欢迎大家来到文化与信仰23号课程 So, welcome everyone to Culture and Belief 23
特别欢迎 And a very special welcome to
我们当中的新生 you fresh persons in our midst
这应该是你们在哈佛的第一堂课 欢迎 for whom this might be your first ever class at Harvard, so
现在我们来说一下课程安排 书目 Okay, let's talk about the syllabus and the books and so on
大家都知道这门课是关于希伯来圣经 So as you know the course is about the Hebrew Bible
我希望大家使用这一本圣经 So the Bible, I'd like you to use is this one
犹太圣经研读版 The Jewish Study Bible
书店都可以买到 which is available for purchase at the bookstore
但是我们课程大纲上也提到 However, as indicate on the syllabus
如果不想买也未必一定要买 you don't have to purchase it if you don't want to
作为哈佛学生 as a Harvard student
大家是可以在线获取本书内容的 you access the online version of this
这点我在课程大纲中有提到 which I refer in the syllabus
也不一定所有的人都想要实体圣经 And not all of you may actually want to have a Bible
也就是印刷版的圣经 you know, a hard-copy Bible
如果不喜欢的时候 And if you don't, it's much more convenient
其实老式书本 没有科技含量的书本 to look at an old-fashioned book, a low-tech book
还是更方便 更简单的 is much more convenient and much easier
如果你就是想省二三十块钱 But if you wanna save 25 or 30 bucks, whatever it is
也不用一定去购买 Then you don't have to buy this at all
我为什么要使用犹太圣经研读版呢？ And why am I using the Jewish Study Bible?
因为我是犹太人吗？ Is it because I'm Jewish, is that why?
因为我想让你们皈依犹太教吗？ Is it because I'm trying to convert you to Judaism?
不然我是他们的书托儿吗？ Is it because I have signed a fair agenda?
并非如此 No, I do not believe so
可能你们就是这样想的 You'll tell me otherwise, perhaps
不过我不这样认为 But I do not believe so, right
我使用犹太圣经研读版 I'm using a Jewish Study Bible because
这点我们礼拜五会更详细讨论 as we'll discuss more fully on Friday
犹太教圣经比基督教圣经要短 The Jewish Bible is shorter than the Christian Bible
基督教圣经包含的书更多 Right, the Christian Bible has more books in it
基督教包含犹太教的24书 Right, the Christian Bible has these 24 books
这是按照犹太人的算法 我们礼拜五会讲 This is how Jewish count, I'll come back at that on Friday
包含犹太教的24书和另外27书 These 24 books plus 27 additional books
也就是基督教徒所谓的新约 Right? What the Christians call the New Testament
如果都是影印在2,000多页中 So if you have the same 2,000 pages
但是总共24+27书 或者是只有24书 But you have 24+27, or we have only 24
我们就有更多的空间留给注解 评论 You got more room for annotations, essays, notes
这样的基础文献 and other such infrastructure
这本圣经就做到了这一点 in a Bible such as this
简单说来 我们所使用的这本圣经中 So simply, this is the book, the Bible we are talking about
添加了很多有用的注解 They wrote here the very lovely notes
很多页中都有注释 and annotations on the page
还有很不错的见解 评注 lovely introductions, very nice essays
我们会在上课期间 So we'll be looking at a couple of them
挑选几篇一起分享 during the course of the term
总而言之 这是本很有用的工具书 So simply, categorically speaking it's a useful tool
而且这些贡献者我大部分都认识 In addition, I know most of the contributes
这就是我们使用这本圣经的原因 Right, so that's why we are using this Bible
不过如果你家中有本圣经 Okay, if you have another Bible around the house
比如说你在汽车旅馆偷了本基甸圣经 You stole a Gideon's Bible from a motel
或者你的传教士赠给你 You sub-missionary gave you the
一本钦定版圣经 King James Bible, right, someday, right
你可以使用那个版本吗？ Can you use that instead?
答案 当然可以 Answer, well, I'd rather you do that
总比你什么都不读要好 than not do the readings at all
那是自然 Right, to be sure
不过话说到这里 圣经非常难以理解 But having said that, the Bible is a very difficult book
非常难以捉摸 It's a very elusive book, right?
如果要理解的时候需要帮助 You need help to understand it
读起来固然没什么障碍 You could read it, sure
但是理解的话就需要帮助 But understand it, you need help
这本圣经的注释部分就给我们提供了帮助 Help is provided in this Bible by the form of annotations
对读者非常有用 which are very useful and very helpful to the reader
如果你就有本不带注释的圣经 If you have a bare naked Bible
比如说汽车旅馆里的基甸圣经 Like a Gideon Bible from a motel, right?
或者你就是有个圣经文本 Or you have the bare naked text
我就会认为你没法理解圣经 And I will respectfully submit you'll not understand it
一个原因是钦定版的英语还是17世纪的文法 Both because it's King James English from the 17th century
很优美 但是跟莎士比亚一样 A, lovely indeed, but like Shakespeare
完全让人摸不着头脑 completely comprehensible, right?
第二 因为没有注释 And B, the absence of annotation means
你无从知晓文字背后的含义 the text is inaccessible
因此我的建议是 Therefore, I strongly recommend
希望大家使用我手中的这本 and encourage you to get access to this
在线版本 或者去书店买 either do it online, or such as go to the bookstore
都没有问题 go and buy one of these
也花不了很多钱 which will not cost you that much money
而且我觉得 And you know what?
