早上好 很高兴能给大家讲课 Shawn Achor:Good morning.I'm so excited to be here.
Tal走了 所以今天早上我来代课 Tal is gone,which means that this morning I am the teacher
给大家上"黑魔法防御术" for the defense against the dark arts,
我很肯定 在这种情况下 which I'm pretty sure
我可以套用美剧"办公室"里Dwight说的一句话 makes me just as Dwight would say in The Office,
我是幸福课的助理教授 the assistant professor of positive psychology instead of
而不只是幸福课教授的助理 merely the assistant to the professor of positive psychology.
很多人会叫我宿舍长TF Shawn 或者Shawn Many of you know me as head TF Shawn,or just Shawn,
或者Kirkland的Imzar 或者幸福先生 or the Imzar of Kirkland House,or Mr.Positivity,
也有人叫我 那个像蹩脚罗马战神的家伙 or the guy who looks like a shizzle Roman god of War.
但你们很多人都不知道 But what many of you may not know is that
我也有温和的一面 I have a softer side too.
小时候 When I was little,
我给我妹妹的手臂弄了三处骨折 I broke my sister's arms in 3 different places.
我们在玩打仗 我们在客厅里到处跑 We were playing war and we were running around the living room,
像士兵一样 从坐垫上跳过去 jumping over cushions as soldiers do.
打着打着 就像我后来… And at one point of this conflict,as my report
写给我父母的检讨说的那样 which I filed to my parents later on clearly indicated that
我看到眼镜蛇指挥官乱枪扫射我妹妹 I saw Cobra Commander takes a snap shot at my sister,
于是我不顾自己的安危 with absolutely no regard for my own safety,
我转过身 向我妹妹直冲过去 I reversed direction,dove head first into my sister,
推着她躲开那些射向我们的隐形子弹 pushing her all the way out of the oncoming invisible bullet
一直把她推到砖墙边 and into a brick wall.
这时我爸爸走进客厅 When my dad came into the room,
我站在她身边 说"我是英雄 我救了她" I was standing above her,saying,"I'm a hero! I saved her!"
我真的成英雄了吗? Now does this make me a hero?
没有 这样算不上英雄 No.This doesn't make me...
你知道真正的英雄是谁? You know who the real heroes are?
真正的英雄是那些每天醒过来 The real heroes are the people that wake up every day,
穿上平凡的衣服 上平凡的班 put on their ordinary clothes,go into their ordinary job,
接到市长的求助电话 get a distress call from the mayor,
穿上制服去抗击罪恶 put on their costume and go and fight crime.
这些才是真正的英雄 Those are the real heroes.
你知道谁是英雄吗? 电视剧"英雄"里的Hiro You know who's the hero? Hiro from the Heroes.
你知道这句话从哪里来吗? Do you know where this is from?
"办公室" 很好 (Student: The Office!) The Office.Good.
我们有一个同学看喜剧 很好 谢谢 We have one person that watches comedy.Good.Thank you.
我之所以跟你们说这个故事 是因为那天下午 I tell you the story because later that afternoon,
我妹妹和我 在我们去了急诊室回来后 my sister and I were,after we went to the emergency room,
我们在双层床上铺玩 我们又玩打仗了 we were playing on top of my bunk bed,and we were playing war.
我们还没学到教训 We were slow learners.
这一仗是我的特种部队 对抗她的小马 And this time it was my G.I.Joe against her my little ponies.
突然在这场地缘政治冲突中 And in the midst of acting of this geopolitical conflict,
我妹妹玩得很兴奋 往床外靠得太出了 my sister got really excited and leaned too far back on the bed.
结果 As a result,
她突然从上铺上消失了 she suddenly disappeared of the back of top of the bunk bed.
我往双层床外一看 "怎么今天这么倒霉" I looked over the side of the bunk bed,going,"not today."
我看到我妹妹躺在地板上… And I saw my sister there lying on the floor with her...
她着地时 用手和膝盖痛苦地撑在地板上 She landed painfully on her hands and knees on the floor.
我看到她在痛苦 折磨 And I saw this wail of suffering and pain
和不公中 正要大声哭出来 and injustice about to erupt out of my sister's mouth.
我父母已经交代过我 Now my parents have charged me
要和我妹妹玩得尽量安全 安静 with playing as safely and as quietly as possible with my sister,
因为我刚刚弄断了她的手臂 seeing how I just broke her arm.
他们会怪谁 And who are they gonna blame
如果那天再出事的是我妹妹 if something happens to my sister again later on that day
而不是他们最爱的那个孩子 than the child that they love most,
那个他们希望长大后能当捉鬼敢死队员的孩子 the one who they wanted to grow up to be a Ghostbuster,
那个弄断她手臂的孩子?当然是我 the one who also broke her arm? Me.
所以我说了 So I did the only thing
我那个抓狂的7年级学生脑袋能想到的唯一一句话 my frantic 7 year old brain can think to do,
我说"Amy 先别哭 你看到你刚才怎么着地的吗? and I said,"Amy,Amy,wait! Wait! Did you see how you landed?
没有人类能那样着地 你是独角兽" No human lands like that.You are a unicorn."
当然这是骗她的 Now this was absolutely cheating,
因为我知道在这个世界上 if I knew there was nothing in the world
我妹妹最想要的就是让全世界的人都明白 my sister wanted more than for the rest of the world to realize
她其实是一头独角兽 that she was in fact a unicorn.
你可以从我妹妹的脸上看到她内心的挣扎 And you can see on my sister's face this conflict as her brain
她的大脑想把精力用来关注她刚刚 is tempted to devote resources to contemplating her new,
带着骨折的手臂从双层床上掉下去而受到的 contemplating her pain and suffering and injustice
痛苦 折磨 和不公 但在另一方面 as she fell off her bed with a broken arm; or on the other side,
她的大脑又想把精力用来看看这个世界 devoting resources to viewing the world
关注她的新身份:一头独角兽 and contemplating her new found identity as a unicorn.
后者胜出了 我妹妹脸上露出一个微笑 And the latter won out and a smile spread across my sister's face
她大笑起来 爬回双层床上 She laughed and she scrambled back on the bunk bed
带着一头小独角兽的优雅 with all the grace of a baby unicorn.
我们从中发现 Now what we realized is that
5到7岁这个脆弱的年龄 this tender age of just 7 and 5 years old with something
带有一些特征 that is going to be the heart
这些特征将会成为幸福心理学革命的核心 as the vanguard of the positive psychology revolution
这个我们已经讲过了 that we've been talking about,
我们讲过我们的大脑就像一个单一处理器 about how our brain is basically a single processor,
能够有意识地选择把精力放在 capable of consciously choosing to devote resources
痛苦和折磨上 或者把精力用来 either to the pain and suffering on one side,
用乐观 or viewing the world
和正念的眼光 来看这个世界 that lens of something like optimism or mindfulness.
所以我觉得幽默也正是这样 So too I think humor is exactly in this the facet.
我认为幽默本身就是一种选择 I think that humor itself is the option,
有意地去选择 怎样来看待世界 the mindful option of choosing between viewing the world
是用痛苦 乐观… through the lens of being,of suffering,of optimism-
是痛苦 不是乐观 用痛苦 折磨 不公的眼光来看这个世界 suffering,not optimism,suffering,of pain,of injustice,
还是用一种 or viewing the world
适应性的强有力的眼光来看 through the lens of something of adaptive and powerful.
这个其实是我今天新买的 So today I actually bought a new one of these
因为旧的那个用不了 cause the other one didn't work.
因为我没有打开电源 Because I didn't turn on the power.
今天我把幽默定义为一种正念的眼光 So I defined humor today as a mindful lens,
通过幽默 我们可以用 through which we can view the world
正念的眼光看待世界 as a way of mindfully perceiving the world,
就像乐观主义那样 analogous to optimism,
这时一个人会提高 where an individual heightens awareness
对一种情况的各种可能的意识 of potentials within a situation.
今天我们会讲 Today we are going to talk about
对幸福的很多种不同的定义 a lot of different definitions of happiness
以及我们看待幸福的不同角度 and different ways that we can perceive of it
及其对我们的影响 and the effects upon all of us.
在讲之前 我想说说 But before we do so,I wanna talk a little bit
我们为什么要讲这些 about why we are doing this in the first place.
首先 Tal知道他今天不能来上课 First of all,Tal knew that he's going to be away today.
他三月时告诉过我很多次 他没办法 He told me repeatedly in March that there's no way
星期二下午4点20分以后上课 he's going to teach during the Tuesday after 420 which I just,
我想他的意思是因为逾越节的关系 I assume he meant because of the Passover.
所以我同意上一节关于幽默的课 因为我觉得 And so I agreed to give a talk on humor because it seems that
它能把这门课布置的各种阅读资料 it seams through the proverbial cracks of the assigned readings
以及课程大纲 很好地衔接起来 and syllabus for this course.
如果你不知道这门课有布置阅读 If you are unaware that there are assigned readings
和课程大纲的话 and a syllabus for this course,
下课后来找我 you talk to me after class.
所以我很肯定 So I'm sure that
Tal这周和上周末都不会来学校 Tal was said to not be here this week and last weekend,
因为他很想去看"武当派"乐队 cause he missed to see the Wu-Tang Clan
Gavin Degraw终于让它团聚了 and Gavin Degraw reunited at last.
你们看到昨天Crimson的文章吗 Did you guys see the Crimson article from yesterday
讲武当派的一个成员 that described how one of the members of Wu-Tang Clan,
一个不知名的武当派成员 在音乐会上 an unidentified member of Wu-Tang Clan held out his microphone
拿出他的麦克风 让观众们 at one point during the concert for the rest of the audience to,
让他们帮他唱完歌词 just infer them to do the lyrics,to finish the lyrics for him.
结果全场鸦雀无声 And what he was met was a stony stone silence.
他见状说 He responded,
"看来你们都没有自己以为的那么聪明" "well I guess you guys aren't as smart as you thought you were."
当一个不知名的武当派成员 You know you hit the rock bottom
嘲笑你时 你就知道你跌到谷底了 when an unidentified member of Wu-Tang Clan is making fun of you.
我今天很高兴来上课 这是有几个原因的 So I'm excited about being here today for several reasons.
首先 我认为幽默 First of all,I think humor
是我们将要讲到的幸福心理学 is one of the most important part of the positive psychology
最重要的一部分 因为 that we'll be talk about,because
它在我们说的每件事上都占了重要地位 it matters at every single level of things that we describe.
如果大家了解我的话 大家应该知道我本科在哈佛读 If you know me,you'll know that I went here as an undergraduate-
我学英语和宗教 我当时上神学院 I studied English and religion,went to the Divinity School
学习基督教和佛教伦理 when I studied Christian and Buddhist Ethics.
现在我转学心理学 And now I moved to study psychology
还在Kirkland宿舍外23号滩 and running a positive psychology
开了一间幸福心理咨询公司 consulting firm out of Kirkland beach 23.
我还是Kirkland宿舍的校内指导员 传奇人物 And I'm also the sort of intramural tutor/legends/national hero
和国家英雄 in Kirkland house.
我是重要人物 I'm very important.I'm very important.
我有很多皮订书 I've many leather bound books
我的房间一股红木家具的味道 很像有钱人 and my room smells a rich mahogany.
看起来很像一间宿舍 It also looks a lot like a dorm.
我跟你们说这些 是因为我找不到话说了 I tell you this because I'm running out things to say
这个宗教 心理 英语 and this synthesis of religion and psychology and English
和哲学的综合知识将会在今节课 and philosophy well all play an important part
发挥重要作用 in today's lecture.
我简单介绍一下今天会讲的内容 So today,very quickly the things that we'll talk about:
我们会讲幽默心理 we'll talk about psychology of humor;
我们会讲幽默 we are going to talk about the mental
对心理和生理的益处 and physical benefits of humor;
我们会讲幽默的积极社会影响 we'll talk about the positive social benefits,
你们自己培养幽默感的实用方法 pragmatic steps that you can take on your own
以及幽默最强大的功效 and the greatest power of humor
我认为那就是幽默的心理治疗价值 which is I believe the therapeutic value of humor,
通过改变我们的认知心态 用一种完全不同的 the ability to view the world in a completely different way
方法看待世界的能力 by changing our cognitive mindsets.
很多同学都知道 Now many of you know that
大部分期末试卷考题都是我出的 I'm responsible for writing much of the final.
而且我评卷看得很慢 I'm also a slow reader.
这两个因素结合起来 意味着 This combination means
期末考试大部分内容可能会出自这堂课 the majority of the final will be probably on this lecture.
所以我一定会指出这节课 So I'll definitely point out the parts of the lecture
有哪些内容是你们一定要写下来的 that you absolutely need to write down
而且今早的课一定会有大量的笔记 which surely must be extremely copious notes from this morning.
我告诉大家…我知道你们坐在那里 So let me tell you about – I know you are sitting there,
看着我的幻灯片想 looking at my PowerPoint slides and thinking yourself,
"我前三个孩子都会取命为Shawn "I'm probably gonna name my first three children Shawn
不管是男孩还是女孩 regardless of gender.
不知道是什么 And I wonder what it is
驱使Shawn学心理学的" that got Shawn in psychology in the first place."
我会告诉大家 好让你们能专心听课 Well I'll tell you so you can concentrate,
也可以作为今天的一个案例 but it also serves as a case study for us today.
我爱上心理学 I fell in love with psychology
是当我爱上照顾我的保姆时 when I fell in love with my babysitter.
不止一个保姆 With my babysitters.
我的保姆都是我爸爸心理班的学生 All of my babysitters came from my dad's psychology class.
他在贝尔大学教心理学 He taught psychology in Bell University.
所以我的保姆都是那个班上的 So all of my babysitters came from his classes.
我爱上了她们全部 And I fell in love with all of them.
有一天我发现 And I realized at one point that
这种约会没有我希望的那么顺利 the dating wasn't going as well as I hoped to –
因为只有我父母付钱时 我们才能约会 we were only dating whenever my parents paid for it.
所以我决定自己来解决这个问题 And so I decided to take matters in my own hand.
我决定我能和这些女孩 And I decided that the only way
约会的唯一方法 that I could possibly date these girls
就是进入她们的世界 was to be part of their world for a little bit.
这招我是从"海的女儿"里的小美人鱼学来的 I took this advice from Ariel of the Little Mermaid.And
所以我决定当我爸爸班上的一个心理实验的 so I decided to volunteer to be part of a psychology experiment
自愿者 in my dad's class.
他很高兴我会去他的班 And he was really excited about having me there,
所以当他们班上 so he invited me on the day
准备了脑波机那天 他请我去他班上 when they have the brainwave machine in class
他们会把人连接上那台机器 and they are hooking people up to it.
我觉得这个好方法能让我给那些女孩 And I thought this would an excellent way for me
留下深刻印象 to impress these girls.
