但是可以肯定的是七封 But these, for sure, are seven
这里是保罗的七封信件 So here are those seven genuine letters of Paul
大家看看 满屏幕都是 Okay, they've already ruled the screen
有问题吗 Okay, questions?
这就是基本上公元70年之后发生了什么 Okay, that's just briefly what happens after the 70
公元70年之后 我们看到了 So after 70 CE we have the emergence of
基督教文学的起源 beginnings of Christian literature
我们现在还不能用 基督 这个词 We can't use the word Christian yet
这时候基督教才刚刚开始 We can just begin to use the word Christian yet
但是当时基督教也并不是就说非犹太人 But Christian does not thoroughly mean, yet, non-Jew
无论如何 法利赛 撒都该 和爱色尼人 After all, Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes
都也是宗教派别 they are also named groups
但是他们是犹太社会中 But these are completely Jewish groups
完全的犹太团体 within Jewish society
因此某种程度上说 基督教 So at some point, Christians seem to
似乎是由犹太教组织开始的 begin their life as Jewish groups
但最终他们还是发生了转变 But ultimately, they will turn it to something else
这个题目Enslin做过讨论 That theme is discussed by Enslin
我们就简单一过 And we'll discuss that very shortly
好的 基督教徒渐渐发展 Okay, so Christians are gradually emerging
随着基督教文学的诞生 with the emergence of Christian literature
大家可能会这么说 which you might call
而且我们有了福音书 and of course, we have the gospels
我们有马太 马可 路加和约翰 We have Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
根据我们的纪年算法 According to our chronology
马可应该是最早的福音书 成书于公元70年 Mark is the earliest gospel around the year 70 CE
有一种争论是说马可是生活在 As argument whether Mark is just before
神殿毁灭之前还是之后 or just after the destruction of the temple
这就看大家如何去理解 Depends on how you understand
马可福音第13章的启示录 the apocalyptic in Mark:13
因此马可大约是生活在 So Mark is something around the time
神殿毁灭前后 of the destruction of the temple
马太和路加 被认为生活在公元80年代 Matthew and Luke, we think are the 80s CE
然后约翰福音大约是在公元100年左右 And then the Gospel of John around the year of 100 CE
并不是说这个时候 这些书 Right, this is not when these books
被编纂成了基督教圣经 get put into a Christian Bible
现在还没这一说 There is no such thing yet
我们认为这个时候福音书才出现 This is when we think the Gospels are written
大家还要再等上一个世纪 You have to wait another whole century to go by
才会等到 Before you start to have
基督教圣经的出现 the emergence of a new Christian Bible
这是一本新的基督教书 新约 A new Christian book, a New Testament
大家还要再等上一个世纪 You have to wait around a century still
这些书才能被独立出来 Before these books gets singled out
放在一个新的目录下 and put into this new category
好的 Okay
那么现在在这里 Alright, let's me talk, so here
我想要给大家一些公元2世纪的 I gave you some, I gave you on the 2nd century
姓名和时间 I gave you some names and dates
这里我们简单跳过 Let's just skip over very quickly
看看现在我们讲到哪儿了 Just to see where we are
公元130年 巴拿巴书 So circle 130 years down, the Letter of Barnabas
这些我已经写在大家的笔记上了 Yes, I have it there on your, yes
120年 伊格那丢 Circle 120 Ignatius of Antioch
伊格那丢是谁呢 Who's Ignatius of Antioch?
我们现在不考虑这个问题 Let's not worry about him right now
重要的是 Important thing is
我们现在终于有了非基督教宗派 here we finally attested, a non-Christianity
所以这是基督教自我界定历史上重要的时刻 So that's an important moment in Christian self-definition
基督教开始有了自我认知 The emergence of a Christian sense of self
基督教第一次出现 Christianity emerges for the first time
130年我们有了巴拿巴 Circle 130 we have Barnabas
巴拿巴是谁呢 Who is Barnabas?
巴拿巴是保罗的旅伴 Barnabas was a traveling companion of Paul
但是有些不知名的人 But somebody else we don't know who
他们写了一些书信 训诫之类的 Wrote an epistle, or sermon or something
署名为巴拿巴 Right? Attributed to Barnabas
所以我们称此为巴拿巴书信 So we call epistles of Barnabas
但是我为什么要说这个呢 But it's, anyway, why am I mentioning it?
