[耶鲁大学开放课程：心理学导论] 17.A.Person.in.the.World.of.People.Self
回顾一下 Just to review,
我们上节课就讲到这里 here's where we left off.
上节课讨论的内容 The discussion from last lecture
以及今天半节课的内容 and for about half of this lecture
都是社会心理学 is going to be social psychology.
昨天我们先开始讲了 And so, we started off by talking about
我们对自我的看法的几个基本偏向 certain fundamental biases in how we see ourselves.
然后转而谈了另一个对他人看法的偏向 We then turned to talk about a bias and how we see other people,
基本归因错误 the fundamental attribution error.
今天我们继续深入 And now we're talking a little bit
我们对他人的看法的其他方面 about some aspects of how we see other people.
我们昨天略为讲几个方面 So, we quickly talked about certain aspects
解释我们为什么会喜欢他人 of why we like other people
包括邻近性，相似性和吸引力 including proximity, similarity, and attractiveness,
我们昨天最后讲的是马太效应 and where we left off was a discussion of the Matthew effect,
它是说，好事是会扎堆的 which is basically that good things tend to compound.
如果你富有，你能接受更好的教育 If you're rich you'll get a better education,
如果你聪明，别人会更喜欢你 if you're smart people will like you more,
如果你有吸引力等等 if you're attractive and so on.
现在不能交论文了 Nobody bring up their papers at this point.
他们会在下课时收上来 They'll collect them at the end of class.
我想说的是… What I want to talk to--
好的，你除外 Okay, except for you.
拿给我吧 Just hand me it now.
我要叫教学助理阻止所有人 I'm going to ask the teaching fellows to stop anybody
走近这片区域 from approaching that area.
我想先开始讲印象形成 I want to begin by talking about impression formation,
我们如何形成对他人的第一印象 how we form impressions of others,
再跟大家讲几件 and tell you a couple of interesting things
关于印象形成的有趣特点 about impression formation.
首先，第一印象非常重要 The first one is, first impressions matter a lot.
至于为什么重要，就有各种各样的原因 They matter a lot for different reasons.
可能是因为人… They might matter a lot because humans have,
所有人都有确认偏向 in general, a confirmation bias
也就是说，一旦你相信了某件事 such that once you believe something
其他信息都会被你解读成 other information is then encoded
支持你所相信的信息 along the likes to support what you believe.
Kelley做了一个经典实验 So, the classic study here was done by Kelley
一个演讲嘉宾进来 where a guest speaker comes in
有些学生拿到一份简介 and some of the students received a bio
把这个演讲人描述为很热情，其他人… describing the speaker as very warm, the other as--
迟到的同学不要把论文交上来了 do not bring your paper up if you're coming in late.
下课后再交，是的 Just--at the end of class, yeah.
其他人拿到的简介…谢谢，Erik Others got a bio saying--thanks, Erik--
把演讲者描述成很冷淡，结果后来发现 the speaker was rather cold and then it turned out later on
当问及这些人对演讲者有什么印象时 when they're asked for their impressions of the speaker
人们都受到第一印象的偏向 people are very much biased by what they first assumed.
如果有人把我描述成一个活泼有创意的人 If I'm described to you as a vivacious and creative person
当你看到我上跳下蹿时 and you see me and I'm all kind of bouncing around and everything,
你就会以此来确认你所相信的 you could then confirm this as,
“看他多活泼多有创意” "Look how vivacious and creative he is."
如果有人跟你说我经常喝酒 If I'm described as somebody who drinks too much,
你就会想“他真的是个酒鬼” you might think he's an alcoholic.
如果有人把我描述成紧张不安的人 If he's described as somebody who's insecure and nervous,
你就会把我的动作解读成紧张不安 you could interpret my activity as nervous twitches.
你的第一印象立下了一个框架 Your first impression sets a framework
你所有的解读都受到这个框架的制约 from which you interpret everything else.
这个理论成了一部优秀电影的主题 This was the theme of an excellent movie
Peter Sellers主演的“妙人奇迹” called Being There starring Peter Sellers.
这部电影里一个贯彻始终的笑话就是 And the running joke of the movie "Being There"
主角Chauncey Gardner was that the main character, the character Chauncey Gardner,
意外地被人传为天才 somehow through accident had the reputation for being a genius
实际上他有一点点弱智 but while, in reality, he was actually mildly retarded.
但人们遇到他 But he would go around and people would
会问他对政治有什么看法 ask him his opinions on politics
他会说“我喜欢在花园里” and he would say things like "Well, I like being in the garden."
因为他被传为天才，别人就会想 And because of his reputation as a genius people said,
“多么深刻，不知道是什么意思呢” "Wow. That's very profound. I wonder what he means."
别人跟他说话，他就会盯着人看 And--or people would talk to him and he'd just stare at them
人们就会 and say--and people would say--
被他大胆无礼的凝视吓怕 would be intimidated by his bold and impetuous stare
其实他根本不知道别人在说什么 when actually he just totally didn't know anything.
所以第一印象能决定后来的印象 So, first impressions can shape subsequent impressions
这不仅针对人而言 not just when dealing with people.
几年前出现了一个狙击手 A little while ago there was a sniper,
确切地说，是一对狙手在华盛顿作案 actually a pair of snipers killing people in Washington
大家都知道的一件事是 and the one thing everybody knew
作案过程中有一辆白色小货车 about it was there was a white van involved.
其实后来发现并没有白色小货车 It turned out there was no white van at all
但在第一起案件里有人看到白色小货车 but in the first incident somebody saw a white van,
所有报纸上都登了这条线索 this was reported in all the newspapers,
结果在后来的案件中人们都看到白色小货车 then every other incident people started seeing the white van.
于是警察开始找白色小货车 So, they started looking for them and they started to attending--
查白色小货车 attend to them.
在与人相处中，第一印象非常重要 So, first impressions matter hugely when dealing with people
因为它制约了我们对后来信息的解读 because it sets the stage for how we interpret everything else.
根据第一个发现，我们有了第二个发现 A second finding building on the first
那就是第一印象形成得非常快 is that we form impressions very fast, very quickly,
有一部文学作品叫《薄片》 and this is a literature known as "thin slices."
它的意义是说你只需看人一眼 The idea is you don't have to see much of a person
就能对他们形成第一印象 to get an impression of what they are.
对这个现象最早做的研究 The first studies done on this were
研究对象是老师，大学教授 actually done on teachers, on university professors.
大学教授要接受教学评估 So, university professors have teaching evaluations
你可以借此大致地概括出 and you could use this as a rough and ready approximation
学生对教授有什么看法 of what students think of them.
你要做的是… So, what you do then is--
这些社会心理学家感兴趣的问题是 the question that these people were interested in,
Rosenthal和Ambady感兴趣的是 Rosenthal and Ambady, two social psychologists,
你需要看一位教授多长时间 were how long do you have to look
就能猜出他有多受学生欢迎？ at a professor to guess how popular a teacher he is?
于是他们让人看教学录像带 So, they showed these clips for a full class.
需要看一整节课吗？ Do you have to see them for a full class?
需要看两节课吗？ Do you have to see them for two classes?
需要看半小时吗？ Do you have to see them for a half hour?
你要看一个人多久 How long do you have to be around a person to see him,
才能评估出他讲课有多好？ to estimate how good a lecturer that person is?
答案是五秒钟 And the answer is five seconds.
看了五秒钟的教学录像带后 So, after clips of five seconds
人们就能准确地猜到 people are pretty good at predicting
这个人的教学评估上写了什么 what sort of evaluations that person will have.
大家想想”大五人格“ Remember "The Big Five,"
我们怎么用”大五人格“评价一个人？ how we evaluate people on "The Big Five?"
你们都有室友 Well, you have a roommate
你可以用”大五人格“来评价他们 and your roommate you could evaluate on "The Big Five."
你和他或她有很多的接触 You've had a lot of experience with him or her.
你需要多少时间才能 How much time do you need to evaluate somebody
用大五人格来评价一个人？ on the five dimensions of personality?
答案也是用不了多久 The answer is, again, not much time at all.
经过短暂的接触 After very brief exposures to people,
人们就能很准确地评价这些人的大五人格 people are very accurate at identifying them on "The Big Five."
更为有趣的一个发现是 One of the more surprising findings is--
关于识别性取向的，也就是”同性恋雷达“ concerns sexual orientation or "gaydar."
这不是一个科学术语 That's not a scientific term
这两位心理学家也很有兴趣研究 but the same psychologists were interested in studying
你能多快… how quickly you can--
如果对方真的是同性恋 if at all how long does it take
就能猜出他们的性取向？ to figure out somebody's sexual orientation?