因为没什么能比头上涂了电极润滑油 Because nothing is as attractive like an electrodes lube
还连着各种各样的电线更吸引人了 on your head and with all these wires hanging off.
那天和今天一样热 It's just as hot today as it was then.
总之我去到班上 我在笑着 So anyway I was there,and I was smiling,
因为她们都朝我笑 because they were all smiling at me.
我觉得这个约会进展得还不错 And I thought things were going pretty well on our date so far.
突然 我爸爸因为太激动了 When all of a sudden,my dad was so excited -
他忘了做一件很简单的事 he forgot to do something very simple.
那是很久以前的事了 那台机器很原始 And it was a rudimentary machine because this was a while ago.
他忘了给脑波机接地线 He forgot to ground the wire on the brainwave machine.
所以我马上就遭到… So the very first thing that happened to me was a –
在我们的约会上 我被电击了 on our date,was I got an electroshock.
我当时这样叫"把它关掉" I was like,"Shut it off!"
大家都大笑起来 Everyone burst into laughter
我和这些女人的未来恋情也都泡汤了 including all of my future toward love affairs with these women.
我爸爸笑到流眼泪 And my dad was laughing so hard that he was crying.
他笑都连帮都帮不了我 He couldn't even help me.
他能关掉机器 He was able to shove the machine.
但他没有 But that's about it.
他可能觉得这样很好笑 And I guess he thought it was pretty funny.
也许残酷而不同寻常的惩罚是很好笑 I guess cruel and unusual punishments were pretty funny I guess.
爸爸 不如下次用水刑吧 谢谢你 Maybe water boarding next time,dad.Thanks a lot.
我很喜欢再参加你的实验 So I'd love to be part of your experiments again.
总之 我很尴尬 很生气 So anyway I was so embarrassed and so upset.
我一个一个都拔掉所有电极 I ripped off all of my electrodes one by one,
当时大家都在笑我 while everyone was laughing at me,
我从教室边上昂首挺胸地走出 and stalked off the side of the classroom.
当我走到门前时 幸好 And right as I get to the door,fortunately,
我转过身说 I turned back and said,
"爸爸 谢谢你毁了我和这些女朋友发展的机会" "dad,thanks a lot for ruining my chance with all my girlfriends,"
然后摔门而去 and then slammed the door.
这是真的 那些女孩我一个都没追到 And it's true.I never did get any of these girls.
刚才那是怎么回事? So what just happened there?
那几个听到这个故事大笑的同学 For the few of you that did laugh at the story,
这是什么…真奇怪 what was it that – it's weird.
这个教室的音效设备真好 Thing is that the acoustic is building incredible
你总是能听到笑声 like you can hear the laughter that is going on all the time.
太厉害了 就像这个教室能吞掉我的笑声一样 It's amazing.It's like the room is eating my laughter.
刚才那是怎么回事? So what just happened there?
我想很有趣的一件事是 Well I think that one of the things that's really interesting
你们之所以听到这个故事会笑 is that you laugh at the story
因为我说的不是一个悲剧 because it's couched not as a story of tragedy
而是一个充满爱的虐童故事 but it's a story of love and child abuse.
我们之所以笑 是因为这一刻 And we laugh because this is a moment
我们都做好了笑的准备 in which we've been primed to laugh,
或者说 我们周围都是人 or surrounded by a group of people who,
我们笑 很可能是因为我们有一大班人 we are probably laughing because we are a roomful of people.
群体对我们有社会影响 对吧? Groups have a social effect upon us,right?
如果你想隐藏感情 请尽管 So if you want to hide a sensation,please feel free
拉住坐在你旁边的同学的手 to hold the hands with the person sitting next to you.
但有趣的是 当你笑时 But the interesting thing is when you laugh,
笑声很怪异 laughter itself is so weird.
维基百科把幽默定义为 Wikipedia defines humor as
"一种有节奏的发声的不由自主呼吸动作" "the rhythmic,vocalized,expiratory and involuntary actions",
这也是我对我的舞姿的定义 which is I also hire to define as much of my dancing.
但当你笑时 就像现在 But when you are laughing and right now,
你身体有15块面部肌肉 在疯狂地运动 15 facial muscles in your body are going crazy,
包括你的大颧肌 including your zygomatic major muscle
它能同时拉起你的嘴唇 which is raising your lips at the same time.
非常酷 我不知道它的原理是什么 This is pretty cool.I have no idea how this happens.
会厌软骨开始盖住你的喉 But epiglottis starts to cover over your larynx,
这样就收缩了你的呼吸 which makes constricting your breathing,
所以基本上你是在窒息 which means you are basically suffocating,
这就是为什么笑的时候很难呼吸 which is why you are having trouble catching your breath.
别怪我引你们笑 You are welcome.
血压降低 同时 Blood pressure is lowered,while at the same time somehow
血管里血液的流量增大 you have an increased vascular blood flow
腹部肌肉伸缩 and you flex your abdominal,
呼吸 脸部 腿和后背的肌肉都会伸缩 respiratory,facial,leg,and back muscles.
这是我做过最强烈的健身运动 This is the most work out I've ever had.Ever.
这一切发生得太神奇了 Now this is amazing that this would happen.
很显然 And it's clear
幽默和笑声会对我们产生情感的影响 that humor and laughter has a visceral effect upon us.
很明显它有社会影响 It clearly has social effect –
如果你现在心情好 if you are in a good mood right now,
你可能会笑得更多 chances are you could be laughing more;
如果你现在心情不好 if you are in a bad mood right now,
你可能听到我的笑话 会忍不住大笑 chances are you can't help laughing at my joke.
所以这当中的几个作用因素 是社会环境 So part of what's going on here is that the social environment,
教室 还有笑话本身 the room,the jokes themselves,
我的身体因此而表现出变化 your physical body are all manifesting changes because of this.
问题是 你能研究幽默吗 The question is then – can we study humor
就像我们问的那个问题"你能研究幸福吗?"一样 just as we ask the question "can we study happiness?"
研究幽默有什么用? And what's the point of studying humor?
就像Tal讲过的那样 Well,just as Tal mentioned that
现在的学术期刊上 right now there's a either 17 to 1 or 21 to 1
消极研究与积极研究的比例是 negative to positive ratio of research
17比1 或者21比1 that is occurring in the scholar journals.
昨晚我写这节课的讲义时 Last night when I supposed to be writing this talk,
我在eResources上查东西 I looked on the e-resources and
我发现消极研究与幽默研究的比例是97比3 found that there's a 97 to 3 ratio of negative to humor research.
例如 研究抑郁症的有125000篇文章 For example,depression was 125,000 articles,
而研究幽默的只有4943篇 while humor was only 4,943 articles.
搜索Steven Colbert时 结果为零 Nothing came up for "Steven Colbert".
这其中有一个重要原因 But the reason why that this is important
因为一种叫医学院症候群的现象 is because of something called Medical School Syndrome.
我们知道 We know that
我们的学习对我们的身体是绝对有影响的 the way we study absolutely has effects upon our body.
所以如果你知道医学院症候群 So if you know that the Medical School Syndrome,
你就会知道 you'll know that
当医生对世界上各种疾病的知识 as doctors are learning about all the different diseases
越来越丰富时 that are out there in the world,
他们会突然发现 自己好像什么病都患上了 suddenly they realize they have all of them.
我妹夫从医学院打电话给我 And my brother in law called me from medical school
他说"Shawn" 我妹夫名字叫Bobo and said,"Shawn," – my brother in law's name is Bobo.
这是题外话了 That's another story.
Bobo从医学院打电话给我 Bobo called me from medical school,
他说"Shawn 我患麻风了" and said,"Shawn I have leprosy."
我不知道怎么安慰他 And I had no idea how to console him
因为他刚刚才过完更年期 because he just got over a menopause.
我们研究世界的视角 真的能改变 The way we study the world around us actually changes the lens
我们看待世界的视角 through which we view the world.
如果我们不研究幽默 And if we are not studying humor,
我们就不会了解社会互动的 we are missing out one of the major aspects
一个重大方面 of social interactions,
也无法了解世界是怎么运行的 but also the way that the world works.
那为什么我们对幽默的研究这么少? So why don't we talk about humor more often?
首先 幽默是非常难定义的 First of all,humor is extremely difficult to define.
每次你想定义幽默 Every time you are tempted to define humor,
它就从你的指间溜走 it seems to slip through your fingers.
每次你想…大家觉得好笑的东西都不一样 Every time you try... Everyone finds something else funny,right?
例如我今天想放的视频 What I wanted to show for videos today,
你们可能会觉得一点都不好笑 you might not find funny at all.
你们觉得好笑的地方 客观来说一点都不好笑 And what you find funny is objectively not funny at all.
我想让我父母看"太坏了" I tried to show my parents Superbad
因为我觉得那部电影很好笑 cause I thought that was funny.
但就算他们心里觉得好笑 And if they are laughing on the inside,
他们也不会笑出来 they certainly weren't showing on the outside.
一部分是… Part of what we were doing –
有些人听到严肃的事会笑 you know some people laugh at things serious
或者说本应该很严肃的事 例如"绯闻女孩" that are supposed to be serious,like Gossip Girl.
Kirkland宿舍的人 And then people on the Kirkland -
kirkland宿舍的女同学 要用枕头打她们 Kirkland girl have to throw pillows at them
威胁把她们登在广告栏上 才能让她们笑出来 and threaten to ad-board them just so I don't miss anything.
所以我为什么说…研究幽默的难点之一就是定义 So why I talk about... So part of it is the definitional problems.
我们很难定义幽默是什么 It's so difficult for us actually define what humor is,
因为当你一定义它 because the moment you begin to define it,
它就从指间溜走了 it seems to slip through fingers.
当你想向别人解释 The moment you are tempted to explain to somebody,
向你交友网eHarmony上的对象解释 explain to your e-harmony date
为什么你比她们想象中的更幽默时 why you are much funnier than they think you are,
你就知道 you already know
不管怎样看 你都走错方向了 you've gone down the wrong path for a lot of different reasons.
我们从中发现 But part of what we are seeing here is that
一旦我们试图去定义某些东西 once we are tempted to define something,
一旦我们试图定义是什么让一些事情变得幽默时 once we attempt to define what makes something humorous,
这些事情马上就不幽默了 it immediately seems to go away.
这是一个死青蛙问题 This is the Dead Frog Problem.
死青蛙问题就是说 The Dead Frog Problem is that
你越是解剖一只青蛙 它死得就越快 the more you seem to dissect the frog,the faster it seems to die
笑话也如此 The same is true with a joke.
因此 And as a result of this,
这使得幽默很难研究 that makes it very difficult for us to study it.
即使我们能研究它 But let's say even if we could study it.
假设我们能研究它 Let's say we could study it.
我们知道它对我们的身体和社交有益处 We know it has physical and social benefits.
但如果有些人天生就是幽默的 That doesn't do us a world of good
有些人天生就是不幽默的 if people are just naturally funny
就算研究它也帮不了我们什么 and some people are unnaturally funny.
如果你天生就幽默 If you are just genetically funny,if you are born funny,
我们认为确实有些人是天生幽默的 and we all think that there are certain people that are like that
如果你认为幽默是天生的 if you think that some people are born funny,
这样就知道它有什么益处 对我们也没什么帮助 that doesn't do us any good to talk about the benefits
因为我们都得不到这些益处 that none of us can access.
这跟幸福心理是一样的道理 对吧? It's the same way with positive psychology,right?
在研究积极 幸福 It's the same problem we have with positive and happy
乐观的人是 也有同样的问题 他们太莫名其妙了 and optimistic people – they are just annoying.
但我们可以看到 But part of what we are seeing is,
我们研究幸福心理的一个担心是 that part of our worry is that while we are studying this,
如果幸福 积极 和乐观都是由基因决定的 if happiness,positivity and optimism are all based upon genetics
那么研究我们在这个班上所讲的内容 then there's no point of studying any of the things
还有什么意义? we've been talking about so far in this class.
幽默也是如此 The same is true with humor.
如果我们得不到这些益处 If we can't access any of those benefits,
只会给幽默的人更多理由来嘲笑我们 that just gives the funny people more to laugh at us about.
我想我们今天能克服所有这些障碍 So I think we can overcome all the barriers today.
我知道幸福心理领域已经出版了 And I think there are some extraordinary research
一些非常棒的研究 that has been coming out in positive psychology
还有专门研究幽默的研究 and research specifically on humor
这些研究能让我们 that's actually going to allow us
用全新的角度来研究幽默这个人类现象 to be able to look at this human phenomena in a way
并且给我们带来各种各样的益处 that actually is gonna help us in a lot of different ways.
所以我想告诉大家 我们有… So let me tell you that there is actually -
为了让我们能够像研究幸福心理一样研究幽默 in order to study this just as we did with positive psychology,
我们要看看 we are going to have to look at
心理学的人文传统 where we looked at the humanist tradition of psychology.
所以我们要立足于 So too we are going to ground ourselves
幽默的哲学 in the philosophies of humor.
我们会讲到研究幽默的三大巨人 We are gonna have to understand the giants of humor.
我们还会讲两个理论 And we are gonna look at two of the theories
我觉得这两个理论 没有什么高低之分 which I don't find one of them more compelling than the other.
真正高明的是我的解释 What I find really compelling is my explanation
我稍后就会讲给大家听 which I shall be giving afterwards.
这三大巨人 So basically there are three giants
研究幽默这个心理学领域的三大巨人 in the field of psychological research on humor-
就是弗洛伊德 伯格森 和我 Sigmund Freud,Henri Bergson,and me.
我们先来讲弗洛伊德 And so we'll first talk about Sigmund Freud.
弗洛伊德他在很多课题上 都作出过无懈可击的 Sigmund Freud whose surely unassailable logical assumptions on
符合逻辑的假设 而且这些假设都将经受得起时间的考验 the whole host of topics will absolutely stand the test of time.
他写了一本书叫 Wrote a book called Jokes
《笑话及其与潜意识的关系》 and Their Relationship to the Unconscious.
《笑话及其与潜意识的关系》 Jokes and Their Relationship to the Unconscious -
如果你还没有看过 对于写一本关于幽默的书的人来说 if you haven't read it - is for a guy writing a book about humor,
这本书是自《利末记》以来最不好笑的笑话集 this is the most unfunny collection of stories since Leviticus.
在这本书里 他描述了一种典范意识 And in this book he describes this model consciousness
在我们内心有一个本我 这个本我包括了大家都有的 while the inside you have the id - the id contains the sexual
性欲 生命力 和冲动 and the physical and the violent impulses that we all have.
我没有 因为我读过神学院 I don't have,cause I went to the Divinity School,
但你们都有 but you all have.
本我之外 是自我 这个自我会把本我视为 Outside of that is the ego which makes the decisions about the id
本我冲动和社会之间一道可渗透的屏障 as the permeable barrier between the id impulses and the society.