家里有本圣经也不是坏事 It's not a bad thing to have around the house, a Bible
我们会使用的另外一本书 And another books we'll be using
如果你是真心关注犹太教和基督教 Those of you serious students of Jewish and Christian
我想你们应该买这本书 I think you would want to buy this
与特来弗对话录 作者犹斯丁 Justin Martyr Dialogue with Trypho
这本书也有在线版本 But again this is available online
但是如果这门课你就是听一听 And if you are not all serious about these matters
因为你自己的信仰啊 经济的缘故 because your origin or economics anyway
完全可以使用在线版本 Then you can do this online
如果你打定心思要好好钻研 But if you are a serious student
想让教授喜欢你 you want to impress the professor
那就需要买一本 You will buy one of these
书店中都可以买到 差不多就这些 which is also available for sale in bookstore, that's it
其他的阅读材料还有很多 And all the other readings, there's a lot of readings
我也费了心思给大家找一些在线读物 There I make an effort to find things that are online
有些版权还没有开放 Some of them are on the grey copyright zones
所以只有哈佛学生可以阅读 So the pages open only for Harvard students, right?
因此我也没侵犯什么版权 But so I wasn't at all, I'm not violating any copyright laws
我觉得没有 as far as I know
所有的阅读材料都有在线版本 And all the readings are available online
有的在课程大纲里就有 either on the page or
有的我给大家提供了链接 through links provided on the syllabus
这样看来 阅读材料不多 So as far as that goes, it's only modest compact
大家也不需要为这门课作巨额投资 of little investment required for this course
你们来哈佛上学在这儿住 beyond coming to Harvard College and living here
已经够让你父母受的了 already bankrupting your parents' office
下面我们简单介绍一下希伯来圣经 Let me talk now a little about the Hebrew Bible
这门课的重要性 the importance of the course and then
以及这门课程中你们的角色 who you are in this course
也就是这门课的受众 who, of for whom is this course intended
这门课是关于希伯来圣经 So, the course is about the Hebrew Bible
我来做一个假设 Now I would respectfully submit that
如果没有希伯来圣经 there is no such thing as
西方文明都不会存在 western civilization without Hebrew Bible
这一点我刚才其实提到过 This is what I meant earlier when I said
我坚信这门学科的重要地位 I passionately believe in the importance of the subject
希伯来圣经属于 Right? The Hebrew Bible is one of
我也不会武断地说它是唯一的 I'm not gonna claim it's the only
这没什么可能 别开玩笑了 you have to sell this, be serious
它属于西方文明 Right, it is one of the key
最关键的基础文献之一 foundational documents of western civilization
不论文明是好是坏 Or good, or ill
因此大家对这部文献的理解 Consequently, as someone's understanding
就有着非常重要的意义 of the document, and all that's important
人们如何解读这部文献 How that document has been interpreted
对任何人都很重要 Right, it's essential for any person
对西方世界中任何有文化的人都很重要 any literate educated person in the western world
现在我们的这门课 Now, this course then deals with
主要处理两个互相交织的问题 two separate but intersecting questions
一是希伯来圣经本身 One question is, the Hebrew Bible itself
希伯来圣经说了什么？ What does the Hebrew Bible say?
有什么故事 有什么讯息？ What are the stories, what are its messages?
有什么主题？ What are the themes?
还有各种政治上的变革 Various political passages
母题啊 修辞啊 诸如此类 Its motifs, its rhetoric, and alike
这就是我们的第一个大问题 Several issues, No.1
第二个大问题就是 过去和现在 Several issues, No.2 is how did Jews and Christians
犹太教徒和基督教徒 how do Jews and Christians
都是如何阅读 解读 理解圣经的？ read, interpret, understand the Bible?
他们从圣经中汲取到了什么讯息？ What messages do they extract from the Bible?
解读到了什么真理？ What truths they claim to take out of the Bible
其实两个问题并非完全一致 And these questions are not actually the same
其中一个是关于圣经这本书 One is a Bible, it's a book
比如说它的意义啊 含义啊 此类 We can talk about what it means, what does it mean, etc
另一系列问题是关于 The other is a set of questions about
圣经的解读 how the Bible is received
人们如何理解圣经 How the Bible is understood
人们如何阅读圣经 How the Bible is read
这门课中我们两个问题都会涉及 So we are doing both of these in this course
但是课程的重点 But the emphasis of this course
是后者 并非前者 is on the latter, not the former
也就是说 课程上我们会讲 That is to say, this course we will be talking
希伯来圣经 about the Hebrew Bible itself
希伯来圣经一书 Excuse me, Hebrew Bible, per se
比如说礼拜五的时候应该做什么？ For example, Friday what will we be doing?
这个我们会在课程学习中掠过 And we are doing it from time to time along the way
但是这门课不是希伯来圣经的入门课 But this course is not an intro to the Hebrew Bible
如果你就是想学希伯来圣经入门 If that's really what you want
可能你想选的是 Then you may wanna take
我教授的另一门基础课程 the other genetic class that I teach
和这门课就截然不同了 All different here from this one
希伯来圣经入门 which is introduction to the Hebrew Bible
那一门课上我们会花大量的时间 where we basically spend a lot of time
阅读希伯来圣经 reading the Hebrew Bible
然后阅读现代学派 Right, then reading modern scholiast studies
对希伯来圣经的研究 of the Hebrew Bible
历史背景 起源 historical background, where it comes from
作者 写作时间 成文背景 who wrote it and when, and how it was composed
编纂者 为什么要这么编纂 and then who assembled it and why?