他们都是聪明的心理学家 Now, what they did was--they were clever psychologists
他们设计了一个实验 so they set it up in a study
实验对象并不知道研究的是同性恋问题 where the people did not know sexual orientation was at issue.
他们可能是像你们一样在填一张表格 So, for instance, they may be people like you who filled in a form,
在一连串的问题中，有一条是关于你的性取向 one question along a very long form was your sexual orientation,
然后你坐着，有人问你问题 and then you're sitting down being interviewed by somebody
这个提问过程会被拍下来 and your interview is being filmed,
然后拿给别人看，这些人不认识你 and then other people are shown--who don't know you
他们会看这个录像 are shown the film.
结果发现 And the finding is
人们只需看一眼这个录像 that people based on thin slices
就能很准确地判定你的性取向 are quite good at detecting sexual orientation.
大家都很擅长判定性取向 Everybody's good at it,
但同性恋者比异性恋者更擅长 gay people are better at it than straight people,
而且不需要太多时间 and, again, you don't need much time.
你只需要大约一秒 You just need about a second.
你看对方一秒，就能猜到了 You see somebody for about a second, you could make a guess.
当然你的第一印象并不总是对的 You're far from always right.
但你猜对的几率只比碰运气好一点点 In fact, you're just a bit better than chance
猜对性取向的几率要比碰运气好一点点 but you are better than chance at telling sexual orientation.
综合考虑这两方面 So, these two facts taken together,
薄片效应和第一印象的影响 thin slices and the power of first impressions,
意味着只需要短暂地接触对方 means that just by a brief exposure to somebody
就能决定 it shapes so much of how you're going to
你以后对他们有什么看法 think about them in the future.
现在我们从另一个方向来讨论这个问题 Now, we can look at this from the other direction.
我们谈了对别人的看法 We're talking about the perceptions of other people,
我们对别人的看法 how we perceive other people,
但社会心理学家还有兴趣知道 but social psychologists are also interested in the question
当我们形成对别人的看法时 of what happens to other people as a result
别人会有什么反应 of being perceived in a certain way.
第一个问题是 So, one question is,
是什么原由让我认为别人是 "What would cause me to perceive somebody
聪明的，愚蠢的，同性恋的，异性恋的 as intelligent or stupid, gay or straight,
紧张的，还是冷静的？” anxious or level-headed?"
第二个问题是 A second question is,
“他人对你的看法，会对你产生什么影响？” "What are the effects of being judged that way?"
心理学家造了一个新术语 And psychologists have coined a term,
来讨论这种自我实现的预言 talk about self-fulfilling prophesies,
准确来说这个现象就是 and the claim here more specifically
皮格马利翁效应 is what's known as "the Pygmalion effect."
皮格马利翁效应就是说 And the Pygmalion effect is
如果我相信你有某种特点 if I believe you have a certain characteristic
就可能导致你表现得 this might cause you to behave
好像你真的有这种特点一样 as if you have that characteristic.
这个名字来源于一出戏剧 The name comes from the play
萧伯纳写的《卖花女》 by George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion,
我引用里面的一句话 and the quote here is
“淑女与卖花女之间的区别 "The difference between a lady and a flower girl
并不在于她的举止，而在于别人是否待她如淑女 is not how she behaves but how she's treated.
对于Higgins教授来说，我永远是一个卖花女 I shall always be a flower girl to Professor Higgins
因为他一直待我如卖花女，以后也会” because he always treats me as a flower girl and always will,"
这出戏剧改编成电影《窈窕淑女》 made into a better known movie, My Fair Lady.
但我觉得同样的主题 But I think that the same theme is
另一个更佳的例子是 better exemplified in a far better movie,
《尼基塔女郎》 La Femme Nikita,
一个冷血杀手 where a cold-blooded killer
当别人尊重她，爱慕她时 is treated with respect and affection
她就变成 and then she becomes
一个更温暖更平易近人的人 a much more warm and accessible person,
虽然她杀了很多人… and then she kills a lot of people but that--
但也很好地解释了这个效应 but still it illustrates the point.
这个效应有大量的实验论证过 And this point has tons of empirical validity.
其中一个经典实验是Rosenthal和Jackson做的 The classic experiment was by Rosenthal and Jackson
他们告诉老师 where they told teachers
班上哪几个学生非常聪明 that some of their kids were really smart
其他的学生则不是很聪明 and other kids were less--were not really smart,
老师并不期望他们的智力会有大提高 they weren't expected to show a huge jump or spurt in their IQ,
这当然是胡乱捏造出来的 and this was of course trickery.
这些孩子都是随机挑选的 The children were chosen at random
那些被说成很聪明的孩子 but the children who were described as showing--
老师期望他们的智力会有大提高 as expected to show a jump in IQ,
结果他们的智力真的大大提高了 in fact, did show a jump in their IQ scores
这并不是魔法 and this isn't magic.
它其实…如果有人告诉我你是天才 It's basically--if I am told that you're a genius
你的才智能在这节课上完全体现出来 and your genius is about to be in full-flower throughout this class
这个班的人不多 and it's a small class as these classes were,
我就会把更多的注意力放在你身上 I'll focus more on you, I'll give you more of my attention.
如果有人跟我说“你不怎么聪明” If I'm told "not so much for you,"
你就会因为他而受到我冷落 you'll suffer relative to him.
所以皮格马利翁效应表明 And so the Pygmalion effect shows
我们的期望能产生很大的影响 how our expectations can really matter.
这让我们谈到最后一个问题 This brings us to the final--
关于期望的问题 the issue of expectations
我们如何评价他人 and how we judge people
不仅对个人有影响 is a story that could be told about individuals
对群体也会有影响 but it's also a story that could be told about groups.
所以我想在这两节 And this is where I want to end this section
社会心理学课最后谈一下群体 on social psychology by talking about groups.
很多心理学家都很关心一个问题 A lot of social psychology is concerned
我们是如何评价人类群体的 with the question of how we think about human groups
我们讲道德时已经讲过这点了 and we've already discussed this in the lecture on morality
我们说过人类差异使得我们 when we talked about the human dynamic pushing us
思维方式中出现”我们“和”他们“之别 to think in terms of "us" versus "them"
正如罗伯洞穴实验中所体现的一样 as shown in the Robber's Cave study
Tajfel的最简群体实验中也体现了这点 and also shown in the minimal group research by Tajfel
从一个动机性和主观性的立场出发 showing that from a motivational, emotional standpoint
我们很容易就会划分 it's not difficult for us to think in terms
我的群体和你的群体 of "my group" versus "your group."
这种想法能深刻地影响 And this way of thinking has real consequences
我们的情绪，我们的情感 for our emotional life, our affective life,
影响我们如何选择分配资源 and how we choose to distribute resources.
但我今天想讲的是 What I want to talk about here though
我们对群体的看法的另一个方面 is a different aspect of how we think about human groups.
我想深入谈谈刻板印象 I want to talk a little bit about stereotypes.
英语中”刻板印象“这个词 Now, "stereotypes" in English
通常都是一个贬义词 often just is a bad word.
说你有刻板印象 To have a stereotype is to be--
就是说你有问题 is to have something wrong with you.
可以说有刻板印象不是好事 You might say it's not good to have stereotypes.
心理学上的刻板印象定义更广泛 Psychologists tend to use the term in a broader sense.
我们会用这个词来代表 We tend to use the term to refer
我们对某些类别掌握的信息 to information we have about categories
用它来指代我们掌握典型性的直觉 and intuitions we have about the typicality,
指代某个类别反复出现的特性 our frequency of certain features of categories.
我们发现收集类别的信息 And it turns out that collecting information about categories
以我们的生存至关重要 is essential to our survival.
我们经常会碰到新事物 We see novel things all the time
如果我们不能学习，不能猜测 and if we were not capable of learning and making guesses,
不能纠正对新事物猜测 educated guesses, about these novel things
我们就无法生存 we would not be able to survive.
当你看到这边的这件物体 So, when you see this object over here
你就把它划到椅子的类别下 you categorize it as a chair
然后你就知道你可以坐上去 and you recognize that you could probably sit on it.
这个苹果应该能吃的 This apple is probably edible,
这只狗应该会吠的，有尾巴的 this dog probably barks and has a tail and eat me--
会咬我的，不会说英语的 eats me and doesn't speak English.
这就是对椅子的刻板印象 These are all stereotypes about chairs
对苹果和对狗的刻板印象 and about apples and about dogs.
虽然逻辑上来说，并不一定正确 It doesn't mean they're logically true.
这可能是吃素的狗，有毒的苹果 This could be a vegetarian dog, a poison apple,
会爆炸的椅子 an explosive chair,
但这种刻板印象通常都是对的 but they're typically true.
如果你突然失去了 And if you were suddenly stripped
归纳的能力 of your ability to make generalizations,
你就会一头无绪 you'd be at a loss.