因为大家都会读到这些内容 Because we are gonna read some of it
巴拿巴的书信和言辞 Barnabas is a, that epistle, that rhetoric
巴拿巴的演讲 that speech of Barnabas
都是有关犹太教和基督教 is all about Judaism and Christianity
我比较喜欢这样说 I'd like to use that language, right
巴拿巴已经在考虑 Barnabas has already worried about this question of
犹太人声称自己遵循圣经 the Jews claim to observe the Bible
我们也声称遵循圣经 and we claim to observe the Bible
谁做的对呢 who's doing it correctly?
微观上说 That appears there in the miniature
这就是书信的一个主要主题 as one of the main themes of this epistle
所以我们才将会阅读一些相关的文章 which is why we are gonna look at a couple of pieces
最著名的就是他对Torah的寓言 Most famously, his allegory of Torah law
我们基督徒不需要遵循律法 We Christians don't have to observe the laws
因为我们知道他们的真正意义 Because we understand what they REALLY MEAN
大家明白吗 You understand?
他们的内在意义 灵魂 Their inner meaning, their spirit
犹太人遵循表面意义 The Jews observe the letter
我们探寻灵魂 We observe the spirit
他们遵循外在 我们探究内在 They observe the externals, we observe the internals
上周我说的这些话 That language I used last week
直接来自于巴拿巴 That comes straight out of Barnabas
我会给大家读一些相关内容 And we will read some of that stuff
接下来是巴尔 科赫巴的反抗 Okay, we have the revolt of Bar Kokhba
这是古代犹太教军队最后一次反抗 The last gush of Jewish militancy in antiquity
132-135年 这个事件 132 to 135, this will be mentioned
会在大家的阅读材料中多次提及 a couple of times in your reading
犹太人不满意 where the Judeans are not content
输给罗马人一次 to have lost against the Romans once
公元70年 还弄得一脸狼狈 with the bloody nose in the year 70 CE
他们觉得应该再反抗一次 They thought it will be a good idea to do it again
这太有意思了 咱们再来一次 It was so much fun, we'll repeat it
因此132-135年 犹太人 So 132 to 135, the Judeans
这里比较确切地说是犹太教徒 Jews, at this point I might say
对罗马人奋起反抗 rebelled against the Romans
结果就是大家可以预料的了 with very predictable results
以失败告终 They lose
而且是惨败 And they lose badly
这就画上了句号 This is the end
犹太教徒很长一段时间内 There's no more great revolts against anybody
再没对任何人发起过反抗 by the Jews for a very long time
可以说直到20世纪 One could argue not perhaps until 20th century
那时犹太教徒终于对帝国发起反抗 When Jews finally rebelled against empires
这次是不列颠帝国 In this case, the British Empire
好的 不过这就是题外话了 Okay, but that's a slightly different discussion
回到刚才我们的内容 So back to where we are
132-135年 巴尔 科赫巴惨败 So 132-135 is the great defeat of Bar Kokhba
罗马人叫他们Bar Kosiba or Bar Kosiba by the Romans
这件事情非常重要 因为罗马人 This is significant because the Romans
惩罚犹太人 they punish the Judeans, right?