文本所代言的对象 等等等等 And for whom does it speak, and etc., etc.
我们不会讲这些 We are not doing that in this course
这门课上我们会很快地 In this course, we will spend a little quickie time
研究一些上述的问题 survey some of those things
其他的时间 我就为大家 But as for the rest, I'm simply going to read the Bible
以犹太人和基督教徒的方式解读圣经 the way Jewish and Christians read
而犹太和基督教徒 And the Jewish and Christians
也就是本课中你们所研究的对象 about whom you are speaking in this course
并没有从希伯来圣经的角度上过我这门课 did not take my course on a direction of Hebrew Bible
他们并不知道我们所了解的事情 They did not know all the things that we know
比如说希伯来圣经的编纂经过 about how the Hebrew Bible came to be assembled
写作经过 在社会的地位 came to written, what place it had in society
他们不了解这些的 No, they didn't know that
他们只不过是读圣经 然后想 They just read the book and thought
我听见了上帝的召唤 让我做什么什么 I hear from God and told him what to do
而这正是我们这门课将要学习的 That's where we are gonna worry about in this course
我们会阅读圣经中的选段 We are gonna try to read the Bible, excerpts there from
努力去理解犹太教徒和基督教徒 Try to understand how Jews and Christians
如何解读圣经 interpret the Bible
因为犹太人和基督徒对圣经的解读 Because Jewish and Christians' interpreting of the Bible
基本上就奠定了犹太教和基督教的基础 means fundamentally Judaism, and Christianity
西方文明另外一种说法 Another way of saying western civilization
因此这门课主要是圣经解读 So this course then is about Biblical interpretation
是关于对真理的不同认知 It's about rival truth claims
犹太人认为这个是真理 Jewish claim to find this truth
基督徒认为这个是真理 Christians claim to find this truth
而两者的真理却相悖 Except these truths don't agree
他们的真理追溯到 They both claim to go back to the
相同的本源文献 same foundational document
希伯来圣经 The Hebrew Bible
但是他们却走了两条不同的道路 But, they wind up in different places
这就是我们这门课关注的现象 That's the phenomenon this course is focusing on
犹太人和基督徒都读圣经 Jewish and Christians each read the Bible
都认为他们在圣经中寻找到了 each claims they find within the Bible
真理的本源 the source of their truth claims
但是这些真理却口径不一 But those truth claims vary
大相径庭 they disagree, they contradict
然而他们的真理都基于同一本文献 And yes, they both base on the same book
逻辑学者肯定会说 Now those you all logicians should say
这中间肯定有错 Well, something is wrong here
因为如果A是正确的 B就不可能同时正确 Because A is right, then B can't be right
而如果B是正确的 A就不可能正确 And if B is right, then A can't be right
在我们这种政治正确的文化中 Yes, for us at our politically correct culture
这就是一个难题 this is a problem
因为我们希望人人的信仰都合理 because we want everybody to be right
但是对于那些前现代的犹太人 But for them, for pre-modern Jews
还有前现代的基督教徒来说 and pre-modern Christians
他们特别喜欢说 They were very happy to say
我是一名基督教徒 我正确地研读了圣经 Yes, I, Christian, I read the Bible correctly
你这犹太佬 大错特错 And you Jews, have it all wrong
你们这些犹太人都不知道自己在读什么 You Jews don't know what you are doing
你们以为自己理解圣经 大错特错 You think you understand the Bible, but you don't
听我来给你们讲讲 And I'll explain to you why you Jews
你们为什么解读错了 are misreading your own scriptures
反之 犹太人也会对基督徒说 And the Jewish will say exactly the same thing
说同样的话 back to the Christians
他们说 你们以为 And they say, well, you think
自己理解了圣经 you understand your scripture
不过显然你们的解读都没有道理 but clearly, the interpretation isn't possible
我给你讲一系列原因 为什么错了 And I will give you a series of reasons why it's wrong
基督教徒当然会回复 And the Christians will certainly reply
不不不 错的是你 No, no, no, you got it wrong
这就是我们这门课的内容 That's what this course is about
这是在犹太人和基督徒之间 This is delightful exchange of opinions, right?
双方愉快地交流看法 between Jewish and Christians
大部分我们会看古代 Most in antiquity, but occasionally
但是时而也会看看现代 we'll look at modern times
时而也会看中世纪和现代 and occasional also medieval and world modern times
在这些年代中犹太人和基督徒 Which we have Jews and Christians
对于圣经中真理的争论 arguing about the truth claims of scripture
换言之 犹太教和基督教 In other words, Judaism and Christianity
换言之 犹太教认为基督教错误 In other words, Judaism says Christianity is false
基督教认为犹太教错误 Christianity says Judaism is false
我们不再这么说了 We don't talk that way any more
我们太讲究政治正确了 We are too politically correct, right?