你不知道该吃什么，怎么与人互动 You wouldn't know what to eat, how to interact.
所以记录信息的能力 So, some sort of ability to record information
和归纳的能力是非常重要的 and make generalizations is absolutely essential
是我们生存的关键 to making it through life.
但有趣的是，我们还会给人划分类别 What's interesting though is we also categorize types of people.
所以我们有各种各样的刻板印象，对男人，对女人 So, we have stereotypes in our heads about men and women,
对小孩，对青少年，对成年人 about children, adolescents or adults,
对白人，对黑人，对亚洲人等等 whites, blacks, Asians and so on.
这些刻板印象并不都是坏事 Now, this is not essentially a bad thing
这当中有几个原因 for a couple of reasons.
首先，有些刻板印象是积极的 First, some of these stereotypes are positive.
你对某些群体的刻板印象可以是积极的 You might have positive stereotypes about certain groups.
你可能相信某些群体的人 You might believe some groups
具有异于常人的创意或智力 are unusually creative or intelligent.
你可能对自己的群体 You might have a particularly positive stereotype
有积极的刻板印象 about your own group
不管你的群体是指耶鲁的学生 even if your own group is Yale students
还是来自法国的人 or your own group is people from France
或者你的群体是某某大学的学生 or your own group is people from such and so college.
你的刻板印象可以是积极的 You might have positive stereotypes.
更重要的是 More importantly,
我们形成对群体的刻板印象 we collect stereotypes about groups of people
和我们形成对类别的刻板印象 through much the same way we collect stereotypes
如椅子，苹果和狗，两者几乎一样 about categories like chairs and apples and dogs.
而且通常这种刻板印象是正确的 And so they're pretty often accurate.
在一些实验里，有人问别人 When there are studies which ask people
什么样的人更有可能成为律师 who is more likely to be a lawyer,
犹太人或者西班牙裔 someone who's Jewish or someone who is Hispanic,
什么样的人会长得更高 who is likely to be taller,
日本人，或者瑞典人 somebody from Japan or somebody from Sweden,
人们会给出这样的答案 people can answer these things.
他们的答案受到刻板印象的影响 They have their stereotypes that guide their answers,
但这些答案都不是主观臆断或随便乱答的 and the answers are not arbitrary or random.
他们的答案通常是正确的 Their answers are often correct
通常刻板印象能让我们合理地 and often possessing stereotypes lets us make reasonable
正确地归纳世界 and correct generalizations about the world.
这是刻板印象的积极作用 That's the sort of good news about stereotypes
但它也有消极作用 but there's also bad news.
其中一个问题就是它们并不总是准确的 One problem is that they're not always accurate
有几个因素 and there's a couple of factors
能减低它们的准确性 that could lead them away from accuracy.
其中一个就是我们之间谈第一印象是 One is what we talked about before regarding first impressions,
讲到的确认偏向 which is a confirmation bias.
如果你相信同性恋者都是娘娘腔 If you believe that homosexuals are effeminate,
男同性恋者都是娘娘腔 that gay men are effeminate,
这会影响你对以后见到的同性恋者的看法 then this is going to shape how you see future gay men.
如果你看到一个娘娘腔的同性恋者 If you see an effeminate gay man,
你可能会说“又一个证据证明我的看法” you'll probably say, "Ah, more evidence for my theory."
如果你看到不是娘娘腔的同性恋者，你可能会忽视他 If you see a man who is not effeminate, you might ignore it
或者认为他不是真的同性恋者 or say maybe he's not really gay after all.
如果你相信黑人都是罪犯 If you believe black men are criminals,
当你看到一个是罪犯的黑人时 then when you see a black man who is a criminal
你就会觉得这是证据 you'll chalk it down as support
但你不会注意其他证据 but you'll pay less attention to evidence
证明白人也有罪犯 that white men are criminals
黑人也有不是罪犯的 and some black men are not criminals.
你不会用科法的眼光去看 You won't look at this as a scientist
客观地审视你接收到的信息 objectively scanning data.
你的观念已经偏向了一边 Rather, you'll be biased in certain ways.
你的偏向令你更注重于 You'll be biased to put extra weight on the cases
那些证明你的看法的个案上 that support your theory
而无视驳倒你的看法的个案 and diminish cases that refute it.
再者，我们接收到的信息并不叫是正确的 Furthermore, our data is not always reliable.
所以… So--
这正是说明刻板印象消极作用的例子 oh, and this is actually an example of this at work.
在古典音乐界 It turns out in the world of classical music
有一个刻板印象 there's a stereotype of
女人的造诣就是不如男人 women being simply less proficient than men:
她们演奏得不如男人宏大 they play smaller than men,
她们力量不如男人，她们技巧不如男人 they don't have the same force and they have smaller techniques,
她们喜怒无常等等 they're more temperamental and so on.
如果你问评判，评判会说 If you asked somebody who was a judge, the judge would say,
“这是天生的，我没有歧视她们” "Look. This is just the way things are. I'm not being biased at all."
然后他们进行闭幕试演以作测试 The test of this then is to have blind auditions
演奏的人被一块屏风挡住 where people do their auditions behind a screen
看不出演奏的是男人还是女人 so you can't tell whether they're man or a woman,
或者白人还是黑人，亚洲人还是其他人 or for that matter, white or black or Asian or whatever.
结果发现这样做的话，女人的录取率大大提高 It turns out when you do that women get hired far more
这表明了，第一，刻板印象是不正确的 suggesting that the stereotype is A, incorrect
第二，消极和不公平地影响了 and B, has a real negative and unfair
她们的录取率 effect on people getting hired.
刻板印象的另一个问题是 A second problem is
我刚才就讲了 what I was talking about immediately before this
我们接收到的有些信息是误导人的 is some of our data are misleading
我们能接收到这个世界很多信息 so we get a lot of the information about the world
从媒体上接收到 from the media.
媒体包括电视，电影 The media would include television and movies
也包括戏剧，书和故事 but would also include plays and books and stories.
因为媒体 And to the extent these portray
没有真实，公平，不偏不倚地反映世界 an unrealistic or unfair or biased perception of the world
我们的刻板印象 we could construct stereotypes
就会根据这些信息来形成 that are faithful to the data we're getting
但这些信息并不能以一概全 but the data is not representative.
例如意大利人很反感 And so people, for instance,
当电视上一出现意大利裔美国人时 object to the fact that when there's Italian Americans on TV
他们通常都是黑道家族的成员 they're often members of the Sopranos, a mobster family.
一直以来 Throughout history
犹太人都很不满 Jews have been upset at the portrayal
《威尼斯商人》中所描写的夏洛克 of Shylock in "Merchant of Venice,"
一个坏家伙 not a very nice guy.
为了反击这种刻板印象 And often in response
想形成一个积极观点的人 people who want to foster more positive views
通常都会… will often try to--will often
引进其他群体的成员 put in representatives from other groups
以不同寻常的方式来证明他们的观点 in unusual ways to make that point.
有同学看过电视剧《太空堡垒卡拉狄加》吗？ Anybody here ever see the television show Battlestar Galactica?
好的 Okay.
这是谁？ Who's that?
他是《太空堡垒卡拉狄加》的主演 He's the star of "Battlestar Galactica."
你不认识他是因为你太年轻了 You don't know because you're too young.
在原版的《太空堡垒… In the original "Battlestar"--
我讨厌你 and I hate you.
在原版的《太空堡垒卡拉狄加》 In the original "Battlestar Galactica,"
他就是主演 this was the star.
这个是主角，被称为Starbuck This was the main character known as "Starbuck,"
最近拍的那部，把这个角色变成了女人 who got transformed into a woman in the more recent one,
这个例子就能有趣地说明媒体的描绘 a sort of example of how portrayals are shifting
总是变来变去的 in interesting ways.
当然 There's also, of course,
刻板印象还能产生道德问题 moral problems over stereotypes.
根据刻板印象评判椅子，苹果和狗 So, it's fine to judge chairs and apples and dogs
就没问题 based on the stereotypes.
评判狗的品种也没问题 It's even fine to judge breeds of dogs.
如果我告诉你我决定 If I told you that I decided
买一条灵缇犬，而不是斗牛犬 to buy a greyhound instead of a pit bull
因为我想要一条温驯的狗 because I wanted a dog of a gentle temperament,
没有人会说我是狗品种主义者 nobody would scream that I'm a dog racist
但说实话，这就是刻板印象 involving--and--but honestly, it's a stereotype.
我们觉得灵缇犬比斗牛犬 Greyhounds are supposed to be more passive and gentle
更温驯 than pit bulls.
这是正确的，但它还是刻板印象 I think it's a true stereotype but it's a stereotype nonetheless.
