正如我周三课上所说 So, as I explained on Wednesday
这门课其实是 So this course stands at the intersection
三大块内容的交汇 of three large complexes
其一是希伯来圣经 One complex is the Hebrew Bible
其一是我们所谓的犹太教 One complex is something we call Judaism
还有就是我们所谓的基督教 And the other complex is something we call Christianity
现在我来介绍下本课的入门知识 So here I'm doing this intro period of our course
每一大块内容我都将用一个课时 I will spend one session each on
今天的内容 什么是希伯来圣经 what is Hebrew Bible, today
下周三 什么是犹太教 what is Judaism, next Wednesday
下周五 什么是基督教 and what is Christianity, next Friday
如果你反对 Okay, and if you object
当然了 每个话题都不是一节课能讲完的 surely these topics deserve more than one session each
我也非常同意你的看法 Yes, I freely agree
但是这个话题一旦铺开说就很难收尾 but again, if once started, there will be no end to it
所以我觉得还是每块内容 So I thought to be equal time for everyone
都只用一个课时 One session each
今天我们的话题是 什么是希伯来圣经 So today's topic is what is the Hebrew Bible
或者换句话说 希伯来圣经是怎么回事儿 Or, put it differently, what's all the fuss about?
这就是我们今天的内容 Okay, that's what we are doing today
周三我们讲犹太教 周五讲基督教 And then Wednesday is Judaism, and Friday is Christianity
那么 什么是希伯来圣经呢 Okay, so, what is the Hebrew Bible?
为了给大家说明这个问题 So I'm gonna start all the way with the
我将一边演示一遍讲解 simple show-and-tell kind of question
我建议大家手头都要有这本书 So I recommended that you require
纸质版或者电子版的都可以 either a physically or virtually, this book
犹太教圣经 the Jewish Study Bible
还有一本圣经用起来也没问题 Another Bible I could have used
实际上我在其他课中也用了这本 and in fact have used in other courses
而且一直放在我的书桌边上 and still sit next to my desk
因为这是一本很有用的参考书 cos it's a very useful reference tool
书名叫做 哈伯科林斯圣经 Here's something called the Harper-Collins Study Bible
同样也可以使用 牛津注释版圣经 I also could have brought the Oxford Annotated Bible
或者也可以使用 I also could have brought
新国际版圣经 等等 the New International Expository Bible, etc.
那么同学们 除了拼写 颜色 Now class, aside from spelling and color
排版 字体 图案之类的不同 and such, and layout, type and graphic
两本圣经之间有何不同 What's the difference between Bible A
犹太教圣经 Jewish Study Bible
与哈伯科林斯圣经 and Bible B, the Harper-Collins Study Bible?
卷不同 The books in it?
卷不同 The books in it
第一个答案 那么卷是怎么样呢 First suggestion, the books in it are what?
不同还是相同 The books in it are different or the same?
卷数不同 Different numbers
卷数更少 Is less
好的 我们简单总结一下 Right, so just to wrap it
回到周三课上我已经讲过的一点 Comes back to a point that I made on Wednesday already
犹太教圣经的卷数更少 This Bible has fewer books in it
这门圣经的卷数更少 Okay, this Bible has fewer books in it
因此这两本圣经 Right? So this Bible, well these two Bibles
主要的不同点 are different primarily in, big point is
存在于两个方面 two different ways, right
第一点 犹太教圣经篇幅较短 Point one, this Bible is shorter
这本圣经的卷数更少 This Bible has fewer books in it
如果你翻开目录 If you go to the table of contents
我觉得我应该 Know what will be a good idea?
把目录放在PDF里面 Shall I put the table of contents on the PDF?
明年这课的时候提醒我 Remind me for next year, right
如果你翻开目录 You go to table of contents
你就会发现这本圣经 and you'll see this Bible
并没有我们所谓的 旧约 doesn't have something called the Old Testament
旧约 这个词根本就不会出现 The word wouldn't appear anywhere
当然除了在评论文章里面 except occasionally in an essay
这本书也没有新约 This Bible won't have a New Testament
这本圣经只有 圣经 This Bible will simply have, Bible
目录 可以打到投影上吗 Table of content, can you get up there?
啊 原来我已经放上去了 Well, it is up there in effect
大家可以看那个表格 You can look at that chart, exactly, right
这本圣经只有 圣经 This Bible simply has Bible
犹太教圣经有24卷 Right? It has 24 books
我换个地方 So stop with that
24卷中 最后一卷是 历代志 24 books, and the last book is Chronicles
这就是希伯来圣经的文本 These are the texts of Hebrew Bible
这个希伯来圣经的书目清单 So this listing of the books in Hebrew Bible are in fact
实际上就是犹太教圣经的目录 these table of contents of that book
不过没有评论 leaving aside essays and, you know
地图 词汇 之类的附录 maps, and glossaries, and things like that
因此我们有24卷 So here we have 24 books
我已经标上了数字 You see, I've numbered them for you
就是按照犹太教计算习惯 in the traditional Jewish way of counting
到了24卷 本书结束 And we come to the end with number 24
这本圣经就告一段落 That is the entire Bible
而哈伯科林斯圣经 This Bible, however, Harper-Collins Study Bible
收录了这24卷 按照不同的次序排列 has taken those 24 books, arranges them differently
不同的方式计数 counts them differently
大家不要过于纠结这一点 Not too obsessed about that
但是到最终 but you'll see, you wind up with
我们在这里看的是一本新教圣经 this is called, that's a Protestant Bible there
一共有39卷 you wind up with 39
因此 还是24卷 So that's the same 24 books
排列次序不同 这点我们过会儿会讲 arranges them differently, we come at that in a second
计数方式不同 counts them differently
从而产生了有39卷的圣经 So the product's the Bible of 39 books
这就是为什么哈伯科林斯圣经的卷数更多 That's not why this Bible has more books though
因为这39卷其实就等同于犹太圣经的24卷 cos those 39 are the same as these 24
只不过计数方法不同 just counted differently
但为什么这本圣经更厚 卷更多呢 But makes this is the Bible bigger, more books
因为哈伯科林斯圣经中包含 is that this Bible also has
新约 a New Testament
因为在哈伯科林斯圣经看来 Because in the eyes of this Bible
这24 即39卷 those 24, aka, 39 books
属于旧约 are the Old Testament
既然有旧约 And if there's an Old Testament
那肯定就会有所谓的 you can be sure that there is something called
新约 a New Testament
那为什么这本圣经有新约 So why does this Bible have a New Testament
而犹太教圣经没有呢 and this Bible doesn't?
因为是犹太教圣经吗 Because it's a Jewish Bible?
因为它是犹太教圣经 That's the Jewish Bible!
完全正确 Exactly
犹太教圣经没有新约之说 Cos the Jewish Bible doesn't have a New Testament
犹太教圣经也没有旧约之说 The Jewish Bible doesn't have an Old Testament
犹太教圣经就是犹太教圣经 The Jewish Bible just has a Jewish Bible, period
大家明白吗 Right?
基督徒 基督教中 It is Christians, Christianity
才会有所谓的 旧约 which has something called an Old Testament
然后有所谓的 新约 and then something called a New Testament
希伯来圣经中的卷 So which the books in the Hebrew Bible that
按照我的理解 就是圣经的第一部分 I understood to be the first part of the Bible
因为基督徒还会有第二部分 because for Christians, there is a second part
实际上对他们来说 and to be honest, for Christians
第二部分更加重要 the more important part is the second part
也就是 新约 the New Testament
新的圣经 the New Bible
基督教新约中有27卷 27 books in the Christian New Testament
这些卷当然会出现在哈伯科林斯圣经中 So, those of course will have a place in this Bible
因为基本上说来 这是一本基督教圣经 because this Bible is fundamentally a Christian Bible
虽然书中一些页的标题上写着 even though it says at somewhere in title pages
争论性学习圣经什么的 an argumentical study bible or something like that
但总而言之 这还是一本基督教圣经 But it's fundamentally a Christian Bible
而这本圣经则不是 And this Bible does not
所以说两本圣经还是有很大差别的 Thus there's any giant difference
好的 如果大家想找 Okay? So if you are looking for
比如说 马太福音 the Gospel of Mathew, for example
会在犹太教圣经中找到吗 will we find in this Bible, class?
