中世纪之后这便成为一种哲学 After middle ages they just turned that into philosophy
大家已经看过这一点 You already saw that
这是关于上帝的部分 That's the God part
上帝只有一位 没有形象 This is one God, an imageless God
不好意思 是我们崇拜的是无形象的上帝 Sorry, a God who's worshipped without images
如果大家去犹太教堂 Alright? You go to a Jewish synogogue
就不会找到神的塑像 You don't find statues of God
抑或神的画像 You don't find paintings of God
我们在崇拜的时候是没有形象的 Right? It's all imageless worshipped
而且长久以来一直如此 and has been so for a very very long time
上帝和以色列有着很特殊的关系 That God stands at a special relationship with Israel
这是我们的第三部分 That was part 3
以色列指的是以色列民族 Israel was the people of Israel
这部分我没有讲计划中的那么多 I didn't talk about that as much as I planned to
指的是以色列民族 有些人也认为 The people of Israel and to some thinkers
同时指代以色列的领土 also the land of Israel
他们和上帝有着特殊的关系 stands in a very special relationship with God
而这是通过Torah联系起来的 through the medium of the Torah
通过Torah联系 the medium of the Torah
因此Torah是上帝和以色列联系的纽带 The Torah is what connects the God with Israel
上帝赐予以色列人Torah Israel, God gave Israel the Torah
因此以色列人重视Torah 研究Torah Israel, in turn, values the Torah, studies the Torah
遵循Torah的教诲 observes the Torah
遵循其中的训诫 并对此研究 observes the commandments and studies it
以接收上帝的讯息 in order to receive messages from God
通过Torah接收上帝教诲 via the Torah, instruction from the God
通过Torah via the Torah
因此TOrah是一部书 So the Torah, in the sense of book
也是一部传统 The Torah in the sense of tradition
Torah是一整套的观念 The Torah in the sense of the whole kit and caboodle
使犹太教成为犹太教 what makes Judaism Judaism
Torah也连接了上帝 The Torah then intermediates between God
和以色列的人民 and the people of Israel
他们和上帝有着非常特殊的关系 who stands in a special relationship
大部分是通过Torah 由于Torah得来的 largely through and because of the Torah
这就是三者之间的逻辑 Right, that was the logic of the three different elements
三者之间如何联系 and how they connect
如果没有什么别的 As much else beside
我们可以用很多的时间学习 we can spend a lot of time just going through
迈蒙尼德的十三条原则 the 13 principles of Maimonides
但是我还是主要给大家介绍整体 But I'm just focusing here on the big picture
整体的结构 or the structural picture
上帝 Torah 以色列 God, Torah, Israel
这就是我们所总结的犹太教 That's how we summarize Judaism
而今天我们做一个平行的研究 And today we are doing parallel to that
这次是关于基督教的真理 are the Christian truth claims
可能是因为我 which, perhaps, because I'm influenced
受犹太教真理理解的影响 by my understanding of Jewish truth claims
这次同样将内容安排为三部分 I mirroring by referring to also a tripartite arrangement
不是上帝 Torah 以色列了 Not God, Torah, Israel
而是上帝 基督 教会 But rather God, Christ, Church
这里我们面临着相同的学习方法问题 So we have the same methodological problems
什么是基督教 of what is Christianity
我们如何知道何为基督教 how do you know what Christianity is
谁来告诉大家 who is gonna tell you
基督教是真实存在的吗 is it really existing out there
或者不过是信徒的言行举止 思行方式 or simply, that which believers do, say, believe, behave
基督教因此成为基督教吗 that's what makes Christianity Christianity
我们上节课也是采取这样的方式 So that's the latter approach I'm adopting here as before
说实话我不知道什么是基督教 I really don't know what Christianity is
我不知道它究竟是真的 I don't know if it's true
还是假的 I don't know if it's false
我不知道它是不是源于上帝 I don't know if it comes from God
我都不知道 我不过是个历史学者 I don't know any of them, I'm a historian
但是我知道 Right? So I do know that there are people
世界上有那么一群基督教徒 called Christians out there in the world
我们可以对他们加以讨论研究 and we can discuss and see
看看他们的言行举止 思行方式 what are they say, do, and believe
而显然 这就构成了基督教 and that apparently is what Christianity is
就好比犹太教是犹太人的言行举止 思行方式 Just as what Judaism is what Jews do, say, and believe
这些我们在周三的课程上都已经讲过 Okay, we went through that already on Wednesday
当然 要想给基督教下结论 Christianity, of course, is much harder to pin down
比犹太教要难得多 因为基督教更宏大 than Judaism cos it's much bigger
世界上共有十几亿的基督教徒 Right? You have over a billion Christians in the world
我给大家统计数字了 I gave you some numbers
不过我觉得那个数字还是低估 That number looks low to me
我给了大家一个网站 上面对基督教徒做了统计 But okay, it's some website gave you some numbers
看看我的投影能打开吗 Let's look at if we can unfold this
我的笔记哪儿去了 Oh, my notes disappear
你能帮我找到课堂笔记吗 Tony, where did you put my lecture notes?
我尝试一下 I'm trying to disable it here
言归正传 我给大家的讲义上引用了一些网站 Well, anyway, on the handout I quote some website
上面统计了世界共有多少基督徒 about how many Christians there are in the world
他们给出的数字是十几亿 So, overall over a billion Christians in the world
相较之下 犹太人只有1.3到1.4亿 as opposed to around 13 or 14 million Jews
因此基督教规模要更大 So Christianity is a much bigger thing
所以也必然更加复杂 obviously this can be much more complicated
况且我们要讲基督教 Not to mention the fact that depends
还要明确是哪一个分支 what Christianity are you talking about
有东方的基督教和西方的基督教 There's eastern Christianity and western Christianity
而在西方的分支中 And within western Christianity
又有天主教和新教之分 there are Catholics and there are Protestants
而且还有各种各样的流派 And then there are all kinds of other things
既非天主教 亦非新教 That are not quite Catholic and not quite Protestant
那这样我们又如何区分 Right? How does one pick in truths
什么是正统的基督教 谁是正统的基督徒呢 which one is called the real Christianity, the real Christians
你不知 我不知 You know, I don't know, you know
我知道有各种各样的雷区 So I'm aware of all these minefields
所以跟周三讲犹太教一样 So once again, as on Wednesday with Judaism
有些地方我就含糊过去 然后继续向前 We are just gonna go blunder our way straight ahead
希望这些雷区都能够避免 in blissful avoidance and ignorance of all these things
而在我讲解的过程中不要碰到地雷 Hoping we won't step in any mines, right, along the way
学习方法上来说 这是一个很严肃的问题 Methodologically this is a very very serious problem
而对我们而言 主要的区别 For our purposes, a main distinction is
发生在16世纪 the one in the 16th century
当时我们产生了两道裂痕 We have two ruptures
一道是东西方的基督教之争 This is eastern and western over here
此外 我们还有 and we have got the, oops
16世纪天主教和新教分道扬镳 Catholics and Protestants over here in the 16th century
这是西方基督教的一道主要裂痕 This is a major rupture in the western Christianism
西方基督教 the western Christianity
这对西方的政治 体制结构 It affects its political, institutional structure
神学真理 It affects theological truth claims
仪式及各种都产生了影响 It affects the ritual, it affects everything
所以这里 我希望 So here again, I'm hoping that
我能够飞得高一些 By flying over a 36,000 feet
而不去碰触那些雷区 I can avoid these pitfalls or these positions
因为我们主要是要看到整体 because we are trying to get the big picture
我还是比较倾向用整体来思考 Which I would like to think in the big picture
从而集中精力讲解这些区别 that I'm gonna focus on these distinctions
这些区别都会造成很大的影响 which will matter greatly
而对于教徒们来说 and for those who are in the church
这些区别能造成巨大的影响 these distinctions matter immensely, right
所以希望我能够飞得足够高 But hopefully, we are flying high up enough that
从而不会被这些小问题纠结 we won't going to have to be delayed by these points
如果我们的教室中有东正教徒 Similarly, if there are orthodox Christians in the room
希望我讲的内容不会冒犯您 Hopefully I will not say anything that will offend you
不会让您震惊 or will shock you
这就是我们的 Okay, that's enough by way of
学习方法导论 methodological introduction
大家都明白了吗 Everybody clear and happy on this?