最外面的是超我 And the outside layer is super-ego.
超我是加在我们身上的 The super-ego is the moral constraints,
道德约束和社会约束 the societal constraints that is placed upon us.
例如 如果我的本我冲动 So for example,if my id impulse make,
说我很生气 我想揍你 means that I'm angry at you,and I want to punch you,
我的超我 那个道德约束就会阻止我打你 my super-ego,the constraints of society prevent me from doing so
同样 如果我想和某个人上床 And in the same way if I was wanting to have sex with somebody
我的超我说这样不行 and my super-ego said that it was not OK.
超我 The super-ego,
这个社会道德约束会阻止我和别人上床 the moral constraints of society would prevent me from having sex
这可能是唯一能阻止我上床的东西了 That's probably the only thing keeping me from having sex.
我的超我 It's my super-ego.
我们发现 And so one of the things that we find
弗洛伊德说的是 我们都会受挫 is that Freud argues we get frustrated.
我们都会受挫 因为我们都有本我冲动 We get frustrated because those id impulses are there
但我们没办法把这些冲动释放出来 but we have no way of getting those impulses out into the world.
所以我们就会被压抑 And so we become repressed.
你越压抑 And more you become repressed,
最终就会爆发 I think something's about exploding in the end.
所以压抑会带来严重后果 So there's something that's really bad about that.
他认为 幽默是一种社会可接受的 So what he says is that humor is a socially acceptable envelope
用来疏导这些欲望的信封 for couching those id desires.
这是一种社会可接受的 It's a way,a socially acceptable way
把本我冲动释放出来的方法 这就解释了 of getting those id impulses out into society,which explains
为什么我们很多幽默 本质上都是与性和攻击有关的 why so much of our humor is sexual or aggressive in nature.
我们可以举很多例子来说明 There's a lot of different examples that we can talk about this-
把幽默视为一个心理保险库 that humor as a psychological safety vault,
这就解释了 is one of the ways which explains
为什么你们会在首次约会时说一些隐晦的黄段子 对吧? why you have sexual innuendo jokes on the first date,right?
在我们的体格特征得到社会接受前 Before physicality might be socially acceptable,
这也解释了"办公室"里Michael Scott说的那个 which also explains Michael Scott from the Office -
"她是这样说的"笑话 "that's what she said" jokes,
他不管什么事都说"她是这样说的" where he says "that's what she said" to everything.
他有些笑话很隐晦 While some of them are pretty hard to understand,and slippery,
很难领会 但我每次听到都笑而不语 心满意足 and hard to grasp,they always left me smiling and satisfied.
这也解释了我们为什么喜欢拿政治人物来开玩笑 So this also explains humor we have toward political figures.
很多时候 政治人物不能… A lot of time when political figures were not able to,
因为我们无法通过性行为 we have no recourse at the sexual aggressive level
来发泄这种挫折感 to vent our frustration.
所以我们就会通过幽默来表达对政治的不满 So humor is actually one of the ways we can get that out there.
通过语言上的幽默 The humor itself using words is the way that
我们能够允许冲动释放出来 we can allow for id impulses to come out.
因为这些话 Because those words
不会破坏我们大部分的社会结构 don't violate very many of our social constructions.
我们等一下会再讲到这一点 We'll talk about that in a moment -
弗洛伊德理论的缺陷之一 one of the flaws with Freud theory.
正常来说 言语伤不了人 But supposedly the words don't actually harm us.
它是社会可接受的 So it's socially acceptable.
Steven Colbert说六块石头就能砸碎我的骨头 Steven Colbert says that six stones may break my bones,
但言语永远伤不了我 but words will never hurt me,
除非你拿本字典砸我 unless you throw a dictionary at me.
写下这句 这句很重要 写下来 Write that down.That's important.Write that down.
亨利·伯格森是幽默研究领域的第二大巨人 Henri Bergson is the second giant in the field of humor research.
亨利·伯格森 我肯定没念错 Henri Bergson,which I'm definitely saying right
因为我用法语口音再加上我的德州口间念的 with the French accent combined with a Texan.
这个名字的发音…念法语可以省念很多音 I think Henri Berg... I think you- with French you drop everything.
真的话? 这句你们都觉得好笑? 好的 And... Really? That one was funny? All right.
他认为幽默是一种社会纠正器 他认为… Humor as a social "corrective" - he argues that
就像以前上过这门课的Abraham Maslow说过 just like Abraham Maslow who is studied earlier in the class,
人是有一个发展轨迹的 is that humans are under developmental trajectory
终点是自我实现 或者说实现我们的潜力 toward self-actualization or achieving our potential.
伯格森认为 幽默就是轨迹上的一个点 And what Bergson argues is that humor is the point
在一个点上 当我们偏离这条轨迹时 in which we correct somebody
当我们做一些阻碍我们自我实现的事时 when we slip or fall off this developmental trajectory,
幽默就会马上 when we do something that doesn't allow us to self-actualize
纠正我们 as fast as we could.
例如 喜剧演员Lewis Black这样说那些 Comedian Lewis Black for example talks about children
参加哈利波特魁地奇夏令营 who go during the summer to Harry Potter Quidditch camps
骑着个扫把 玩飞盘的孩子 and ride around on brooms and throw Frisbees -
我念不对 跟玩伴玩飞盘 I can't say it - Frisbees at each other.
他其实是拐了个弯来骂这些孩子 And what he says is to gently chide these children –
他说 这群怪小孩 he said these children
现在就该开始为毕业舞会找不到舞伴发愁了 might as well start crying about the prom now.
他的意思是 当我们做了一些不利于适应的事时 What he is doing there is,as we've done something maladaptive
例如去参加哈利波特魁地奇夏令营 like going to a Harry Potter Quidditch camp
或者花14美元去Om喝杯酒 or paying 14 dollars for a drink at Om
或者打心底里喜欢经济计量学或者地主理论 or actively enjoying an econometrics or landlord theory
或者在香港俱乐部和餐厅订餐 or actually ordering food at the Hong Kong lounge and restaurant.
在这些情况下 In all these situations,
我们笑这些人 是为了纠正他们 we laugh at individuals in order to correct them,
阻止他们偏离这条发展轨迹 to prevent them from falling off this development trajectory
这样他们就能继续迈向自我实现的目标 so that they can continue on toward self-actualization.
如果有人打电话来 如果我女朋友打来… If somebody calls,if my girlfriend calls,if my girlfriend,-
我还希望大家能给点掌声 I was hoping it would get a clap.
我就知道大家都不觉得奇怪我有女朋友 至少没人笑 I knew this wasn't odd.At least no one was laughing.
如果一个女朋友打给电话给她男朋友 So if a girlfriend calls her boyfriend
留了一段不雅的留言 to leave a scandalous junk dial message,
意外地这段留言 and accidentally leaves this junk dial message
留到她男朋友父亲的电话上了 on her boyfriend's father's work line,
我们都会大笑 为了纠正这样的错误 we laugh in order to correct those mistakes.
另一个我在Kirkland宿舍听说的笑话是 有一个人 Another story that I heard in Kirkland was somebody
在万圣节那天穿了一件 who for Halloween dressed up with a making a dress
用Cosmo杂志的文章和胶带做成的裙子 completely out of magazine articles from Cosmo using duck tape
在大冷天走出去 and went out on the freezing cold,
滑了一跤 屁股掉到冰面上 裙子撕破了 slipped and fell on the ice on her butt and tore the dress.
这个故事有太多值得我们笑的地方 And I don't even know where to begin with that one.
但我们会笑的原因之一是 But part of the reason that we laugh is that
我们有时都会偏离发展轨迹 we all fall through developmental trajectory at some point.
我记得柏拉图说过 And I believe that it was Plato who said that
杂志裙子不能帮我们更快地达到自我实现 the magazine dresses will not help us self-actualize any faster.
我们已经讲了两个内容了 So we've looked at two different things:
我们讲了幽默是一种纠正器 we've looked at humor as a corrective,
我们讲了幽默是一种心理释放 and we looked humor as a psychology release.
我个人觉得在研究幽默作为社会纠正器 I think one of the people that's absolutely brilliant
这个领域中 in the field of research on humor
有一个非常聪明的人 他就是三巨人之一 as a social corrective is one of the giants I think myself -
这是我自己评的 他就是Dale Sturtevant no one says that - is Dale Sturtevant.
Dale Sturtevant是一个 Dale Sturtevant is somebody that
你们绝对需要在笔记本里记下来的人 you definitely want to write down in your notes.
很幸运 多亏有了神奇的Youtube And fortunately thanks to the magic of YouTube,
你们能看到Dale Sturtevant是怎么研究心理学的 we are gonna get to see Dale Sturtevant's approach to psychology.
我是Dale Sturtevant [VIDEO: Dale Sturtevant]
我六岁起就养狗 I'm Dale Sturtevant.
没什么能比训练小狗给我带来 I've been raising dogs since I was six.
更多的快乐和挫败感 And nothing has brought me more joy,
养一只小狗 or more sheer frustration,than training a puppy.
纠正它不正确的行为尤其让人恼火 With a very young pup,
像你一样 correcting problem behavior can be especially maddening.
我试过所有的办法 骂到声音嘶哑 And,like you,
不给东西它们吃 把它们锁在柜子里连续几天 I've probably tried all the tricks - screaming myself hoarse,
或者毫不留情地打它们 starving them,locking them in a closet for days on end,
但在我第三次被气得心脏病发 or just beating them without mercy.
和上了一个法庭强制的控制愤怒心理治疗后 But after my third arrest
我学会了把我的愤怒 and court-ordered anger-management counseling,
转化为一个有效非暴力的训练手段 I learned to channel my rage
这个手段叫"鄙视你的狗 into an effective non-violent puppy training tool.
如何用讽刺和口头羞辱来训练你的小狗" It's called "Dissing Your Dog:
你们看 how to train your puppy with mockery and verbal humiliation".
狗要比我们想象中的更聪明 You see,
它们知道自己什么时候被人嘲笑 dogs are much more intuitive than we give them credit for.
当它们不听话时 They know when they're the butt of ridicule.
一句到位的讽剌 或者一句伤人的话 And when they misbehave,
就能达到一根打狗棒达不到的效果 a well-placed sarcastic comment or cutting remark
不管你的小狗有什么行为问题 can work wonders wherever a rolled-up newspaper fails.
我保证可以帮你纠正 Whatever your puppy's behavior problem,
例如 跳到沙发上 I guarantee I can help you fix it.
不 Humphrey 别起来 Problems like jumping on furniture.
你应该躺在上面休息 毕竟 Oh no,no,no,Humphrey,don't get up.
你在一份要求高压力大的工作中忙了一整天 Why don't you just stay there,relax? After all,
不 慢着 那应该是我才对 you did put in a long day of work at a demanding high-stress job.
我想起来了 我才是要工作的那个人 Oh no,wait a minute,that's me!
你只是一条整天在家里躺着 Now I remember! I'm the one with the job.
流了满地口水的狗 You're the one who lies around the house all day
在家里大小便 in a pool of your own slobber!
"Walter 多亏你"帮忙"装饰了这张米白色新沙发 Accidents in the house.
大家都说你拉在上面的那堆东西 "Hey,Walter! Thanks for your ‘help' with the new off-white sofa.
给了它一个完美的"点缀" Everybody agrees that dump you left there
做得好 对了 Milton Berle打过电话来 was the perfect 'accent'.
他想要回他的膀胱控制器 这就对了 真乖" So,good job.Oh,and by the way,Milton Berle called.
挑食 He wants his bladder control back.That's it! Good dog!"
"对 Margaret 你想吃的是顶级排骨 Fussy eating habits.
事情是这样的:Palm餐厅不接受订位 "Oh,right,Margaret,you wanted a prime rib.
我没试过打去Morton's餐馆订位 Here's the deal: The Palm wasn't taking reservations,
因为我知道他们换了新大厨 and I didn't even try Morton's
所以现在 你就吃Alpo狗粮吧 好吗? because I understand they have a new chef.
我知道这不是你的第一选择 但别忘了 So for now,let's just go with the Alpo,okay?
你只是一条狗!" I know it's not your first choice but keep in mind,
这个现代卓别林让我笑得流眼泪 you're a f--king dog! "
为什么我们看这段视频? Shawn:Tears come to my eyes at this modern day Marva Collins.
我们为什么要学习这两个理论?它们对我们有什么帮助? So why do we look at this series?
其实它们帮不了我们 它们都是错的 Why do we study these philosophies? How do they help us?
它们错的原因是 他们忽略了一个 Well,they don't,because they are both wrong.
幽默的特征 And the reason that it is wrong is they missed the part of the,
我们认为这个特征是最重要的 我的解释也很重要 part about humor that
你们不用马上全部记下来 I think is most important and my explanation for it.
假装PPT上的东西是慢慢地出来的 \fe1\fnCalibri\fs15\b1\bord2\shad0\fsp0\c&H0ffffff&So oh you don't have to write all of this down at once -
我认为幽默就像一种正念视角 pretended it slowly coming out.
我们透过这个视角来看待世界 So I believe that humor is a mindful lens
我们研究这点的一个角度是 through which we view the world.
我们可以把幽默视为一种认知心态 And part of the way that we can see that is that
我们通过它看待我们周围发生的事 we can see that humor itself is the cognitive lens
要研究这个问题 我们可以问 through which we view actions that come into our environment.
为什么一些别人认为不好笑 或者很悲剧的事情 We can see this by asking question
有些人会从中看到幽默? of why is that some people find humor in situations
为什么有些人觉得好笑的东西 where some people see something as neutral or sad or tragic.
别人会觉得不好笑? Right? Why is it that some people can find things
同样道理 为什么 that can be funny where other people can't?
乐观的人能在一件事中看到好的一面 And the same way that somebody
而不悲不乐的人 或者悲观的人 who is optimistic can find something that is good in a situation,
就看不到好的一面呢? where somebody who's in a neutral state,or pessimistic state,
要明白这点…这个麦克风真好用 can't see this as well?
谢谢 Now to understand this,part of - this mic is great.
我也觉得这个一个好方法 Thank you.Yes.
除了这些以外 我们还要… I also agree it's a brilliant,a brilliant idea.
为了要明白这个问题 \fe1\fnCalibri\fs15\b1\bord2\shad0\fsp0\c&H0ffffff&So part of what we are seeing here is we need to -
我们要讲一下打破社会规则 in order to understand this,
我相信我们有一些不成文的社会规则 let's talk a little bit about social rule breaking.
不停地指导着我们的生活 但我们不会讨论它们 I believe that there are unscripted social rules that
我教过社会心理学 guide our life all the time that we never really talk about.
在教社会心理学时 I taught for social psychology.
我们在班上做过一件事 And for social psychology we,
我们把同学分成两人一组 one of the things that we did for the class is that
叫他们去打破社会规则 we split people up in pairs,
在那一周里 他们会做很多事 and made them go out and break social rules.