不会 No
那这本圣经中呢 当然可以 Will we find in here? Of course
里面还有很有用的注解 Very useful notes, annotations
介绍 诸如此类 the introduction, and so on
这个问题清楚了吗 Okay, is this point clear?
小提示 新约中共有27卷 Yes, okay. Small footnote, 27 books in New Testament
大家怎么记27呢 How do you remember the number 27?
告诉大家一个诀窍 I'll give you an easy way to remember
和Giuseppe Baretti操作的数字一样 The same number operates by Giuseppe Baretti
Baretti操作的数字27 Okay, 27 operates by Baretti
这是两本圣经之间 Okay, so that's point one major difference then
最大的一个不同点 between the two, then
这本要更厚 This is bigger
或者说从基督徒的角度看来 Or for the Christian perspective
犹太教圣经只是半本圣经 this is only half the Bible
在本学期的课程中将会讲到 And we'll discuss in the course of our term
相关的想法是如何出现的 Right, the emergence of this idea that
也就是说 有一套旧约 旧的契约 There is an Old Testament and Old Covenant
上帝及其选民之间的契约 The covenant between God and its chosen people
一套旧的圣经 between an old Bible
还有基督教的观点 and Christian idea that there is
新约 新的契约 新的圣经 a New Testament, a New Covenant, a New Bible
而这套圣经可以 that surpasses, supplants
在一定程度上取代 and to some extent, replaces
旧的契约 旧的圣经 the Old Covenant and the Old Bible
这就是基督教最基本协议 Right, that is the fundamental tenet of Christian theology
达成前的教义 of pre-agreenmentical kind
这点我们也会讲 And that's what we will see
几个星期之后我们就会讲 We will see that in few weeks down the row
那么这两本圣经有什么不同呢 Okay, so what difference then is this book?
哈伯科林斯圣经要比犹太圣经卷数多 This bible has more books than this one
还有很重要的一点 Okay, the other major point
大家从这个表格上也能看出来 as you already see from this chart
就是两者都收录的卷 is that the associated books, which they both have
分别为24卷和39卷 24 here, 39 over there
排列方法是不同的 are arranged differently
这就是我们读圣经的目的 Okay, this was the point of the reading
你有一本圣经 有一系列选录的卷 that you have a canon and then a list of chosen books
这些卷都是经过选择录入圣经 that are chosen to be in the Bible
一方面 两本圣经中24卷和39卷的差距 On the one hand, a 24 vs. 39
其实不过是计数的问题 Doesn't matter how we are counting
但是两者真正的差别是分类的不同 The real difference is they are arranged differently
你可以读分成三部圣经 You can have a tripartite
就是分成三部分的圣经 Tripartite, three, right? Tripartite canon
或者你可以读一本四部圣经 Or you can have a quadripartite, such an ugly word
分成四部分的教义 a four part canon
我们这周就会讲到这些 This we'll discuss in a week
要知道这一点 Let's sure we understand it
大家现在看到的就是希伯来圣经的 So here's the Hebrew Bible as arranged
的犹太教分类方式 in a Jewish Study Bible
分成三部分 这意味着什么呢 So it's tripartite, meaning what?
我本来想说分成了三部分 I intended to say it means it has three parts
不过这太显而易见了 but that's sort of topologist
因此 犹太圣经被分作三部分 Yes, so it has three parts
tripartite这个词就象征着三部分 Anything tripartite has three parts
第一部分就是Torah So, first part, the Torah
Torah也被称作摩西五经(Pentateuch) Okay, the Torah is also called the Pentateuch
大家看这个词是不是很熟悉 You've seen that word around, Pentateuch?
我觉得我还是要往黑板上 Yes, I can't avoid to dribble small things on the board
写点东西 可以吗 at the same time, do I?
我是能用高科技板书 Is that a high-tech way or I can write on board
还是能边看讲义边写 at the same time while we are doing this?
谢谢 Thank you
高科技粉笔呢 谢谢 High-tech piece of chalk, thank you
这在英语中是一个字 Okay, this is one word in English
但是在希腊文中分作两部分 But has two parts in Greek
Penta是五角星(Pentagon)一词词根 意为五 Penta- like Pentagon, right? Five
teuch在希腊文中意为书卷 And -teuch, in Greek meaning, rows or scrolls
Torah也被称为摩西五经 So the Torah is also called five scrolls or the five books
Pentateuch 因为共有五卷 Pentateuch, because it's five books
从创世纪到申命记 Genesis to Deuteronomy
基督教圣经也有同样的内容 The Christians have the same part of the Bible
基督教认为这是一部分 And their Bibles as you call them the column
或者在新教圣经中叫做律法书 or Protestant Bibles, and the Law
这就是Torah 圣经都是以 So the Torah, the Bible opens the same way
同样的五卷开篇 with the same five books
基督教和犹太教都是如此 on the Christians side and the Jewish side
只不过基督教徒将其称为 律法书 Except Christians call this the Law
基督徒将前五本书称为 律法书 Christians call these five books the Law
也就是对印度语Torah的翻译 which is a translation of the Hindu word Torah
Torah的字面意思是什么 What does the word Torah literally mean?
有人知道吗 Anybody?
教导 Instruction
是教导的意思 Instruction, okay
你肯定在别处学的 You studied it somewhere else
所以Torah的基本意思就是 So the word Torah almost for sure
字面上是说 教导 means instruction, literally
教导 Instruction
那么 教导 是什么意思呢 What does instruction mean?
这个词比 律法 要更大 更模糊 Well, instruction is a bigger, vaguer term than law
大家所理解的 律法 更加具体 Right, law as you understand is much more specific
教导中一定包含律法 Instruction might include law, to be sure
但是教导可能 But instruction, might include
会包含得比律法更宽泛 much more than just law with or out
可能会包含故事 还可能有诗歌 will include stories, perhaps poetry
训诫 教义 preaching, teaching
和法律 and law
所以尽管犹太教徒将其称为Torah So nevertheless the Jewish side is called the Torah
基督教徒称为 律法书 the Christian side is called the law
但是它们在圣经中 but the point of view of the Bible
位置都是一样的 they are both in same spot
都是开篇的五卷 Spot No.1, upfront the same five books
顺序也相同 in the same order
以上这些大家有问题吗 Okay, questions on these things?
我不会讲得非常基础 Well, I'm not gonna speaking fledgling
如果大家不提问我就继续了 If you don't flag me down I'll keep going
如果有问题要举手问 So you gotta, I will stop if you flag me
没问题了吗 Well, are we okay?
有没有人不理解 Anybody confused for anything yet?
大家觉得我讲得还好 Is this helpful information?
那好 Good
接下来 第一部分 Next, so part one
犹太教经文的第一部分 on the Jewish Tanakh or the Jewish side
称为教律 也就是基督教中的律法书 Part one is the Torah, what Christians call the law
这部分共由五卷组成 consisting of five books
我们的三部圣经中第二部分 Then we have part two of our tripartite Bible
叫做先知书(Neviim) Something called Neviim
在印度语中意为 预言 which is the Hindu word for prophets
Nevi是一则预言 Neviim是其复数 Nevi is a prophet, Neviim are many prophets
因此Neviim就是先知书 Right, so the Neviim are the Prophets
这部分全部都在这里 And that's this whole section here, right?
从第六卷一直到十三卷 Which seem goes from No.6 through No.13
这部分叫先知书实际上有点奇怪 Now this section called Neviim is actually a little odd
我也没搞明白 Never yet have I quite figured this out
先知书实际上被分作两部分 Neviim is divided into really two parts
约书亚记 士师记 撒母耳记 和列王记 Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings
从第六卷到第九卷 Right? Books No.6 through 9
这些并不是预言 Right, these are not really prophets
大家如果不知道 You are not sure what a prophet is
什么是预言 I will come back that
就是提前预知几周后发生的事情 just kind know ahead of a couple of weeks
但是这些并不是真正的先知 Right? Prophets, these are not really prophets
而是叙事 是故事 these are narratives, these are stories
实际上 从创世记一直到列王记 And in fact, Genesis through Kings
从第一卷一直到第九卷 From Book No.1 through Book No.9 has
采用的都是我们所谓的 宏大叙事 what is often called a master narrative
宏大的故事主线 a master storyline
从创世记开始 Story begins with the book of Genesis
创世记1:1 开篇 Open up Genesis 1:1
起初 神创造天地 In the beginning God created
这是以前的翻译方法 heaven and earth in the old translation
在第一章节中 神创造天地 And again, God created heaven and earth, chapter 1
第二章节 神再次创造天地 Chapter 2, God creates the world the second time
然后就暂且停住 We stop worrying about that right now
在第三章节中 开始有了情节 Then Chapter 3, we sort of have action
亚当夏娃 蛇 You know, Adam and Eve, the Serpent
伊甸园 该隐和亚伯 Garden of Eden, Cain and Abel
我们有了性 有了谋杀 You know, we get sex and murder, right
有了一些剧情 So, we get some action
随后就是大洪水 Right? Then we have flood
故事开始了 洪水 The story coming up, no!