他们想要给犹太人去犹太化 undertake to de-Judaize Judean
从此 犹太的新名称就成了巴勒斯坦 So at this point, Judaea's new official name is Palestina
历史上第一次 巴勒斯坦 So for the first time the name Palestina
并非仅仅用来指代沿海地带 were first not just to the coastal region
也就是小加沙地带附近 close to where the minor Gaza strip is
这里几乎就是巴勒斯坦的原型 which is more or less what Palestina was originally
也就是沿海地带 namely the coastal zone
巴勒斯坦意为非利士人的土地 Palestina means Land of Philistines
罗马人现在规定 So the Romans now decide that
非利士人的土地 the Land of the Philistines
是整个国家的名称 is the name for the whole country
而不仅仅是沿海地带 not just the coastal region
就好像我们今天的用法一样 Right? Just as we still use today
那些希望去犹太化的人们 by people who want to de-Judaize, right
仍叫这片土地巴勒斯坦 the land they call Palestine
这要追溯到罗马时期 Right? This goes back to the Romans
当时神殿毁灭 So we have then the destruction
罗马人接着就进行去犹太化 We have then the de-Judaization by the Romans
尤其是在耶路撒冷周边的犹太地区 Especially the area, district of Judaea around Jerusalem
结果 犹太教徒 犹太人逃出犹太 Result is, Jews, Judeans flea Judaea
去了国家的其他地方 for other regions in the country
我们这里顺带讲一句拉比 The rabbis, whom we'll talk about for one second
他们逃去了同样位于海边的加利利 flea to Galilee, also off to the coast
基督教徒也逃离 And Christians also flea
教会历史学家反正是这么说的 Right? According to the story in church historian
耶路撒冷的教堂中再也没有犹太民族 They are no more ethnic Jews in the Jerusalem church
在巴尔 科赫巴起义过后出现 我认为他们逃离了 after Bar Kokhba, only I think Jews have fled
而只在耶路撒冷留下了 leaving behind only gentile Christians
非犹太教的基督教徒 in the church of Jerusalem
这里是另一段 which is, again, the formative moment
脱离犹太教的基督教的形成时期 in the emergence of a non-Jewish Christianity
我们会讲到这个问题 which we'll be talking about
接下来我们看巴勒斯坦 Okay, now it's Palestine
我回答你刚才的问题了吗 Okay, did I answer that question earlier?
还有其他的问题吗 Other questions on that story?
这位同学 Yes, sir
您能解释一下巴勒斯坦一词的起源吗 Could you explain the origin of word Palestine?
巴勒斯坦是非利士人的希腊文写法 Palestine is the Greek form from the name Philistines
犹太是犹太人的土地 So Judaea is the land of Judeans
巴勒斯坦是巴勒斯坦人的土地 Palestina is the land of the Palestinians
巴勒斯坦人就是非利士人 Aka, Philistines
非利士人又是谁呢 Who are the Philistines?
非利士人是沿海地带的民族 The Philistines are one of the sea peoples
他们曾经进攻了迦南 现在我可以这么叫了 who invaded Canaan, I can use that name now
这都是很久以前的事情了 You know, long ago
大概是发生在公元前2世纪 Probably sometime in the second millennium BCE
他们使用的语言不是闪族语 Their language was not a Semitic language
他们也不需要进行割礼 They did not practice circumcision
所以他们真的是很异类的 So they were definitely stand-outs
他们总是想要挤兑以色列人 Right? They were constantly thorn to side Israelites
这是列王纪里面的话 So says the narrative in the Book of Kings
大卫王战无不胜 So King David was conquering everybody right and left
但是就是没法搞定非利士人 But he couldn't get quite fully master the Philistines
这就是非利士人 Okay, that's Philistine
最早这是一个地区的地名 So originally was the area
也就是今天加沙附近的一带 Again, close to where the Gaza Strip is today
这是古代非利士 也就是巴勒斯坦的中心 That's the heart of the ancient Philistia, Palestina
现在这个名字被用来指代 Okay? Now that name is now transferred
整个国家 to mean the whole country
这位同学 Yes, sir
这个问题似乎您已经 It seems you might have already
讲过一些 talked this a little bit
但是我有点迷糊 But I got a little confused
犹太教徒和以色列人 What is the difference between
的区别是什么 the Jews and the Israelites?
逃过初一逃不过十五 Okay, alright, I guess it's time
我一直避免在 I was trying to avoid
这个话题上长篇大论 giving a long essay on that subject
但是现在躲不过去了 But I guess I'll have to
我们先来说说三个词 So I'm gonna start with three terms
这个问题很好 But it's a fair question
如果你迷糊 那么肯定 So if you are confused, some, sure
还有别人迷糊 someone else is too
所以我必须要面对这个问题 So I will leave it to deal with it
首先我们区分一下三个词 Let's just distinguish three things
以色列人 犹太人 We have the Israelites, we have Judeans
还有犹太教徒 and we have Jews
以色列人是以色列土地上的人 Okay, so Israelites, people of Israel, land of Israel
是圣经语言中的圣经用语 These are Biblical terms in Biblical language
圣经就是来自希伯来圣经 Bible, from the Hebrew Bible, right?