他们会走进哈佛其中一间宿舍的电梯里 So they would go out during the week
然后慢慢地在电梯里转过身 and they would go into an elevator in one of the houses
面朝着身后的同学 and then just slowly turned around in that elevator
或者在电梯里躺下来 and faced the people behind you.
看看那些同学会不会说什么 Or just lie down in the elevator
或者去星巴克 买杯咖啡时跟人讨价还价 and see if people will say anything,
说你在家里做的话要便宜很多 or go to Starbucks and haggle for the price of a coffee,
或者上Coop网站 saying you can get it cheaper if you made it at home.
用一本书来买东西 Or going to the Coop,
或者去商店里问人要免费样品 attempting the barter system for one of the books.
那些没有免费样品的商品 例如Felipe's店的玉米煎饼 Or going to places and asking for free samples for things
我还知道有个同学走进他的运动员更衣室里 that we can't get free sample for,like a Felipe's burrito.
问遍更衣室里的每个人 问他们 Or I know one guy who went into his athletic locker
愿不愿意帮他擦背 因为他太累了 and then went up to everyone who is there and asked them
还有一个女同学 在女生更衣室里 if they would please soap up his back because he was tired.
看到有人在浴室里洗澡 Another girl would only take showers in the girls' locker room
她就只进那个浴室洗澡 where somebody else was already taking a shower
还有一个同学…我想说明的是 有很多事情可以打破社会规则 where shower has already been used.
例如走进浴室 Another person – I mean you can do a lot of different things
隔着浴室门和别人聊起来 like you can go into the bathroom
这个非常好玩 and strike up a conversation through the bathroom's door.
你们应该试试看 "你好 隔壁的同学" This one is great.
然后两个人聊起来 You should do that here,say "hello,neighbor!"
最好笑的笑话…声音真的变大了 Talk amongst yourselves.
你们能听到我吗? You know the funniest joke that - wow! Really magnified.
太棒了 早就该这样了 Can you guys hear me?
现在我后面有很多东西了 Aww,this is great! This should happen all the time.
我讲到哪里了?课堂上可能不应该说这种话 I got a lot of things back here now.
你们知道…我记不住笑话的 Where was I? This is not probably the talk.
有人在网站上评选出一个最好笑的笑话 You guys know – I can never remember any jokes
他们看了网站上的笑话 真的找出了有科学根据的 but the funniest joke that they did on the website,
最好笑的笑话 like they actually found out what the scientific funniest joke
有一个美国人去打猎 was by doing reading on the website.
我不会讲笑话 And one of the Americans was a guy who is hunting -
他… I can't tell jokes.
这个人找电话给接线员 他说"接线员" But he was,
接线员说"这是911报警中心" 所以说我不会讲笑话 this guy calls into a operator and goes,"operator! Operator!"
他当时在宾夕法尼亚州的Scranton市 那天是星期二 This is 911.He says – this is why I can't tell jokes.
总之 他打电话给接线员说"接线员 He was in Scranton,Pennsylvania.This is Tuesday.
我刚才打猎时 我好像打中我的朋友了 Anyway,so he calls the operator and says,"Operator! Operator!
他好像死了" I think I just shot my friend while we are hunting.
接线员说"好的 冷静 先生 I think he's dead!"
我们要你做的第一件事是 And the operator goes,"OK.Calm down sir.Calm down sir.
确保你的朋友已经死了" The very first thing that we need you to do
他说"好的" is check to make sure that he's dead."
经过一阵平静的停顿后 他放下电话 So he said,"OK.OK."
几秒钟后听到枪声 And you hear this quiet,this pause,as he puts down the phone
砰! and a few seconds later you here gun shot.
他拿起电话说"好的 现在他死了 接下来怎么办?" PPPCCCHHHUUUUU!
这是美国最好笑的笑话 有点意外 And he comes back to his phone and says,"OK.He's dead.Now what?"
欧洲最好笑的笑话是…有点不适合在课堂上讲 This is the funniest joke in America.That's surprising.
有两只雪貂坐在一间酒吧里 The funniest joke in Europe was – not appropriate.
一只雪貂中另一只说 It's: there's two ferrets sitting in a bar.
"我昨晚和你妈妈睡了" And one ferret says to the other ferret that,
另一个雪貂什么都没说 "I slept with your mom last night."
那只雪貂见它什么都没说 就说 And the other ferret doesn't say anything.
"我昨晚和你妈妈睡了" And the other ferret thinks that he doesn't say anything so he says
第二只雪貂还是什么都没说 "I slept with your mom last night."
最后它… And the second ferret says nothing.
另一个雪貂 雪貂A说"我昨晚和你妈睡了" And he finally -
雪貂B说"爸爸 回家吧 你醉了" other ferret,ferret A said,"I slept with your mom last night."
掌声 And ferret B says,"Dad,go home.You are drunk."
打破社会规则的一个有趣之处是 [Laugh and applause]
它不仅影响了其他人 So the interesting thing about this breaking of social rules
影响了我们对于整天 is not just the effect that it had on other people,
围在我们身边的社会条文的意识 or the awareness that we have,
当我们打破社会规则时 social scripts that are surrounding us all the time.
还使我们意识到了自己的行为 It's the awareness of how we act
有些同学 when we are breaking a social rule.
做这个实验时大笑不止 Some of the people that
他们连实验都做不下去了 are attempting to do this experiment absolutely broke down.
有些人在尴尬中发现幽默 They could not go on with this experiment.
因此 他们能够享受这个实验 Other people found humor in the awkwardness.
把自己的快乐建筑在别人的痛苦之上 And because of that,they were able to enjoy the experience
我们从中发现 and actually cause other people more suffering.
我们有一个心态 Part of what we are seeing here is that -
决定什么是好笑的 什么是不好笑的 absolutely is the mindset that
如果这真的是由心态决定 那我们就可以控制它 dictates whether or not something is going to be funny.
今天我们就讲几个 And if it's mindset,it's within our control.
控制这个心态的方法 And today we are going to talk about some of the ways
我们这个学期之前讲过 you can actually control that.
Wiseman对幸运配方的研究 But one of the things that we talked about earlier
大家回忆一下 幸运配方是指 in this semester was Wiseman's study on the luck factor.
他研究 并创立了一间运气学校 Remember the luck factor was
教人们怎么去觉得自己更幸运 where he studied and actually created the luck school,
给人们同一个情景 in which you can teach people how to feel more lucky,
有些人会觉得幸运 and how you can give people the same exact scenario
有些人会觉得不幸 where some people would feel lucky,
例如 如果你走进一间银行 or some people would feel unlucky.
那里有100个人在等 So for example,if you walk into a bank,
假设 我们在… and you are there with a hundred people -
我们不在Annenberg 我们在Sanders actually let's say that we are here in -
有人拿着一支枪走进来 we are not in Annenberg - we are here in Sanders.
开了一次枪 打中了我的手臂 And somebody walks in with a gun
这是走运还是倒霉? and fires his weapon one time and shoots me right in the arm.
根据Wiseman所说 Do I consider this to be a lucky event or an unlucky event?
这取决于我用什么反事实去看待这件事了 Well according to Wiseman,
如果我拿这件事跟 that depends upon the counterfactual I used to determine this.
我平时进戏院的情况相比 If I compare to every other time
那这件事肯定是倒霉了 对吧? that I have been here and in the theater,
这样看 非常不幸 that seems to be a pretty unlucky event,right?
这个房间里还有很多人 And it seems to be pretty unfortunate.
这个人可以打中很多人 I mean there's a lot of other people in the room
我还是读过神学院的 that this person can shoot.
我肯定比这个房间里至少一个人要好 I went to the Divinity School.
肯定至少有一个人比我更活该中枪 I'm sure I'm better than at least one of the other people in here
可为什么偏偏打中我? and deserve this less.
但从另一方面看 So why was I the one that got shot?
我可以用另一个反事实去跟这件事比较 On the other hand,
看看这件事是走运还是倒霉 the counter fact that I could use to compare to see
这个反事实可以是"他有可能打中我的头" if this is actually a lucky or not lucky event,that
我喜欢这个乐观 counter fact could be "well he could have shot me in the head."
幸运的观点 因为我总是选择 Now I know I love that the optimistic
能造成最多伤害和流血的反事实 对吧? and lucky view point as I always choose things
或者说 我有可能被打中头部和心脏 that cause the most carnage and blood,right?
流血过多而死 Or I could've got shot in the head and the heart
这样…我坏了大家的心情了 and died upon stage bleeding to death.
每天都这样子 That would be - I'm definitely killing the mood.
通常都是上课20分钟就这样 This is just like every day.
所以这取决于我用什么反事实 So it usually happens about 20 minutes in.
来决定我觉得什么好笑 什么不好笑 So based upon the way that I actually decide to counter a fact
幽默也是同样道理 to that determine whether or not I find something be funny.
环境非常重要 In the same way,humor is the same way.
如果我说一个事实 Look at how much the context matters.
一件毫无感情的事 如"我弄断趾甲了" If I said something this fact,
这一点都不好笑 this innocuous like,"I cut my toe nail."
但如果我说"我在上课时弄断了趾甲" That's not really funny.
这样说就有点好笑了 But if I said "I cut my toe nail in the class".
不是很好笑 但有点好笑了 Suddenly it seems to be like a little bit more funny.
"酒精能使人醉" 这是一个毫无感情的事实 Not Haha funny but a little bit funnier.
"酒精能使人醉" Or "alcohol makes you drunk" is an innocuous fact.
在上一节讲幽默的课前说这句话就有点好笑了 "Alcohol makes you drunk"
所以我们可以从中看出 before giving a lecture on humor is a little bit funnier.
你看待环境的视角 So part of what we are seeing here is that
你分析世界的视角 能直接影响 the way that you view the environment,
当你一听到某件事时 会不会觉得它 the way that you parse the world actually has a direct effect
好笑 upon whether or not you find something to be funny
在我的课堂上 我们有两样东西叫 in the first place.
α因素和β因素 This is something we call in my sections
α因素就是指客观的现实约束 the Alpha press and the Beta press.
我们都有同样的α因素 The Alpha press is the objective constraints of reality.
我们都坐在同一个教室 有同样的灯光 We are all experiencing the same Alpha press.
但我们的β因素 We are all sitting in the same room with the same lights.
是对现实的主观感受 是不同的 But our Beta press -
这间教室里每个人都有不同的 our subjective construal of reality,is different.
感受 Every person in here is experiencing something different -
有些人觉得无聊 有些觉得饿 they are experiencing -
有些人觉得兴奋 有些觉得高兴 我觉得很紧张 you are either like bored or tired or hungry right now.
我们从中看出 Or excited and happy.I'm apparently nervous.
他们看待世界的视角 And part of what you are seeing is that
绝对会影响你如何看待α因素 their way of viewing the world
到目前为止 我们讲过的幸福心理学的内容… absolutely has an effect upon how you view that Alpha press.
我讲过在什么情况下 Things we've been talking about positive psychology so far –
我们的β因素是可塑的 I've been talking about the ways
我们可以改变我们的β因素 in which our Beta press is actually malleable -
因此能大大地改变 that we can change our Beta press,
我们的适应行为 and as a result have an extreme amount of changes
我认为幽默是一个很强大的工具 in our adaptive behavior.
我们可以利用它通过改变我们看待环境的视角 I think that humor is one of the most powerful ways
来改变我们的β因素 让它适应我们 that we can actually change the Beta press by changing the way that
在哈佛医学院有一个 we actually view our environment so it's actually adaptive for us
俄罗斯方块效应 There are something that they found at Harvard medical school
俄罗斯方块效应是…多少同学玩过俄罗斯方块? called the Tetris Effect.
很多 The Tetris Effect is - how many people play Tetris?
俄罗斯方块是…还没玩过的同学 A lot.Oooh! Yes.Oooh.
在这个游戏里 有不同大小的形状 Tetris is a – if you haven't played it –
从上面掉下来 is a game in which shapes of different sizes
你旋转这些形状 fall from the ceiling as they do it in life.
把这些形状排成一整排 And you rotate them around
如果一排排满了 and you try and make straight lines across.
这一排就会消失 And if you make a straight line all the way across,
然后你继续这样一直排到顶 the line disappears.
他们在试验中发现… And you try to keep the shape going all the way up to the top.
他们找大学生来玩电子游戏 What they found in their testing -
在医学院 他们发现 they are actually testing video games on college students.
学生连续玩了四五个小时的俄罗斯方块后 At the medical school,they found that
他们是有钱拿的 非常好的一个交易 after students played about 4,5 hours of Tetris straight
玩了以后 他们回到宿舍 and get paid for,which is a pretty good deal.
继续他们平常的生活 Then afterwards,they went back to their rooms
有主观报告说 这些学生 and went on with their lives for the most part.
当他们去到超市时 And there are subjective reports that some of these individuals
他们开始重新排列货架上的面包 when they go into a super market,
让它们排成直直的一排 and start rearranging the bread on the shelf
或者他们看到路上的车时 会想 so they made straight lines.
"我要把这辆车放到这里排在一排 Or they'd be looking at the traffic and say,
这样来交朋友" "Oh,I'll shape car here to complete that line
或者他们会…有一个男同学 and make friends that way."
看着体育画报的泳装写真日历号 Or they would.Or this one guy was actually
上面有 looking at the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Calendar Issue
很多模特在同一张日历上 and when they had all the,
他说了一句话 "我希望有一个摆Z姿势的女人 like a lot of models all together at one.
她能放进这里 把这一排排满" And his comment was - "I wish I had a Z shape woman
很明显他把整个世界都看成… who would fit and make that line all the way across."
甚至包括一张泳装写真日历 Clearly what he was doing was parsing the entire world
他都看成能够改变形状 排出直直的一排 even a swimsuit calendar into whether or not
每个输入的信息都有脑波接收 he could change shapes in order to make straight lines.
我们的大脑接收了太多的信息 Every input has the brainwaves receiving.
大脑就形成了这个模式 And our brains receive too much input all the time
我们从中发现了一样东西 was being parsed through this one code.
我称之为认知残象 Now what we find is that this is something
认知残象就是 that I call a cognitive afterimage.
如果你盯着太阳看一段时间 笨人做笨事 A cognitive afterimage is just...
结果就是你暂时性地烧伤了你的视网膜 If you stare the sun for a really long time,you are stupid.
你看东西时 就会看到一个蓝色或绿色的点 And what happens is you momentarily burn your retina.
你看到哪里 它就跟到哪里 And you can see this blue or green dot in your vision
我在Kirkland宿舍看到太多照相机闪光灯 that goes around-
就会出现这种情况 happens when a lot of flash photography goes off
出现这种情况后 很多时候都会这样子 when I'm at Kirkland House.
你的视网膜有一个残象 There are a lot of times after when this can occur.
在认知层面上也有同样的现象 So what that is is the afterimage on your retina.