我们有了故事 Right? So we have stories
创世记整个就是一部宏大叙事 Book of Genesis is entirely one long narrative
从创造世界万物 Right? You from getting of the world, the creation
以色列人来到世界上 The Israelites then find their way
进入书的内容中 and introduce it to the text
以色列人是圣经的主角 The Israelites are heroes
书中记录了他们的发展 然后走入埃及 introduce into text they become, go down to Egypt
接着就是 出埃及记 Book of Exodus
他们有了ex-odus They have an ex-odus
ex的意思就是 出 They have a road out, ex, out
odus在希腊文中的意思是 道路 odus in Greek means road, way, or path
他们走出了埃及 出埃及记 They have an Exodus, they come out of Egypt
他们走出埃及 进入荒野 Go out of Egypt, and they go on to the wilderness
然后故事有点偃旗息鼓 Then the story kind of narrows down and bogs down
开始进入基督教徒所谓的律法 into what the Christian called the law
总算有点律法了 We finally get to some law stuff
从 出埃及记 后半部分 We are here in the second half of Exodus
整部的利未记和民数记 the entire book of Leviticus and the books of Numbers
都是律法 律法 律法 just laws, laws, laws
然后有几个小片段 And a couple of occasional episodes
都是写的在荒郊野外 set just wide in the wilderness
终于在申命记中 以色列人的领袖 Finally Book of Deuteronomy, Moses, the Chief of Israelites
出场了 临死之前做了很多讲话 gets up and gets a whole series of death-bed speeches
一个接一个 one after the other, after the other
最后在申命记中 摩西去世 Right, finally down in Deuteronomy, Moses dies
这些章节仍然在荒野中 These ones are still in the wilderness
接下来约书亚记 Then the Book of Joshua
大家可以看我们的目录 约书亚记 Look here at your table of content, the Book of Joshua
摩西的继承人约书亚将以色列人 Joshua, Moses's successor bring the Israelites
带到以色列 带到迦南 into land of Israel, land of Canaan
征服迦南的土地 conquers the land of Canaan
这不完全是在约书亚记中 or not exactly, but it's not in the Book of Joshua anyway
但是他们征服了迦南的土地 conquers the land of Canaan
在此定居 the Israelites will settle on the land of Canaan
然后在士师记中 我们出现一段混乱 Book of Judges, we have a period of interregnum of chaos
人们各行其是 everybody does whatever they want
没有政治结构 no political structure
我们需要一个王 We need a king, we need a king, I'll tell you
然后就开始了撒母耳记 That's the book of Samuel
现在开始有了新国王 We now have the book we now have a new King
首先是扫罗 这个王不好 emerges first Saul, doesn't work
扫罗之后出现大卫王 不错 After Saul, King David, that works
所以 大卫王就成了新的王 Right, so King David is the new king of divine
大卫征服了耶路撒冷 David conquers Jerusalem
建立国家和首都 sets up a state and a capital
然后我们就开始了 列王记 Now we have Book of Kings
所罗门王建起了辉煌的圣殿 This King Solomon builds up a glorious temple
辉煌的宫殿 and a glorious palace, right?
所罗门死后 又开始一团乱 And then after Solomon dies, things get a little wobbly
国家一分为二 互相为敌 It splits into half, two kingdoms, rival kingdoms
政治混乱 民风凋敝 political discord, adultery, as it flits all over the land
上帝发怒 So God gets angry
公元前722年消灭了北方的王国 wipes down the northern kingdom in 722 BCE
公元前587年消灭了南方的王国 and the southern kingdom gets wiped down in 587 BCE
随后 列王记 划上了句号 That's where the Books of Kings stops
犹大王国被巴比伦人消灭 The Kingdom of Judah is destroyed by the Babylonians
神殿毁灭 The temple is destroyed
犹大人流亡巴比伦 The Judians are exiled to Babylon
也就是今天的伊拉克 Babylon, nowadays Iraq
再加上结尾的一小段 That's where, plus one tiny little paragraph at the very end
这就是列王记的结局 That's where Book of Kings ends
这就是所谓的宏大叙事 That is the master narrative
从创造世界一直到 from the creation of the world down to
犹大人被驱逐出自己的土地 the exile of Judians from their land
王国的毁灭 destruction of the kingdom
大卫王室的终结 the end of the Davidic royal line
大卫王室在约公元前587年终结 停 house of David comes to the end around 587 BCE, stop
这是一个按照顺序讲述的宏大故事 That is a grand story, told sequentially
从创世记到列王记都按照顺序排列 sequential books from Genesis through Kings
如果你问 老师 为什么这个宏大叙事 If you ask: Professor, why then is the grand narrative
要在Torah和先知书(Neviim)之间分开呢 split up between the Torah and the Neviim?
为什么就没有一个叙事书叫先知书(Prophets)呢 Why isn't there a narrative book called Prophets?
先知是个什么 What are they, Prophets?
为什么先知会穿插在 Why there are the prophets come into the
叙事中的叙事人物中间 narrative figures in narrative
这又不是先知书 But these are not prophetic books
这明明是故事 They are stories
这点我也很迷惑 That's where I don't understand, and I quite confuse
我也不明白为什么会这样 I didn't quite figure that out
大家都听懂了吗 Okay, are we still okay, everybody?
有问题吗 Questions?
先知书包括 以赛亚书 耶利米哀歌 以西结书和十二先知书 The Prophets are Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the Twelve
终于我们看到了 Here we finally get to the Books
可以名正言顺叫先知书的卷了 I would say legitimately can and should be called Prophets
以赛亚是先知 耶利米是先知 Isaiah is a prophet, Jeremiah is a prophet
以西结是先知 Ezekiel is a prophet
十二先知是十二个先知 and the Twelve prophets are twelve prophets
那么什么是先知呢 Right, so what are prophets?
这个词的写法 中间是ph而不是f Spelt with a -ph- in the middle not with an f?
先知也是人类 Right, prophets are human beings
他们是人类与神灵之间的使者 which are intermediates between the people and God
他们把上帝的信息传达给人类 They bring to the people a message from God
再代表人类把消息反馈给上帝 They bring back to God messages on behalf of the people
他们是中间人 They are intermediary
他们若是开口说话 Except that when they open their mouth and speak
说出的就是最华丽的诗篇 Out of their mouth comes all the most glorious poetry
这些诗篇散落在希伯来圣经各处 written anywhere in the Hebrew Bible
他们不相信平淡的言辞 They don't believe in plain speech
而是相信华贵的言辞 They believe in elevated speech
于是我们的先知书 Result is prophetic books are sort of
读起来非常有诗意 有时难以理解 orally poetic, difficult, sometimes incomprehensible
就好像读莎士比亚的文章 like reading Shakespeare, right?
听起来特别美 Well it sounds beautiful
但是云里雾里 but you don't know what that means
先知书很多文章都是这样 So yeah, we have a lot of that in prophetic books
上面讲的就是先知书 Those are the prophets
我们会在将来某节课讲到这些 Okay, we'll talk about them in due course
因为犹太人和基督徒 because both Jews and Christians
都在先知书中 look at the prophetic books
寻找上帝给他们的信息 to find in them messages from God to them
但如果你说 可是以赛亚 And if you say, but didn't Isaiah
生活在公元前八世纪 live in the 8th century BCE
耶利米生活在公元前6世纪 didn't Jeremiah live in the 6th century BCE
以西结生活在公元前6世纪 didn't Ezekiel live in the 6th century BCE
那他们是怎么穿越时空 So how we are talking the Jews and Christians
与犹太人和基督徒对话的 all these centuries later?