我们总是过于中庸 We are afraid of saying anything that
尽量不用言语去 somebody else might find the least bit
伤害 侮辱 否定他人 insulting, off-putting, upsetting
我们一直如履薄冰 So as a result of very carefully to
生怕踩到雷区 tiptoe around all these minefields
但是在我们阅读典籍的同时 But we'll be reading some classical texts
也好不尴尬地说 while not embarrassed to say this
基督教是错误的 因为 Christianity is false because
犹太教是错误的 因为 Judaism is false because
好的 这就是我们这门课大致要讲述的 Well, that's what we'll be saying in this course
这门课上我们不会重点探究历史 In this course, that I am not focusing on history
我不会重点讲犹太教的历史 I'm not focusing on history of Judaism
也不会重点讲基督教的历史 the history of Christianity
犹太人的历史 基督教徒的历史 the history of Jews, the history of Christians
这并非这门课的主要内容 It's not what this course is about
我们不是来听故事的 It's not a narrative in that sense, right
因此这门课无关历史 So this course is not a course on history
我不是来讲历史的 I'm not doing a narrative history
什么犹太史 about history of Judaism
基督史 犹太人历史 诸如此类 or history of Christianity, the history of Jews
那是另一门课 完全不同的课程 That will be another course, different course
在这里我感兴趣的是真理的说法 I'm interested here in truth claims
犹太人认为什么是真理？ What do Jews claim to be true?
基督教徒又认为什么是真理？ What do Christians claim to be true?
我希望我的课程设计 So I hope that I made up the course in such way
就算是刚刚涉足这些内容 so that if the material is new to you
大家也能够 you are nonetheless be able to
跟上我的脚步 理解课程内容 follow it and understand it
那么 如果你曾经上过 Now, if you have gone to
主日学校课程或者希伯来学校 Sunday school or Hebrew school
或者圣经学校之类的地方 or Bible school or some such
上这门课的时候会不会有优势呢？ Will that be an advantage to you?
当然会有优势了 我不能否认这一点 Of course it will be, I can't pretend that it won't be
这当然是个优势 Of course that will be an advantage
因为你想要了解的很多事情 because you'll want to understand an array of things
其他的同学都完全没听说过 that other people have to look up
大家要明白这一点 Understand that
我觉得在我们教室的同学当中 And may well, I assume that we are in this room
有一些的确是上过希伯来学校 some of you have in fact go on to Hebrew schools
主日学校 圣经学校之类的 Sunday schools, Bible school or whatever
那太好了 And that's great
同时 我也认为 At the same token, I am assuming that
对许多学生来说这都是崭新的 for many of you this is all new
你听说过圣经 namely you heard about the Bible
但是你们接受的角度都是标准的 But if you've gone to your standard generic middle-class
中产阶级 上层中产阶级的高中教育 upper-middle-class to whatever high school
我想大家基本都是从这些高中过来的吧 which I assume where most of you are from
当然你们就没学过圣经 That of course, you didn't do Bible
美国教育是不包含圣经的 Because we don't do Bible in America
公立学校中都觉得这门课碰不得 Cos we are afraid to touch it in public schools
因为不管学校怎么做 Because whatever they are gonna do
左也不对 右也不对 肯定会冒犯谁 it's gonna be wrong, or offend somebody
所以你们见过圣经 但没读过 So you saw it but not do it
因此你们对圣经 And therefore your knowledge of Bible
对犹太教和基督教 and Jewish and Christianity also
真的是知之甚少 is reduced to that which is
远远低于普通文化应有的了解程度 still too down to a common culture
换句话说 也就一知半解吧 which is another way of saying, not much
所以现在是一个填补空白的很好时机 So here is the chance to fill up lacuna
是一个很好的机会 Right here is a chance to
来了解相关的知识 learn something about these things
这门课堂中 我们 是谁？ Who are We in this class?
这是问大家的第一个问题 Right, first question for all
这门课中 我们 是谁 Who are the We of this class?
是犹太人吗？ Is it We Jews?
是基督徒吗？ Is it We Christians?
是一神论者吗？ Is it We Monotheists?
或者用伊斯兰教的方式说 Or in Islamic formulation
你相信只有一个上帝吗？ will you believe in unity of God?
你相信那些说只有一个上帝的人吗？ Will you believe the unifiers of God?
根据我前面所说的 The answer I told you about so far
到目前为止可以做出的选择 all the choices I've given you so far
我的答案是否定的 The answer is, no
不是犹太人 It's not We Jews
不是基督徒 it's not We Christians
我们 也不是所谓上帝论者 It's not We who believe in God
我们 不是以上任何一种 It's not We any of those
这堂课中的 我们 这门课的学生 No, the We of this class, the community of this class
是希望尽力去理解 is We who are trying to understand
圣经如何作为犹太教和 how the Bible functions as a source of truth
基督教中真理的来源 in Jewish and in Christianity
实际上 可能有些人都觉得 We, in fact, may perhaps believe that
圣经都是一派胡言 all the stuff is bunko
整本书都是胡说八道 This whole thing is so stupid
你还得定定神 you got to understand for a minute
为什么就有人把它当真呢？ anybody can take it seriously
你要是这么想 也没有问题 That's with you, that's your opinion, alright
但这样大家也不能回避 That does not excuse you ever
我们面前的典籍 from the historical text in front of us
我们需要明白 we should understand
犹太教和基督教中所谓的真理是什么 what are the truth claims in Jewish and Christianity
犹太教徒和基督教徒又不是傻子 How Jewish and Christians who are also not stupid
他们是怎么看待圣经的 Right? Found those claims in the scripture
他们是经过怎样的过程从这本难以费解 and a process by which truth is distracted from
而难于抗拒的文本中汲取真理 a very difficult, very resistant text
这才是这门课中的 我们 That's the We of this class
我们要理解的是这个过程 We are trying to understand that process
理解相悖的真理说法 Trying to understand how rival truth claims
如何从同一个文本中汲取出来 can derive from the same common source
这就是这门课中的 我们 That's the We of this class
现在我向大家承认 Now, I freely confess
以我头上的帽子作见证 as this little beanie on my head tests
我承认 我 Shaye Cohen I freely confess that I, Shaye Cohen, right?