我们并不介意 But we have no problems
用刻板印象来评判不同品种的狗 when it comes to things like breeds of dogs with stereotypes.
但如果我们这样来评判人，那就大有问题了 We have serious problems judging people this way.
例如，有一个道德原则 So, for instance, it's a moral principle
是有些人很坚持的 that some of us would hold to
那就是即使刻板印象是正确的 that even if stereotypes are correct
但如果在日常生活中应用它，是不道德的 it is still immoral to apply them in day to day life.
形容这种做法的术语就是”刻板剖析“ The term for this would be "profiling."
但实际情况没有这么简单 Now, it gets complicated
因为有时候我们确实允许 because there are some cases where we do allow
把刻板印象应用到生活中 stereotypes to play a role.
等你们拿到驾驶证时 When you all go and get driver's licenses
也许有些人已经拿到了 or when you did get driver's licenses
你们交的汽车保险要比我高 you have to pay higher auto insurance premiums than I do.
我觉得这样很公平 I think this is perfectly fair
因为像你们这样的年轻人经常出车祸 because young people like you get into a lot more accidents
因为你们又吸大麻又喝酒 with your reefer and your alcohol
所以… and so it is--
有些人会说“这是刻板印象” now, some of you are saying "that's a stereotype."
这确实是刻板印象，但这是有数据支持的 And it is a stereotype but it's a statistically robust one
而且没有人会排队去抗议它 and nobody lines up to protest this.
人们可以接受用这个刻板印象来以一概全 It's an acceptable stereotype to make a generalization from.
但是如果保险公司 On the other hand, what if insurance companies
判定亚洲裔 determined that people from Asia
比欧洲裔更容易出车祸呢？ got into more accidents than people from Europe?
人们还能接受 Would people be equally comfortable
要亚洲裔交比欧洲裔更多的保险费吗？ charging people from Asia higher rates of insurance?
肯定不能 Almost certainly not.
所以什么情况可以用刻板印象，什么不可以 So, the issues are complicated as to what sort of generalizations
问题就变得复杂了 we're--are reasonable to make and what aren't.
此外，还有一个问题 There's also a second problem.
刻板印象会产生各种各样的作用 Stereotypes have all sorts of effects.
有些作用很明显 Now, some of them are obvious effects.
例如 If people--for instance,
如果你开车时，有人叫你靠边停 if people pull you over while you're driving
因为你是黑人 because you're black,
这能极大的影响 this could have a huge effect
你对这个社会的看法 on how you feel welcome in this society
你对这里的种族关系的看法 on race relations and so on.
但有些作用没那么明显 But some of the effects are more subtle
而且更有趣，可能会出乎你们意料 and more interesting and you might not expect this.
这是心理学家Claude Steele和他在斯坦福的同事 And this is some work done by the psychologist Claude Steele
做的一个研究 and his colleagues at Stanford.
这个问题被称为“刻板印象威胁” And the issue is called "stereotype threat."
假设要做一个数学测试 Imagine you have a math test
这是数学测试卷的正面 and this is the front of the math test.
Claude Steele发现了一个很有趣的现象 Claude Steele made an interesting discovery.
假设我要让黑人 Here is how to make black people
在这个测试中考得很差 do worse on this math test.
做法很简单 It's very simple.
他们发现如果你的种族或群体 The finding is that if your race or your group
跟一个消极的刻板印象有关 has a negative stereotype associated
随便在什么领域上 with it in any particular domain,
如果别人在你面前提前，就足以构成刻板印象威胁 being reminded of it serves as a stereotype threat
从而影响你在这个领域上的表现 and hence damages your performance in all sorts of domains.
如果刻板印象是“你的群体数学不好” If the stereotype is "your group doesn't do good in this,"
如果我在考前说，你是这个群体的 if I remind you that you're a member of that group immediately
你的表现就会下降 before doing it, your performance will drop.
你们也知道怎么让女同学考数学考不好 Now, you know how to make women do worse on math tests too,
像这样，这样的作用非常显易而见 like that, and this has a demonstrative effect.
所以刻板印象是复杂的，会引起道德问题 So, stereotypes are complicated and morally fraught things.
当人们研究刻板印象时 When people study stereotypes
他们通常会区分 they often make certain distinctions
三个层次的刻板印象 between three levels of stereotypes
这里已经清楚地总结起来了 and this is nicely summarized here.
第一层次是”公众刻板印象“ There's "public."
如果我问你 If I asked you:
民主党中一位竞选 One of the people running for the Democratic
总统候选人的黑人 nominee for president is black,
另一位是女性 another one is female--
如果我叫那些 if I asked people to raise their hands
觉得因为他们是黑人或女人 for who thinks that because being black or because being female
就没资格竞选总统的人举手 they should be automatically disqualified for being president,
你们没几个会举手 few of you would raise your hands.
你们就是这样在公众在表达你们的刻板印象的 Those are your public presentations of stereotypes.
即使我叫你写在一张纸上 Even if I was to ask you on a sheet of paper,
你也不会写真心话，因为你害怕 you might deny it because you might be afraid
这不是匿名的 that it's not anonymous.
第二层就是私下刻板印象 Then there is private.
私下的刻板印象是你真实的想法 Private is what you really think
但你不会告诉别人 but you don't tell people.
你们有些人… Some of you--
美国当中有些人 some of the population of the United States
不会投某些人一票 are not going to vote for somebody
因为她或他是黑人，但他们不会说出来 because he or she is black but they won't tell you
但他们很清楚这是他们的真实想法 but they know it to be true.
这个我们都知道 That's common sense.
更有趣的是第三层 What's more interesting is below even that
刻板印象还会在潜意识在起作用 there may be unconscious associations
人们根本意识不到这点 that work that people don't actually know about
但它现样会影响人们关于种族 but affects their thoughts about race,
性别和其他社会群体的看法 gender and other social groups.
这些数据是关于人们的公众言论的 So, here are some data about what people publicly say.
这个比例的人说 This is the proportion of people who say they will vote--
他们会投票给黑人总统 they would vote for an African American president.
但有趣的是…在我出生的时候 What's interesting is when--around when I was born
会投给黑人的美国人只有一半 the answer in the United States was about half.
现在几乎是百分之一百了 Now, it is as close to one hundred percent as you can get it.
这一个也是对于黑人的公众刻板印象 Here is another one. This is also public stereotypes of blacks,
认为黑人具有这样特征的白人的比例 proportion of white respondents endorsing each trait.
现在这个比例非常低 Now, it's infinitesimal.
这些比例低到 These numbers are so low
可以把它们当成人们填错表格 they could be dismissed as people filling in the wrong things
或者开玩笑，或者看不懂题目造成的误差 or making jokes or just being confused
相比于… compared to--
那些高得吓人的比例 stunningly superstitious high rankings.
所以人们在公众中表达他们对种族的 And so, there's been a profound change
刻板印象发生了巨大的变化 in public presentations, public views, on race
但私下的刻板印象呢？这就复杂了 but what about implicit views? This gets more complicated.
这里是一个简单的实验 Here is a simple study.
在耶鲁这里也可以做这个实验 This is the sort of study that you might do here at Yale.
例如，你可以 What you might do, for instance,
坐在一个电脑显示器前 is be sitting at a computer screen
你要补充一连串不完整的单词 and you'll be given incomplete words to fill out
例如补充完整"hos-" like "hos-" and you have to fill out this word.
但你不知道有一张黑人的照片 What you don't know is that pictures of black faces
或者白人的照片在电脑上一闪而过 or pictures of white faces are being flashed on the screen
这是一张速闪照片，影响的是你的潜意识 but they're being flashed on the screen subliminally
快到你根本看不到它闪过 so fast you don't even know you're seeing them.
但它还是会产生影响 Still this has an effect.
当看到黑人照片时，实验对象 When you see black faces subjects
更可能填上"hostile"（敌意的）这样的词 are more likely to fill this with words like "hostile"
看到白人时，更可能填上"hospital“这样的词 while whites more likely to fill it with words like "hospital."
现在请大家来参与 I will now welcome you to participate
一个关于内隐态度的实验 in an experiment on implicit attitudes.
这是Mahzarin Banaji研究出来的，他以前在耶鲁任教 This was developed by Mahzarin Banaji who used to be at Yale
现在在波士顿一间大学任教 and now is in an inferior university in Boston
这个叫内隐态度测试 and it's called implicit attitudes test
这是有史以来最大规模的一个心理实验 and it's the biggest psychology experiment ever done
从人数上来讲的话 in terms of people.
大约有100万人参加过 I don't know. A million people have participated in this
你们可以上网，implicit.harvard.edu and you could just go online, implicit.harvard.edu
自己一个人做 and then you could do it yourself.
今天我们全班一起来做 But we'll do it now as a group.