问得不错 我们这就讲 Good question! Look back at that
犹太人和基督教徒 Jews and Christians alike
都认为先知书 thought the biblical prophetic books
不仅是上帝给当代的信息 give messages from the God not just for their own time
而是给所有时代的信息 but from all time
一会儿我会再说到这个 Okay, we'll come back to that
这就是先知书 Okay, those are the prophetic books
我们有12个小先知 So get 12 minor prophets
也就是 十二先知书 So whole 12, 12 MINOR PROPHETS
并不是因为他们无足轻重 not because they are minor, heaven forbidden
称其小 主要是因为篇幅短 And they called tiddly, mainly because they are short
12个先知可以放在一卷内 You can get 12 of these on one scroll
以赛亚一个人就一卷呢 Isaiah fills up a whole scroll by himself
之所以称之为小先知 The 12 minor prophets are small
是因为你可以将12个先知放在一卷内 cos you can squeeze 12 of them onto one scroll
因此成为 十二小先知 That's why they are called 12 minor prophets, okay?
第三部分和第一 第二部分一样 Then what Part 3, as Part 1, Torah, Part 2, the Prophets
按照顺序都有 which in turn has
先知的历史文章 预言文章 prophetic historical books, prophetic books
第三部分称作圣录(Ketuvim) Then we have Part 3, the writings, Ketuvim
如果你看到圣录这一部分 And if you observe that Ketuvim, writings
觉得这是一个万金油题目 seems to be kind of a generic catch-all term
非常不确切 one that's being unspecific
的确如此 You are right
这个名字本来就是万金油 That's what it is, it is a grab-bag
囊括了所有不同的书 It's a catch-all expression of all kinds of different books
最重要的三卷是 诗篇 箴言和约伯记 Okay, big three are Psalms, Proverbs and Job
接下来就是一些比较短的 Then we get a bunch of little ones
接下来是诗篇集 then a collection of Psalms
第17卷雅歌 第18卷路得记 17, that is Song of Solomon, 18 is Ruth
19 耶利米哀歌 传道书 然后是以斯贴记 19, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Esther
这些都是在圣会上朗诵篇 These are in liturgical collection
而且被用来作为劝导 and these are arranged for persuade
因为这五卷是在犹太会教堂朗诵的 cos these five books are read in Synagogue
礼拜年的每次聚会上都要朗诵 at every assembling throughout every liturgical year
所以这卷才会放在一起 That why these five are here
不然之间也没什么关系 Nothing to do with each other otherwise
接下来我们看附录部分 Then finally we have appendix
这里面有但以礼书 以斯拉记和尼西米记 In appendix we have Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah
还有列代志 and the Chronicles
但以礼书 以斯拉记和尼西米记 以及列代志 Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah and the Chronicles
也是属于叙事一线 are again, part of our narrative string
讲述历史 有自己的故事主线 telling the histories, the storylines
以斯拉记和尼西米记是故事的延续 Keep going here is that Ezra and Nehemiah
从公元前587年的大流亡开始讲起 carry the storyline from the Exile, 587 BCE
一直到犹大人从巴比伦返回 and return of the Judians from Babylon
希望之土 犹大 to Judia, in the promise land
重建了首都 They rebuild the capital
重新建立了国家 They reestablished some kind of corporate existence
在这一段故事中出现了两位主人公 and the story then we have two heroic figures emerge
以斯拉和尼西米 Ezra and Nehemiah
这跟我们的课程关系不大 This is not important perhaps in the class
这段故事大约发生在 In the fifth, they were
基本上是在公元前五世纪中期 active in the middle of the 5th century BCE
按照传统纪年法 是在公元前450 440 430年左右 According to the traditional chronology 450, 440, 430
故事到此为止 And then the story stops
这些都属于是宏大叙事的附录 So these are kind of appendices to the grand narrative
公元前五世纪中期 In the middle of 5th century BCE
前行的叙事主线就已然结束 the narratives, the foreward narrative stops
希伯来圣经中再没有故事 There's no more narrative in Hebrew Bible
这大概是公元前450 440 430年 after, say 450, 440, 430 BCE
这就是希伯来圣经的简单介绍 That is a brief survey of the Hebrew Bible
以及其三个部分 and its three sections
Torah 先知书和圣录 Torah, Neviim, then Ketuvim or Writings
这些就组成了犹太教圣经(Tanakh) And that give us Tanakh
给大家的阅读材料中有多种叙述 which is discussed by the writers in your readings
在附录中是有 但以理书 以斯拉书 尼西米书吗 Is there a Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah in appendix?
是的 附录部分基本上就是 Yes, the appendices is a sense of
对宏大叙事的延伸 they are expending upon the grand narrative
宏大叙事在神殿毁灭时就已经结束了 which has stopped with the destruction of the temple
那神殿毁灭后发生了什么呢 what happens after the destruction of the temple
但以理有一部分故事 Answer, Daniel fills in some stories
以斯拉和尼西米有一部分故事 Ezra and Nehemiah fills in some stories
历代志从不同的角度 Chronicles, retell the whole thing
重新讲述了 from different perspective
史前的一些故事 out of the time in front of us
因此希伯来圣经的宏大叙事 Okay, so the grand narrative of Hebrew Bible
讲述者向前推进的故事主线 or the forward motion of storyteller stops
在公元前430戛然而止 say, 430 BCE
希伯来圣经中没有发生在 Right? There's no more stories in Hebrew Scriptures
公元前430年之后故事 that which are dated to after 430 BCE or so
好的 我们的圣经分为三部分 Okay? And we have the three parts of the Bible
三部分是什么呢 同学们 What are the three parts, class?
Torah 先知书 和圣录 Torah, Neviim or Prophets, and Ketuvim or Writings
这就是希伯来圣经 Right, that's the Hebrew Bible
也是这本书的安排方式 That is how this book is arranged
除了开头部分的简介 Leaving aside the introduction in the beginning
地图 词汇 and the maps, the glossary,
还有正文后的评论文章 and the essays in the back, right?
这就是这本圣经的组织方式 That's how the book is arranged
按照这种顺序 following this arrangement
接下来我们很快过一下基督教圣经 Let's look quickly at the Christian Bible
说一下这本圣经是什么 Then we'll talk about what the Bible is
基督教圣经的代表就是这本哈伯科林斯圣经 So the Christian Bible, as represented by this book
这首先是一本新教圣经 which is fundamentally a Protestant Bible
因为天主教和新教 cos Catholic and Protestant model
也有一些出入 aren't exactly the same either
不过差别不大 But you know, just a little bit
我们一节课就能理清楚 where I can do it in one class, right?
但是大家前面不是有表格吗 But you do have on your chart in front of you
大家可以自己看一下 You can possibly ask yourself
快速地浏览一下其中的区别 and perhaps also read this quickly
在大家的表格上 You have it on your chart
要明白每一栏都在说什么 just you know where you are
第三栏是天主教圣经目录 you have a Roman Catholic Bible in this Column No.3
第二栏是希腊东正教圣经目录 and you have Greek Orthodox Bible in Column No.2
我经常使用新教圣经 I'm very privilege of Protestant Bibles here
因为在美国使用非常普遍 because, well, it was used widely in this country
所以我们还是使用新教圣经 So we still have Protestant Bible
新教圣经出现在第四栏 Okay, Protestant Bible Column No.4
大家能看到什么 So what do we see here?
首先是 律法书 Well, we get with the Law
同样的五卷 同样的顺序 Same five books, same order
只不过不叫Torah 是叫律法书 Except that isn't called Torah, it's called the Law
可能你不同意 Perhaps you object
这为什么叫律法书呢 这根本是叙事 Why is it called the Laws? It's really narrative
没错 And it's true
从文学的角度看来 From a literal point of view
Torah中的创世记就是叙事 Genesis in Torah is narrative
从创造世界开始 You are getting with the creation of the world
以摩西之死结束 ends with the death of Moses
没错 但是基督教徒们 True, but the Christians
我们要认识到 now we hung up on the fact that
本书的很大一部分 the large chunk of this book
从出埃及记第二部分 整部利未记 from the second half of Exodus, all of Leviticus
大部分的民数记 most of the Book of Numbers
大部分的申命记 and large chunks of Deuteronomy
都是律法 律法 律法 are laws, laws, laws
现在我们来看一下旧约的律法 And thus we will see those Old Testament laws
用基督教的语言 Use the Christian language now
旧约让基督教非常犯难 Old Testament laws will pose a problem to Christians
因为这些律法都很烦人 Cos those laws are all those yucky things
割礼啊 不能吃什么什么食物啊 You know, circumcision, and not eating all kinds of food
第七天不能工作啊 烦死了 and not to work every seventh day, ew!