在这场辩论中地位并不中立 Have some kind of existential stake in this debate
我不会掩饰 I do not pretend otherwise
我不会以一个完全中立者的角度站在这里 I'm not filling here complete objective neutrality
好像我高高在上 as if I can preside from some
对于一切事情 Mount Parnassus stake position
都能俯首即洞察明晰 where I can look down evidently upon
全部一目了然 all these things take placed before me
这也是一派胡言 No, no, no, that's also bunko
如果我这么说 If I were trying to claim that to you
你们马上就会知道我在撒谎 You'll know immediately I'm lying
所以我们敞开天窗 So say it upright
我 Shaye Cohen 是一名犹太人 I, Shaye Cohen I'm a Jew
我承认我是犹太人 I, Shaye Cohen, am an affirming Jew
我承认自己信奉犹太教 I affirm my Judaism, right?
我和我的妻子非常努力 My wife and I work very hard
组建了一个犹太家庭 to have a Jewish home and a Jewish family
与此同时 At the same token
我也明白自己刚才说的话 I also am aware of what I said just a minute ago
在这教授课程 我并非是想传播犹太教 I class here, this class is not about selling Judaism
这门课的目的是让大家了解犹太教 This class is about understanding Judaism
这门课也不是为了宣扬基督教 This class is not about selling Christianity
而是要让大家理解基督教 This class is about understanding Christianity
我将会尽我所能 And I will do my good faith, best effort
力保公正和中立 to be completely fair and neutral
也就是说 我的工作是帮助你 That is to say, my job is to help you
理解犹太教及其宣称的真理 understand Judaism and its truth claims
理解基督教及其宣称的真理 and understand Christianity and its truth claims
谁真谁假 这不关我的事 Which of those truth claims are true is not my job
我觉得两者都是假的 For I know, they are all false
不然都是真的 谁知道呢 Or they are both true, I don't know
这就不是我的职责了 Let's where I get off the train
这就不是我们课堂上要解决的问题了 Right? That is not our job here in this class
如果有时候你觉得我不公正 Now, if at some point you think that I'm being unfair
我为难犹太教 I'm giving Judaism a harder time
或者为难基督教 or Christianity a harder time
那么你应该这样表示你的怀疑 Then, your antidote act is following
你应该举手说 教授 反对！ You raise your hand and tell me, buck! Professor
教堂的牧师跟我说了X My minister in church told me X
礼赞说的是Y Or in your Shabach they taught me Y
我从哪儿哪儿读到过谁谁说X Or I've ever read in somewhere that anonymity says X
谁谁谁说过Y Or Kawana says Y
或者浸信会教义上说 Or I read at the Baptist belief
我就是浸信会的 是X Well, I'm a Baptist, X
没问题的 That's fine
我不知道我们有没有时间 I don't know if we have time
在课堂上讨论所有这些内容 to discuss all those things in the class itself
因为这样的例子实在太多 as there's a lot of them
但是关于类似的问题 But this is the kind of thing
我们可以小组讨论 we regularly can discuss in section
当然也可以私下讨论 They can surely discuss them privately
如果有机会的时候 And from time to time
我们也可以把讨论放到课堂上 we can discuss them in class too
那么我又怎么能确认 So what is my, how could I be sure that
自己没有 宣扬犹太教埋没基督教 呢？ I'm not "Selling Judaism and burying them all Christianity"?
我能保证 因为我自己说的话自己听着 I can assure that because I listen to what I'm saying
我有耳朵有嘴巴 I have ears as well as a mouth
我会认真听自己的所言所语 So I hear what I'm saying
而第二点 大家也可以监督我 And second of all, you will keep me honest
第三点 我真的很努力地在保证公正 And third of all, I'm trying very hard to be fair
每年我都会就这门课做个评估 Now every year I get, usually a little critique in this
每年每个学期我教这门课的时候 every year, every time I teach this course
我得到的一些评估单上 I had critique where some students
就有学生说我偏向犹太教 accuses me of being biased against Christianity
我真的特别难受的 I got to tell you that really hurts
我真的特别努力地保证自己公平中立 Where I'm trying so hard to be fair and neutral
但是我要说 But I'll say this
我反基督教 没错 I am anti-Christian, that is true
但是前提是 if you also allow me to say
以相同的评估标准 equal measure at the same moment
我也反犹太教 I'm also anti-Jewish
这门课中 我重点讲述的 Meaning, what I'm wedded to in this course
是对于犹太教和基督教的现象 is a proper historical understanding of the phenomenon
合适的历史上的理解 of Judaism and Christianity alike
如果你坚信在西奈山上 摩西的训诫 And if you believe that Moses' command from Mount Sinai
完完整整地向追随者们传授了犹太教 delivered Judaism whole and complete to its followers
从那天开始 犹太教一直完整地传播下来 and that Judaism has endured from that day to this
毫无流失和曲解 perfect and unblemished
如果你相信这一点 If you believe that
我真心为你感到高兴 I am happy for you
但是这不是我在这门课上的立场 But that's not the position I'm taking in this course
因为这样的立场 Because that position is of course
明摆着是宗教的 而非历史学的 a theological one not a historical one
同样 如果你相信 Similarly, if you believe that
耶稣基督来到了这个世界上 Jesus Christ came into the World
那你肯定也相信圣母玛利亚处女怀孕是吧 I assume you believe also Virgin Mother, right?