投影屏幕现在可以了吗 Is this screen working again, is it still okay?
我需要一面镜子 对吧 I need a kind of mirror thing, alright
应该想个什么办法 I'm still working this out
好的 我们开始 Okay, here we go
现在我们讨论基督教的三大真理 So let's talk about the three truth claims of Christianity
上帝 基督 教会 God, Christ, Church
上帝 God
从很早以前开始 so from earliest time
基督教徒就认为自己 these Christians define themselves having distinction
对上帝和基督加以区分 of the use of God and Jesus
他们为什么要这么做 我也不知道 Okay, why ever they did this? I don't know
信经在很早就已经形成 Creedal formulations emerge early
这里我们学到一个新词 信经(Creed) And here is a nice word, we hear CREED
周三的讲义上大家 Right? I gave you the word DOGMA
学到了Dogma教条 on Wednesday's handouts
现在我们有了信经 Here we have the word CREED
在很早以前 基督教徒 whereas Christianity early on, namely, Christians early on
就开始认为自己 began to define themselves
对上帝有特殊的信仰 as having peculiar beliefs about God
对于他们的信仰 我们用Credo这个词 Right? Those beliefs, we often use the word, credo
也就是拉丁文的 我相信 词源为Credere which means the Latin I BELIEVE, from the root CREDERE
英文单词credible可信的 和credential信用 都源于此 like the English word CREDIBLE, same root, credentials
因此早期他们就认为自己 So early on they define themselves as
对上帝有着特殊的信仰 people with distinctive beliefs about God
不是犹太教的方式 不是异教徒的方式 Distinctive, not quite Jews, not quite pagans
他们即非犹太人又非基督徒 who are people neither Jews nor Christians
而是非常特殊的一群人 but something distinctive
因此基督教就产生了信经 And Christianity, as a result, produced creeds
早期就已经出现 最著名的信经 early on in its history, and the most famous of these creeds
要数尼西亚信经 the statements of belief are the Nicene Creed
是在尼西亚大公会议上主张的 from the Constantine Church Council of Nicaea
当时大约为公元325年 around the year 325CE
在给大家的讲义上有相关链接 Okay, I gave you the links and so on on the course page
下面我们看看尼西亚信经的开篇 Here is how the Nicene Creed opens, this is how it begins
有很多版本 There's different versions of it
但是我们不纠结这些 好吗 and we don't have to worry about those things, right?
好的 我们开始 We'll just, right
尼西亚信经至今仍为基督教的基本信经 This remains the foundational creed
在不同的教会中 This has been devised
内容都有所改动 a number of times in various churches
但是直至今日 But I think to this day
尼西亚信经仍在 A form of this creed is still taught
天主教和新教教会中传授 to both Catholics and Protestants
东正教基督应该也有 and I believe to Orthodox Christians too
如果这不是基督教 我也不知道什么才是 So this ain't Christianity, I don't know what is
我们开始 Here we are
我信唯一的天主 全能的圣父 We believe in one God, our father almighty
天地万物 无论有形无形 都是他所创造的 Maker of all things, visible and invisible
我信唯一的天主 全能的圣父 We believe in one God, our father almighty
天地万物 无论有形无形 都是他所创造的 Maker of all things, visible and invisible
同学们 如果你是一位崇拜Torah的虔诚的 Class, if you were a good Torah-true pious
遵循戒律的犹太人 law-observant Jew
你有没有听到冒犯你的内容 Have you heard anything offensive yet?
你会不会说 这就是犹太教嘛 Would you say, Oh, that's Judaism
我能接受 I'm cool
大家是如何认为的 Which is it? Is it the same?
或者我们更加激烈的口吻 Or to put it more pugnaciously
基督教和犹太教 Do Christians worship the same God
所崇拜的是一个上帝吗 as the God of the Jews?
基督教和犹太教 Is the God of Christians
所崇拜的是一个上帝吗 the same God as the God of the Jews?
大家认为 Answer?
我们有不同意见了 We had a fight over here
基督教徒这么认为 Yes, Christians think so
他说 基督教徒这么认为 Christians think so is how he puts it
我们暂且说到这儿 Okay, well let's just hold on to that
大家都认为 是 most of you said yes
不过这有一位同学这个 是 很微妙 we have one interesting variant on that yes
但是首先 我们先看看 But let's go see what we can see
信经中的语言 but looking first at the language of this creed
唯一的天主 One God
这一点犹太人也明白 Well, Jews know the phrase One God
而犹太教中如果追溯起来 Right? It goes back to the statement that
与信经意思最为相近的 is the closest thing that Judaism has to a creed
我觉得是这句 I suppose would be this
这是申命记 Torah第五卷中的一句话 which is reciting Deuteronomy, fifth book of the Torah
摩西五经 Right? Fifth book of the Pentateuch
申命记6:4 是这样说的 Deuteronomy6:4, which is
以色列啊 你要听 耶和华我们的神是唯一的主 Hear, OIsrael, The lord of our God, the lord is one
是这样翻译的 This is how it's usually translated
不要问我这究竟是什么意思 Right, don't ask me what that actually means
我也不太清楚 I'm not quite sure
这是什么意思也跟我们的内容无关 对吧 But that's not relevant to our purposes, right?
在圣经时代多年后 犹太人 Later Jews long after the time of the Bible
都用这一句来阐明 use that verse as a kind of
自己只信仰一个上帝 statement of belief in the One God
因此传统上说 如果你已经奄奄一息 So that traditionally, when you are on your deathbed
你就要在死前吟诵这句话 You are supposed to recite this before you die
不然死了不就没机会了嘛 since after you die, it's too late
信奉一个上帝 我信仰一个上帝 So One God as so, I believe in One God
这就是这句话的起源 That's where that phrase comes from
是来自申命记 So that comes from the Book of Deuteronomy
而这又是通过新约的某位先知传播的 ultimately via some New Testament intermediary
上帝是圣父 God is the Father
我信唯一的天主 全能的圣父 We believe in One God, Father
圣父 这个称谓 Title of Father for God
在古籍中随处可见 of course it's everywhere in antiquity
包括希伯来圣经 including the Hebrew Bible
我也给了大家一些参考文献 As you'll see, I gave you a couple of references
全能的 在希腊文中写成pantocrator Almighty, the Greek there is pantocrator
东正教基督徒肯定认识这个词 which you orthodox Christians this word will recognize
Pantocrator就是一切事物的统治者 Pantocrator, ruler of all, ruler of all things
一般说来这是希腊文圣经中对上帝的称谓 Regularly everything for God in the Greek Bible
最后 天地万物 无论有形无形 都是他所创造的 Last, Maker of all things, visible and invisible?