我们的大脑能保存一个残象 在俄罗斯方块效应里 Well the same thing happens on the cognitive level as well.
学生会有一个认知残象 Our brains can actually retain an afterimage and in Tetris effect
这个残象会停留 他们看这个世界时 what was happening is the cognitive afterimage,
就会把世界上的事物看成 that people were getting stuck with,was viewing the world
能够旋转变形 排进一条直线里 through the lens of parsing the world into ways
幽默的人也是这样 that can rotate shapes to make straight lines.
当人们看到某件事… So too the individuals who are doing humor.
例如Jon Stewart的编剧 或者"Steven Colbert报告"的编剧 The people that can look at something like
当他们看报纸时 writers for Jon Stewart,or the writers for Steven Colbert Report
当他们看到一件不悲不喜的事 When they look at the newspaper,
或者一件悲剧时 他们就开始让它变形 when they see something that seems to be neutral
他们在脑海里把这件事旋转变形 or even sad or tragic,they start to change the shape.
结果他们就会不停地寻找模式 They rotate the shape in their mind.
他们能从一件事上找到无限可能性 As a result,they are looking for patterns all the time.
而不是只看到一张报纸 They are looking for multiple potentials within a status quo;
他们能从报纸上看到幽默 instead of just seeing a newspaper,
你们能发现 they see the possibility of humor that can come out of that.
认知残象有时也会带来坏处 And as you can find,
你会在一个思维模式中出不来 you can find that this can be a detriment sometimes as well.
总是找幽默的东西 You can get stuck in pattern
这样有时会有利于适应 但如果你是和人吵架 of looking for things that are humorous,
你唯一能做的就是开玩笑 这是非常不利于适应的 which can be adaptive or if you are in a fight,
所以把幽默作为改变我们视角的东西还有一件事要注意的 and all you can do is making jokes - can be very mal-adaptive.
在我们讲幽默的益处前 我们先来讲一个这个 So one last thing about humor as a transformative lens
当我们笑某件事时 before we talk about the benefits of humor is that
Peter Berger认为 我们会暂时性地 when we laugh at something,
暂时地中止了现实 Peter Berger argues that we get a momentary,
我们能看到一些有别于现实的东西 a momentary suspension of reality -
它让我们知道 that when we can see something that is alternative to reality,
我们眼前的现实 是可塑的 it teaches us that the status quo,
它不是唯一一种可能的现实 the reality that we are seeing in front of us is both malleable
现状是可以改变的 and is not the only possible reality,
所以幽默可以使我们变得更正念 that the status quo absolutely can be changed.
Ellen Langer把正念定义为 So humor provides a way of being actually more mindful.
"留心眼前的情景" Ellen Langer defines mindfulness
这样你就能留意到环境中的可能性 as "being present in the situation",
我给幽默下的定义和正念的定义 so that you can be aware of the potentials in that environment.
几乎一模一样 The definition that I give for humor is almost word for word
原因是 我认为 of what you see with mindfulness.
当你真的留心眼前的情景 The reason is that I think
当你以某种模式来看待世界时 when you are really present in the situation
你实际上就是在用一种方式分析世界 and when you view the world through a specific pattern,
这种方式使得你能看到比环境本身更多的可能性 what you are doing is you are actually parsing the world in a way
所以Maslow认为我们会有高峰体验 that actually shows more potentials than that environment.
这时我们会暂时地披上了自我实现的披风 So Maslow argues that we have these peak experiences
当我们披上这件自我实现的披风时 where for momentarily we put on the cloak of self-actualization.
我们就能暂时地获得和看到 When we put this cloak of self-actualization,
我们实际拥有的潜力 we momentarily gain and see
所以我认为幽默也是这样 and glimpse the potentials we actually have.
我认为我们暂时地假装达成了自我实现 So too I think the humor is in the same vein.
因为当我们假装有这个现实时 I think we momentarily take on self-actualization,
在这个现实里 行为后果 because while we are provided with the reality,
不会对我们产生负面影响 in which the consequences for actions
我们会看到人生的真实和幸福 don't have a negative effect upon us,
即使是我们处于一个别人觉得枯燥悲伤的境地 where we see life giving reality and happiness,
平凡就变得非凡 even in the situation that seems dry and sad to other people.
这是Abraham Maslow所说的高峰体验的 The ordinary becomes extraordinary,
一个特征 which is one of the traits of peak experiences
我觉得"办公室"就是一个很好的例子 as Abraham Maslow did.
我有两段"办公室"的一分钟视频 I think the Office is a great example of this.
我想放给你们看 I have two one minute clips from the Office
在这个片段里 他们可以把一些… that I want to show you,
在办公室里的工作是很平凡的 of where they are taking something that's just -
他们能把平凡的变为非凡的 you are in an office,doing something that is ordinary
班上有多少同学看"办公室"? and take the ordinary and make it extraordinary.
有多少同学不看? How many people are there watch the Office?
有多少同学是不幽默的? How many people are there not watch the Office? Wow.
有些人没举手 我知道不止这么少 How many people are not funny?
好的 Some of you are not raising your hands -I know that's not true.
有多少同学认为自己的幽默感 OK.So,good.
是在中上水平的?举起手来 How many people in here think they are above,
有多少同学 having them above the average sense of humor? Raise your hand.
认为自己的幽默感是中下水平的? How many people
刚才没举手的那些都是了 think they are a below average sense of the humor?
我不知道你们还想我举出什么水平来让你们选 By the way this would be the rest of you.
有多少人认为自己正好处于中等水平的? I don't know what other option you've been waiting for.
幽默的同学 好的 How many people think you are exactly average?
我们来看这两段视频 The funny people.All right.
来看看如何把平凡变为非凡 So let's watch these two clips
片段：办公室 第三季 15集 and we'll watch how the ordinary becomes extraordinary.
糟了 又丢了一个文件 又要重启了 [CLIP: THE OFFICE Season 3 - Episode 15 "Phyllis' Wedding"]
Dwight 你想吃薄荷糖吗? Jim: Damn,lost another file.Going to have to reboot.Again.
你说呢? Hey,Dwight,do you want an Altoid?
上学时 我们学过一个故事 说有个科学家 Dwight: What do you think?
训练狗一听到铃声就流口水 Jim: In school,we learned about this scientist
方法就是每次响铃时都给东西它们吃 who trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
过去几周 by feeding them whenever a bell rang.
我在做一个类似的实验 For the last couple of weeks
Dwight 想吃薄荷糖吗? I've been conducting a similar experiment.
好的 Jim: Dwight,want an Altoid?
吃薄荷糖吗? Dwight: Okay.
好的 Jim: Altoid?
要薄荷糖吗 Dwight? Dwight: Sure.
Inbwit的吗?好的 Jim: Mint,Dwight?
你在干什么? Dwight: Inbwit? Yes.
我… Jim: What are you doing?
什么? Dwight: I...
我不知道 我突然嘴巴很臭 Jim: What?
还有一个 Dwight: I don't know.My mouth tastes so bad all of a sudden.
片段：办公室 第二季 21集 Shawn Achor:There is one more.
Dwight 你说 [CLIP: THE OFFICE – Season 2 Episode 21 Conflict Resolution]
"有人用蜡笔换走了我所有的钢笔和铅笔 Michael: So Dwight,in your own words -
我怀疑是Jim Halpert "Someone replaced all my pens and pencils with crayons,
所有人都叫了我一整天的Dwanye I suspect Jim Halpert.
我觉得是Jim Halpert给钱他们 叫他们这么做的" Everyone has called me Dwanye all day.
是的 每个五美元 花得很值 I think Jim Halpert paid them to."
"到下班时 Jim: YES! 5 bucks each,and it was totally worth it.
我的办公桌离复印机近了两英尺" Michael: "By the end of the day,
是的 my desk was about two feet closer to the copier."
每次他上洗手间 我就移动一英寸 Jim: Yeah,
我那天一整天只干了这件事 I just moved it an inch every time he went to the bathroom.
"每次我输入我的名字 都会变成'尿布'" And that's how I spent my entire day that day.
用一个简单的宏就行了 Michael: "Every time I typed my name it said 'diapers'."
"今天早上 Jim: Just a simple macro.
我拿电话时 撞到了自己的头" Michael: "This morning,
这个花了我不少时间 I knocked myself in the head with the phone."
我要一次放一个硬币进他的电话听筒 Jim: That actually took awhile.
等他习惯了那个重量以后 I had to put more and more nickels into his handset,
我就把全部硬币都拿出来 til he got used to the weight,
Jim用Dwight来做这些实验 and then I just ... took them all out.
这些实验也告诉了我们 Shawn:So just as Jim performs some of his experiments on Dwight,
幽默对我们有多大的积极影响 so too these experiments are gonna reveal
我们不但会看"办公室" how much humor actually has a positive effect upon us.
我们还会选择与幽默的人为伴 Not only when we are watching the Office,
或者让自己变得幽默 but when we ourselves choose to surround ourselves with people
为了弄明白这点 我要讲两个身体部位 that are funny or decide to be funny ourselves.
写下来 只有两个 In order to understand this,there are two parts of human body.
交感神经系统 Write that down.Only two parts.
和副交感神经系统 The sympathetic nervous system
副字拼作para 副交感神经系统 and the parasympathetic nervous system.
交感神经系统是我们身体里 P-A-R-A: the parasympathetic nervous system.
一个负责释放化学物质进我们身体里 The sympathetic nervous system is the part of the body
让你准备作出或战或逃反应的系统 that's responsible for dropping chemicals into your body
它能暂时地让你当一回超人 that prepare you for fight or flight.
你变强了 你变快了 It momentarily makes you super human.
你忍耐力变强了 你更有活力了 You are stronger; you are faster;
但问题是 一直当这样的超人的话 you have more endurance; you have more energy.
是有分解代谢作用的 Now the problem with being super human all the time
当你把这些化学物释放到你的身体时 and I should know is that it's catabolic,
虽然你的身体暂时变强壮了 is that when you dump these chemicals into your body
但其实它在损害你身体里的所有器官 while your body becomes stronger momentarily,
压力是有影响的 它会劳损所有组织 it actually is tearing down every single organ in your body.
你体内的活组织 Stress has its effect where it actually wears out every tissue,
幸好 不是只有这么一个系统 living tissue in your body.
因为我们不会变得越来越兴奋 Now that's not the end of the story fortunately,
我们的心跳不会一直飙升 直到心脏爆炸 because we don't just get more and more excited -
因为我们中枢神经系统里还有另一部分 our heart rate keeps increasing until we just explode.
叫做副交感神经系统 Because we have the other part of our central nervous system,
副交感神经系统 called the parasympathetic nervous system.
负责让我们的身体冷静下来 The parasympathetic nervous system
它负责减慢我们的呼吸率 心跳率 is responsible for calming the body down,
真正让我们恢复过来的就是它 for slowing our breath rate,for slowing our heart rate.
当我们能量水平没有飙升时 It's the part that actually causes rejuvenation.
我们的能量就能维持更长时间 And while we don't feel the spike in our energy levels,
因为这个系统会不断地激活 we have a longer sustained period of energy,
修复 并注入更多的活力 because we are constantly revitalizing,
很有帮助的图表 repairing,and creating more energy in and of itself.
这个称之为… Helpful drawing.
有人称之为黑道家族效应 So what does this call is a -
其实只有我称之为黑道家族效应 somebody calls it the Soprano Effect.
但我们还是会考 I call it the Soprano Effect - no one else calls that.
黑道家族效应 But we'll test on it anyway.
是指长期地激活交感神经系统 So the Soprano Effect
很多哈佛学生 包括我自己都会这么做 is the chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
我们准备为考试复习时 And this is what a lot of Harvard students,including myself do,
或者处理生活中某些事情时 is that when we are about go prepare for a test
我听到很多人在考试前会说 or dealing with anything in our lives,
"这次考试我一定不会及格了 I hear so many people before the test say,
我压根就没准备好 "I'm totally gonna fail this test.
我一定会不及格了" I'm not ready for this test at all.
或者他们心里想 I'm totally gonna fail this test."
"我太忙了 我压力太大了" Or they say themselves,
当他们这么想时 "Oh,I'm so busy.I'm so busy.I'm so stressed."
他们其实是把事情都留到最后一刻才做 And when they do that,
就像Tal说的拖延症 what they are doing is we are leaving everything for last minute,
结果是 like Tal was talking about procrastination.
你的能量会短暂地飙升 The resulting effect is that
因为你的交感神经系统被激活了 you get that momentary burst of energy,
所以我们习惯了这么做 because your sympathetic nervous system is activating.
我们会上瘾地用 So we get used to that.
交感神经系统刺激我们的能量 We get addicted to using that
我们认为 sympathetic nervous system for that boost.
能量可能让我们完成工作 And we think that
Tony Soprano不是现实人物 是HBO剧集里的 energy was actually gonna allow us to accomplish things.
黑帮老大 Tony Soprano is in a non-reality but on the HBO series,
这个电视剧的一个主旨就是 is a mob boss.
他要去接受心理治疗 And he - the part of the point of the series is that
对于一个恶贯满盈的黑帮老大 没必要这样做 he had to go to therapy which is not necessarily
他要去看心理医生 因为他惊恐症发作 something you want to do as a nefarious crime boss.
他的身体停止运作 因为他长期激活 And he had to go to therapy because he was having panic attacks.
他的交感神经系统 所以就发作了 His body was shutting down,because he was responding to the fact
不管是他当黑帮老大时做种种犯法的事 that he was constantly activating his sympathetic nervous system,
黑帮老大 whether be his nefarious actions as a crime lord boss -
黑帮老大 前面加一连串的形容词 crime lord bo...
还是平常和他家人的生活 Whatever – crime lord boss and a couple of adjectives.
过一个正常的生活 他住在新泽西 Or living with his family,
住在新泽西的压力就更大了 trying to live a normal life,living in New Jersey which -
因此 他的身体停止运作 living in New Jersey will be even more stressful.
所以原因之一就是 And as a result of this,his body was just shutting down.
他长期激活他的交感神经系统 And,so part of what was happening -
哈佛的学生也是这样 he was chronically activating his sympathetic nervous system.
经常我们都会利用这种激活 So the same thing that happens with Harvard students
我们会长期激活我们的交感神经系统 is that often times when we would decide to use that activation,
因此我们就会耗损我们的身体 that chronic activation of our sympathetic nervous system
我们的身体就会开始停止运作 and as a result we wear down our bodies.
幸好 我们还有救星 And our bodies actually begin to shut down.
对抗黑道家族效应的最佳缓冲剂是幽默 Fortunately that's not the end of the story.
原因是 幽默 The greatest buffer against the Soprano Effect is humor.
就像正念和冥想 And the reason is that humor,
它能激活副交感神经系统 just like mindfulness and meditation,
因此 非凡的事就发生了 activate the parasympathetic nervous system.