看见没 我举得高高的 I'm raising that dramatically, right?
希伯来圣经 The Hebrew Bible, right
讲的是以色列的子孙 Right? It talks about the children of Israel
以色列就是族长雅各的另一个名字 Israel being another name for the Patriarch Jacob
他有十二三个孩子 Who have 12, 13 sons
每个都是部落的首领 each of whom is progenitor of tribes
因此十二部落 以色列的十二子 So 12 tribes, 12 sons of Israel
以色列之子 以色列 children of Israel, Israel
只不过是这么叫 Okay, that's the only name
其间还有各种复杂微妙的历史 It's under all kinds of nuance history
我们现在没时间讲 which we don't have time to deal with
但是以色列是圣经的名称 But Israel is a Biblical name, refer
我用它来指代圣经的人民 也就是以色列人 I use it to refer to the people of the Bible, or Israelites
他们是以色列人 Right? They are people of Israel
有些文段中以色列也用以指代地名 And some, very few passages, a land of Israel
但是在圣经中这样的情况不多 It's actually very rare Biblical occasion
好的 这就是以色列 Okay, that's Israel, right
犹太人这个词是为了区分 Judeans, I'm using to distinguish that
当我们经过了圣经的时期 when we get opposed to Biblical period
以色列这个名字就成了一种神学的概念 The name Israel turns out to be some theological concept
而不是被用作表明自己的身份 Right, it's not actually used as a term of identification
你肯定不会拿一张以色列人的身份证 You don't walk around with an Israelite ID card
你的身份证上也肯定不会写着以色列人 You know, with Israelite on your ID card
因为这样的说法已经不存在了 They didn't use that language
那他们会怎么说呢 What language did they use?
叫做犹太人 This would be Judeans, right?
犹太人民的祖先 People of Judaea were people
是从犹太来的 whose ancestors from came from Judaea
你可以生活在意大利 或者埃及 You can live somewhere else like Italy or Egypt
但是你仍然是犹太人 But still be Judean
因为你爷爷是从犹太来的 because your grandpa came from Judaea
所以你也说自己是犹太人 So you would call yourself a Judean
有时候我们现代的圣经研究者 Now at some point we moderns
会把两种犹太人做出区别 would wanna make distinction between Judean
一种表述的民族 政治立场 as an ethnic political term
另一种就是宗教文化概念 and Judean as a religious cultural term
我们这些说英语的现代圣经研究者区别 So we moderns in English distinguish between
来自犹太的犹太人 Judean as people from this district
和崇拜神殿在耶路撒冷的上帝 from people who worship a God
这些犹太人 whose temple is in Jerusalem
而第二种情况 我们会称他们为犹太教徒 And the latter sense we call them Jews
在586年之后 Only after 586
没错 不过我认为 Only after 586 or if I would argue
甚至是在公元前150年之前 even not before 150 BCE
我在书中是这么写的 is what I've argued in my book
在希腊文中 犹太人有两层意思 So the same word in Greek means
犹太人和犹太教徒 both mean Judean and Jew
这就要看作为现代圣经学者的你要选哪层意思了 And depends on what nuance we moderns attribute it
你是想翻译成犹太人 We want to translate it as Judean
还是想翻译成犹太教徒 Or we want to translate it as Jew
等到公元70年 By the time we get to the
神殿毁灭 destruction of the temple after 70
我就可以肯定地说 我指的是犹太教徒 I would say for sure, we are talking about Jews
因为当时我们早已离开了以色列 We have long since separated ourselves from Israel
以色列这时只是一个宗教概念 Except it's a theological concept
抱歉 这里有点迷惑 I'm sorry that's a little confusing
这对我们的课程并不重要 It's not crucial for our purposes
如果大家没明白透彻 我只能抱歉 So if you didn't get it all, I'm sorry
或许我们以后课上会讲到 Maybe we'll discuss it in the section
或者如果你想读相关材料 可以看我的书 Or consign you my book if you want to read it
犹太教的起源 第三四章 Chapter 3 and 4 of my The Beginnings of Jewishness
里面非常详细地就这个问题进行了讨论 gave a very full discussion of the subject
可能你们想要的都在里面了 Probably full of what you want
好的 但是不错的问题 谢谢你 Okay, but fair enough, thank you
还有问题吗 我是应该再讲一遍 Other questions? Or shall I try again to get to that?