这样的说法听起来有点奇怪 Sounds like an odd kind of phrase
但是的确出自希腊文的圣经 But it comes out of the Greek Jewish version
创世记1:1-2 of Genesis1:1-2
放在一起看来 Put it together so far, put it together so far
尼西亚信经在我眼里很有犹太教的味道 This Nicene Creed, it sounds, feels, smells Jewish to me
现在还没有犹太人受到冒犯 Now there is no Jew can take offense yet
我换个说法 I would put it differently
这一句话 what this statement is
表达的意思是 the claim that this is making implicitly
是说基督教和希伯来圣经崇拜的是同一个神 is that we Christians worship the God of the Hebrew Bible
这次我带来我的展览品了 I brought it this time, right, exhibit A
这是很重要的一点 That's the important point
因为这是对下面所说人物的否定 Cos this is the implicit rejection of
他来了 披着黑暗的外套 透着邪气 now here is a dark sinister figure
胡子拉碴 穿着黑色的衬衫 with the 5-o'clock shadow, mustache and dark shirt
大家也会马上知道 戴着顶黑帽子 and you know instantly, with a black hat
大家马上知道 这个人很麻烦 You know instantly, this guy is trouble
他就是马吉安 And that guy is Marcion
马吉安Marcion在希腊语中是硬化的c音 Marcion, in Greek would be with the hard c /ma:kjon/
而早期的英语是软化c But early English says /ma:sian/
马吉安这个人物 Who is Marcion, his figure
总是会在我们的阅读材料中出现 he pops up once or twice in your reading
Grant阅读材料 and the Grant reading
我们还会见到他的 and we'll see him again
他根本就是挥之不去 Right? He is a villain who's not gonna go away quickly
不过他也很有意思 因为他迷失了 Amusing a villain in a sense that he lost
他是很有名的基督教思想家 撰写了自己的观点 He was a Christian thinker who wrote his own vision
阐述基督教应该是什么样子 of what Christianity should be
当时还是公元二世纪中叶 in the middle of 2nd century CE
是早期基督教的另一个形成时期 another formative period of early Christianity
在马吉安的眼中 And in Marcion's vision
希伯来圣经的上帝 这一位上帝 The God of the Hebrew Bible, this God
这本书中的上帝 并不是基督教的上帝 The God of this book, is not the God of Christians
基督教徒 并不遵循他的教导 并不崇拜这位上帝 We, Christians, do not observe, obey, worship that God
因为我们有一位真正的上帝 cos we have a true God
一位更好的上帝 真正的上帝 the better God, the real God
也就是这本书中的上帝 That's the God of this book
看看今天我把证据都带来了 新约 I bought props today, the New Testament
当然了 新约的内容 Of course, New Testament as its stands
也让马吉安很不开心 Marcion is not happy with
因为里面引用了太多圣经的文句 cos there's a lot of quotations in the Bible in it
所以马吉安就一不做二不休 So Marcion proceeded to be
为了跟自己保持一致 absolutely consistent with himself
重新编辑了新约 and to re-edit the New Testament
把其中所有的希伯来圣经内容剔除 to get all that Hebrew Bible stuff out
所以对马吉安来说 So for Marcion
基督教跟犹太教毫无瓜葛 Christianity has nothing to do with Judaism
基督教的上帝也不是 And the God of Christians is not
希伯来圣经中的上帝 the God of the Hebrew Bible
亦不是犹太人的上帝 or the God of the Jews
在尼西亚信经中 What the Nicene statement
第一句话非常清楚地说 creed is make the explicit claim of that first line is
不 No
我们基督教的上帝 我们的上帝 The God of us Christians, our God
是那位相同的 不可见的 万能的上帝 是我们的圣父 is that self-same, invisible, almighty God, the Father
是那位曾向先知们展示过自己形象的上帝 the One God who has revealed himself to the prophets
存在于我们的圣经中 and is known to us to the Scriptures
那才是我们的上帝 That God is our God
马吉安对基督教的理解没有得到他人认可 And Marcion's vision of Christianity is raw
也就是说 马吉安成了一位异端 In other words, Marcion became a heretic
他自己没有这么认为 He didn't take him as a heretic
但是基督教中认为 基督徒认为 But Christianity decided, Christians decided
他就是一名异端 that he was a heretic
好的 我们还会回来说马吉安 Okay, we'll come back to Marcion
这里还没有说完 We are not finished with Marcion yet
今天稍晚些时候或者下周 but in mid of today, or next week
我们还会谈到他 他是个很有趣的人物 we'll meet him again, a very interesting figure
很有趣的伙计 interesting fella
这就是关于上帝的内容 Okay, that's the thing about God
因此我们基督教徒所崇拜的上帝 So we Christians worship the God
就是希伯来圣经中的上帝 who is revealed in the Hebrew Bible
也就是我们基督徒所谓的 旧约 what Christians call the Old Testament
这就是我们现在所讲的内容 That's what we've seeing so far
大家有问题吗 有反对意见吗 Okay, questions, objections?
现在我们回到尼西亚信经 Now let's go back to Nicene Creed
看看接下来发生了什么 and see what happens next
因为从这时期 各种流派之间就开始擦出火花 cos now is where the sparks start to fly
然后 And
这部分结束了 对吗 So that's finished, right?
如果是犹太人 这已经结束了 For our Jews on the block, we've finished
虽然有种意犹未尽的感觉 with much more there to say
我们谈论完了上帝 We've finished talking about God
应该说Torah了吧 Now you should talk about the Torah
可是不是 No, no, no, no, no
现在讲的是基督教徒 要复杂得多 We are Christians here, this is more complicated
我信唯一的主 耶稣基督 So, and in One lord, Jesus Christ
天主的独生子 The only begotten of the Father
你能鼓捣好吗 You can fix something in it?
他在万世之前 The only begotten of the Father
由圣父所生 that is of the substance of the Father
他是出自天主的天主 出自光明的光明 the God of God, Light of Light
出自真天主的真天主 他是圣父所生 而非圣父所造 true God of true God, begotten, not made
与圣父同性同体 the same substance with the Father
万物是借着他而造成的 through whom all things were made
无论天上还是人间 both in heaven and on earth
耶稣还没描述完呢 Well, I'm not even finished yet describing Jesus
我们这才刚刚开始 We just got started
大家从描述的长度 精准 Now as you could tell by the length, precision
重复 反复就可以看出来 repetition, duplication in these lines
肯定这幕后是有一个团队的 You can tell that there has been a committee at work
为什么突然之间 就有这么多关于耶稣的事情 Right? Why, all of a sudden, so much about Jesus
而相比之下 and so little, in comparison respectively
开篇的上帝就石沉海底 about God in the opening line
而我们马上就会注意到 and almost nothing, as we'll see in one second
圣灵几乎不见了踪影 about the Holy Spirit?
这就不太对了 which almost too worse
当然那是因为其中存在争执 Obviously because there are arguments
而且大家争论不休 The arguments were raged fast and furious
无法就如何理解 about how exactly to understand
上帝与基督的关系达成一致 the relationship of Christ
这里的上帝就是耶和华 here understood to be Lord
基督徒们都是这样称呼 与耶稣对应 which is the standard Christian opposite for Christ
而在希腊文中所用的是kurios一词 In Greek, you say kurios
比如说有一首基督教的歌曲就叫做 Right, those you singing a, you know, Christian anthems
赞美上帝 You know Kurios einai kalos
祈使形式是kuria Kuria, this is the optative form
kurios就是上帝 Kurios is the Lord
拉丁文中叫做dominus Latin, dominus, dominus
这就是圣父 So there is God, and God the Father
全能的圣父 God Almighty, pantocrator
接下来我们来说圣子耶稣 And then there is the son, the Lord, Jesus
那作为上帝的耶稣和圣父是什么关系呢 Now how Jesus as Lord stands relationship to the Father
只有一个全能的上帝 One God, almighty
关于这个问题的争论 That was the question of which blood was
就是基督徒之间的血肉之战 and could be spilt among Christians
因此尼西亚信经就非常努力地 and result is that the Nicene Creed is trying very hard
对上帝加以精确描述 to be as precise as possible
甚至有一些反叛的意味 consequently to be slightly revolt, right?
因为信经希望勾勒出每一个细节 as it's trying to work out precisely this but not that
而不希望所有的文字都能 Every line here of course was subjected to
引发战争 the base of dispute
这就不是我们关心的话题了 which is not our concern here
我们关注的是大的图景 I'm interested in the big picture
也就是说 什么是基督 Big picture is, what is Christ
基督是上帝的一部分 Christ is that part of God
我也不知道确切的词 I don't know what word to use
上帝的一部分人 上帝的一方面 That person of God, that aspect of God
上帝的一部分上帝 我说不清楚 That God of God, I don't know what to use
情况非常复杂 Cos there is deep water
但是基督就是上帝的一部分 But Christ is that blank of God
万物是借着他而造成的 Through which, by which the world is created
几个星期之后我们会讲这个话题 This you'll discuss several weeks down the row
真正的上帝处于天宇 Right? The real God is up there in heaven somewhere
真正的上帝不会因为人间的凡事 The real God does not soil his hands, get his hands dirty
玷污自己的双手 dealing with the affairs of this world
世界万物皆由物质构成 The affairs of this world is all matter
而上帝固然不是物质 whereas God, of course, is not matter
物理学家的话说就是 反物质 Or as we physicist would say, anti-matter
那么这么一股力量 Right? So how does a force
来自不同宇宙的力量 that's complete Other, capital O, right?