基督教徒就不用做这些了吧 We Christians don't have to do all these things, do we?
是不用了 但是这也是圣经啊 No, but they are the Bible
好的 这也是我们的主题之一 Well, alright, that's one of our themes
我们一会儿再讨论这个问题 So we will be coming back to that
基督徒将这五卷称为 律法书 So for Christians, this is the Law, these five books
第二部分 基督教的叫法也不是犹太教的Neviim Part No.2, instead of Neviim on the Jewish side
而是 历史书 Here we have something called Histories
这里我插一句 Here I might say
从文学分类的角度来说 From point of view of genre, genre
基督教的圣经在我看来要好得多 the Christian Bible is, if you let me say this, much better
大部分书都非常有序 Right? Especially much clearly most books are organized
大家一看就明白书之间是如何衔接的 and one understands how the books cohere
我们有律法书 Torah We have the, the Law, the Torah
作为整本圣经的基石 the cornerstone of the books
接下来我们有历史书 Then we have something called histories
因为这些卷是 because these books are, well
历史 叙事 故事 histories, narratives, stories
约书亚记 士师记 Joshua, Judges
加上之前那些篇章的故事 take us, we have the stories we had before
接下来是士师记的附录 moves to kind of appendix to the Book of Judges
撒母耳记和列王记 Samuel and Kings
历代志是对列王记再一次的阐述 Chronicles is a retelling of the stories in Kings
以斯拉和那西米是列王记的附录 Ezra and Nehemiah are appendices to the Book of Kings
这一点我之前解释过 as I earlier explained
以斯贴记则是古兰经中的一个小故事 and Esther is a little story attached to the Persian Qur'an
发生在公元前五世纪 那西米时期 the part in the 5th century BCE, the title as Nehemiah
所以依我看来 从文学体裁 内容的角度说 So I would say, as far as genre goes, content goes
基督教圣经做得最好 this gets an A
而在预言书中 whereas this one, Neviim
我就搞不太清楚 I don't understand what the connection is between
叙事和预言之间的关系 the narratives and the prophetic books
感到很迷惑 I'm a little confused
因此基督教圣经从体裁的角度来说 So the Christian Bibles, as far as genre goes
从主题角度来说 theme, subject matter goes
做得非常不错 在历史书中衔接的很好 works very well, very cohere in histories
接下来是智慧 诗歌书 Then you have something called Wisdom/Poetry
这些是诗歌书 These are poetic books
最后一部分是 先知书 And the last section is something called Prophecy
也是同样的预言书 Right? The same prophetic books
以赛亚书 耶利米书 以西结书 这三卷最重要 Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, the big three
耶利米哀歌是耶利米书的附录 Lamentations is appendix for Jeremiah
以赛亚书 耶利米书 以西结书 Isaiah Jeremiah and Ezekiel
接下来从28卷到39卷是 十二先知书 And then the Twelve, No.28 through 39
同样顺序的同样12小先知 are the same 12 minor prophets in the same order
和犹太圣经并无出入 as the Jewish Bible
这就给我们所谓的 先知书 划上了句号 There they are, call the end of the section called Prophecy
首先有争议的是27卷的但以理 The argument out here of course is Daniel, No.27
这一段其实可以被归入叙事 which could have been included in the narrative part
然而基督教圣经的编纂者认为 but instead, the Christians editors thought
虽说但以理书是一段叙事 Daniel is literarily speaking a narrative
但是其中包含的还是预言 but within it, are prophecies
所以他们将但以理书归入先知书 So they put the Book of Daniel in the prophetic section
因此同样24卷按照不同次序排列 So the same 24 books rearranged differently
按照不同的编号 renumbered differently
归入四个而不是三个分类中 under four headings instead of three
你可能会说是按照体裁分类 under genre headings, you might say
按照内容分类 or content headings
而犹太教圣经则没有这么明晰 The Jewish headings don't work very well
先知书中就包含两种体裁 叙事和预言 Neviim is two kinds of books, narrative and prophets
圣录则是大杂烩 And the grab-bag section Ketuvim, Writings
也没传达给我们什么信息 doesn't tell you very much of anything
而基督教的安排方式则非常清晰 The Christian arrangement of four is actually much clear
让卷与卷之间能够很好地衔接 makes it clear, helps these books cohere
最后是 经外书 Then last of all, Apocrypha
基督教圣经中有一部分叫做 经外书 The Christian Bible has something called the Apocrypha
而犹太教圣经则没有 The Jewish Bible does not have Apocrypha
犹太教圣经中没有经外书 There are no Apocryphal books in the Jewish Study Bible
要么有 Either you are in
不然就如 海蒂克鲁姆 所言 没有 Or Heidi Klum says: You are out
要么有 要么没有 Right? Either in or you are out
就是这样 So, that's it
犹太教圣经是没有经外书的 There's no, not at all Apocrypha books
而新教的圣经中 And the Protestant Christian Bibles
则有经外书 certainly have Apocrypha
我们课堂上就不要纠结经外书 We don't have to worry about Apocrypha in this class
很快地过完这一部分内容 We'll spend 10 seconds on this
然后我们就继续其他的话题 可以吗 and then we are gonna run away from this topic, okay?
经外书是犹太教 So Apocryphal books are those books
才有的卷 that are Jewish books
会出现在希腊文 and that were found in the Greek
或者拉丁文的圣经中 or sometimes the Latin Bible
而在希伯来文圣经中不存在 but are not found in the Hebrew Bible
因此在希腊东正教和天主教圣经中有这一部分 So they are found in Columns 2 and 3 as part of the Bible
而马丁路德和新教徒则认为 But Martin Luther and Protestants decided
这些卷并不真正属于圣经 that these books are not really part of the Bible
因为只有希腊文和拉丁文的原本 cos they are found in the Greek and the Latin
而没有希伯来文原本 but not found in the Hebrew
因此这些卷被从圣经中抽取出来 So they are removed from the body of the Bible
放置于整个圣经之后 and put in the back of the box
这就是所谓的 经外书 They are something called the Apocrypha
这些卷实际上都是犹太卷 All these books are "Jewish Books"
古时候这些卷都是古代犹太人写的 the roll written in antiquity by ancient Jews
这些人不是基督徒 而是前基督徒 They are not Christian, they are pre-Christian
但是因为这些卷不是用希伯来文写的 All these books, but because they are not in the Hebrew
比如说很大一部分都是用希腊文写的 many of them being written in Greek for example
因此被抽取出来置于最后面 Therefore they are segregated and put at the back
这一部分我们就讲到这儿 Okay, that's the end of that
好了 我们不说经外书了 Now I can't worry about Apocrypha any more
这不关我们的事了 It's not our problem
只是想给大家一些有用的信息 Okay, just trying to be helpful
如果你是天主教徒 Okay, if you are a Catholic
你们的圣经中就不会有经外书 you won't have Apocrypha in your Bible
因为你们会有 次经 because you have deuterocanonical books
我肯定不能一一都讲 太多了 I just can't deal with everything here, it's just too much
可以吗 Okay
好的 Got it
这是我们关于 什么是圣经 的简短介绍 That's a brief survey of what the Bible is
我们讲了圣经的起源 We were talking about where it comes from
重要性 等等 why it's important, etc., etc.
这些在我们的笔记中都有写到 That's in the lecture notes
最后 大家对这部分有什么问题吗 But last, okay, questions on this
这段关于圣经内容的简介对大家有帮助吗 Is this helpful survey of what is inside the Bible
不同的圣经 说法不一的圣经等等 different Bibles, rival Bibles, etc., etc.
大胆提问 So please ask
如果你想扮绅士淑女 Whoever wanna hold your peace
当然也可以过后再问 No, you can ask me later
但其实现在是提问的好时机 But now is a good time to ask
有什么问题吗 Any questions?
请问 Yes, sir
我是一名基督徒 但是我从未见过经外书 As a Christian, I've never seen an Apocrypha
那经外书的地位是什么 What domination does it have?
经外书在圣经中的地位是什么 What domination has Apocrypha in their Bibles?