很让人惊讶的是 And as a result of that,several extraordinary things happen.
我们觉得大笑是一件奢侈的事 It's amazing that
我们有时间的时候才会大笑 laughter, something we consider to be just a luxury,
我们没事可做时才会大笑 something that we do just in our free time
但它对我们的生活却有如此巨大的影响 as if we have nothing else to do
首先 笑本身既是一种药也是一种运动 has such a dramatic effect upon our lives.
如果你喜欢Jack Candy和"周六夜现场"的"深层思考"小品 First of all,laughter itself is both medicine and exercise.
我引用几句话给大家听 其中有一句是 If you like Jack Candy and deep thoughts from Saturday Night Live
"我爸爸总是说 笑是最好的药 there is some quote about - there is something like,
可能这就是为什么我们几个有家人死于肺结核" "as my father always said,the laughter is the best medicine.
其实不是很好笑 但我还是决定说这句 That's probably why several of us died of tuberculosis,"
笑也是一种运动 每次你笑 which is not all that funny,but I decided to go for it anyway.
如果你想在这节课上笑 And so it's also a form of exercise that every time you laugh,
或者你想下课后才笑 if you've chosen to laugh at some point during this lecture,
你笑时 你的身体就在做大量运动 or if you are planning on laughing after the lecture,
我已经说过 what happens is your body is actually doing a lot of exercise.
你笑时 身体有多少块肌肉在伸缩 I already told you
我们发现 只要笑10到15分钟 how many muscles you actually contract in your body.
笑10到15分钟 Well it turns out just 10 to 15 minutes of laughing,
所消耗的卡路里 10 to 15 minutes of laughing actually
就相等于一块中等大小的巧克力 非常棒 is enough to burn the amount of calories
有些人的报告说 只要笑几分钟 of a medium size block of chocolate,which is pretty good.
就足够让他们的心率飙升到 Also some people report just minute of laughing
比在划式练力机上做15分钟运动还要高 is enough to get their heart rate up
这就要看你划的是什么了 more than 15 minutes of rowing machine exercise.
他们还发现它能导致…非常厉害的是 It depends on what you actually are rowing at the time.
幽默还能够在化学层面上起作用 They also find that it causes - this is amazing,amazing that
它能增加我们体内的T细胞 humor will do something like this at the chemical level -
从而加强我们的免疫系统 that it actually increases our T-cells in our body
增加我们的γ-干扰素 which actually strengthen our immune system;
它是一种抵抗疾病的蛋白质 increasing our Gamma-interferon,
还会增加我们的B细胞 which is the disease fighting protein
B细胞负责生成抗体 as well as increasing our B-cells
加强我们身体抵抗疾病的能力 which are responsible for creating antibodies
所以幽默真的能帮我们更好地对抗现实 to actually prepare our body to defend against disease.
对吧 The humor is actually making us better defended against reality,
它真的能加强我们的身体 帮助我们 right?
对抗外部世界 It's actually preparing our body to defend itself
这就是幽默的作用之一 against the outside world.
它能够影响黑道家族效应的原因之一 It's partly the way that it exists,
就是像Sultanoff这样的研究人员发现的那样 and part of the reason that affects the Soprano Effect
笑能降低我们体内的 is that researchers like Sultanoff found that
血清皮质醇 laughter decreases the amount of serum cortisol
当我们感受到压力时 就会释放皮质醇 that occurs in our body.
应激反应… Cortisol is released when we have a stress response.
如果我做了某些事 让你感到有压力了 That stress response
你的皮质醇水平就会上升 if I cause you to be stressful for whatever reason,
如果你在这时候引人发笑 and your cortisol levels begin to go up;
他们的皮质醇水平就会降低 if you cause somebody to laugh midway during that experience,
也就是说在他们感受到压力时 their cortisol levels actually decrease again;
大笑起来 that if they are going through a stressful event,
在压力中笑起来 能够使他们 laughing in the midst
降低压力带来的消积影响 and going through that event will actually allow them
大家回忆一下 压力会耗损我的身体 to not have all the negative effects of stress,
除此以外 幽默还能给我们的心理和生理 which–remember–tear down every organ in your body.
累积大量的益处 In addition,there is a ton of mental and physical benefits
首先 他们发现 that accrue because of this.
即使是一点点的幽默 就能提高我们的免疫系统 First of all,they find that
他们的研究方法是 even small doses of humor actually increase our immune system.
他们找来一些患有支气管哮喘病的人 So what they did
让他们接触尘螨 is they brought in people who had bronchial asthma.
这些病人对尘螨是极度过敏的 And they exposed them to the dust mite
这样是为了让他们产生过敏反应 which they are highly allergic to -
我很肯定这群研究人员就是 just make sure that they had those responses.
上次做那个吐根怀孕研究的那些人 Pretty sure that these were the same people
我们在这门课上讲过那个研究 或者是那个 that did the ipecac pregnancy studies that
一次又一次地电击狗 习得无助感实验的那群研究员 we talked about earlier on in the course or the learned helpless-
在这个支气管哮喘实验中 that's the one who kept shocking the dogs over and over again.
他们让这些病人接触尘螨 有致命危险的 So in this case for the bronchial asthma,
他们只让他们接触一点点 they exposed them to this dust mite which,umm,potentially fatal
但他们至少要保证数量要足以 And then they had them go away for a little,
让所有病人都对尘螨产生过敏反应 but they wanted to make sure that
然后他们找这些人回来做实验 everyone had an effect based upon this dust mite.
看来这些人是真的学不精的 Then they had the people come back to the experiment
这些患有支气管哮喘的病人 which shows how smart these people are.
回来做同一个实验 And these people with bronchial asthma
有一半人在接触尘螨之前 came back to the same experiment.
先听一个笑话 And half of them before they were exposed to the dust mite again
我不知道他们听了什么笑话 were just told a joke –
反正他们笑了 I don't know what joke they were told but it had to be -
然后另一组是对照组 they had actually to laugh at it.
他们只是看了或听了一个很普通的故事 And the other group was a neutral group,
这些故事不会减轻 one that they just had to watch or listen to a neutral story.
支气管哮喘患者对尘螨的过敏反应 And that shouldn't have any effect
他们发现 upon the way a dust mite affects somebody with bronchial asthma.
数据上表明 那些先听过一个笑话的人 But what they found was that people that
哮喘病发作的数量 have been told a single joke to beforehand show statistically
要少很多 significantly smaller amounts of flare-up due,
我很难想象… flare-up in terms of their asthma.
我想说一个好笑的笑话 好让你们讲给别人听 I can't imagine -
但我想不出来 I was trying to think of funny jokes you could tell people.
你们想的笑话可能都比我想的这个要好笑 I couldn't come up with anything.
但我想…算了 我不说这个笑话 You probably will think of something better than this,
不说了 不好笑的 but I think like.. No,actually I'm not gonna go for that.
我本来想说一个关于哮喘病的"敲门"玩笑 Never mind.It wasn't funny.
但我发现不好笑 I was going to do a knock-knock joke about bronchial asthma,
我们还发现 幽默还能提高忍痛度 but it isn't funny.
有一群德国研究人员 So we also find humor also increases pain tolerance.
除了德国研究人员还会有谁 So there's a group of German researchers –
他们找人来 of course they would be German researchers -
找参与者来参加这个研究 to find and put individuals,
把他们的手放在冰冷的冰水里 the participants to sign up for this study,
这是心理学以及医学界中 put their hands in ice cold ice water.
测试一个人的忍痛度的标准做法 Now this is a standard way in psychology
因为这个测试不会对人造成永久伤害 and medical experience of testing somebody's pain tolerance.
只会加重他们的冻疮 Because there's usually no lasting effect upon individuals
他们发现 except for debilitating frost-bite.
他们把手放进冰水桶里 So what they find is that
在这期间 they keep their hands in frozen bucket of ice water,
你的手放得越久 你的忍痛度就越高 and during this period -
你可以和朋友试试 这是一个很好的派对游戏 so the longer you keep it in,the better your pain tolerance is.
你可以 Try with your friends.This is a great party trick.
让一个人看好笑的视频 And one of the things you can do
一个人看不悲不喜的视频 is you can have one person watch a funny video,
一个人看悲伤的视频 这时候他们的手都放在冰水里 one person watch a neutral video,
他们发现 and one person watch sad video while they are doing this.
看幽默视频的那一组 And what they found was that the group
在数据上来看 that was watching the humor video
手放在冰桶里的时间要比其他组长很多 could keep their hand in the ice bucket
比其他组的人长很多 for statistically significantly longer than the other groups,
这意味着 如果你觉得幽默好笑 the other groups of people,
你可能没有别人聪明 which means that if you find humor funny,
但你能把手放在冰桶里 you are probably not as smart as other people
更久 and you can keep your hand in the ice bucket
但这个研究还有一个惊人发现 for longer periods of time.
幽默的影响不仅现出在实验过程中 But this is amazing.This is amazing.
他们在这些人看完幽默视频后20分钟 It wasn't just during experiment that they had found this effect.
再对他们进行测试 They even decided to test people 20 minutes
看完幽默视频20分钟后 after they were exposed to humor.
还能有同样的效果 即使是看了幽默视频 20 minutes after they were exposed to humor -
20分钟后 幽默还能有一个后效应 the same effect occurred that there was a 20 minute
提高你的忍痛度 after effect of watching something
这个结果 that was humorous in terms of your pain tolerance.
给了人们很多启示 Now this has a lot to do
那些日常生活中因为患有疾病 and a lot of implications thus for people
而有慢性疲劳 或者慢性痛的人 that are experiencing chronic fatigue or chronic pain
幽默可以减轻他们的疲劳或疼痛 in their own lives due to diseases,
他们还发现在你狂吃一顿后 and the way which humor itself could play a role in that.
如果你有II型糖尿病 而你狂吃了一顿 They also found that after you eat a large meal,
如果你吃完后 that if you have type 2 diabetes and you eat a large meal,
看了一些好笑的东西 而不是一些平平淡淡的东西 that if you are watching something
令人惊讶地 你的血糖会 that's humorous afterwards as opposed to something that's neutral
比那些吃了同样多的人 低很多 surprisingly your blood sugar actually was much lower
这种效果太惊人了 than the group that have eaten the same exactly meal,
最后 他们还发现幽默能减少压力 which is amazing that it's occurring.
增加癌症的缓解率 And finally they found it decreases stress
例如 有一个关于睾丸癌的研究 and increases remission rates in terms of cancer.
研究人员发现 患者 For example one of the studies was on testicular cancer.
如果能笑出来 And they found that these individuals
能用笑作为他们的心理应付机制 once they can find a way of laughing and coping,
那些用笑来作为心理应会机制的患者 using laughter as coping mechanism,the individual
比起那些没有这样做的患者 他们的缓解有所提高 that found laughter as a coping mechanism versus those
甚至 that did not showed increased levels of remission.
他们的症状也减少了 In fact their symptoms
他们的忍痛度提高了 that they are experiencing actually decrease.
伴随这些病痛而来的压力也减少了 And they had higher levels of pain tolerance and decreased stress
因此 because of the infliction that they were feeling.
我们看到幽默真的有很多惊人的益处 Now as a result of this,
我们看到它能改变我们的身体化学 we've seen some pretty remarkable things about humor.
改变我们的免疫系统 I mean we've seen the ways in which it changes our body chemistry
帮助我们对抗疾病 it changes the way our immune system actually fights
它改善我们的压力水平 and defends against these things,
改善我们身体对尘螨的反应 it changes our stress levels,
对食物的反应 对癌症的反应 it changes the way that our body responds to dust mite
幽默从方方面面 and to food and to testicular cancer.
影响我们 效果非常惊人 There are a lot of different ways that
我还想谈谈幽默的社会影响 humor actually has an effect upon us,which is remarkable.
如果你是第一天来这里上学的 But also I want to talk about the social effects of humor as well
我要跟你说几个数据 Now if you are here on the very first day of class,
我只是想提醒大家几个数据 I told you these statistics.
去年我们在哈佛学生中做了一个调查 But I just want to remind you about these statistics,
我们发现 that last year when we tested the Harvard students,
哈佛学生的谈恋爱的次数 we found that
少于一次 the average number of romantic relationships at Harvard
平均的性伴侣人数在0到0.5之间 was less than one.
用科学数据给二垒定了量 And the average number of sexual partners was between 0 and .5,
我们还发现你们当中有24%的同学不知道 the scientific equivalent of second base.
自己是不是在谈恋爱 And we also found that 24% of you are currently unaware
我想跟大家说这几个数据 if you are involved in a romantic relationship.
是因为我觉得 Now I just remind you about this,
幽默能给我们哈佛学生在恋情中带来很大帮助 because I think that this is one of the areas
我还在哈佛教一门叫人类性欲的课 where humor could actually do us a lot of good at Harvard.
那是一门很尴尬的课 So I taught for human sexuality at Harvard as well,
有多少同学上了人类性欲?只有一个 which is an awkward class.
你好 真尴尬 How many people took human sexuality? Just one.
其中… Hello.This is awkward.
我说它尴尬的原因是 So one of the things,
学生要写的第一篇论文 是一篇十页的 the reason why it's so awkward is the very first paper that
讲自己第一次性行为的论文 the students had to write was ten page paper
我要评阅这些论文 on their first sexual encounter,
非常尴尬 which I then had to grade.
我还要写评论 That's really awkward.
"不 不可能这样" 或者说 And I had to make comments like
"写这篇论文的时间要比你做爱的时间长很多" "no,there's no way that happened,"or
有很多尴尬的事 "this paper took a lot longer to write than you've ever had sex."
但是… There's a lot of awkwardness that could possibly...
最尴尬的一次是 But one of the things
有一节课 that was most awkward about this is that they,
他们想我给哈佛学生看看安全套是什么样的 for one of the sections
因为数据表明 你们哈佛学生很可能 they wanted us to show condoms to the Harvard students,
连安全套或者其他与性有关的东西都没见过 because well of the statistics that just showed chances
他们发现这个现象 are you haven't seen a condom or anything to rhyme sex.
他们想我在一节课上分发安全套 And so what they found is that,
这样大家都能拿一个看看 they wanted us to give these condoms out in sections
我那天要教四个班 so everyone could see one.
于是我把80个安全套塞进背包的前袋 And so I was teaching four sections for this class
当时我坐在星巴克里 星巴克是我的咖啡店兼办公室 so I stuffed 80 condoms into the front pouch of my backpack.
我整天都坐在那里 一天只需交1.49美元的租金 And I was sitting at Starbucks,which is my coffice.
我发现我坐在那里时 And I spent all day there,rented out a dollar 49 a day.
我不知道我为什么很喜欢说"发现" And I find that while I was sitting there -
我当时坐在那里 旁边坐了一个女孩 I don't why I keep saying that - "find".
这时她转过身 跟我说 While I was sitting there,there is this girl sitting next to me.