如果你在实验室做，或者在电脑上做 If you did it in the lab or on your computer screen,
你需要按键 you would do it by pushing buttons.
我们今天用嘴巴做 We'll do it by speaking.
很简单 And it's very simple.
我会在屏幕上放一些东西 You're going to see things over here
可能是单词 and they're either going to be words
也可能是图片 or they're going to be pictures.
如果是黑人，不好的词，或贬义词 If it's an African American or a bad word, a negative word,
你们就大叫喊”右“，这边，”右“ I want you to shout out "right," this side, "right."
如果是白人，好词 If it's a white American or a good word,
你们就大喊”左“ I want you to shout out "left."
准备好 People ready.
要快而不出错 Try to do it as fast as possible without making any mistakes.
好的 [audience response] okay.
因为有一个人喊得特别大声 Because of the very loud wrong person
我们再来试一次 we're going to try that again.
准备好了吗？ Are you ready?
学生回答 [audience response]
很好 Good.
这就是”一致“ That is "congruent,"
与理论所说的一致 congruent according to a theory that says
不管是黑人还是白人 that people, both African Americans and white Americans,
都会偏向于白人，而不是黑人 have biases to favor white Americans over African Americans.
我们怎么知道？我们会作比较 How do we know by this? Well, we compare it.
而结果是一致的 That's "congruent."
现在来做个不同的 Now, it's different.
如果是白人或不好的词，就说”右“ If it's a white American or a bad word, say "right."
如果是黑人或好的词，就说”左“ If it's an African American or a good word, say "left."
学生回答 [audience response]
好的 Okay.
据我所听到的，两次都差不多 For all I could tell, people did equally well
但这个实验做过几十万次 but this experiment has been done tens of thousands of times
你们可以在电脑上做 and you could do it yourself on a computer screen.
这是其中一个实验方式 And this is one way of doing it
他们还会变花样，让你做不同的 but they'll alternate and they'll give you different ones
把实验方式变来变去 to shift around and everything.
结果发现在第二个实验中 And it turns out that this version
人们比第一个实验时的反应要慢 people are slower at than the other version
这表明他们倾向于把白人和好词 suggesting that their associations
把黑人和坏词联系一起，而不是反过来 run one way and not the other.
这个实验扩展到研究其他问题上 And this work has been extended for all sorts of ways
例如性别 looking at for example at gender,
女人和英语的联系 looking at the connection between women
男人和数学的联系 and English and men and math,
研究年龄问题上 looking at age,
态度问题上 attitudes towards
对胖人的态度和对瘦人的态度 people who are obese versus people who are thin,
对异性恋者的态度 attitudes towards people
和对同性恋者的态度 who are straight versus people who are gay,
你可以上网做这些实验 and you could go online and do these studies
从而感受一下 and it'll give you some feeling
我们内心有什么样的内隐态度 for the sort of implicit attitudes that we have within us.
现在我要提一个合理的问题 Well, a legitimate question is
”谁在乎呢？“ "Who cares?"
如果你看这些研究的结果 I mean, if you do the--If you look at the results for the study,
你会发现人们有一种偏见 it turns out that there is an association as bias
把白人和积极的意义联系在一起 to view white Americans as positive
把黑人与消极的意义联系在一起 and African Americans as negative
你只有看这半秒的差别，才能发现这种偏见 but it shows up in half a second difference.
谁在乎呢？ Who cares?
这个问题有两个答案 Well, there's two answers to this.
第一个答案是 One answer is
在你生命在有很多时候 there are times in your life
半秒钟能产生巨大的影响 where half a second can matter a lot.
一些针对警察的研究 So, studies with police officers
用霎间的反应时间让他们作出选择 using reaction time in split-second choices
应该向谁开枪，研究发现这些刻板态度 on who to shoot find that your stereotypical attitudes
能极大的影响你选择向谁开枪 play a huge role in who you're likely to shoot
当他们手里拿着不明物体时 when they're holding an object in their hand that's unclear.
更普遍地来说 Also, more generally,
这些内隐态度可能 it could be that these implicit attitudes
会影响你的主观判断 play a role in judgment calls.
假如你碰上一个难以抉择的情况 In cases where you have a hard decision to make,
你知道你不是种族主义者 you know you're not racist.
你没有表达过任何种族主义态度 You have no explicit racist attitudes,
说实话，你真的没有 honestly you really don't,
但我们认为这些刻板印象 but the argument is that these stereotypes
能通过各种不显著的途径来影响你的行为 can affect your behavior in all sorts of subtle ways.
这里就有一个例子 Here is one example.
他们做了一个实验 What they do is they do an experiment
有人陷入了困境 where somebody is in trouble.
你听到外面有人尖叫 You hear a scream from outside
或能是黑人，也可能是白人 either from a black person or a white person.
情景一是你单独一人 In one condition you're the only person around.
情景二是你身边有其他人 In another condition there's other people around you.
我们从旁观者效应的实验中知道 Now, we know from the work in the Bystander effect
我们在哪种情景上更可能出手相救 that in general which one are we more likely to help in,
一个人，还是有其他人时？ when we're the only person or multiple?
一个人时，没错 [audience response] "Only," exactly.
事实上 And in fact,
在一个人的情景里，任何人都会出手相救 when it's the only person just about everybody helps
不管陷入困境的人是什么肤色的 regardless of the color of the person in trouble
但当你旁边有其他人时，那差别就大了 but when you're with other people there's a big difference.
重申一次，这些实验 Now, again this isn't--
实验对象不是三K党成员 these things are not done with members of the KKK.
而是普通大学的本科生 They're done with the standard university undergraduates
像你们一样 like you and these--
如果你属于这个群体，你不会说 and if you were in this group you wouldn't say,
”我不想帮他，因为这个人是黑人“ "Oh. I didn't want to help because the person's black."
相反，你会说 Rather, what you would say is,
”我不觉得这个人值得我帮 "Well, I didn't think it was worth helping.
我身边还有其他人，他们会帮他的” There were other people around. Someone else would help,"
但如果我们细究起来 but we know by looking at it
会发现这种差别能产生重大影响 that this difference makes a real difference.
最后一个研究 A final study,
是我刚来耶鲁上任的同事做的 and this was done by my colleague who just got hired here,
Jack Dovidio，他做了一些很好的研究 Jack Dovidio, who's done some wonderful work,
他研究人们怎么根据推荐信 looked at how people judge to hire somebody
来决定雇用谁 based on their recommendations.
这有点难以看得明白 This is a little bit of a confusing thing.
绿色杠条代表黑人 The green bars are the African Americans.
蓝色杠条代表白人 The blue bars are the white Americans.
如果候选人的推荐信都一样好时 And in some cases these people have strong recommendations.
在1989年，当候选人的推荐信一样好时 When they have strong recommendations in 1989
你雇用谁的几率都是一样的 you're willing to hire everybody,
他们的雇用率是几乎没有差别的 and this [the level of hiring for African versus white Americans, depicted on a slide] is not a difference at all.
但如果他们的推荐信不是很好 But when their recommendations are so-so,
这时就需要主观判断 when it's a judgment call,
实验对象雇用白人的几率 the subjects are significantly more likely to hire
就会远远高于黑人 the white American than the African American.
1989年距离现在很远了 Nineteen eighty-nine was a long time ago
但在1999年得到同样的结果 but the same results showed up in 1999.
一年半前也得到同样的结果 The same results also showed up about a year and a half ago.
这并不表明人们 And again, this doesn't show that people
是一个显而易见的种族主义者 are explicit terrible racists.
但它表明人们的这些刻板印象 It does show that people possess these stereotypes
会影响他们在现实生活中的行为 that make a difference in their real-world behavior.
把这些研究总结起来的 A way to put this all together
是Trish Devine的自动性理论 is in Trish Devine's automaticity theory,
这就是理论的内容 which goes something like this.
这个理论是说每个人都有刻板印象 The idea is that everybody holds stereotypes.
在我们和别人接触时 These are automatically activated
它们会被自动激活 when we come into contact with individuals.
为了不表现出刻板印象 In order to not act in a stereotyped fashion,
我们要有意识地压抑它们 we have to consciously push them down,
我们要有意识地钳制它们 we have to consciously override them,
这是有可能的，但需要下功夫 and that's possible, but it takes work.
不仅个人需要下功夫 It takes work both at the individual level
群体也要下功夫 and it takes work at the group level.
大家对这个问题还有什么疑问？ Any questions or thoughts about this?
请说 Yes.
听不清 Student: [inaudible]
是的 yeah.
这个问题问得很好 It's a good question. It's a good question.
这些结果都出乎意料，而且让人不安 These results are surprising and disturbing
我说过个人和群体都要下功夫 and I said there is work to be done at an individual and group level
这位同学要我明确地说怎样下功夫 and this young man challenged me to be more explicit about that.