我认为在一般的印刷版中 I believe in the generic products' description
大家都可以补充的 Maybe you can be helpful, or anyone else can be helpful
在某些印刷版本中 There's specific products and variations
不同的出版社和出版集团 among different presses and groups
从我的经验看来 每个出版社都会有的 From my experience, as far as I know, all presses
会不会可能用一个不同的名字 比如中约之类 Something has a different name, like Inter Testament or?
有这种可能性 It's possible they are new in name
可能在不同的版本中有不同的名字 with different names within these collections
但是契约和真理都应该是一样的 But I believe no covenant or truth are all the same, right?
在新教圣经中会有经外书 So these would be Apocryphal books in Protestant Bibles
没错吧 Is that correct?
我认为是这样 I believe it is
请讲 Yes?
我以为是在19或者20世纪的某个时间点 I think at some point in the 19th or 20th century
新教圣经就不再印刷经外书 Protestant Bible stopped being printed with the Apocrypha
因为基督教的发展 development the Christian geology
那就是说 经外书就全部停印了 Oh, Apocrypha books were left altogether
因此今天大部分我读过的新教圣经 So most printed Protestant Bibles today I've read
除了学术用途的 都不包含经外书 other than the academic ones do not contain Apocrypha
你这个说法很有意思 Ah, that's an interesting point
这是19世纪开始的 对吗 That began in 19th century, you say?
好的 具体时间有点不清楚 Okay, we'll a little vague on that, okay
但是如果你去汽车旅馆拿一本基甸圣经看 But if you go to the Motel and grab a Gideon's Bible
就不会有经外书 you won't have Apocrypha in it
因为他们希望你读 圣经 No, cos they want you to read the Bible
而不是经外书 not the Apocrypha
好的 Right, okay
谢谢 这个论点非常有帮助 Thank you, that's a helpful point
现在我们开始讨论 什么是圣经 Okay? Let's now discuss what the Bible is
接下来我们讲 Let's now aim to
感谢这部分跳过去 Let's skip the thank note
好的 There we go
我知道怎么操作了 Okay, yeah I got it
这就是我们今天的内容 Okay, this is our lecture for today
才10:45 时间还很充裕 It's only 10:45, plenty of time, right, okay
其实我讲的有点快了 So I talked a little too fast, tada
开个玩笑 Just a joke
那什么是希伯来圣经呢 Okay, so what is Hebrew Bible?
能不能给我们简单总结一下 Will you give a rapid word of survey
说一说圣经的目录 or the table of contents of Bible?
好的 就是给大家展示一下什么是圣经 Right, just try to show you that what the Bible is
圣经并不是一成不变的 It's not a stable entity
圣经的内容取决于你选取的版本 It depends upon which Bible you pick up
然后大家再看其中的内容安排 But you are gonna see how it's arranged
以下是关于圣经的要点 So here are the key points about the Bible
首先 圣经是一部文选 First, the Bible is an anthology
这不是单一一本书 而是一部文集 Right? It is not a single book, it is a collection of books
那我们要读的版本有多少卷呢 How many books, class, will you have to read?
是多少 How many books?
24卷 没错 24, right
看来大家知道了 You got this
犹太教的版本是24卷 Speaking Jewishly, there are 24
而新教的版本是39卷 Speaking Protestantly, there are 39, right
因此圣经是一部文集 So it is a collection of books, right?
而不是单一一部书 是一部文集 It is not a single unitary book, it is a collection of books
而其中包含的每卷 Each of these books that it contains, in turn
都有开头 中间部分 和结尾 is a composition with a beginning, a middle and an end
首先圣经是一本文集 So it is an anthology first and foremost
文章的选集 It is a collection of books
大家也看到了 And as you've already seen
圣经是不同类型文章的合集 it is a collection of books of different types
或者我们经常说 not the same, often put
文章体裁不同 perhaps you would wanna say, genre
我们有记叙 有预言 We have narratives, we have prophecies
有智慧书 we have wisdom books
这个我没有涉及到 which I didn't plan, we didn't use yet
还有赞歌 and we have hymns
智慧书的内容我也写在了笔记中 Wisdom books, well, I wrote down here
是关于如果过好生活的建议 advice on how to live a good life
或者反思世界运行方式的卷 or books reflecting on the ways of the world
关于先知书 That's good enough for
我们就讲到这里 our prophecies here at the moment
我们有箴言 Right? These are books that, Books of Proverbs
大篇幅的诗篇 or large chunks of Book of Psalms
约伯记 or the Book of Job, right?
这些都属于智慧书 Okay? These are wisdom books
这是根据它们的内容 而不是体裁 affirmed here not to genre but to content
我们也可以将其称为诗卷 They also can be called poetical books
因为这其中都是以诗的形式写成 because they are poetry
好的 我们有历史书 先知书 智慧书 Okay, we have history, prophecy, wisdom
还有赞歌 and we have hymns
这就是圣经中的四个种类 Right, these are four different kinds of books
我们在新教圣经中也已经看到 And as we've already seen the Protestant Bibles
那里的分类 actually arranged the Biblical books
基本上就是按照这四大类 more or less under these headings
律法书 历史书 诗 赞歌 和先知书 Law, History, Poetry, Hymns, Prophecy
有问题吗 Okay?
所以首先 我们有不同体裁 So we have different books of different genres
不同类型的卷 different types, A
其次 这些卷也分别来自不同的社会团体 B, these books also come from different social groups
不同的社会来源 The different social origins
这可能跟我们的课直接关系不大 This is probably not directly relevant to our course
但是多知道一些总是没有害处的嘛 But hey, have you catch it helps teach something extra
首先是 祭司 Right, first, priests
祭司是古以色列很重要的一支社会力量 Priests were a major social force in ancient Israel
以色列文化中产生了圣经 Israel is the society and culture that produced the Bible
希伯来圣经 produced the Hebrew Bible
祭司并不是说 Priests are not, you don't go to
通过某个仪式就可以 a ceremony to become a priest
要成为祭司 必须父亲是祭司 You are a priest because your papa was a priest
如果你父亲是祭司 那他的父亲必定也是祭司 Your papa was a priest because his papa was a priest
比如说你姓Cohen So if your last name is Cohen
姓Cohen last name is Cohen
那你就可以有祭司的地位 Then that makes of course you claim priestly status
你们这些异教徒 Heathens
我成祭司了 Wow, I'm a priest
至少因为我姓Cohen 我应该是祭司 Or at least that's what my name Cohen says about myself
我到底有没有这个血脉 Whether I am really a priest in line
当然我不清楚 Of course I don't know
其实现在也不重要了 And it doesn't really matter any more
好了 我们扯远了 Well, that's a different discussion
接着回来说古代以色列的祭司 Anyway, so priests in ancient Israel
他们是耶路撒冷长官神殿的一组人 were the group in charge of the temple in Jerusalem
古代以色列的祭司们 The priests in ancient Israel were
是上帝选择的神职级任务 the chosen hieratic class
这个词不太常见 That's a fancy word
Hieratic 神职级 Hieratic class
意思其实和priestly是一样的 which is the fancy word for priestly, right?
Hierus在希腊语中意为祭司 Hierus in Greek means priest
同词根的有hieroglyphics 象形文字 Like hieroglyphics, hieroglyphics, right
也是神圣的文本之意 Sacred writing, priestly writing
于是我们有祭司 So we have priests
祭司 Anyway, priests
一旦张嘴讲话 when the priest opens his mouth and speaks
说的是什么呢 what comes out of a priest's mouth?