"你能借支笔给我吗?" And at one point she turned to me and she said,
我说"当然能 当然能借支笔给你" "Do you have a pen that I can borrow?"
然后我完全忘了 And I said,"Oh,absolutely! I can definitely get you a pen!"
我打开我的背包 And then I was totally forgetting.
80只安全套夺包而出 掉到了她身上 And I opened up my backpack
她的桌子上 她脚下的地板上满是安全套 and 80 condoms exploded all over her,
我花了四分钟才捡完她脚下的安全套 all over her table,all over the floor underneath her.
我还递了一个给她 It took me like 4 minutes to pick all the condoms underneath her.
她不想要安全套 也不想要我的笔 I offered her one.
研究这种第一次相遇的研究 She didn't want that or my pen.
得到非常惊人的发现 But research that's done on first encounters like this
Fraley做了一些研究 has been pretty remarkable.
他会找一些人来…有个知识点忘了讲 Fraley did some research
我们等一下再讲 where you bring people into - forgot something.
Fraley发现 如果你把实验参与者带到一个房间 We'll come back.
他们互不认识 你让他们做一个合作任务 Fraley found that if you bring people into a room,participants,
你让他们做一个合作任务 and they are strangers,and you have them do cooperative task.
有个助教很喜欢我标题中的"吸引与感情"这两个词 You have them do a cooperative task.
我觉得很好笑 我想不起要讲什么了 One of TF love the attraction and bondage on my titles.
我讲另一个内容吧 镜像神经元 I just think it's funny.So I totally lost my train of thoughts.
镜像神经元非常厉害 因为我刚才忘了讲这个 I'll talk about mirror neurons instead.
镜像神经元 我们以前不知道大脑里有这个 Mirror neurons are awesome.Cause I skipped this a minute ago.
直到十年前才知道 Mirror neurons - we didn't even know we had it in brain,
或能还不到十年 in the human brain until about ten years ago,
我们那时才发现它们的存在 or actually about even less than that.
它们的作用就是 如果有人对你笑 Then we began to become aware of them .
通常你一定也会对他们笑 But there's a part that if somebody smiles at you,
原因是 因为你大脑有个部位 you almost have to smile back at them.
在你笑时 亮起来了 And the reason is because there's part of your brain
就好像我站在讲台上 有个人走过来 is lighting up as you are smiling as well,
狠狠地把我绊倒 大家都会惊呼 just as if I was standing on stage as somebody came over
你们会觉得很愤怒 and tackled me really hard,and everyone goes,"Ooh."
你们有大脑会亮起来 那些镜像神经元会亮起来 You know like feeling mad – you are actually,
就好像你也被绊倒了一样 your brain is lighting up those mirror neurons are lighting up,
这也是为什么人们看橄榄球比赛时会发生痛苦的叫声 as if you just got tackled as well,
即使他们离体育场有2000英里远 which is reason why people groan at football games
我们天生会对别人有移情作用 even if they are 2000 miles away from the actual stadium.
因此 幽默非常具有传染性 We are actually literally hardwired for empathy for other people.
因为当我们看到别人笑时 As a result of that,humor is extremely contagious,
我们的镜像神经元就会激活 because these mirror neurons begin to activate
幽默之所以能帮助我们的社交 是因为 when we see other people laughing.
第一次相遇时 它能制造吸引力 Now the reason why this is helpful is because of the attraction
他们发现 他们找来互不认识的参与者 that it causes in these first situations.
让他们玩一个竞赛游戏 So what they found is they bring in strangers,
之后让他们评价对方的吸引力 have them play a competitive game.
以及他们对比赛对手产生了多少感情 Afterwards you have them rank the attractiveness and
通常他们的吸引力和感情都很低 how closely they feel bonded to the person they are working with.
中间那组 And usually the levels of attraction and bondage were pretty low.
你找人来合作完成一个任务 For the middle group,
跟Tal这个学期讲过的 you have somebody come in and you have them do a cooperative task
华尔街和社区运动会的研究很相似 This is similar to the Wall Street and community games studies
在这个实验里 如果是合作完成任务 that Tal was talking about earlier on this semester.
参与者的吸引力 两个人的吸引力 And this experiment - when you have a cooperative task,
和感情都上升了 people's attractiveness,the ratings of attraction
但如果你让参与者做 and bondage for both of the individuals go up.
一件很尴尬的事 例如玩扭扭乐 But if you have that individual do
或者让人走进房间 an extremely awkward task together,like play Twister,
实验参与者所在的房间 or you have somebody come into the room
叫他们不小心地把水倒到其中一个参与者身上 that this experimenters are in,
告诉他们 他们笨手笨脚的 然后离开房间 and ask them accidently pour water on one of the participants,
让他们笑这件事 这些人… telling them that they are awkward and leaving the room,
因为这个过程中发生了幽默的事 allowing them to laugh about it,those individuals -
所以给对方评的吸引力分数是最高的 because there is something humorous that is going on -
而且感情也是最深的 showed the highest ratings of other persons being attractive,
所以 下次如果你坐在酒吧里 and showed the highest levels of bondage.
你不要试图去跟那个人比个高低 Now what this means is next time you are sitting at a bar,
或者跟那个人合作 you shouldn't attempt to do some sort of a competitive
你可以请他们玩扭扭乐 or a cooperative task with that individual,
或者把酒倒在他们身上 告诉他们 他们有多笨手笨脚 you should either suggest to play Twister
这个诡计 or pour your drink on them and tell them how awkward they are.
一定能增加你们的感情 That witty repertoire
他们发现在研究幽默这个课题时 is definitely going to increase your bondage.
约会是一个很有趣的研究对象 So what they find is dating is an interesting case
尤其是研究它的社会因素 when it comes to humor,
我们知道人们是会 especially in terms of the social elements.
被某些身体特征吸引的 So we know that there are certain things that
但为什么有些人会选择幽默的人 people are attracted to in the physical domain,
幽默应该不是一种进化优势 对吧? but there should be no evolutionary advantage at all – right? –
这班上有多少同学是不会 to why somebody would pick somebody who is humorous,right? Yeah.
和赚不了多少钱的人约会的? How many people in the room would not date somebody
举起手来 好的 if they didn't make enough money?
很好 有几个诚实的人 Just raise your hand.OK.
从进化的角度来看 这个答案是正确的 Good.A couple of honest people.
但很少人举起手 Evolutionarily,that's the correct answer.
那些发现约会对象没有幽默感以后 But,so,but very few of you.
就不和他们约会的同学 请举起手来 Now raise your hand if you would not date somebody
几乎所有人都举了 because you found out they had no sense of humor at all?
也许是因为这个答案更为社会所接受 Almost everyone -
这样可能会把研究都搞砸了 maybe that's just more socially acceptable answer to do
事实是 and that might screw the study itself.
我认为很多人都没有说谎 我们确实想要性感的… But the fact is
我们确实想要有幽默感的伴侣 好的 I think a lot of us are being honest that we really want sexual,
我还会一次又一次地口误 we really want sense of humor to be part of our mate.Good.
我们发现在这些人身上 You know that it's just gonna happen now over and over again.
如果你在野外遇到危险 例如遇到狮子 So what we find in these individuals is that
你想打赢它 或者逃跑 if you are faced with a threat in the wild like a lion,
你不会想说那个敲门笑话 对吧? you know,you want to be able to fight it or flee.
幽默并不能增加你 You don't want to tell the knock-knock joke,right?
对自然选择的适应性 对吧? That doesn't increase your slight of adaptivity
但我们发现 人们似乎都很喜欢幽默 of natural selection,right?
不同性别的幽默是不同的 But what we find is people seem to absolutely favor this.
科学家和心理学家认为 And there's some difference in terms of genders,
幽默是表示认知能力良好的一个信号 part of what scientists and psychologists believe
就像我们喜欢别人有良好的体格一样 is that humor is a signal of cognitive fitness,
我们也喜欢良好的认知能力 that just like we want physical fitness in somebody else,
我们喜欢能用不同视角看世界的幽默之人 so too we want cognitive fitness.
它不仅能极大地影响 We want somebody humorous to view the world from different lenses
他们看待世界的方式 It actually has a dramatic effect upon not only the way that
还会影响他们帮助你应付现实的方式 they can deal with reality
我们刚才所说的这些 but the way they can help you deal with reality.
幽默对生理的益处 都会出现在 All those benefits we just talked about
那些与笑的人为伴 in terms of the physical benefits of humor are all garnered
或者与开玩笑的人为伴的人身上 by people that are surrounded by people that are laughing
如果你与幽默的人为伴 or they are making the jokes themselves.
你就能得到所有这些益处 So if you are around somebody that is funny,
除此以外 他们还发现了几个有趣的差别 you get all those positive benefits as well.
男人与女人的差别 In addition,they found a couple of interesting differences -
这是由一个叫Bressler研究员发现的 the differences between men and women
我不知道这个人是男还是女的 by a guy named or a woman named Bressler.
Bressler发现男女的差别是 I'm not sure which one.
他们发现男女所寻求的幽默 The differences between men women by Bressler is that
是有差别的 they found there's difference in terms of
他们观察在酒吧里调情的人 what people are actually looking for.
在这个实验里 他们看 And they just check people flirting at bar.
那些在酒吧里调情的人 很怪 So the experiment was they watch people
每次女人或男人笑时 while they are flirting at the bar - this is just creepy.
他们就会打一个勾 And what they would do is they make tick marks
然后 他们会走过去 every time the female or the male would laugh.
给这两个陌生男女一份报告 And then afterwards they would go up
让他们填完这份报告 and give these two strangers a report
并且在他们离开前 互换报告 and ask them to fill out a report
他们发现女人笑的次数 and exchange before they go somewhere else.
与女人喜欢男人的的程度成正比 And so what they found is that the number of laughs
反过来也是 by the female correlated with how much the female like the male
他们还发现 女人笑的次数 and that in exchange.
与男人喜欢她的程度成正比 They also found out that the number of laughs by the female
他们还发现 男人的笑 correlated with how much the male liked her.
对两个人的吸引力都没有任何影响 What they found is the male's laughter had absolutely no effect
似乎这… whatsoever upon the attractiveness of either people.
这只是从总体来看 不是每个人都会这样 So it seems like and this would be -
大家从中看到 this is an aggregate but not necessarily case for everyone.
一个趋势 有些人似乎是说笑话的人 Part of what you are seeing
有些人似乎是听笑话的人 is in trends which some people seem to be the joke generator,
这给了我们一个很有趣的想法 as some people seem to be the joke receivers.
在这两者当中 你会选择当哪一个 And I think it's interesting to think about
当你想用你的幽默风格来吸引对方时 where you lie in that match in terms of which one
我们还发现 you are actually attempting to do with your own humor style.
在婚姻谈判中 幽默很重要的 We also find that it's extremely important
基本上和上面那个一样 in terms of the negotiations in marriage,
John Gottman发现…John Gottman就是那个 which are usually just basically the same thing.
恋爱专家 他做了四骑士实验 John Gottman found that - John Gottman is the guy,
我们在之前讲爱情的课上就已经讲过了 this relationship expert who did the Four Horsemen -
他说消除冲突的最佳方法 we talked about it earlier in the relationship section.
如果在谈判中出现冲突 或者婚姻出现问题时 He says that the greatest way to defuse a conflict
最佳方法就是换一个角度 把幽默 that is occurring in a negotiation or in a marriage problem,
当作应付机制 the greatest solution is to find a way to use humor
要回答幽默在…当你出现应激反应 as a coping mechanism.
或者说像我之前说的那个 皮质醇被释放出来 To answer that humor in - while you are feeling stress response
即使John Gottman也把幽默视为 or the release of cortisol that I talked about.
达到效果的最重要方法 Even John Gottman views the humor
这个…这个很有趣 as one of the most important ways of effectiveness.
但和我现在讲的内容没什么关系 This is the... This is just interesting
当我们叫一个大学男生想着爱时 but not related to what I'm talking about.
他的大脑就是这样子的 This is the –this is what brain looks like with the,
大脑有些地方亮起来了 part of the brain activated most
很漂亮 when a college male student is thinking about love.
如果你叫他们想着性 剩下的地方都会亮起来 It's beautiful.
幽默作为一种治疗手段 我简单地讲一下这点 The rest lights up when you ask them to think about sex.
因为我想等一下讲幽默的最强大功效 Humor as therapy - I'm just talk about this really quickly,
Pennebaker的研究 because I want to get onto the most powerful part of humor.
我们之前讲写日记的时候讲过 Pennebaker's studies
当你开始写日记时 which we talked about earlier about journaling said that
你的神经活动水平会出现峰值 as you start to journal,
其实你写日记的时候 感受到的压力会更大 you see a spike in your neural activity levels.
但写完后 就会回落到一个低很多的水平 We actually feel more stress when you are journaling,
幽默也是一样 but then afterwards,deep down to a lower restate.
因为幽默过界了 它暂时增加了我们的压力 The same is true with humor.Humor-
但能让我们回落到 because it crosses the line also increases our stress momentarily
一个更低的水平 but allow us to return back down to a state
因为它激活了我们的副交感神经系统 that is below or a lower restate,
因此 because it activate our parasympathetic nervous system.
在一个心理治疗中 As a result of that,
幽默是我们可以利用的有效工具 humor can be a very effective way for us to use,
印度有些大笑互助组就是用这个方法 to deal with therapeutic situations.
他们会让人围成一圈 Some of the ways that people do it are laughing groups in India,
把头放到另一个人的腹部上 where they had people get in a circle
一个人开始叫"哈" 另一个人也叫"哈" and put their heads on each other's stomachs.
整个圈的人都这样做 And one person starts to go "Ha!" And another person go "Ha ha!"
直到所有人都自发地笑起来 And they'll do this all around the circle
这是一种很好的健身运动 till everyone was laughing spontaneously.
做完以后 你会觉得自己 And it's a great workout.
健康了很多 And at the end of it,you actually feel like your well being
他们还有"抱抱兔子" 或者"抱抱组" is so much higher at the end.
抱抱免子 这是从网上的梯子理论上找来的 They also have something called cuddle bunnies,cuddle parties.
大家想了解的话 就去搜索一下 Cuddle bunnies - that's from the Ladder Theory online
抱抱组 是在纽约的 if you want to google that.
我没有时间讲了 Cuddle parties is something that's in New York
这些小组能改变心理创伤和坏心情… that I don't have time to talk about.
我想这当中很有趣的一点是 And transforming trauma and bad days -
幽默真的可以让我们能够对我们以前认为是 I think that one of the really interesting parts of it too
消积的 不好的或者让人烦恼的事情改观 is humor actually allows us to be able to transform things that
这就是我想说的 幽默最强大的功效 we thought were negative or bad or upsetting in the past.
但在讲这点之前 我想说 And I want to talk about that as the greatest power of humor,
可以增加我们幽默感的六种方法 but before we do that,I want to say
首先 我们刚才已经讲了一个了 six ways you can actually increase your humor levels as well.