又如何插手这个世界的事务呢 get involved with affairs in this world
如何创造世界呢 The creation of this world
创造世界会玷污自己 It gets so mucky and dirty
这里有肮脏 腐败 死亡和罪恶 with corruption and death and sin
很恶心的 Ew
答案是他通过使者 Answer, he has an intermediary
他有一个中介 He has an agent
这位使者是谁呢 同学们 Who was that, class?
我们的耶稣基督 Our Lord Jesus Christ
万物是借着他而造成的 Through whom all things were made
无论天上还是人间 both in heaven and on earth
所以创世纪第一句话说 So when it says in the first verse in Book of Genesis
起初上帝创造了天地 In the beginning, God created heaven and earth
其实那是在说 起初 That really means of course, is in the beginning
上帝通过耶稣创造了天地 God created heaven and earth through Christ
一些基督徒认为 And some Christians argue
第一句话不应该这么翻译 that's not how the first verse to be translated
不是在起初 而是通过 not in the beginning but through
是通过 that which is the beginning
是通过基督 through the alpha, through Christ
上帝创造了天和地 God created heaven and earth
我说得有点快了 Okay, I'm a little ahead of myself, right?
给大家留个悬念 Trying to make coming attractions
我们都会讨论这些话题 These are things we will talk about
大概几个星期之后吧 several weeks down the row
下一条注解 Lower footnote
与这相平行的一种论调 犹太人说 Parallel to that, some Jews said
创世记第一句话 The opening line of Genesis1
应该被理解为 should be understood to mean
起初 上帝创造天地 God created, in the beginning
通过Torah而创造 God created heaven and earth through the Torah
Torah同样是通过实体存在 That the Torah also exists as a hypostasis object
是一种现实 It has a reality
而独立于上帝 independent of God himself as it were
上帝通过Torah创造世界 which God makes the world through the Torah
就好像基督徒们认为 just as Christians would say
上帝通过基督创造世界 God makes the world through Christ
这是题外话 Okay, that's the footnote
如果大家懂了 那很好 You got that, great
要是没懂 要是觉得特别迷茫 if you didn't, if you are confused by it
我其实也是这样 太神秘了 I agree with you, it's very mysterious
我就是想给大家指出平行的论点 But okay, I'm just trying to point out the parallels
神秘的通道 那是创世记的拉比 The mythical passage, that's in Genesis rabbah
这里我们稍微停一下 Okay, I'm gonna stop here for a second
大家有问题吗 Anybody has any questions?
我想问下这是一种观点 So is that like a viewpoint
是犹太人对Torah的观点还是 that some Jews saying that about the Torah or?
和上节课犹太教一样 我在这儿尽量非常小心 As in Judaism, I'm very, I'm trying to be very careful here
我能够指出 在一些犹太教的文本中 I can point that in some Jewish texts
有些人认为 and some have argued
这是犹太教对基督教的回应 that this is a Jewish response to Christianity
这是一些人的看法 Some have said
而另一些人认为 Other have said
基督教认为 the Christian idea that
上帝通过基督创造了世界 God created the world through Christ
这本身就是基督徒们对 is itself a Christian reaction to the idea
上帝通过智慧创造世界的回应 that God created the world through Wisdom, Capital W
而这点我们可以在箴言8中找到 as described in Proverbs8
我们同样会讲这一点 And this is covering, we are going to
接下来几个星期就会详细讲 discuss it in great detail several weeks down the row
一些关于细节的课程 in one of our denser sessions
我真的很期待 which I am really
大家也得多动动脑子 You have to take what I have
想想我讲的这些东西 rack your head around these things
敬请期待吧 It's coming up
但是这里的重点是 But the key point here is that
上帝是存在的 圣父 全能的上帝 God exists, God the Father, God Almighty
无论有形无形 都是他所创造的 created all things visible and invisible
上帝通过基督与世界联系起来 Right, that God relates to the world through Christ
而基督很矛盾地一方面是上帝 who paradoxically is God
一方面也是圣父所生 而非圣父所造 and is also Lord Almighty, begotten not made
他同时是上帝 一方面是上帝的一部分 He's also one of the same time God, and also part of God
用后来的语言说 and also, to use the language later
是圣父的独子 only begotten of the Father
所以这个儿子跟父亲的地位是一样的 So this is a son who has the same status as the Father
一般说来儿子的地位要次于父亲 normally a son is after all secondary to the Father
因为两者毕竟是不同的嘛 After all, they are distinct
但是这里的父子却没有区分 But here is a father and a son who are not distinct
你会说 这怎么可能呢 And if you say how is this possible?
这就是基督教的迷思 Answer, that's the mystery of Christianity
基督徒自己 The word mystery is the word
都这么说 Christians themselves used
是基督教真理的迷思 The mystery of Christian truth
基督同时是上帝也是圣子 A Christ is both God and son of God at the same time
好的这一段我们讨论的是基督 Okay, so that paragraph talks about Christ
天地万物都是通过他创造的 as the through whom all things are made
我们还有一小段话 Then we have another little paragraph
现在还没有结束呢 We have not finished yet
是的 团队工作还没完成呢 Right, the committee hasn't done its work
还没有完成 not finished yet
他们的报告 in their edition of this report
他们还需要满足更多的人 They are more people we got to satisfy
需要剔除更多的人 Right, so more people we need to kick out
因为他们的信仰不正确 for having incorrect beliefs
因此尼西亚信经继续下去 So the Nicene Creed continues
他 这里说的是我们的上帝 耶稣基督 Who, who referring to our Lord, Jesus Christ
为了我们人类 有时候也被翻译成 For us, men, or now it has been translated as
人 人民 for us humanity, or for us people
并为了我们的得救 从天降下 and our salvation descended
从天降下 基督从天而降 Descended, Christ came down from heaven
从天降下进入我们的大地 and descended here into our earthly spheres
而成为人 incarnate这个词是什么意思呢 was incarnate, what does incarnate mean?
有人知道吗 Somebody tell me
成为肉躯 In the flesh
成为肉躯 很好 In the flesh, excellent
如果我来用一个英文词 就是enfleshed Right, English I translated as enfleshed
从肉体 对吗 意思就是肉体 Right? From carnes, right? Which means flesh
如果你懂西班牙语的时候 就是指肉 Or if you are a Spanish speaker, it means meat
从希伯来语的basar翻译过来的 Right? It means flesh, translated from Hebrew, basar
那incarnate什么意思呢 成为肉体 So what's incarnate? Became flesh
我本来想说成为人 Became, I attempted to say became human
但是都一样的 But this, that's, alright
好的 成为人类 被造成人 Oh yeah, became human, was made man
受难 基督什么时候受难 Suffered, when did Christ suffer?
在十字架上 对吗 On the cross, right?