还是到此为止 Or I'm just okay for now?
好的 在132-135年之后 Okay, so after about circle 132-135
我们迎来了去犹太化的时代 So we have a de-Judaization
犹太族人被驱逐出耶路撒冷 Jews, ethnic Jews are kicked out of Jerusalem
被驱逐出犹太 They are kicked out of Judaea
罗马人给国家改了名字 The Romans changed the name of the country
接下来就是我们所看到的 And this fully marks the whatever leftovers we had
70年 或者说犹太自治 from before 70 or sort of Jewish autonomy or something
之后就不复存在了 This is now pretty much gone
这段时间之后 出现了 So after this period we have the emergence of
这次我们可以讨论一些 By this time, we have something
比较有意义的话题 we can meaningfully talk about
也就是基督教和犹太教的分离 is Christianity over here and Judaism over here
是什么样的时刻我们可以讨论 Right, what moment can we meaningfully talk about
两套不同的 相互竞争的平行 two separate parallel competing
社会结构 机构 意识形态 规划呢 social structures, institutions, ideologies, programs?
这个问题大家现在仍在讨论 that's a much-debated question
这也就是我们所谓的两教 分道扬镳 that's what we mean by the parting of the ways
我们都知道在耶稣和保罗的时代 We can understand in the time of Jesus and Paul
最早的基督教徒都是来自犹太民族 All their earliest Christians were ethnic Jews
基督教是犹太教的一个分支 And Christianity was a kind of Judaism
大家都清楚这一点 That's obvious for all
福音书中也没有去掩盖这个事实 And the gospels don't make any, try to hide this fact
好吧 他们还是掩盖了一点点 Well, they tried to hide a little
行吧 他们还真是掩盖了 But okay, they really hide it back
但是也没掩盖好 But they don't hide it very well, right
那么犹太人 耶稣 十二门徒他们 So Jews, Jesus, all the twelve apostles, disciples
还有他们所吸引的那些跟随者 都是来自犹太民族 The crowds that he attracts, these are all Judeans
其实也都是犹太教徒 or if you want, Jews
但是到了公元2世纪左右 But by the second century CE sometime, right?
这些人就成了我们现在所谓的基督教徒 These people whom we may now call Christians
他们成了基督教的笃信者 支持者 who are now believers in, upholders of Christianity
我们可以正式叫他们基督教徒了 we now have words for them, right
他们不再是犹太社会的一部分 they are no longer part of Judean society
也不属于犹太教社会 or Jewish society
实际上他们是对立的 They in fact often is not antithetical
这个词怎么说来着 犹太教的对立面 what's the word? Antithetical to it
他们会反感犹太教 having antipathy towards
不喜欢犹太教 There was, they don't like it
也急于将自己定义为基督教徒 Or they are busying defining their Christian selves
认为自己从此 as one way of defining ourselves
不再是犹太教徒 as we are not Jews
我们所做的无关犹太教 What we are doing is not Judaism
即使我们和犹太教徒共读一部圣经 even though we share the same Scriptures with the Jews
即使大家都知道 And even though we all, everybody knows
我们来自同一个地方 we come from the same place
很久很久以前 我们一起 And once upon a time, we shared
住在同一个社区中 You know, all the same neighborhood
但是那时是那时 现在是现在 But that was then, and this is now
公元2世纪前期或者中期 So by the 2nd century CE or sometime in the middle
我们就看到了 You can see the emergence of a
完完全全的基督教文学 基督教的自我认同 distinctly Christian literature, Christian self-identity
基督教神学 基督教的仪式 Christian theology, Christian rituals
崇拜的方式等等 modes of worship and so on
据我们了解 这要追溯到 As we understand, this go back
公元1世纪的某个时间 somehow, somewhere to the 1st century CE
但是我们究竟怎么 But how exactly we tease out
将这些神秘的演变史 these very mysterious development
一一分开呢 from the one from the other?