举个例子，我们要找合适的人填补空缺 Here is one case. We have job searches
有时候要填被一个高级职位 and sometimes job-- senior job searches
就需要全体老师坐在会议室里 involve the faculty sitting in--around in a room
例举一个个人选 and tossing out names
这些人选会留待进一步讨论 and we use these names as a basis for further discussion.
“大家觉得某某某怎么样？” "Hey, I wonder--What about that person?
“这个人做了很棒的研究” That person does great work."
我们心理系的方法是 What we do now in the psychology department is
我们会特别强调列举出 we make a special point of trying to get names
那些劣势群体的人选 from disadvantaged groups,
我们的旨意并不在于执行反歧视政策 not with an eye towards an affirmative action policy
而是因为有很多证据表明 but rather because there's a lot of evidence suggesting that
有时我们会想不起那些具有同样资格的人 people who are just as qualified don't come to mind
除非你设立一个程序去找出来 unless you make some sort of procedure to do it.
再有一个例子 Here's another example.
现在很多报刊都审查论文都是匿名的 A lot of journals do blind reviewing now
原因就是我刚才讲的 because of the evidence I talked about
性别刻板印象 before regarding sexual stereotypes,
名字会透露作者是男性或女性 that whether it has a male name or a female name
这样会影响审查公正，所以… makes a difference. So those are not--
这些群体要摆脱刻板印象 those are group level in that they're not saying,
并不是一味压抑就行的 "You get rid of your prejudices by trying harder."
而是要建立一个系统 It's rather, "Let's set up a system
把偏见的影响减为零 so that your prejudices can't work,"
正如刚才所说的闭幕演奏一样 the blind auditions, for instance,
那就是一个好例子了 being a beautiful example of that.
个人层面上要如何做到就更加难了 At an individual level, your question's a harder one
我也不确定我们应该怎么做 and I'm not exactly sure what we could do
但我认为我们应该意识到它的存在 but I think what we should do is be conscious of these things
我们要知道光是嘴巴上说 and know that it's not enough to say,
“我绝对不是种族主义者 "Well, I'm explicitly not racist
我会公平看待所有人”是不够的 so I'll give everybody a fair shake,"
要认识到我们有偏见 but to recognize we might have biases
并更努力地去克服它们 and to work hard to overcome them,
不能只靠随机的矫枉过正，而是… not by overcorrecting in some random way but trying to--
例如，如果你要进行资格审核 if you're interested for instance in qualifications
那就建功立一个体制，公平地 setting up some system that these qualifications
审核这些资格，而不受种族或性别歧视的影响 can be observed absent knowledge of race or sex.
后面那位同学 Yeah, in back.
听不清 Student: [inaudible]
是的，这是个好问题 Yes. The question's a good one.
这种歧视是多少是因为刻板印象造成 How much of this is due to stereotypes
有多少是因为组内偏向？ and how much of this is due to an own-group bias?
事实上，这些实验 So, the fact that--so, the experiments
正如我所说，有一定程度的模糊性 as I have described them are to some extent ambiguous.
白人喜欢 The fact that white Americans favor
白人，而不是黑人 white Americans over black Americans
可能是因为刻板印象 might be because of stereotypes
也可能是由于组内偏爱的心理 but they also might be of in-group favoritism.
我想两者都有 I think the answer is that both play a role
但刻板印象的影响 but some of the effects are due to stereotypes
要高于组内偏爱 above and beyond in-group favoritism.
之所以这样说，是因为 And one reason why we know that is
像内隐态度测试这样的实验 in studies like the IAT, the Implicit Attitudes Test.
黑人也像白人一样 African Americans show much the same effect
偏向于白人 as white Americans.
所以黑人也是 So, African Americans also
对黑人有偏见 are biased against African Americans
倾向于白人 and in favor of white Americans,
这样表明组内偏爱 showing it doesn't reduce to group favoritism though
所起的影响并不大 that probably plays a big role.
好的 Okay.
本节课接下来的时间 I'm going to shift and spend the rest of this class
我们来讲几个心理学未解之谜 on a couple of mysteries.
先来总结一下 Here's a summary.
第一个是小迷 The first one is a minor mystery.
我们这方面的研究已经取得了进步 I think we have some progress in explaining it.
第二个是至今仍毫无头绪的未解之谜 The second one is a total mystery.
第一个是睡眠 The first one's sleep.
睡眠是一个动力 Sleep is a motivation.
像食物和饮品一样的动力 It is a motivation like food or drink.
它是一种施刑工具 It is a form of torture.
我就不解释什么是施刑了 I won't get into definitions of what torture is
如果不让人睡觉的话 but it would cause somebody tremendous pain
会给人造成巨大的痛苦 and anguish to keep them from sleeping.
你累了，就会想睡觉 When you're really tired sleep is what you want to do
正如你饿了想吃东西一样 like when you're really hungry you want to eat.
这里平均有多少人 How many people here on average--
从开学到现在 from the beginning of the semester until now
平均每晚睡超过八小时的？ get on average more than eight hours of sleep a night?
很好 That's good. Good.
有些人夸大数字了 There is a sort of school of sleep macho.
夸大数字的那些人 A sleep macho used to be
“我一晚只睡了42分钟” "I only get forty-two minutes of sleep a night."
现在他们会说“我睡了11小时” Now sleep macho is "I sleep eleven hours."
谁平均睡超过七小时的？ Who gets on average more than seven?
平均超过六小时的？ On average more than six?
谁从本学期开学到现在 Who here has been making it since the beginning
每晚睡不到六小时的？ of the semester on under six hours a night?
有谁 Okay. Anybody of you
每晚睡不到五小时的？ that has been getting under five hours a night?
好的 Okay.
人需要多少睡眠时间 There is big individual differences
是因人而异的 in how much sleep people need
我们一辈子会花很多时间在睡眠上 and sleep itself is what we spend a lot of our life on
但睡眠很难研究 but it's very hard to study
我们以前对睡眠了解甚少 and we didn't used to know much of it because
我们不能问别人睡眠是怎样的 you can't ask people what's happening during it
因为他们正在睡觉 because they're sleeping
所以你就要想些巧妙的方法了 so you need sort of clever methods.
其中一个巧妙的方法是脑电图 One such clever method is an EEG.
把人叫来睡眠实验室 You bring somebody in the sleep lab,
把电极贴在他们的头皮上 you put electrodes on their scalp
你就能看到 and you see what these--
他们有什么脑电活动 what sort of electrical activities you get in the brain.
现在 Right now
现在你们很多都是不规则的β波 many of you are showing irregular beta waves
表明理解力很高 suggesting intense comprehension
思维很集中 and great intellectual focus.
有些人现在睡着，但没有认真听课 Some of you are awake but non attentive
你的脑袋就会发出这种 and your brain's giving you these large,
规则的α波 regular alpha waves.
有些现在正蒙头大睡，就是δ波 Some of you are sound asleep, deep in delta.
睡眠有以下几个阶段 When you sleep you get the following stages.
一开始是过渡期 You start off with a transition period
你开始进入睡眠状态，这是第一阶段 when you're falling asleep. We call that stage I.
然后睡得越来越深 Then you get successively deeper,
从第二到第四阶段，慢，不规则，高振幅的δ波 II through IV, slow, irregular, high amplitude delta waves,
等你到达第四阶段，你又开始返回 and then once you reach stage IV you start going up again,
第三阶段和第二阶段 up through stage III and II.
这时就进入REM快速眼动睡眠 Then REM sleep emerges, rapid eye movement sleep.
REM睡眠很有规律，因为大脑就像清醒时一样 REM sleep is neat because your brain looks like it's wide awake
但我稍后会 but and I'm going to talk a little bit
更深入地谈一下这点 more in detail about this later
当你们放松了，进入快速眼动睡眠时 you're relaxed, your rapid eye movements occur;
这个名字就是这样而来的，这时梦境就出现 that's where your--the name comes from and dreams occur
在一晚正常的睡眠中 and then on a good night's sleep
你会重复这个循环四五次 you've got four to five sleep cycles
看起来就像这样 and it looks like this.
从第一阶段开始，到下面的阶段 You start off and you go down, down, down,
然后又往上，这时就出现REM睡眠 and then you come up, then you get your first REM cycle,
然后再一次次地循环 again, again, again, again, again,
直到你睡醒 and then you wake up.
我们普遍能从中得中的结论是 So, the general takeaway message here
睡眠有两种 is that there's two types of sleep.
第一种是慢波睡眠，“安静的睡眠” There is slow-wave sleep or "quiet sleep."
眼球运动时断时续，然后很慢 Your eyes drift separately and slowly
这种睡眠很难叫醒 you're hard to wake up.