基督被钉在十字架上 Christ is crucified
基督在十字架上受难 And Christ is, the sufferings of the cross
大家知道梅尔吉布森的电影 That's that movie by, you know, Mel Gibson
耶稣受难记 You know, The Passion of the Christ
passion就是受难的意思 Passion means suffering
在拉丁文中就是受难的意思 Passion is Latin for suffering
因此耶稣在十字架上受难 So Christ suffers on the cross
第三天又复活 And rose again the third day
从福音中走出来 That comes straight out of the gospels, of course
从天而降 Ascended into heaven
审判生者死者 and cometh off to judge the living and the dead
基督还会回来 Christ will return
他已经来过一次 So Christ came once, already
从天而降 受难 复活 这是第一弹 Descended, suffered, arose, that's coming No.1
这已经是过去式了 是历史 That's happened already, that's history
审判生者死者 And coming to judge the living and the dead
这将是第二弹 That's would be a second coming
还没有发生 which has not yet happened
公元325年没有 2011年也没有 Neither in 325CE nor in 2011CE
可能基督徒 Right? Perhaps Christians
还在等待这一天 are still waiting for that to happen
就像虔诚的犹太教徒在等待他们的弥赛亚 Just as pious Jews are waiting for their Messiah
我们已经讲过这个了 Well, we've talked about that
好的继续 Now, go
这里的重点是说 基督获得肉躯 Okay, the key thing here is Christ was made flesh
成为人类 受难 and as a human, suffer
那么同学们 我们回到 Now class, let's go back to my
和之前一样 假设我是一个犹太人 I'm a hypothetical Jew a moment before
我很愿意相信 Somewhere my Jew is happy to sign on
尼西亚信经开头的几句 to the Nicene Creed in the opening lines
我信唯一的天主 全能的圣父 We believe in God the Father, the Almighty
天地万物 无论有形无形 都是她所创造的 Creator all things, seen and unseen
这毫无疑义嘛 我愿意相信 Yeah, that's no sweat, that's where do I sign
这简直就是我们完美的教义 That's perfectly fine
但是犹太人会喜欢这几句 Will the Jew be happy with
描述基督的句子吗 these paragraphs describing Christ?
不会的 No
肯定不会的 Decidedly not
犹太人会这样回答 我不懂你在说什么 Jews will say in response, I don't understand it
这家伙到底是人类还是上帝啊 Is this guy human or is this guy a God?
如果你说是上帝 And if you say God
那为什么又只有一个上帝 what do you mean there's one God
什么父子一体 The father and the son are the same
我不知道你在说什么 I don't understand it
我根本听不懂 Doesn't make any sense to me
您想好了 到底只有一个上帝还是两个 Make up your mind, is there one God or two Gods
这家伙到底是上帝还是人类 And is this guy a God or is this guy human?
如果基督徒的回答 是 And your reply as a Christian is, yes
如果基督徒回答 是 That's what's the Christian says as a reply, yes
犹太人就会说 我不明白 And the Jew would say, I don't understand it
根本没有道理嘛 Doesn't make any sense
我的朋友们 And there are, my friends
这就是我们犹太 基督争论的核心 We got to the heart of the Jewish-Christian debate
再来看尼西亚信经的最后一行 Okay, then the last line of Nicene Creed
我们有全能的上帝 pantocrator So we have God Almighty, pantocrator
我们说耶稣是上帝 希腊文的Kurios 拉丁文的Dominus Then we have Jesus as Lord, Kurios, Dominus
天地万物都是他所创造的 Through whom all things are made
他成为人形 Also incarnate, God to becomes
获得肉躯 获得人形 takes on human flesh, takes on human form
基督教的最后一句 And then last of all, the Christianity
他的神国万世无疆 结束 And in the Holy Ghost, period
显然没有人对这句有争议 Clearly nobody is arguing about that one
所以团队也没有投入时间和精力 So the committee did not invest any energy or time
去纠结什么才是圣灵(Holy Ghost) worrying about what exactly is the Holy Ghost
而这个单词通常是 And the Holy Ghost is always
比较薄弱的环节 the weak third wheel
是基督教三位一体中的薄弱环节 the weak third part of the Christian trinity
很少有详细的描述 There's always the least amount of precision
来纠结到底圣灵是什么意思 about what exactly do you mean by the Holy Ghost
其实这就是古代英语中的Holy Spirit which is old English for Holy Spirit
希腊文中的pneuma 圣灵的意思 pneuma in Greek, and the Holy Spirit
圣灵是上帝与世间交流的渠道 Holy Spirit is how Gods communicate
通过这种力量 上帝与 Just a power of God which God communicates
先知 与教会进行沟通 with the prophets, with the church
基督教徒通过洗礼 It's the presence of God
感到上帝的存在 that Christians feel through Baptism
上帝的灵魂在教会中弥漫 The spirit of Lord that infuses the church
这就是圣灵 That is the Holy Spirit
圣灵是最后一个加入三位一体的 The Holy Spirit, as to say, is the caboose here, right
因为我们会知道在公元二世纪 As we'll see in the 2nd century CE
我们将在阅读材料中常见到的犹斯丁 Justin Martyr whom we'll be reading a lot
他是二世纪的一名重要的基督教思想家 from as a major Christian thinker of the 2nd century
公元二世纪是基督教的形成时期 in the formative period
他根本不知道所谓圣灵的存在 Knows nothing of the Holy Spirit
当然这是存在的 Of course there's the Holy Spirit
当然圣灵是在圣经中出现的 Of course it exists right there in the Scripture, right
但是他不是神 不是三位一体的一部分 But it's not God, it's not part of trinity
还没到这种程度 It's not there yet
所以我要坦白说 So the Holy Spirit, I confess
我不太清楚他们究竟是如何定义圣灵 I don't quite yet, what's bugging them that
圣灵是上帝三位一体的一部分 Holy Spirit is part of God as a trinity
好的 我们有了圣灵 But, okay, there it is Holy Spirit
上帝通过他与世界沟通 好的 our God communicates with the world, okay
因此我们有了上帝耶稣 So that gives us God, Christ
圣灵 和教会 and the Holy Spirit, the Church
上帝在自己的子民中出现 Right? The God's presence among his people
上帝通过圣灵在教堂出现 God's presence in his church is
是圣灵作用的一部分 part of the workings of Holy Spirit
大家有问题吗 Okay, do you have questions?
所以基督和基督教的讯息 So Christ and the Christian message
这些是我从网上找来的 So I dug this up on the website
这位同学 Oh, yes sir
你是在伸懒腰还是举手啊 Are you stretching your raise your hand?
在信经中 When the creed is on
第一句话是不是另外一个三位一体的实体 There's a line in its opening, is it another hypostasis?
没错的 hypostasis Yes, hypostasis, yes
这个词很难写 That's a difficult word
我们一会儿还要讲这个词 hypostasis We'll come back to that word hypostasis
在希腊文中 意思是 一个人 which is the Greek way of saying persona, a person
我们用拉丁文说 就是 what you say in Latin is that
上帝唯一 但有三个人构成 God is one, but with three persons
而在希腊语中是他是三位一体 In Greek you say God is one at three hypostasis
我将来会偶尔用到这个词 Okay? Also I use that word a couple of times
这个词很花哨 That is a fancy shmancy word
实际上字面意思 Actual hypostasis is literally
是希腊文中的物质一词 拉丁文的substance the Greek equivalence of the Latin substance
这是它的实际意思 That's what it actually is
拉丁文的sub就是希腊文的hypo -stance就是-stasis The Latin word sub-stance is the same as hypo-stasis
比较纯正的基督教神学家 Alright, so the pure Christian theologians
总是想找到一个准确的词 always try to find the right word
上帝是唯一的 但是有三个形态 God is one, but God has three, what
人 物质 实体 Person, substances, hypostasis
迈蒙尼德当然会说 不可能 Maimonides of course says as reply, No
上帝只有一个 不容争辩 God is one, period
我们说上帝只有一个 意思是说 When we say God is one that means
上帝是一个不能被继续划分的整体 It's a unity which cannot be subdivided
基督教徒就会说 他是一个可以继续被划分的整体 The Christian say, no, it is unity that can be subdivided
好的 Okay
我们的课程刚刚开始 We just beginning our course
总不能一口气吃个大胖子是吧 I can't tell everything the very first day, right?