耶稣给这个世界带来了 who brought forth into the world
完整的基督教义 Christianity whole and complete
从那时起 基督教言传至今 And that Christianity has endured from that day to this
毫无曲解和流失 whole perfect and unblemished
如果你这么想 那么再一次 If you believe that then once again
我为你感到高兴 I am happy for you
如果你有信仰 我为你感到开心 I am happy for you when you have faith
但是你也得体谅我 But you'll forgive me
因为这不是我在这门课程中所持的观点 if that's not my perspective in this course
因为这不是一个历史学的说法 Because once again, that is not a historical claim
这是神学的说法 That's a theological clam
而对于中立的历史学家来说 And to median historian
犹太教从X发展到Y发展到Z Judaism developed from X to Y to Z
正如基督教从X发展到Y发展到Z Just as Christianity developed from X to Y to Z
而这些发展都是在历史的背景下 And these developments take place in historical time
都是在历史的力量和环境下发生的 subject to historical forces and historical circumstances
有些容易理解 Some wish me understand
有些不太好理解 some wish me don't fully understand
因为历史的文献含糊其辞 because of the documentation
但是它们还是希望我们尽力去解读 but wish me nonetheless try our best to understand
这才是我们这门课的目的 That is what we will be doing in this course
但是如果你反对 说 那么教授 And if then you object, well, professor
你为什么要带个小帽子呢 why do you wear a little beanie on your head?
答案 因为在我的成长过程中 Answer because when I was brought up
一会儿给大家看看我小时候的照片 I'll give you my baby photography in a minute
我成长的过程中 在学习神圣文本时 When I was brought up, when we studied sacred texts
我们都要盖住脑袋 we cover our heads
现在我还有这种习惯 And I still have that atomistic impluse
需要全部遮盖 which I can ask fully shed
我在学习神圣文本 比如圣经时 So when I studied sacred texts, Bible for example
就要盖住脑袋 I cover my head
学习佛教文本时 也要盖住脑袋 I study Buddhism texts and so on, I cover my head
其中原因很复杂 但是就是这样 It's more complicated, that's true
大家明白就好 But let's assure it
这就是其中的原因 That's why
如果你总是跟自己说 And if you remind you from time to time
教授是犹太人 Yeah, profession is a Jewish
可能这也不会总是 Maybe that's not always completely
和你说的话有关系 irrelevant to what you are saying
那也没有问题 Well, alright, that's okay too
因为我就是我 不能是别的 Because I can't be other than what I am
大家有什么问题吗？ Your questions on this
这里我们涉及的大概都是很深层次的问题 we're assuming here through some very deep waters
那教授 您是谁？ So, who are you, professor?
我就简单给大家介绍一下 So I'll tell you very briefly
我是Shaye Cohen 犹太人 I am Shaye Cohen, Jew
不需要隐藏 也不需要假装 Right? no use hiding, no use pretending
虽说我现在打扮得像个常春藤的 in spite of this Ivy League veneer
不过也没有太学究 which I am, the veneer I wear is very thin
我理解大家这样想 I understand that
我是来自皇后区的正统犹太小学 I'm a little Yeshiva boy from Queens
虽然没多久就毕业了 nonetheless comes out very quickly
所以我才从来不掩饰 So that's why I never tried to hide the previous point, right
我生于一个非常正统的 So I was brought in an orthodox home
纽约皇后区家庭 in Queens in New York City
一直在犹太教区学校接受教育 I went to Jewish parochial schools
犹太综合学校中 Jewish combinational schools my entire life
从幼儿园一直上到大学毕业 From Grade K all the way through Grade 16
换句话说 我大学也是读的正统犹太学校 That's another way of saying I went to Yeshiva College
在那里拿到了我的学士学位 accepted a BA from Yeshiva college
我第一次有非犹太同学的时候 So the first time I had a non-Jewish classmate
已经是在读硕士了 I was in graduate school
所以你可以说我一直接受的 So you'd say that I had a kind of
是封闭的教区教育 sheltered parochial upbringing
当然了 这其中有利有弊 which has its pluses and minuses, as we all know
有很大的好处 It has very strong pluses
这点我会一直感谢我的父母 which I'm ever grateful to my parents
但是也有它的短处 As the same token, of course, Judaism has a minus
比如说太过教会性 狭隘 等等 which is, it's parochial, narrow, etc.