第二种就是快速眼动睡眠 Then there is REM sleep.
大脑处于活跃状态，像清醒时一样 Your brain is active as if you were awake,
脑电图也和清醒时相似 your EEGs are similar to waking,
但除了眼部，全身都不会动 paralyzed except for the eyes,
男人会勃起，梦境会出现 oh, men get erections and you have dreams.
有研究人员开过玩笑说，这两者是有联系的 One sleep researcher joked that these two are connected
因为梦境从上空飞过 because what happens is dreams fly around through the ether
他们的勃起就像天线一样 and then their erections serve as antennas
把梦境接收进你大脑 so you pick them up.
这句不要写下来 Don't write that down.
我们为什么会睡觉 Why do we sleep
我们为什么不是一直醒着？ and why don't we--why aren't we always awake?
这个问题有几个答案 There's a couple of answers to this.
最佳的答案应该是 Probably the best answer
一天下来，我们的身体已经疲惫了 is our body is worn out during the day
有必要进行睡眠，以恢复状态 and sleep is necessary to put it back into shape.
所以当你睡觉时 So, when you sleep
身体产生的荷尔蒙会流经全身 growth producing hormone goes through the body,
你的大脑和其他器官就能得到修复 your brain and other organs get restored,
这时候你的进食减少 there are--you need less food,
但免疫系统很活跃 your immune system seems to be hard at work,
事实上，有一个答案… and in fact, one answer--
我们很好奇如果人不睡眠，会怎么样 people always wonder what happens if you'd stop sleeping
这个答案并不是从实验中得出的 and the answer is not one discovered in the laboratory
而是从各种有记录的案例中得出的 but it's been recorded in different cases.
停止睡眠，人就会死 If you stop sleeping you die.
当然你不会突然猝死 You don't die in some dramatic way.
而是慢慢地生病死去 You get sick and then you die,
这表明睡眠对保持健康非常重要 suggesting that sleeping is good to keep you healthy.
我想打个比方 And an analogy I like to think about is
当你开你的车去修时 that your--when you bring your car in to repair it--
当你修你的车时 for repairs, when you're repairing your car,
你首先要做的是 the first thing you do is
刹车，关掉引擎 you stomp it and shut off the engine.
先让车停下来，这样才能修车 You make it stable and at rest so you can then work on repair.
相似地，睡眠是为了保存能量 A related view is that sleep emerged to preserve energy
还能让你晚上不去惹麻烦 and keep you out of trouble at night.
当然这两个观点并非互相矛盾的 And these views are of course not incompatible.
这个解释了我们为什么要睡觉 This explains why we sleep at all
这个解释了我们为什么在晚上睡觉 and this probably explains why we sleep at night.
我们还会有睡眠障碍 There are sleep disorders.
这我就不谈了，我在这里列出了几个 I won't go through them. I just list a few of them here.
这时你睡觉时会遇到的 They're sort of bad things that could happen to you
障碍 when you're asleep.
其中一个现在很多人研究的睡眠障碍是 One particularly trendy sleep disorder
最近发现的 that's been discovered recently
服用安必恩这样的安眠药有什么副作用 are side effects of sleeping pills such as Ambien.
服用安必恩的其中一个副作用 So, one of the bizarre side effects is some people with Ambien
就是梦游走下楼 while sleeping go downstairs,
打开冰箱，吃一大堆东西 open up their refrigerator and eat huge amounts of food.
最近发现安必恩一个挺严重的副作用 A more recent side effect of Ambien that's quite serious
有些人睡觉时 is some people become--have the compulsion
会有梦游驾车的冲动 while they're sleeping to go driving,
这可不是好事 which is not good.
对于睡眠，我们真正感兴趣的是 What we're really interested in though
梦 when it comes to sleep is dreams.
大家想想《哈姆雷特》 So, remember Hamlet.
你们都学过《哈姆雷特》 People--you've all studied Hamlet,
我只知道一句“生存还是死亡” "to be or not to be." That's all I know
这句话是说他正在决定 but basically he was deciding--
我把这写下来了 he--I wrote this down though.
他在决定要不要自杀 He was deciding whether or not to kill himself
他列了两张清单 and so he made up two lists.
一张是要自杀的原因 The lists of reasons to kill himself were
“命运的种种捉弄和折磨” "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,"
“无穷尽的烦恼“ "a sea of troubles,"
”血肉之躯必定要承受无数的 and "the heartache in the thousand natural shocks
锥心之痛“ that flesh is heir to."
他只有一个不自杀的理由 He only had one argument not to kill himself:
噩梦 Nightmares.
“入睡，偶尔作梦 "To sleep, perchance to dream,
因为在沉睡中，什么梦都会出现 for in that sleep of death what dreams may come
我们可以从中暂时摆脱尘世的烦恼” when we have shuffled off this mortal coil might give us pause."
他担心会作噩梦 He was worried about nightmares.
梦一直吸引很多人和哲学家的兴趣 Now, dreams have always fascinated people and philosophers.
如果你上过哲学课 If you take a philosophy course,
就会知道几个关于梦境的问题 there'll be a couple of questions about dreams
是我们很好奇的 that you will wonder about.
其中一个是“我们现在在作梦吗？” One is "Are you dreaming right now?"
Rene Descartes提出过一个很著名的问题 So, Rene Descartes famously wondered
真实世界到底存不存在 whether the real world doesn't exist.
也许这个世界只是一个梦境 Maybe right now it's just a dream.
像电影“黑客帝国”里 See also "The Matrix."
你在梦境里是否道德败坏 And can you be immoral in a dream?
我们会在梦境里做各种各样的坏事 We do all sorts of things in dreams that are bad.
这算是罪孽吗？ Are these sins?
伟大的神学家和哲学家 And the great theologians and philosophers
像奥古斯丁，他们很好奇 like Augustine wondered about this,
在梦里能作恶吗？ can you sin in a dream?
我来回答这两个问题 I will answer both questions.
你们现在不是作梦 You are not dreaming right now,
除了那些睡着的同学 unless you're asleep but if you're--
我们很少会在梦里做出不道德的事 and you can't usually be immoral in a dream.
除了有意识的梦 The exceptions are lucid dreams
在这种梦境里，你可以控制梦的内容 where you choose what to dream about,
你可能会作恶 and then possibly you could be immoral
如果你纵容自己有这种作恶的思想的话 if you encourage bad habits of thought.
我们对梦境了解多少？ What do we know about dreams?
首先，我们要区分 Well, first there's a distinction,
真正的梦和半睡半醒的想法 a distinction between real dreams versus sleep thought.
真正的梦是指那些 So, real dreams are
梦见自己在潜艇里和鸡摔跤 you're in a submarine wrestling a chicken
而你奶奶在一旁看得不以为然 while your grandmother looks disapprovingly on.
这些就是真正的梦 Those are real dreams.
半睡半醒的想法是指那些 "Sleep thought" is the sort of thing you get
你睡着前所想到的东西 typically before you fall asleep
例如“我倒垃圾了吗？ and it's like "did I take the garbage out, ??
垃圾在哪里，我倒了吗？” where is the garbage, did I take the garbage out?"
这其实只是一种思考 And so it's really just this kind of rumination
大家睡觉时也可以思考 and you could do this while you're sleeping.
在慢波睡眠中醒过来 So, if you're woken up during slow-wave sleep
你会想“我倒垃圾了吗？ you're going to be thinking "Did I take the--
原来我睡觉是想着倒垃圾了” yes, while I was dreaming I was thinking about the garbage,"
但如果你在REM睡眠中醒过来 but if you're woken up during REM,
“天啊，有只猴子在吃我奶奶” "But a monkey was eating my grandmother,"
这就是真正的梦和半睡半醒的想法之间的区别 and that sort of thing. So, there is a distinction.
人们都梦见些什么？ What do people dream about?
我们知道一些梦境的基本事实，人人都会作梦 Well, we know some facts about dreams. Everybody dreams.
不是人人都记得他们梦见什么 Not everybody remembers their dreams.
如果你想记得自己梦见什么 If you want to remember your dream by the way
那就写一本梦境日记，这是非常有用的 keep your dreams--keep a dream diary, very useful,
每个人平均一晚作三四次梦 but everybody dreams three to four times a night.
这要取决于你一晚睡多长时间 That depends on how much sleep you get
梦境会留下一些若有若无的记忆，而且很快会淡忘 but dreams leave fragile memories. They fade quickly.
所以梦境日记 This is why a dream diary or writing up--
要在醒来后马上写 writing your dreams as soon as you wake up
这很有帮助 turns out to be useful.
人们都梦些什么？ What do people dream about?