圣经中其实有对应的词 The Bible has a word for it
就是Torah The word is Torah
Torah不仅仅意味着教导 Torah means not just instruction
实际的意思是 神的教导 The word Torah actually means priestly instruction
祭司告诉你做这个 When the priest is telling you how to do things
告诉你神要求你做这个 when the priest is telling you God ask you to do this
神命令你做那个 God demands that you do that
如果祭司用神圣的方式传达神的旨意 When a priest is speaking priestly in a priestly manner
他口中说出的话 就是Torah that which comes out of his mouth is Torah
在Torah中的五卷 And the, in those five books that we call the Torah
也就是我们所谓的 摩西五经 the five books of Moses which we call Pentateuch
其中有很大一部分 Large chunks of those five books
都是来自祭司 come from priestly sources
反映了他们的世界观 and reflects priestly views of the world
他们的忧虑 and priestly concerns
如果你觉得听我说这些有困难 If you are treed By what I'm talking about
应该去选我的另一门 you should take my other class
讲希伯来圣经的课 on the direction of Hebrew Bible
我们会详细地讲这个问题 we'll talk about this at great length
肯定不是一字一句的那种 not be too great length
不过还是会详细地讲解 but we'll talk about it great length
希伯来圣经中高高在上的一个社会群体是祭司 So one social group high on the Hebrew Bible are priests
神殿的祭司 Priests of the temple
他们从相同的祖先 who claim the saint from a common ancestor
通过父系的血脉被认做圣人 through the paternal line
我们还有先知 刚才已经讲过 We also have prophets, we've already spoken it of
先知 Prophets
先知是人类 通常为男性 Prophets are human beings usually men
也有少数女先知 but there are a few women prophets too
他们为上帝之口 who speak the word of Lord
祭司一般驻扎在神殿中 The priests are located in institution of the temple
而先知则没有制度的牵绊 The prophets are non-institutional figures
在古以色列的土壤上到处游荡 出言讽刺 free floating ironicals on the deck of ancient Israel
他们就好像到处游走的大炮 Right? Free-floating cannons
到处投放炸弹 throwing cannonballs often all directions
他们不关心国王 不关心祭司 not caring about kings, not caring about priests
不关心军队 不关心国家 not caring about the army, not caring about the state
他们眼中只有神的教导 Caring only for the word of Lord!
我在此传达神的旨意 And I'll speak the word of Lord
我不管你们怎么想 I don't care what you think
所以这些人很遭人反感 So they are very unpleasant people
让人恶心 不受控制 to be very nauseous, and to be out of control
这就是先知 But these are prophets
祭司身后有自己的使命 So priests have institution in the sake behind them
神殿的身后 The temple have behind the temple
是君主 国家 is the monarchy, the state
而先知则与此背道而行 The prophets are anti-institutional figures
他们就来给你上帝的讯息 who come and give you the message of the Lord
以上帝使者的身份给你打击 and to rack on intermediate fashion
仅有的使者就是这些先知自己 The only intermediates are these prophet themselves
这就是先知 Those are the prophets
之前我们也曾经讲到过 I've mentioned it before
他们的言辞 who gave their articles
非常诗意 非常高贵 in particularly poetic and elevated language
这就是先知 So that's the prophets
第三组我们来看 贤人 Third group we have our scribes or sages
他们是 智慧书 的作者 These are the ones who write wisdom books
讲述他们生活中习得的道理 give you the benefit of their lives
比如如何生活 like how to live your life, how to live
以上就是三个不同的社会群体 These are three different social groups
希伯来圣经中的贤人 The scribes of the Hebrew Bible
很可能就是 are probably ancestors in the scribes
撰写新约的祖先 who make the New Testament
也有可能是法利赛人的祖先 律法的严守者 They are probably other ancestors of Pharisees
之后成为拉比 犹太教的祭司 who will turn out to be the rabbis
从那时到今天走过了很长的路 But that's a long trajectory in that time till here
但是如果你感兴趣的话 But if you are interested
我们可以学习一下这方面的内容 then this is where we are going in these things
祭司 先知 贤人 So, priest, prophets, scribes
这是三个 Three different social groups
希伯来圣经后的社会群体 behind the books of Hebrew Bible
而这样的社会传统 and lurking behind that tradition is
也对应了希伯来圣经的三部安排 the tripartite arrangement of Hebrew Bible
Torah 祭司 先知书 先知 还有圣录 Torah, priests, Neviim, prophets, and Ketuvim, writings
许多篇章对应的都是 贤人 many of them call you back to the sages
好的 总结一下 Okay, so here we are
圣经是一本文集 The Bible then is an anthology
收录了不同体裁 不同类型 It is a books of different genres, of different types
来自各个社会群体的文章 coming from different social groups
各个卷的写作时间也不同 Books also vary in date
并非都写作于同一时间 They are not written all the same time
有的写得早 有的写得晚 They are written early and they are written late
那早晚的标准又是什么呢 What does early and late mean?
这一点上也存在很大的争议 Well, here we have the great conflict between
传统的观念 也就是传统犹太教 traditional views, traditional Jewish
和基督教对于这些卷的观念 and Christian views of these books
与现代的圣经研究 and modern Bible scholarship
或者说学术性的圣经研究有很大出入 or academic Bible scholarship
如果你是传统主义者 So if you are a traditionalist
比如说你是基督教徒 you are a Christian
那你会相信 至少曾经受过这样方面的教导 then you believe, or at least you've been taught
圣经以摩西五经开始 that the Bible begins with the five books in Moses
因为摩西是第一位 也是最伟大的先知 cos Moses is the first and greatest of the prophets
摩西带领以色列人走出埃及 Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt
将他们带到了西奈山的荒野中 into the wilderness of Mount Sinai
Moses或者Charlton Heston摩西的扮演者 Moses, aka, Charlton Heston
接受了十诫 received the Ten Commandments
从上帝那里接受了十诫 Right? From the Lord
然后写出了不仅是十诫 And wrote up not just the Ten Commandments
还有摩西自己的五卷 but wrote the five books of Moses as their call
也就是摩西五经 The other name for the Pentateuch
如果按照这种纪年方式 And therefore by the chronology
按照我们的感觉 or our sense of chronology
写作时间应该是在 This would have been around
公元前1200年左右 the year 1200 BCE, give or take
如果是这样 这就是最早的圣经书卷 So that would be the earliest of Biblical Books
如果你是传统主义者 if you are a traditionalist
那最早的文献就是摩西五经 will be the five books of Moses
不过如果你仔细观察 And then if you will look down
发现传统主义者其实内部也有争论 and the traditionalists will vary in debate
他们会说 And the traditionalist would say
希伯来圣经的最后几卷 Well, the last books of Hebrew Bible
就是大约在 were written precisely around
以斯拉和尼西米的时代写的 the time of Ezra and Nehemiah
那大概是公元前450 440 430年左右 450, 440, 430 BCE
这时宏大叙事也告一段落 when the grand narratives come to a close
的确 此后也再无圣经书卷 and indeed there's no Biblical books
大概是公元前450 440 430年 are after 450, 440, 430
以斯拉和尼西米的时代 the time of Ezra and Nehemiah
这就是最后的几卷圣经 以后再也没有了 Those also are the last of Biblical books, period
这是传统主义的看法 That's the view of our traditionalist
从公元前1200年 摩西五经 1200 at the up end, five books in Moses
一直到公元前五世纪 down to the 5th century BCE
以斯拉 尼西米的时代 the period of Ezra, Nehemiah
也就是所谓的波斯帝国时代 so called period of Persian, Persian Empire
如果你不是传统主义者 If you, however, are not a traditionalist
比如说你相信 If you are an advocate of
现代学术派圣经研究 modern academic Bible scholarship
我们这儿就有代表呢 Here the representative is right here
这位同学是哈佛大学的圣经博士 Ph.D Sue getting a Ph.D of Harvard Unversity in Bible
是吧 是的 Is that right? Right
如果你支持现代圣经研究 If you are an advocate of modern Bible scholarship
你肯定会说 Then you'll say
虽然你们这些传统主义者有各种意见 Well, as various beliefs that you traditionalists have
但很不幸 没有文件记录 but unfortunately it can't be documented
也没法展示 that can't be shown
而且逻辑上根本讲不通 it is inherently implausible
我来告诉你们真实情况是什么 And I'll tell you what the real story is
最早成型的圣经书卷 The earliest Biblical books that take shape
很可能是先知书 are probably the prophetic books
先知书早在公元前八世纪就存在 The prophetic books began in the 8th century BCE
在此之前 Before the 8th century BCE
可能有传统 有传说 you probably have traditions, you probably have stories
有各种介绍和材料 and you have all introductions and material
但是没有成型的卷 but there weren't any books
要说有点样子的圣经书卷 Something that approximating a Biblical book
就必须要等到公元前八世纪才有 you have to wait till the 8th century BCE
一方面有先知在撰写 when we see there's both the prophets on the one side
公元前八世纪时 and of couse they has Kaya The King
当时的卡雅国王也在 at the end of 8th century BCE
收集资料 整理书卷 He's busy collecting traditions, collecting books
这才是最早的圣经卷 That's when the Biblical book began
虽说没人看见圣经人物被创造出来 No one say the role invented then
但是在这之后才见到他们 But that's when we see them
这是创作的开始 have the club beginning of creativity
此后才有了我们所谓的卷 of creating something we might call books
公元前八世纪 8th century BCE
尤其是摩西五经 And as far as five books in Moses in particular
摩西才没写这些呢 Moses didn't write it
摩西这个人物存不存在都有待讨论 I'm not even sure Moses existed
就算他真的存在 And if he did exist
也肯定没写过摩西五经 I'm sure he didn't write the five books in Moses
摩西其实是亚瑟王的化身 Moses being a satellite King Arthur
一个半人半神 谜团层层的人物 Semi-legendary, semi-historical figure lost in the mists
摩西五经中没有一卷 Zero of the five books in Moses
是摩西写的 might involve Moses I tell you
这些卷的写作和编纂 Well, they are written and compiled
有不同的来源 而且时间也更靠后 at multiple sources at a much later time
如果说摩西五经 And probably they have not achieved
达到现在的形态 the form they now have
那基本上要等到公元前五六世纪 until the 6th or 5th century BCE
摩西时代比这久远多了 Well after the time of Moses
不仅如此 在传统主义者看来 Not only that, but whereas in traditional belief
传统的犹太教徒和基督教徒认为 Traditional Jews and Christians will look upon
圣经每卷都是一个作者所写 the Biblical books as unitary compositions
以赛亚书是以赛亚所写 The Book of Isaiah, written by Isaiah
耶利米书是耶利米所写 Book of Jeremiah, written by Jeremiah
摩西五书是摩西所写 Five books in Moses, written by Moses
传统主义者认为每卷都是一个作者所写 Where traditional view seen as unitary compositions
而现代圣经学者则说 根本不是这么回事 modern Bible scholarship say, they are not unitary at all
这些都是编纂出来的 These are composite
每卷都有很多作者 These are works written by a large number of authors
用了很长的时间才写成的 over a large period of time
实际上 现代圣经研究认为 And in fact according to modern Bible scholarship
现在形态的圣经 There's not a single Biblical book
没有一卷 which in its current form
是在同一时期由同一个作者写的 is written by a single author at a single moment
那俄巴底亚书呢 Oh maybe the Book of Obadiah
这卷只有一个章节 Cos there's only one chapter long
你能有多少种解读啊 How many interpretations can you have in a book
成文才有一个章节这么短 where your composition is only one chapter?