我认为我克服了这些短处 I think I've managed to overcome that
克服了这些狭隘性 or to overcome some of these narrowness
以我的勤奋和很早开始的阅读 by diligence in my education and reading it since then
然而 And, but again
我很少在大家面前提到我的背景 I barely bring my background with me before you
也不能装作自己是其他的人 And I can't pretend to be other than what I am
我就是个教区长大的老男孩 which is an old Yeshiva boy
此后 我又拿到了博士学位 So, after that, I got a Ph.D
导师是哥伦比亚大学的Morton Smith from Morton Smith in Columbia University
Morton Smith是一位非常有名的 Morton Smith was well-known
对各种宗教都有研究的教授 capable of working on various religions
尤其是基督教 还有犹太教 especially Christianity, and of Judaism, too
但是他总是说犹太教的好话 But in so far as saying nice things about Judaism
然后贬一贬基督教 with needle his Christians
我们可以推断他喜欢犹太人 So that therefore, he like Jews
看他不给基督教台阶下的样子就知道了 Because of the way he needling Christians
他觉得基督教和犹太教相比 是更大的敌人 who, for him, were a bigger target than Jews
Morton Smith是个人性特别复杂的人 So he was a complicated kind of guy, Morton Smith
但是从他那里 我学到了怀疑诠释学 But from him, I learned the hermeneutics of suspicion
也就是说 不管我读什么 which means to say, whatever I read, any text
不管你读什么 and whatever you read any text
你要问的第一个问题总是 The first question you always ask is
为啥这个傻瓜希望我相信这些谎言呢？ Why is this SOB expect me to believe these lies?
这就是怀疑诠释学 That's what is meant by hermeneutics of suspicion, right?
作为读者 你总是认为作者 That you assume the author is
在试图说服你 trying to pull what over on you
为什么这个傻瓜想让我相信这些谎言呢？ So why does this SOB want me to believe these lies, right?
这就是诠释学的精髓所在 That's the essence of hermeneutics
这也是我从Morton Smith身上学到的 that's what I learned from Morton Smith
这在教区学校肯定是寸步难行 Alright, which is very difficult in Yeshiva, right
相信我 这绝对是一种不同的体验 Trust me, it's a different kind of experience
但是从哪里我学到了 But from there is where I learned my
一种争论的思维和能力 let's say, argumentative mind and ability
用它来阅读所有的典籍 to read all classical texts
然后只是问 这个作者想要说什么？ and simply ask, what are they trying to say?
我不一定需要相信他 I don't have to believe them
不一定需要信仰他 I don't have to believe in them
但是我需要去理解 I do have to try to understand them
这就是我从Morton Smith那儿得到的收获 That's what I learned from Morton Smith
但与此同时 我继续我的犹太教育 But at the same time, I continued my Jewish education
然后还得到了圣经学位 and got a biblical degree
所以现在我是有一个圣经学位的 So I have a biblical degree on the side of my pocket
从这里接下来往后 And then from there, okay
就没什么值得了解的了 The rest doesn't really matter
大家可以Google我 So you can google me
如果想要的时候 更多地在网上了解我 and find out all about me if you want
最重要的一点 我有个妻子和四个孩子 Most important thing is I have a wife and four children
这是最重要的 That's the most important
好了 这就是关于我的简短介绍 Okay, that's all my brief introductory about me
这位同学请问 Yes, yes sir?
我们将要阅读多少圣经内容？ How much of the Bible itself will we actually be reading?
非常好的问题 在我们的课堂上 Good question, this course will be reading excerpts
将要阅读希伯来的圣经选段 here and there from the Hebrew Bible
我们真正仔细阅读的 We'll really be reading only those passages
就是那些犹太人和基督徒 of later Jews and Christians make much of
后来起争论和辩论的选段 in their arguments and debates with each other
所以都是这儿一章 那一段的 So we are reading a chapter here, a verse here
这儿一段 那儿一段 a paragraph here, a paragraph there
基本上就是这样 That sort of thing
我们不会说要 We will not be reading sustained
读特别长的一段圣经 verses, long section of scriptures
因为这门课毕竟不是和希伯来圣经一起上 because this course is not intertwined to Hebrew Bible
那门课上我们会这么做的 That we do in the other course
所以大家需要随手准备一本圣经 So here you need the Bible handy
因为大家需要去阅读 Because you'll need look at
我所提到的段落 those passages and understand
去了解哪些内容导致了分歧 these are one that are contested
这些是犹太人和基督徒起争端的段落 These are passages which Jews and Christians dispute
我们会仔细讲解这些 Those are the ones we'll be looking at
这位同学？ Yes, sir?
研读圣经的时候您 Why do you have to cover your head
为什么要盖住头？ when studying the Bible?
问题很好 原因很复杂 是这样的 Excellent, the complicated reason is as follows
在犹太人的传统中 盖住头部是对他人尊重的体现 One covers one head in Jewish tradition to show respect
就好像从前在西方文化中 Right, so in western tradition like the good old days
那时男士都是要戴帽子的 When men used to wear hats
这肯定是在你们这个年代之前了 whenever that, that's before your time
当时男士一般会戴帽子 Men used to wear hats
所以如果女士走进电梯 So the lady walks into the elevator
男士就会脱帽 and they took off their hats
男士们表示忠诚的时候 Right? We say they pledge allegiance
也要脱帽 Right? You take off your hat
那时人们是通过脱帽来表示尊重 Right? So we took off hats to show respect
比如你走进教堂 他们要求你脱帽 You go to a church they ask you to take off your hat
而犹太人的传统恰恰相反 Right? Whereas in the Jewish tradition it's the opposite
尤其是在近东地区 Right? Especially also in the Near East
是通过遮盖头部 Right? You cover your head
遮住头部是显示自己的谦逊 Covering your head is a sign of modesty
谦逊与尊重 modesty and respect
所以犹太教传统就是要遮住头部 So the Jewish tradition is that to cover the head
其实确切来讲不是为了研习经文 And it turns out it's not actually for studying the text
而是表示 以上帝的名义 it was actually for a sign in the name of God
但是我们表示 But okay, the moment we mark the sign
以上帝的名义时 in the name of God
就要遮住头部 the tradition is you have to cover your head
这里面的历史特别复杂 This has a long complicated story
在中世纪鼎盛时期 that has become a normative custom
已经成为一种习俗 till the high middle ages
不好意思 大概是14世纪前后 sorry, around the 14th century
此前只不过是一些特别虔诚的人这样做 Right, before that, only a few pietists who have this custom
而在14世纪的时候成为一种习俗 But in the 14th century, it became a common custom
表示尊敬的时候就要盖住头部 One used to cover one's head as a sign of respect
尤其是祷告时 Especially when praying
我们向上帝祷告 we sign in the name of God and so on
这就是这一习俗的起源 可以吗？ So that's where we come from, okay?