随着课程进行 这些都会慢慢浮出水面 Right, these things will unfold as we move ahead
好的 我保证以后会讲解这个单词 Okay, so I promise we'll get back to that word
这个词非常难理解 which is a very difficult word
我给大家找到了这个网站 Okay, I dug up this website
这是一位叫做Charles Hedrick的人 You know, Charles Hedrick who
他在网上建立了一个简单的宣传册 have launched a little bookleafs online called
叫做 什么是基督教 What is Christianity
这肯定不是最好的 I'm sure there's better things out there
我知道一定有成千上万的优秀相关网站 I bet there are a thousand things out there
但是我只能找到这个 That's the best I can find
这里一位基督教信徒 Someone who clearly believe in Christian
将用一种非常有自知 非常智慧的方式 will explain to you in a very self-conscious, intelligent way
为大家讲解他的信仰 他为什么信仰 explaining what he believes and why
我很喜欢这个网站 So I like that, right
大家可以发表自己的看法 可以争论 You can argue with this, argue with that
但是最终 But at the end of the day
还是要由一位智慧的基督教徒为大家 you have an intelligent Christian explaining
详细地解释他的信仰 exactly what he believes
而他又显然对基督教各流派之间 who has a clear understanding of the differences
的不同之处有清晰的了解 in different kinds of Christianity
有些方面是我都望尘莫及的 in the ways I don't fully follow
但重点在于 我为大家发掘了这个网站 But the key is I dug up this little, this website
我觉得肯定会有用 that I thought work very well
所以我鼓励大家上去看看 So I'm encouraging you to go look at it, alright
至少要挑选着阅读 at least parts of it, etc.
总而言之 基督教的讯息通常 Anyway, the Christian message ultimately always
都是围绕着三个主题 revolves the following themes
罪孽 因为我们有罪孽 所以我们需要原谅 Sin, since we have sin, that's why I need forgiveness
因为需要原谅 Since I need forgiveness
我们需要上帝的慈悲 That's why I need the grace of God
因为需要上帝的慈悲 我们就需要基督 Since I need the grace of God, that's why I need Christ
这些主题集合在一起 Right? That cluster of themes
然后通过另外一些观念 which is then enriched by notions of
如辩护 如灵化 如对基督的信仰 justifications, sanctifications, faith in Christ
基督之死的救赎力量 the atoning power of Christ's death
与基督相会 战胜死亡 变得更加丰富 union with Christ, triumphs over death
这些主题都集合在一起 All these themes are, come clustered together
但是基督教最基本的讯息是说 But ultimately the fundamental message of Christianity
倘若没有基督 你们这些人类 is that without Christ, you, you meaning you human
无法战胜罪孽的破坏力 are not able to overcome the corrosive power of sin
这最明显的例子就是 死亡 which is manifest in the consequence of death
战胜它的唯一方法 The only way you can triumph over this
或者逃离它的唯一方式 or escape this is through
就是通过基督的救赎力量 the atoning power of Christ
通过上帝的慈悲给予我们 which has been given to us through the grace of God
那如何处理这些元素 Now how exactly to manipulate these ingredients
才能将其整合成一个完整的陈述 to make it back in, you know, a coherent statement
比如说 律法究竟是什么意思 You know, what exactly do you mean, law?
就是从这里开始 基督教徒 Okay, fine, that's where Christians
开始起内讧 start to argue with each other
这就不是我的问题了 Okay, that's not my problem
我这里在尽量避免讨论这些问题 I'm trying to stay at 35,000 feet, right, remember, righ
但是这是最根本的问题 So but fundamentally, that's what comes down to
基督 赎罪 罪孽 信奉基督 Christ, atones, sin, and by believing in Christ
加入基督教 死亡 复活 and participating in Christ, death, and resurrection
我们基督徒可以战胜死亡 we Christians triumphs over death
犹太人会如何回应呢 What would the Jews say to reply all that?
对待这件事情 犹太人会说 Well, that's one thing what Jews would say
少拿这事儿烦我 Leave me alone, right?
一个有智慧的 Right, but, no, an intelligent
有文化的犹太人会回答 a literate Jewish would say in reply
如果我犯了罪 我就悔过 Yeah, if I commit a sin, I'll repent
整个体系都是一个律法体系 You know, the system is built into laws
根据人性弱点的律法 The laws for human frailty
并不是说 上帝创造了这么一个罪孽的国度 And it's not as if that God creates us such a sinful state
而我们不能依靠上帝 that we didn't depend upon God
给我们为这个罪孽的国度 to send me remedy to atone for that Christ
赎罪的方式 for that fundamental sinful state
上帝知道人类是脆弱的生物 No, God knows we humans are frail creatures
我们容易犯错误 我们犯罪 我们赎罪 we are fallible, we commit a sin, we atone for our sins
我们通过研究 通过慈善和善行 we repent, we engage in tower study, charity, good deeds
在一定的程度上 that makes up for, makes up at some level
救赎我们犯下的罪孽 makes up for the sin that we committed
这没问题的 And that's fine
犹太人会这样回答 Those would be what Jewish say in reply
而基督教徒会说 这还不够 which the Christians would say, that's not enough
犹太人则说 够了 which the Jew would say, it is
争论就起来了 There you are
这位同学 Yes
基督教徒认为 So the Christians think that
基督和所有的人民都联系在一起 Christ has relationship with all people
而不仅仅是契约中的人民 not just the people of the covenant
这点争议很大的 Well, that's a dicey one there
基督曾经说过 救赎整个世界 这样的话 Like Christ said to like, redeem the whole world
而不是说 仅仅救赎 Right, not just like, not just the people
曾经是犹太人的人民 who used to be Jews, like
没错 Right
就好像基督之后 他们也曾经有过 After Christ, that they went out converting
让希腊基督教皈依的举动 the Greeks' Christianity and everything, so
基督似乎更加世界化 Christ kind of represents a more universal like
这一点我们也会讲 Yeah, we'll come back at this one too
正如在创世记中 Just as the Book of Genesis
1-11章 我们有非常密集的情节 you have that extraordinary tension between Genesis1-11
上帝是世界的 没有喜恶 God is universal God with no favorites at all
而在第12章 And to Genesis12
上帝对亚伯兰说 前进吧 God spoke to Abram and said, Go forth
从那时起 From that point on already
一直到整卷创世记结束 to the entire rest of the book
上帝都是有自己偏爱的民族的 God has favorites apparently
一方面我们有世界的上帝 So you have a universal God
掌管所有的事情 who is in charge of everything
而他又格外注意某个部落 某个民族 But he pays particular attention to this tribe and clan
类似地 基督教徒认为 Similarly Christians thought
上帝是世界的上帝 God is the universal God
基督是上帝的使者 Christ is come by, sent by God
来救赎在罪孽中的全人类 to redeem all humanity from their sins
但是最终他所救赎的也只是基督徒 But the end of the day, it's just us Christians
那什么时候基督会 Now when it stops all those people
阻止教会之外的人们呢 who are outside the church
那数以百万计的 All those millions and billions of people
教会之外的人们 who are outside the church
这就要看你要说的 Well, it depends upon
是哪个流派的基督教 which Christian you are gonna talk to
是在基督教历史上的哪段时间了 and what moment in Christian history, right?
有一些基督教的信普救说分支 There are universalist strings of Christianity
他们认为即使你在教会之外 which argue that even if you are outside of the church
上帝的爱 上帝的慈悲也会降临 God's love, God's grace is such
大家都会得到救赎 that everyone is ultimately redeemed
我们喜欢这样的有普世观念的流派 We like that, that's ecumenical, we like that
但这只是其中的一支 Right, but that's one string
当然也有一些其他的分支说 The other strings of course who said
教会之外无救恩 Outside the church there is no salvation
拉丁文就是 Ecclesiam nulla salus Ecclesiam nulla salus
教会之外无救恩 No salvation outside the church
教会之外 Outside the church
你们就倒霉吧 You got to roast
这是两个对立的分支 That's a different, opposed strings
究竟哪个是真正的基督教 我也说不清楚 which is the real Christianity, I can't tell you
但是这句话一般是用来劝说大家 Generally it comes with the invitation for those people
鼓励大家进入教会的 对吗 to like, that's kind of an impetus to enter the church, right?