这就是一个特别复杂的历史问题 Well, that is a giant historical question
而大学者们也就这个问题写了很多 which great minds have written much
这就是我们所谓的 分道扬镳 And that is what we mean by the parting of the ways
这里我给了大家很多基督教的作者 So here I gave you a bunch of Christian authors
他们都是很重要的人物 really important figures
犹斯丁 我们读了很多关于他的材料 Justin Martyr, someone we've been reading a lot from
具体是为什么呢 我周四解释 The reasons I'll explain on Thursday
还有马吉安 And also Marcion
我们已经介绍过马吉安了 还记得他吗 We've already met Marcion, remember Marcion?
马吉安曾经停下来说明了 Right, Marcion is one who pause and say
犹太教上帝 clear distinction between
和基督教上帝的明显区别 the Jewish god and the Christian god
犹太教上帝是品质败坏的上帝 Right? The Jewish god is an inferior god
基督教上帝是真正的上帝 The Christian god is the real god
犹太教上帝很坏 The Jewish god is a bad god
这就是马吉安 好吗 Right, that's Marcion, right?
犹斯丁就是要和他进行辩论 Against whom Justin will be arguing
我们会讲到这块内容 as we will see
直接跳到最后一行 I want to get to the last line
公元200年 Circle 200 CE
我给了大家一系列的基督教名字 I gave you a bunch of Christian names there
公元200年 Circle 200 CE
犹太教的一名元老编纂了 Right, Jew the patriarch edits the Mishnah
第一部拉比书 the first rabbinic book
这是件大事 This is also really big
在犹太教的历史上非常重要的 Well, what is in the history of Judaism is really big
可能你们有些人从未听说过 密西拿 Perhaps some of you never heard of Mishnah before
我可以理解 I understand that
这要看你们是来自什么样的地方 Depends your, where you are coming from
在我的生长环境中 这是非常重要的 Where I come from, this is really big, right
因此公元200年 犹太教的一名元老 So Circle 200 CE, Jew the patriarch
他叫什么名字对我们不重要 whose name is not important for our purposes, right
他编纂了密西拿 Edits the Mishnah
密西拿是 The Mishnah represents
新的犹太教汇编 the combination of a new kind of Judaism
是一种新的文本 新的文献 It's a new kind of writing, a new kind of literature
我将此称为 学术型的犹太教 It is, what I might call, a scholastic Judaism
研究学者的犹太教 Right, a Judaism of schools
这部书是基于对Torah的 It is based on my new particular legal analysis of
新的法典分析 the laws of the Torah
密西拿代表我们所谓的 The Mishnah it represents a, what we might call
不好意思 再来一遍 Sorry, take three
密西拿此后就成为我们的 精神家园 The Mishnah will become the PORTABLE HOMELAND
这个词很强大的 which is a wonderful phrase
是犹太人的精神家园 A portable homeland of the Judeans
犹太教徒的精神家园 of the Jews, right?