把只属于你的故事写进日记了 First of all,we just talked about one of these.
找出你日常生活中 But journaling stories that are unique to you,
好笑的故事 当你写日记时 finding funny stories that
要尽量写积极的经历 just as you have to go through your day and when you journal,
你要审视你的周围 try to write about positive experiences,
找出日常生活中发生的积极事件 you are scanning your environment for the events
想培养幽默 也可以用这个方法 把它练成一种技能 that occur in your day which are positive.
就像把感恩练成一种培养乐观心态的技能 So too you can do that with humor and train that as a skill
你要做的是 回忆起这一天 just as gratitude you can train as a skill of optimism
写下这一天发生的事情 So what you do is you go through your day,
然后拿它发挥 给它变形 write down something that happened during your day,
改变它的方向 then play around with it,change the shape of it,
直到你能从中发现一些幽默 keep orienting it
就像Jon Stewart的编剧 until you can find something that is humorous about it,
看报纸上的新闻一样 just as Jon Stewart's writers do
结果 你的大脑会养成一种模式 when they are looking at the news.
找到生活中好笑的事情的模式 As a result of that,your brain actually gets in the pattern,
第二个方法是观察幽默的人 the pattern of looking for things that are funny in your life.
当你观察幽默的人时 Second is watching funny people
因为镜像神经元 when you observe other people that are funny
你能从他们身上学到幽默的一些规律 because of these mirror neurons,
网上还有这样的规律供你学习 you actually pick up the rhythm of humor from them.
如果你对此感兴趣的话 But there is actually a rhythm you can actually study online
你可以学习幽默的规律 这就是为什么 if you are interested about this.
培养模式和打破模式这么重要 A rhythm of humor that you can study and that's the reason
有意识或无意识地学习这些规律 why patterns and breaking patterns is so important.
就是我们以前讲过的可视法练习 Be consciously,unconsciously pick those up,
你在电视上看不擅长运动的人 just as the visualization practices we were talking about,
如果你看他们 where if you watch somebody on television who is bad at sport,
你也会变得不擅长于运动 if you watch them,
所以如果你看擅长于运动的人 you actually become bad at that technique as well;
你会变得擅长于你看的这种运动 so too if you watch them who is good at this sport,
当你观察幽默时 会有同样的结果 you become better at the action at watching.
还有一个方法是TQP 两问处理法 The same occurs when you are watching humor.
为什么我这么幽默?为什么别人没有发现我很幽默? Also is the Two question - TQP - the Two question process:
不断地这么问自己 why am I so funny? Why don't other people recognize this?
绝对能提升你的自尊 Keep repeating this to yourself
除此以外 还要允许自己当一个次等人类 and it absolutely builds your self-esteem.
我们和伯格森都认为 In addition,the permission to be subhuman.
要说这些笑话 Part of what we are seeing and Bergson talks about is that
对着很创伤的事笑出来 in order to make those jokes
我们要暂时地麻醉我们的心 and laugh at the things are traumatic,
暂时地麻醉我们的心 we have to have a momentary anesthesia in our heart.
如果我们不允许自己当一会次等人类 The momentary anesthesia at the heart.
就等于我们不允许自己有人类的缺点 And if we don't allow ourselves to be subhuman for a moment,
就是不承认我们有本我冲动 we don't allow ourselves to be human and in fact,
多找点花样 打破模式 to recognize that we have these id impulses.
你打破模式的次数越多 Variety and breaking patterns.
你就越能看到一个情况里的可能性 The more you can break a pattern,
有一个用老鼠来做的实验 the more you are able to see potentialities within a situation.
把一只老鼠放进笼子里 There's a study with mice where they have...
让它和一只母老鼠性交 If you have one mice,mouse in the cage,
当你把它放进笼子两到三次后 they will have sex with a female mouse
它就会变得很累 you put in the cage like 2 or 3 times
它就会躲到角落里 不想和母老鼠拥抱 and then it gets really tired.
它会维持这样10分钟 这叫做潜伏期 And then it goes off to a corner and doesn't want to cuddle.
这时候你生理上无法进行性行为 And it does this about 10 minutes - this is called latency period
因为太累了 where biologically you can't have sex for a while
接下来 放一只新的母老鼠进笼子里 because it's too tired.
这时候 And next of course you introduce a new female into the cage,
老鼠会走过去 继续做这个实验 at this point,
不管有没有过潜伏期 the mouse goes over and continue this experiment again
这个实验说明了 我们的大脑 regardless of the amount of the latency period is there.
我们哺乳动物的大脑天生就要寻找多样性的 What this seems to indicate is that our brains,
这不是谈恋爱的好方法 our mammalian brains are actually hardwired for variety,
但这时我们会认识到 and that's not an appropriate approach to relationships
花样是生活的调味剂 but that's when we recognize
你越是改变你现在的模式 that variety is absolutely the spice of life:
你就越能看到环境中的可能性 the more you can change up the patterns you are doing,
我们之前讲过的俄罗斯方块效应 the more you see potentials in your environment.
现在来讲幽默的最大功效 And the Tetris effect which we already talked about.
我认为这点很重要 So now for the greatest power of humor,
我想讲一下 然后让大家看一段视频 which I think is really important.
因为我们只剩六分钟了 I want to talk a little bit and show a little clip,
我想让大家看一段我觉得很有强大的视频 since we just have 6 minutes left.
我不觉得上了一节幽默课后 看这段视频会坏了大家的心情 I want to show you a clip that I found to be extremely powerful.
但我觉得它很重要 值得我们一看 I don't think it's a buzz-kill after having a humor lecture.
这段视频是关于Jon Stewart在911悲剧后怎么做节目的 But I think it's really important to see
我觉得从心理研究的角度来看 它不好笑 how Jon Stewart dealt with September 11th tragedy afterwards.
但大家注意他的变化 I think just from the psychological perspective,it's not funny.
观察他的脸部表情 看他怎样试图 But watch what's happening to him.
在这种情况下把幽默带回节目的壮举 Watch his facial expressions,as he is attempting -
听听他是怎么形容幽默的 this almost heroic attempt to bring humor back in the situation.
这段我们会看三分钟 And listen how he describes humor.
然后看一段一分钟的"恶搞之家" We'll watch this for 3 minutes,
然后我会用一分钟进行总结 watch 1 minute of Family Guy clip.
等等 And then I'll conclude in 1 minute.
视频：JON STEWART Wait for it.
2001年9月20日 [VIDEO: JON STEWART "THE DAILY SHOW WITH JON STEWART,
晚上好 欢迎收看"今日秀" Taired on September 20,2001]
我们又开播了 Jon Stewart:Good evening and welcome to "The Daily Show."
这是自从纽约发生悲剧以来 我们播出的第一集节目 We are back.
要开始这集节目 真的没有别的方式 This is our first show since the tragedy in New York City.
只有问各位家庭观众一个问题 And there is no other way really to start this show
这个问题我们已经问过今晚的现场观众 than to ask you at home the question that
自911以来 我们已经问过我们认识的 we've asked the audience here tonight
每一个纽约人 这个问题是"你还好吗?" and that we've asked everybody that we know here in New York
我们祈祷大家都安好 大家的家人都安好 since September 11th,and that is,"Are you okay?"
很抱歉要对你们做这种事 We pray that you are and that your family is.
这又是一个娱乐节目 I'm sorry to do this to you.
一个惊魂未定的主持 念着一段过分矫饰的开场白 It's another entertainment show beginning
电视节目除了多余 就真的什么都不是了 with an overwrought speech of a shaken host.
我为此向大家道歉 TV is nothing,if not redundant.
但很不幸 So,I apologize for that.
我们必须为自己这么做 这样我们才能抽干 It's something that unfortunately,
心里的脓 继续我们的工作 逗大家笑 we do for ourselves so that we can drain whatever abscess
最近我们都很难笑得出来了 is in our hearts and move onto the business of making you laugh,
大家都来上班了 我知道我们晚了 which we haven't been able to do very effectively lately.
我知道我们开播的时间刚刚好 Everyone's checked in already,I know we're late.
赶在了"幸存者"剧组出来建议 I'm sure we're getting in right under the wire
我们在这种情况下应该怎么做之前 before the cast of "Survivor" offers their insight
他们的建议就是 回去工作 into what to do in these situations.
对于一个抱成一团 躲在桌子下哭的男人来说 They said to get back to work.
是很难找到工作的 找得到的话我会很乐意去做 And there were no jobs available for a man in the fetal position
所以我回来了 under his desk crying,which I gladly would have taken.
很显然今晚的节目不是一集平常的节目 So I come back here.
我们翻遍了资料库 Tonight's show is obviously not a regular show.
找了几段我们觉得能逗你们笑的视频 We looked through the vaults,
我觉得在现在这是非常有必要的 we found some clips that we thought might make you smile,
很多人问过我 which is really what's necessary,I think,right about now.
"你上班后 怎么做这个节目? A lot of folks have asked me,
你会说什么?" "What are you going to do when you get back?
我是说 天啊 这种时候拍这样的节目多么不合适 What are you going to say?"
我不觉得这是一个负担 我觉得这是一个荣幸 I mean,Jeez,what a terrible thing to have to do.
我觉得这是一个荣幸 这里的每个人都这么觉得 I don't see it as a burden at all.I see it as a privilege.
听到我了吗?我觉得这是一段很强有力的视频 I just see it as a privilege and everyone here does.
你可以… Shawn Achor:Am I back on? I think that's such a powerful clip.
听到他内心正在痛苦地挣扎 And you can deal -
你可以看到他试图说几句笑 hear him dealing with the suffering that he is experiencing.
然后又退缩回去了 And you could see him trying to jump start the humor
你可以听到他讲他惯用的语言风格 and recoiling back again.
他需要释放的感情 You can hear him talking about those idioms he imposes
然后说他的挫败感 that he needs to release,
这集节目的最后 and later goes on and talks about the frustration.
他带了一只小狗上台 At the end of the show,
他就让小狗留在台上 试图让我们 he actually just brings out a puppy on the stage
恢复心情 让我们看到 and he just allows the puppy to be there to trying to get us,
在眼前的悲剧以外 还是有很多可能性的 to just return to this point where we can see potentials
我觉得这是一段很优秀的视频 值得一看 beyond the tragedy that was actually faced upon them.
过后 你可以看到人们 But I think it's just a remarkable scene to watch.
用不同的方法应付悲剧 But afterwards you could see the people afterwards
我觉得从一个社会学角度来看 were dealing with the tragedy in different ways.
"恶搞之家"对911事件的回应也很有趣 I think one of the things that was very interesting from
他们经历的那段时间 a sociological perspective was Family Guy's response to this,
我们都很害怕 where they are going through this period
用恐怖主义威胁美国的人 但他们却拍了这么一估 where we were absolutely terrified of people
视频：恶搞之家 第四季 14集 making terrorist threats against United States and they show this
(阿富汗某个地方) [VIDEO: FAMILY GUY Season 4 Episode 14]
所有美国异教徒听好了 (Somewhere in Afghanistan)
准备在圣火的包围中死去吧 Osama Bin Laden:This is a message to all American infidels.
你们将会为你们的堕落受到惩罚 Prepare to die in a sea of holy fire.
就在拉达曼的第一天 You will be punished for your decadent ways
你…等等 on the first day of Radaman.
我刚才说什么了拉达曼? You...(laughing) Wait,wait a minute.
啦啦啦 拉-达-曼 Did I just say? What did I say...Radaman?
拉达曼 是什么? Bla-bla-bla.Ra-ma-dan.
对 可能丹尼斯·拉达曼(应该是罗德曼) Radaman...What is that?
会用他的怪头发惩罚你 Yeah,maybe Dennis Radaman (Rodman)
不 你说啥? is gonna punish you with his crazy hair.
对 好的 No.What's that?
好了 好了 我们再来一次 Right.Right.Yeah.
好的 所有美国人听好了 Okay,okay,all right,okay,let's go again.
我现在拍不了 我要… Okay.This is a message to all amer...
好了 不 I'm not...I'm not going to be able to do it now.I'm not gonna...
不 我要…我要先笑个饱 Okay,all right,no.
好了 我要先笑个饱 No,I-I got to get all the,I got to get all the laughs out.
好了 行了 Okay,I got to get all the laughs out.
今天 有时 你别再做鬼脸了 Lalala.Lulululu.Okay,all right.
你在干什么?我不能… Today,sometime.Stop making that face over there!
他在做鬼脸 害得我要笑 What are you doing? I can't...
好了 不如这样 你转过身 转过身 He makes that face and it makes me laugh.
我不管你面朝哪里 朝那边吧 好的 Okay,you know what? Just turn around.Turn...turn around.
好了 他们在那边大笑起来 I don't care where you look.Just look over there,okay.
好了 看看谁又在那边偷笑了 All right,they're cracking.They're cracking up over there.
"我不能去做自杀式爆炸 因为我病了"先生 Okay.Oh,yeah,yeah,look who's snickering over there,Mr.
他…他还有医生签的请假条 "I can't do a suicide bombing because I'm sick."
他还有医生签的请假条 He had a,he had a note...He had a note from his doctor! [Laugh]
下面的不看了 因为越来越不好笑了 Shawn Achor:He said he had a note from his doctor.
我只剩一分钟 I'm gonna cut it off there,cause it's getting worse.
我想告诉大家 I just have one minute left.
我们今天讲的一些内容 So I just wanna tell you this
我觉得这是一段很好的视频 and I think that the things we've been talking about today,
大家看到 当我们从吓到我们的情况下走出来 I think that's a remarkable scene.
并且拿这样的事来开玩笑 And what you see as we are moving from something that
因为我们能看到当中的人性 we are terrified of to something that we can begin to laugh at,
我们能看到自己大笑 because we can see the humanity there.
拍视频会议时犯错 We can see ourselves laughing and making mistakes
不一定是拍他说的那种话 while giving a video taped conference.
我们今天讲的内容是 Now not necessarily on the same topic that he was doing.
幽默就像乐观主义 But the things we talk about today
我们透过它来看世界 is that humor is like optimism,
它需要我们用正念来找到可能性 is a lens through which we view the world
它能加强我们的健康 改善我们的社交 that demands a mindfulness to potentials,
和我们的身体 that increases our health,our social benefits,
它能作为一种心理治疗方法 and our physical benefits,
我们把幽默视为一个奢侈 and they can serve as a therapeutic process.
但我认为在痛苦和冲突 I think the humor itself we perceive to be a luxury
悲剧 经济倒退 大萧条出现的时候… but I think in times the suffering and conflict
我想没什么会比幽默更重要的 and tragedy and recession and depression –
就像Jon Stewart说的 能给你们上课 I think there's nothing more important than humor.
是我的荣幸 And it's just an honor like Jon Stewart said,
谢谢 to be here with you today.
掌声 Thank you.