是的 通过尼西亚信经 Yeah, that we give the Nicene assentive
加入教会 to come to come join the church
但是又让人觉得劝说加入犹太教 Part of it is like, join Judaism
因为这相当于说 Because that's basically like saying
您把我忘了 我也是上帝的选民 You forgot me, I'm also a chosen person
很好 你超过我们的进度了 Excellent, okay, you are ahead of us
我们以后会讨论的 We'll have discussion on this
但是这个问题基本上说来 But the whole issue is what's the chosen people
是犹太和基督教中 究竟谁才是选民 in the Jewish idea and the Christian idea
如果你是基督教的信普救说者 If you are a Christian universalist
那么你基本上 Then you also basically
都会遇到这样的心理难题 stuck with the psychological conundrum
如果大家都会得到救赎 If everyone is gonna be redeemed anyway
或早或晚 sooner or later
那我为什么还要加入教会 受洗礼 Then why should I join the church get baptized
遵循这些基督教的规矩呢 and do all these Christian things
我可以过我简单的生活啊 You know, I have a simple life at the meantime
反正我怎么样都会得到救赎的 Cos once up, I'll be redeemed anyway, right?
上帝是普世的上帝嘛 The God is the universal Lord, right?
那我为什么还要成为基督徒呢 So why should I become a Christian?
这是个问题 Hmmm, alright, well that's a problem
但是如果不持这种信普救说的观点 But if you don't have that universalist idea
上帝看起来就非常狭隘 That looks like God is the narrow-minded ship
如果大家想要跟随上帝 whatever you wanna follow that by saying, you know
他会选择谁可以跟随 谁不可以跟随 Only you could join, you know, not you, only you
这是我的小俱乐部 It might be my little club
如果你不在其中 就没法享受到好处 If you are not in my club, you don't get the goodies
如果这样 Right, that's
上帝成了什么了 What kind of God is that?
但是犹太教也有相同的问题 But Jewish have the same problem
好的 我们会讨论这个 Okay, so we'll discuss that
给大家设个悬念 That's coming attractions
好的 我们继续 Okay, let's move along
基督教的讯息 The Christian message
基督教徒是如何得知他们的讯息的 how do the Christians know what they know?
他们的真理来源是什么 what are their sources of truth?
他们又是如何解开这个复杂的 that they will unpack this rather complicated
多方面的 神奇的 many-respects absolutely amazing
神学真理的 set of theological claims?
其中的一个来源当然就是希伯来圣经 Well, one source of course is the Hebrew Bible
也就是基督徒所谓的 旧约 What Christians call the Old Testament
大家要记住了 下次还会用到这个 Bear in mind, you might use that the next time
希伯来圣经是 that the Hebrew Bible is
基督教圣经的一部分 part and part sort of Christian Scripture
这一点我们在课程中 Right? That's what we've been
已经讨论过 talking about in this course
当然了 除了希伯来圣经 But of course, alongside the Hebrew Bible
旧约 也就是圣经的第一部分 the Old Testament, or the first part of the Bible
基督徒当然还有 Right? Christians of course also have
所谓的 新约 something called a New Testament
基督教圣经 a Christian Bible, the Christian Scriptures
在旧约部分 犹太人和基督徒一致认为 So whereas in this part, Jews and Christians agree
这一部神圣的文字来自上帝 these are sacred books that come from God
需要特定的阅读和解读方式 which require a special mode of reading and interpretation
这是我们下周要讨论的内容 Next week, that's what we'll discuss
犹太人和基督教徒就这点达成一致 Jews and Christians agrees on that
而对从中得出的结论没有达成一致 They disagree, of course, on what conclusions we draw
对阅读方式 how we read the book
我们应该如何理解解读 都没有达成定论 and where we are going with these interpretations
至少目前 At least, on this point
我们还有统一的意见 we have solid shared common ground
而在这里 基督教就独立出来了 Here Christians are on their own
也就是所谓的 新约 Right? There's something called the New Testament
和旧约一样 也是一部文集 Another anthology, like this one
也是一部文集 旧约也是一部文集 which is an anthology, this is also anthology
在大家的阅读材料中 And Mr. Grant in your reading gave you
已经给了新约的目录 a brief survey of the contents of the book
这些卷都是在一段时间之内写成的 And these books were written over a period of time
出自不同的作者 by different authors, blablabla
凡此种种吧 You know, etc.
所以这部分我就不多说了 Okay, so I'm not gonna go over that
关于新约的版本 That's the versions of the New Testament
大约也是在古时候就已经有了雏形 which is timed to take shape during antiquity
但是这里我们有一条底线 But the bottom line is
在公元二世纪 在基督教的形成期 in the 2nd century CE, the formative period
还没有新约 there was no New Testament yet
公元二世纪时 如果基督教徒 When Christians, in the second century CE
谈论圣经 talking about the Bible
他们指的是旧约 they mean this
他们还不知道这部书的存在 They don't know about this yet
这部书还没有出现 This has not emerged
注意我们所用的新约 Notice in our collection there are 27 books
共包含27卷 comprising the New Testament
27卷的新约不早不晚 That collection no more, no less
直到四世纪才被证实出现 is unattested until the fourth century
这比尼西亚会议稍晚 A little after the Council of Nicaea
好的 Okay
差不多就是这样 Good, I think that's it
关于教会 The church stuff
我觉得大部分我都已经讲过了 I've already spoken about most of these things
但是还有一个非常重要的概念 But there is one good important term here
我想将它作为我的最后一个要点 that I wanna get to my last point
基督教徒 在下面这部分 Christians, I'm about to in this section
我就成为 教会 call the Church, right?
基督教徒是上帝的选民 Christians are God's chosen people
我们已经讨论过这一点 We've already spoken about that
基督教徒和上帝有着特殊的关系 Christians stands in a special relationship with God
正如犹太人认为他们自己 Just as the Jews believe that they constitute a people
是一个与上帝有着特殊关系的民族 who stands in a special relationship with God
犹太人有一种民族感 Jews have an ethnic sense about themselves
他们是一个民族 Jews are people
基督教徒不认为自己是一个民族 Christians don't think themselves as the people
除非你这个民族是一种比方 上帝的子民 except in the most metaphoric sense, the flock of God
或者说一般定义上的上帝的人民 or God's people in some general way
社会学家用一个词语来形容犹太人的这种民族感 Sociologists have a word to describe the Jewish sense
我周三时已经写在了大家的讲义上 which I wrote on your handout from Wednesday
家庭主义 Familism, right?
犹太人认为自己是一个家庭 一个部落 Jewish take themselves as a family, as a tribe
犹太家族之间的成员都相互联系 in which everybody somehow is related one to the other
当然 基督教徒 Christians, of course
则没有这种民族的意识 don't have this ethnic self-consciousness
不过无论如何 他们都是上帝的人民 But nonetheless, they are the people of God
他们和上帝存在着特殊的纽带 At large, they stand at a special relationship with God
基督教徒组成了真正的以色列人民 取代了犹太人 Christians constitute the true Israel, replacing the Jews
这种教义被称之为 替代主义(supersessionism) the doctrine known as supersessionism
拉丁词源是supersede 替代 Okay? From the Latin word supersede
我们的讲义里有supersede这个词 Okay, we have the word supersede here
这位同学请你指到supersede这个词上 If you point to it, right, the word supersede
同学们好好看看这个词 Now let's look at the word supersede for a second, class
里面有没有C Okay, is there a C in that word, class?
是的 这里面没有英文的C No, there is no English letter C in that word, right?
只有英文的S There are only s's in that word
希望大家注意到这一点 I want to bring that to your attention
supersede 好的 Okay, supersede, right?
基督教徒来到 并且置身其上 Where Christianity comes and sits upon
super 上的意思 Super, above, upon
sede 注意拼写 和sedentary 久坐是一个词根 sede, s-e-d-e, same root as sedentary
意思是座位 椅子 Right? That means a seat or a chair
所以基督教来到并且置身 So it's gonna come and sit upon
取代 就好像抢座位一样 Take the place of, just like musical chairs
取代了犹太教 Take the place of Judaism
这就是我们经常说的 That's the doctrine that is often referred to
现在所谓的教义 通常被认为是反普世主义 in modern times critical usually, as seen as anti-ecumenical
因为基督教徒声称自己取代了犹太教 Right? For Christianity claims to replace Judaism
成为上帝的选民 as God's chosen people
取代犹太人成为上帝的选民 and to replace the Jews as God's people
我们会继续讨论这一点 Okay, we'll come back talk about that
大家不用担心 我们肯定不会只讲一半 Not to worry, I'm not leaving you hanging on this, right?