虽然我们说 现在犹太人流落他乡 As they said about now the living in Diaspora
在接下来的2000年内都在流亡 or exile for the next 2,000 years
比方说现在犹太教徒生活在美国 And Jews living in America, for example
不过也是流落他乡 are still in Diaspora
但是我有我的家园 Right? However, I have my homeland
因为我有我的密西拿 Cos I have my Mishnah
我可以再次举起来这部书 我有我的密西拿 I can raise it again, cos I have a Mishnah here, right
我有我的密西拿 I have my Mishnah
无论我去哪里 我都可以带着我的圣经 Wherever I go, I can take my text with me
只要我有圣经 我就与犹太教同在 Whenever I have my text, I have my Judaism
因此密西拿成了我们的心灵港湾 And the Mishnah becomes the heart and soul
成了奠基石 也促发了此后 the cornerstone of an extraordinary explosion
文学的蓬勃发展 a florescence of a literature
也就是我们所谓的拉比文学 that we call rabbinic literature
其中包括逐字逐句地阅读圣经 Right, which involves meticulously reading of Scripture
逐字逐句解读圣经 and meticulous interpretation of Scripture
以及非常仔细地 and extraordinary ways of elaborating
阐述圣经 the means of Scripture
最后一个重点 So last big point
现代的学者并不喜欢说 Modern scholars don't like to talk about
基督教源于犹太教 Christianity emerging from Judaism
因为他们认为 Because their argument is
许多现代学者都曾经说过 Many modern scholars have said this
公元70年之后 我们有了一种新的犹太教 Cos after 70 DCE, we have a new kind of Judaism
从犹太教中分离出来 emerging from Judaism
也就是说 Which is to say
学术型的拉比犹太教 there's a new rabbinic scholastic Judaism
所以说大家现在看到的 So actually what you have is not
并不是基督教从犹太教中独立出来 Christianity separating from Judaism
而是一种全新的犹太教 What you have is a new kind of Judaism
从这里发展 emerging over here and
而另一种全新的犹太教从那边发展 a new kind of Judaism emerging over here
其中有一支就成了基督教 One of these turns out to be Christianity
另一只就成了 One of these turns out to be
密西拿的犹太教 the Judaism of the Mishnah
虔诚的 拉比的犹太教 and rabbinic piety, and rabbinic Judaism
但两者的发展是平行的 But these are parallel developments
都是源于一个地方 beginning from the same place
我知道说平行有点不对头 I know parallel is not I just said
我明白 I know that
但是 两者的发展 Right, these are, both developments
都有着相同的起源 they come from the same place
也就是说 是从同一个 i.e., that world, that welter of
比较混乱的流派 宗派中发展起来 schools, parties, sects that
而那支宗派就是公元70年以前的犹太教 had been ancient Judaism up to the year 70
那个时代结束了 Right, that world comes to an end
神殿毁灭了 the destruction of the temple
而与此同时 释放出了各种思潮 unleashing various creative processes
最终诞生了一是基督教 that will give us Christianity over here
二是拉比犹太教 and rabbinic Judaism over there
这是新的政治正确方式 That is the new politically correct way to
来看待犹太教和基督教的起源 look at the emergence of Judaism and Christianity
不是说基督教起源于犹太教 not Christianity emerging from Judaism
而是犹太教起源于犹太教 but Judaism emerging from Judaism
谁明白刚才我讲的 Okay, who understood what I just said?
清楚了吗 Is that clear?
也就是说 我们会认为 In other words, the argument would be that
公元2世纪的犹太教 The Judaism of the second century CE
奠基了以后所有的犹太教 which becomes the cornerstone of all Judaism
往后的 包括今天在内的犹太教 that will later exist in the world, including today
我不管他们是东正教 I don't care whether they are orthodox
改革派 重建派 it's having reform reconstruction
新时代的 精神的 还是新哈希德 new-age, spiritualist, neo-Hasidic
同性恋 什么什么的 gay, lesbian, whatever
这都不重要 It doesn't matter
不管是你遵守的 还是不遵守的犹太教 The Judaism that you observe or don't observe
不管是你所爱的还是憎恨的犹太教 The Judaism is not you love or that you hate
这都不重要 It doesn't matter
这些犹太教追根溯源 That Judaism is going to be the descendent of
都会回到公元2世纪 this Judaism of the second century CE
密西拿和犹太法典时期 of the Mishnah and the Talmud
而不是神殿时期的犹太教 Not the Judaism of the temple
如果大家明白这一点的话 So if you accept that
就知道犹太教本身就是 Then Judaism itself is a new creation
对神殿毁灭所作出的回应 and response to the destruction of the temple
就好比基督教也是 Just as Christianity is a new creation or response
对神殿毁灭的回应 to the destruction of the temple
卡拉伊姆犹太教 Karaite Judaism
卡拉伊姆为什么叛变 Why Karaite rebel?
我也不能什么都讲完 I can't deal with everybody
大家明白的 You know, this, you know
我就这么一节课的时间 How much can I do on class?
卡拉伊姆所反抗的是拉比犹太教 Karaites are rebelling against rabbinic Judaism
好的 同学们 下课 Okay, everybody, time is up
我们没争取到时间去讨论Enslin I didn't quite get to discuss Enslin
所以周四我会加快进度 好吗 So on Thursday I'll talk extra fast, right? [Rhine & trismile Production]