好吧 俄巴底亚可能是个例外 Alright, maybe Obadiah
他是十二小先知之一 One of the 12 minor prophets
这是一方面 That's at the one end
另外一方面 At the other end
传统主义者认为所有圣经卷 traditionalists say, all Biblical books
都是在公元前五世纪 are finished and done by
中叶时期定型的 the middle of the 5th century BCE
而现代圣经研究者则认为 Modern Bible scholarship will say
这是错的 That's not true
圣经卷是在此后很久才撰写出来 Biblical books are written much after that point
知道现在 撰写仍未停止 They are still being written
他们不认为圣经的撰写时间 They don't admit that they are written after
是宏大叙事结束之后 the grand narrative has stopped
而是在此后很久 But they are written much later
但以理书就是个例子 Primary poster, child example, the Book of Daniel
传统主义者认为但以理书 You traditionalists think the Book of Daniel
大约是在公元前六世纪写成的 is written in the 6th century BCE
讲述的是 talking about the period
神殿毁灭之后的事情 after the destruction of the temple
大概是在公元前六世纪 in the 6th century BCE
而现代圣经研究者则会告诉你 Modern Bible Scholarship will tell you
那是他们编的 Yes, that's a fixate date
是虚构的 That's a literary date
是作者希望你去相信的日期 That's the author wanted you to believe
可是我们知道 根本不是这么回事 But we know it's not true
因为就拿但以理书来说 Cos we know the Book of Daniel
尤其是12 13 14章节 especially Chapters 12, 13, and 14
要想达到现在的这种形态 cannot have achieved their current form
肯定是在公元前二世纪才能够 until sometime in the 2nd century BCE
其实这个问题 Okay, this question does not
跟我们的课程也没有直接关系 directly concern us in this course
所以我就简单说一句 I'll simply observe that
我们所讨论的犹太教徒和基督教徒 the Jews and Christians we'll be talking about
当然不是现代圣经学者 are not modern Bible scholars
我们还有三分钟下课 最后一点内容 We get three minutes, that's the last
他们不是现在圣经学者 but are not modern Bible scholars
他们当然认为 They of course thought that
摩西是摩西五经的作者 Moses wrote the books of Moses
以赛亚是 They of course thought Isaiah
以赛亚预言的作者 wrote the prophecies of Isaiah
可别跟他们说什么以赛亚一 以赛亚二 Don't tell them about first Isaiah, and second Isaiah
以赛亚三 以赛亚四 and third Isaiah and fourth Isaiah
还有各种版本的以赛亚书 and later interpretations of Book of Isaiah
他们对这些都一概不知的 They don't know about any of that
以赛亚书就是以赛亚书 Isaiah, damn it, is the Book of Isaiah
我们所讨论的犹太教徒和基督教徒 Right, so the Jews and Christians we'll be talking about
他们都读过圣经 are people who read the Bible
读得非常认真 and read it very seriously, to be sure
读得非常仔细 and read it very carefully, to be sure
但是他们心里的底线是 But this fundamental conceptual point
圣经是统一的 They regard the Bible as
书卷的合集 the collection of unitary compositions
都是在某个时间由某位作者所写的 written by unitary authors at a specific moment
但是对我们 甚至对他们而言 But for us, so even for them there is
年代和作者都存在差异 a chronological diversity and authoritative diversity
对我们这些现代圣经研究者而言 And for us, we are modern Bible scholars
其中差异更为明显 that diversity is even greater
好的 我们来讲最后一点 Okay, I'll go to our last big point
只剩下两三分钟了 which I have two to three minutes
虽然圣经存在很多差异 In spite of the fact that the Bible is diverse
如日期 体裁 起源 历史 in date, in genre, in origin, in chronology
虽然有这样的差异 但我还是要说 In spite of the diversity, I would say at the end of the day
希伯来圣经是非常统一的 The Hebrew Bible is remarkably uniform
因为其中的确存在一个宏大的主题 in the sense that there is indeed a grand theme
或者是一系列的主题 能将整本书串接起来 or set of themes that virtually unite the entire book
从创世记到历代志 From Genesis through Chronicles
以下就是这些宏大的主题 These are the big themes
犹太教徒和基督教徒都接受这些主题 These are the themes that Jews and Christians both accept
而对于这些主题 他们 These are the themes that Jews and Christians
会对细节方面有所争议 will argue about in detail
上帝是天下的上帝 God is universal God
他创造了整个世界 He created the whole world
建立了天下的道德秩序 and established universal moral order
他是自然的上帝 也是历史的上帝 This is the God of both nature and history
创造了世界 自然和历史 the God who created the world, nature, and history
掌管着人类事宜 人类历史 God who control human events, history
上帝与人类有特殊的关系 God stands in a special relationship with people
这里我们说的是以色列人 we call people of Israel
犹太教徒和基督教徒 whom both Jews and Christians alike
都认为以色列人是他们的祖先 will regard as their ancestors
这点我们将做讨论 We'll discuss that
最后一点也很重要 上帝奖励好人 Last but not least, God rewards the righteous
惩罚坏人 不论是个人还是团体 punishes the wicked individually and collectively
这就是这24卷的 These are the themes, the subject matter
同一个主题 of all the 24 books
其中有一两卷是发问 One of two of these books question
但几乎所有的都在接受真理 some of all of those receive truth
比如约伯记 For instance in the Book of Job
传道书 in the Book of Ecclesiastes
但是最终 But at the end of the day
就好比 传道书 最后所言 as the end of Ecclesiastes says
人需要接受 畏惧上帝 按上帝旨意行事 One is there to accept, fear the Lord and do his will
这就是希伯来圣经的主题 These are the themes of the Hebrew Bible
这些都是犹太教徒和基督教徒 These are the themes that both Jews and Christians
都接受的主题 而就细节进行讨论 will accept and then will discuss in detail
比如如何准确理解这些真理 how exactly to understand these truths
好的 现在是10:59 Okay, everybody, 10:59
大家周末愉快 Have a wonderful long weekend
我们下周三见 I hope to see you next Wednesday [Rhine & trismile Production]