还会回头过来讲的 We'll be speaking about these things
我们已经讲过教会了 Okay, church we have spoken about that
那就最后一个要点吧 因为我们只有五分钟了 Let's get to the last major point, as I get five minutes left
基督教徒对希伯来圣经的态度 The attitudes of the Christians to the Hebrew Scriptures
大家也都有这部分 This, you get to the same part of course
另外一些课程可能会教给大家这本书 Again, some other course will teach you about this book
但是咱们不能一口气什么都说明白 Alright? I can't do everything at one course
如果你想弄明白新约 应该去上 Right? You should take a course on
基督教史 新约史 之类的 history of Christianity, history of New Testament, blablabla
不过这就不是我们的课程了 Right? That's a different course
我们回到旧约 Okay, back to this book
基督教徒对于这部书 对于希伯来圣经的态度 Christian's attitude towards this book, the Hebrew Bible
几个世纪以来一直在变化 have varied over the centuries
而且变化很大 and it's actually extraordinary
从一开始的崇敬 From actual veneration to also
到后来几乎是憎恶 a sense of almost detest, detestation
这部书的启示 摒弃这部书 of looking upon and spurning the book
变化是很大的 Quite ranged
我们再回来看我们的老朋友马吉安 Let's go back to our friend Marcion
马吉安就是那位曾经说 我们基督教徒 Marcion is the one who said that we Christians
在我们的基督教圣经中崇拜另外一个上帝 in our Christian Bible we worship a different God
而不是犹太人的上帝 than the God of the Jews
新约旧约 And these two books
两者没有关系 have nothing to do with each other
这是马吉安的观点 Marcion said
这是犹太人的书 This is the book of the Jews
而这是我们基督徒的书 This is the book of Christians
旧约中的上帝是讨厌的上帝 This is the God as a yucky God, alright
而新约的上帝是好上帝 This is a good God
旧约的圣经非常小心眼 This is a mean-spirited God, right?
他总是希望不好的事情 who only wants bad things for his worshippers
发生在自己的崇拜者身上 of those who follow him everywhere in the world
我们要努力逃离这个上帝 That's the God from whom we are trying to escape
投入到新约上帝 好上帝 的怀抱 in order to come into the hands of this God, the good God
爱的上帝 the God of love
马吉安是个异端 Marcion was the clear heretic
马吉安的思想非常受基督教徒的排斥 Marcionism is very objected by Christians
因此基督教徒仍旧阅读旧约 Consequently the Christians still read the Old Testament
阅读希伯来圣经 the Hebrew Bible
来寻找许多基督教的事实 in order to find in there many Christian truth
然而在某些方面 However, in some peculiar way
马吉安的思想仍然占了上风 Marcion still reigns
某些特殊的方面 马吉安仍旧胜利 In some peculiar sense, Marcion has triumphed
因为如果你去了一般的基督教主日学校 Because you average Christian Sunday school student
就会同意以下的这段陈述 will agree with the following proposition
旧约的上帝是好战的上帝 that the Old Testament God is a God of war
是不公平的上帝 复仇的上帝 and injustice and vengeance
而新约的上帝 And the God of New Testament is a God
则充满慈爱 who is full of love
一般还要把原音拖得很长 usually pronounced /le:v/, right
新约的上帝是充满爱的上帝 The God is a God of love
但是这些区别在大家看来 Now, that distinction for anybody
如果你真的阅读过圣经 who actually reads the Scriptures
就会了解这样的区别 will know that distinction did not hold up
完全站不住脚 for more than 5 minutes
因为我们一定会意识到 希伯来圣经中的上帝 Because we realize that of course, God of Hebrew Bible
虽然有时候会复仇 is occasionally depicted as vengeful and etc.
大家需要担心战争 复仇什么的 And there is war as we worry and vengeful etc
这是不假 Okay, it's true
这不过是其中的一个主题 That's one motif, that's there
但是也不是唯一的主题 It's not the only motif however
还有很多文字中描写的 There are other ways which God is depicted
希伯来圣经中的上帝 in the Hebrew Scriptures
充满爱意 亲切和蔼 so much more loving and tender
那为什么你就对此视而不见呢 So why are you ignoring that?
同样在新约中 说实话 And similarly the New Testament, to be very blunt
也不是说全部都是美好 都是光明 is not always full of humor and light
都是爱 都是光明 in love and light
还有一些文字的中心思想 There are other passages which centers
似乎是在说走出黑暗 are seen to be consigned out of darkness
故事的主人公也会面对黑暗的未来 Or otherwise a doom and gloom prospect for them
那说说这些怎么样 So let's talk about that
因此这些概括 So as usual with these generalizations
尽管有一些事实 these are some truths to it
但是当然 到了最后 But of course at the end of the day, in aggregate
我们还是要说 它们错了 we have to say they are wrong
而这些非常简略的概括 except their gross simplifications are
都是复杂的 代有偏见的意向 what are very complicated nuanced pictures
那么为什么一般的基督教徒 So why do Christians persist, I'm referring here to
我是说大街上能找到的那种基督教徒 average Christians on the street if there be such a thing
坚持认为旧约中的上帝 Right? Persisting the idea that the Old Testament
就是好战的上帝 不公正的上帝 just the God of war and injustice
有复仇心的上帝 whereas the, and vengeance
而新约中的上帝就是充满爱的上帝 whereas the God of New Testament is the God of love
这其实是马吉安的思想 Ultimately that's Marcion
在某些特定的角度看来 And in some very peculiar sense
马吉安的二元论 Marcion's dualistic view
将两个上帝分开来看 separating one God from the other
两部书分开来看 and one book from the other
在某些层面看来 at some powerful level
仍旧在许多基督教徒中得到共鸣 still resonate among many Christians
这是不是基督教呢 我不能下定论 That's Christianity I can't tell you
百分之九十九的时候 我都不能给基督教下定论 Cos I, for 99 times I can't tell you what Christianity is
但是我可以告诉大家 What I can tell you is that
许多基督教徒仍就这样认为 many Christians still believe
而这就是马吉安主义的一种表现 and that is a kind of Marcionism
现在仍然盛行 which is still alive and well
虽然在基督教的古籍中 Even though the Christian antiquity lost
仍旧将马吉安当作异端 and regarded him as heretical
最后一点 我们将要阅读的一个人物 Last point, for the figure we are going to be reading
犹斯丁 Justin Martyr, right?
他认为为相反的观点立证非常重要 For him it is very important to argue precisely the opposite
他认为要去证明 For him, it is very important to argue
希伯来圣经的上帝 that the God of the Hebrew Bible
就是基督教的上帝 is in fact the Christian God
希伯来圣经的上帝创造了天地 The God of Hebrew Bible who created heaven and earth
带领以色列人走进埃及 who led the Israelites into Egypt
走出埃及 led the Israelites out of Egypt
传达了十诫 right, to deliver the ten commandments
赐予他的人民律法 who gave the law to his people
这个上帝就是我们的上帝 That God is our God
是基督教的上帝 That's the Christian God
这个故事就是基督教的故事 And that story is a Christian story
尽管主日学校的学生一般都会学到 So whereas Sunday school students routinely
犹太人来到埃及 talking about Jews going down to Egypt
犹太人出埃及 and Jews having Exodus
这一点我周三的课上已经讲过 I spoke about this point on Wednesday
作为一名历史学家 And I observe I, as a historian
我不是很赞成这样的说法 I am not entirely happy with this kind of language
今天的基督教徒仍旧这样认为 Well, Christians, to this day, often talk this way
而犹斯丁则说 不对 Still, but Justin Martyr say, no
这个故事不是关于犹太人 The story is not about Jews
是关于以色列人 我们就是以色列人 The story is about Israel, and Israel is us
这样看来 这个故事是关于基督教徒 In that sense, the story is about Christians
我们会在下周和下下周讨论这个问题 We'll see this next week and the week following
好的同学们 希望大家周末愉快 Okay everybody, wish you all a wonderful weekend
享受今天的好天气 Enjoy our beautiful day [Rhine & trismile Production]