这位同学？ Yes, sir?
第二本书主要是讲什么的？ What does the second book there talk about?
这本吗？是的 This thing? Uh-hah, yeah
犹斯丁的 与特来弗对话录 The Dialogue, the Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho
我们将会用 Right, we'll be spending
过几个礼拜我们就会介绍这本书 we'll introduce him in a couple of weeks
犹斯丁是公元二世纪的一名基督徒 So Justin Martyr was a Christians of the second century CE
和耶稣基督纪年其实是一样的 The second century CE, coming here as AD, if you like
周五的时候我们还会讲 Of course I'll have that on Friday
犹斯丁写了本书 And Justin Martyr wrote a book
与犹太人特来弗的对话录 Dialogue with Trypho to the Jew
在书中他为基督教力辩 which he justified the Christian, right?
想要说服犹太人特来弗 he strives to convince Trypho, the Jew
说基督教解读圣经是正确的 And he justified the Christianity, read the Bible correctly
而特来弗误读了圣经 and that Trypho misunderstands the Bible
他的论点就是 Right, so his argument is that
你们犹太人虽然有圣经 you Jews have the scriptures
但是你们不理解自己的圣经 but you don't understand your own scriptures
这本书的主题就是这样 That's the theme of this book
我也希望这本书编辑得好一点 Unfortunately I wish it were a little better edited
印刷更紧密 内容更好看 a little tighter, a little more exciting
但是其实这本书无聊透顶 it actually is deadly dull
又臭又长的 and kind of wandering and long
所以我们只不过是读一些选段 So we only read excerpts from it
我不能让你们去读整本 I can't give you the whole to read strict
不然你们肯定得恨死我 抗议我 Because you'll yell at me, you'll protest, right
但是这本书的主题 So but the theme of the book
跟我们的课程恰好吻合 is smacked right for this course
而选段也非常有意思 And excerpts are extraordinarily interesting
比如说犹太人特来弗说 which Trypho, the Jew said
犹斯丁 那你怎么解释这个呢？ Justin, what about this?
犹斯丁总是能反驳的 But Justin of course always has a comeback
别忘了是谁写的这本书 是犹斯丁 Here I remind you who wrote the book, Justin Martyr
所以大家就理解谁最后胜出了 So you'll understand who's gonna win and we, right?
不用猜就知道 So we know that the advance, right?
尽管如此 Having said that, it's still
这仍然是一本犹太教徒和基督教徒的争辩 It's an arguing between a Jew and Christian
犹太人写的关于圣经的书 written by a Jew about the Bible
大家都认为自己正确解读了圣经 which each side claims to read the Bible correctly
这就是这本书的内容 Okay, that's what we'll be looking at
我们会阅读本书选段 Excerpts from this book
还有其他问题吗？ Other questions?
从历史的角度看来 我们认为 How historically accurate do we consider
圣经和新约有多大程度是真是的？ both the Bible and New Testament to be?
我们认为两本都是受到 And do we consider either or both of them
上帝启示而写出的吗？ to be inspired by God?
这要看这里说到的 我们 是什么意思了 Well, what do you mean by We come to this subject
我们怎么看待圣经？ Right, do we consider the Bible
在这堂课中 我们对这些问题不做讨论 We in this class have no opinion on these subjects
我们不知道 也不关系 We in this class do not know and do not care
圣经是不是历史的真实记录 if the Bible is historically accurate or true
我们不知道 也不关系 We do not know, we do not care in this class
是因为这是一个精神目标 because it an immaterial task, our task says the same
不管圣经是不是受到上帝启发 whether the Bible is written by God or not
两约是不是都是受到上帝启发？ And then, either both of them are written by God
还是只有一部是收到上帝启发？ or only one part of the Bible?
如果答案是肯定的 又意味着什么？ If so, what does that mean, written by God?
这本身也不是一个简单的问题 Which is not a small and simple question either
这些观点我们在本课中都没有固定的理念 Of all those points, we in this class have no static position
因为我们要去研究文本 Cos we in this class have a text to do
我们的任务是解读文本 And our job is understand the texts
不管怎么样 文本都不会改变 And that text is the same whether
有没有上帝 there is God, there is no God
上帝有没有写这些书 God wrote these books, God didn't write these books
基督教是不是正确的 Christianity is true, Christianity is false
我们的文本还是不会变 文本该如何解读？ Still our text, what does the text mean?
为什么大家会起争执？ Why do they argue and why they did?
这些文字是什么意思？ What do they mean?
他们想说什么？ What's their point?
这才是我们的任务 That's our job
好的 非常高兴见到大家 Okay, everyone, nice seeing you all
我们礼拜五再见 Hope to see you back on Friday [Rhine & trismile Production]