很简单，想知道就要问他们了 Well, basically, the way to find that out is you ask people
心理学家和社会学家 and people have--psychologists and sociologists
收集了梦境报告 have collected dream reports.
在dreambank.net上 If you go to dreambank.net,
有个叫Hill的人收集了五万个梦境报告 a guy named Hill collected 50,000 dream reports;
他从中归纳了一些规律 you could make some generalizations.
大部份梦都是不好的 Most dreams are bad.
说它们不好，并不是说它们是噩梦 They're not bad, bad, they're not nightmares,
如果用1到10来评分 but most dreams are from a scale of
5.5为中间分值 one to ten with five and a half in the middle
大部份梦都是在5.5分以下 they're on the negative side.
这些梦境里都发生不幸的事 They report misfortunes.
部落社会里的人 People in tribal societies have dreams
会比工业社会里的人 with more physical aggression
梦见更多肢体上的冲突 than people in industrialized societies.
男人的梦比女人的梦更具侵略性 Men have more aggressive dreams than women.
美国人的梦比欧洲人的梦更具侵略性 Americans have more aggressive dreams than Europeans.
耶 Yeah.
人们想梦见什么？心理学家 What do people want to dream about? Well, psychologist--
发现了很出乎人意料的答案 the findings were totally not going to surprise you.
女人想梦见爱情和冒险 Women want to dream about romance and adventure.
男人想梦见和陌生人做爱 Men want to dream about sex with strangers.
研究还发现一旦你过了 Turns out that once you get past
荷尔蒙旺盛的青春期 the hormonal blast of adolescence
你有10%的梦都是和性有关的 about 10% of dreams have explicit sexual content.
最普遍的梦是什么？ What's the most common dream?
大家猜猜看，坠落，猜得好 Guesses. Falling. That's a good guess.
坠落是大家经常做的梦 Falling is among the top dreams
但不是最多的那个 but falling is not the winner.
大家再猜猜 Somebody else.
飞？很接近了 Flying? Also close.
在公共场合演讲？猜得好，但不是它 Public speaking? Good phobic dream but not it.
在公共场合一丝不挂？不是 Naked in public, not it.
非常好 Excellent.
被追 Being chased.
进行心理学家和认为神经学家 Evolutionary psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists
都对这个现象很困惑 have puzzled over this one.
这似乎是一个很原始的梦 It seems to be sort of a primal dream
但被追的梦是一个很大的课题 but the dream about being chased is a biggie.
有谁梦见过被人或别的东西追的？ Has anybody here ever dreamt of being chased
大家记得吗？ that you could remember?
是的，很多人都梦见被追 Yeah. Being chased is the big one.
在公众场合裸体的呢？ Naked in public?
梦见奶奶被猴子吃掉的？没有 Grandmother killed by a monkey? No.
好的 So,
梦境有什么作用？ what are dreams for?
弗洛依德学说认为梦境是 There are Freudian theories that dreams are disguised
欲望和其他心理活动的伪装 with fulfillment and other things.
但他的理论没有多少证据支持 There is not much support for these.
一个很流行的理论是 One theory which is popular
梦境是巩固记忆的副产物 is that dreams are a side effect of memory consolidation
你的身体，脖子以下 so your body, sort of below the neck,
在睡眠中获得恢复 rebuilds itself while you're sleeping
但除此以外，在睡眠中 but also what happens while you're sleeping
你的记忆也会一次一次地回放 is your memories get played over and over again
在大脑的不同地方进行巩固 to consolidate them into different parts of the brain.
最形象地说，这就像给电脑备份 Almost--the best analogy here is backing up a computer.
你的大脑会自己备份 Your brain backs itself up.
在备份过程中 In the course of backing itself up,
有些事件会随机地浮现到意识层面 there are sort of random events flash to consciousness
被拼凑成一个连贯的故事 and get put together in a coherent story.
从这个角度看 From this perspective,
梦境没有自我适应功能 dreams serve no adaptive function at all
它只是一种副现象 but rather they're epiphenomena.
它们是另一个机制的副产物 They are the byproducts of another system.
最后要讲的是笑 Final topic is laughter
这是一个真正的未解之谜 and this is a true mystery.
我对笑感兴趣… I got interested in this--well,
身为一个长成心理学家 I got interested in this as a developmental psychologist
当我看到我孩子笑时，我就对这个议题感兴趣了 watching my own children laugh
我想弄明白是什么令他们笑的 and trying to figure out what it is that made them laugh.
这是我儿子Zachary，他很小 This is my son, Zachary, pretty young
还有比他更小的小孩发出笑声 but this is not the youngest record of laughing.
这是我在网上找到的 I found this on the web.[clip playing of an infant laughing]
这是一个大谜题 It's a huge puzzle.
从进化的观点看 From an evolutionary point of view,
人会追求性和食物 people's pursuit of sex and food
我们不难理解喝水和睡眠的作用 and drink and sleep are not these huge mysteries,
我们理解语言的能力 our abilities to understand language
理解眼睛看到的世界，在群体中团结合作 and make sense of the visual world and cohere in groups,
但为什么我们会在奇怪的场合里 but the fact that we make this weird noise
发生这种奇怪的声音，真的很费解 at bizarre circumstances is a huge puzzle
尤其是连心理学家都无法 and typical--typically psychologists have failed
解开这个谜 to explain this puzzle.
我想说 So, here's something;
我在一个神经学教科书上看到的一个猜想 here's a first guess I read in a neuroscience textbook.
“当我们的期望和现实发生的事实 "We laugh when there is incongruity between
之间出现不一致时，我们就会笑 what we expect and what we actually--what actually happens
除非这种不一致引起恐惧” unless the outcome is frightening."
作者很努力才作出这个猜想 Now, this is a fair effort. It is about as wrong
但这个猜想错得一塌糊涂 as anything can be wrong in any possible way.
首先它无法解释我们为什么会笑 The first thing is it doesn't really explain "why?"
为什么不引起恐惧的不一致性 So, why should a non-frightening incongruity
会让人们发出一种与别不同的声音 cause people to make a distinctive loud noise
而且这种声音是间断的，一节声音持续15分之一秒 consisted of staccato segments of one fifteenth
两节声音之间也是相隔15分之一秒 of a second each separated by a fifth of a second?
它无法解释为什么遇到不一致时 It doesn't explain why we make that loud noise
我们会发出这种大声的声音 when dealing with incongruity.
笑不是由不一致引起的 It's not the case that incongruity causes laughter.
如果你走进教室 If there was a bowl of fruit up there
看到这里有一碗水果，这也是不一致 as you walked in, it'd be incongruous
但你不会高声大笑地指着水果 but people wouldn't shriek with laughter and point to the fruit.
还有… It's also--
很多笑不是因为不一致引起的 a lot of laughter isn't caused by incongruity
很多时候我们笑 so a lot of times when we laugh there's nothing
并不是因为其中有不一致的现象 incongruous in any deep sense about it.
所以笑是一个难解之谜 So, laughter is kind of a puzzle.
我们不知道我们为什么会笑 We don't know why we laugh.
我们不知道是什么引起我们笑 We don't know what makes us laugh.
在过去五，十年里 Over the last five, ten years
有人做了一些有关笑的研究 there's been some work done on this.
很大研究都是Robert Provine做的 A lot of the work is done by Robert Provine
他在一本很好的书《笑》中总结了他的研究 who summarizes this in his excellent book Laughter.
Provine决定做一件 And Provine decided to do something
有史以来没人做过的事 that nobody in the history of the world has done.
除了他自己，他还派他的学生 He decided to send himself and his students
去各种各样的地方，包括购物商场 to different places including shopping malls
观察人们在什么时候会笑 and observe when people laughed
并写下让他们笑的原因 and write down what made them laugh.
这是第一个描述性的步骤 And this is the first descriptive step
来建立笑的理论 to developing a theory of laughter.
他有一个重大的发现 And his big finding is
你可以区分… that you could separate people--
你可以区分什么是笑 you could separate the question of laughter
什么是玩笑，什么是幽默 from the question of a joke or the question of humor.
大部份让人笑的原因 Most of what people--what made people laugh
并不是玩笑或幽默 wasn't in any sense a joke or humorous.
他收集了一千多个引起笑的情景 So, he had over a thousand laughter-initiated situations
这里列出一些普遍能引人发笑的话 and here are some typical comments that initiated laughter,
有些能让某些人轰然大笑 sometimes uproarious laughter, on the parts of people.
“待会儿再见”，“看，是Andre" "I'll see you guys later." "Look. It's Andre."
"你确定？“很好笑吧，”你好吗？” "Are you sure?" " I know." "How are you?"
“我只想过正常的生活”，这有点好笑 "I try to lead a normal life." It's sort of funny.
通常引起笑的情景都并不是很好笑 It was anyway in a context where it wasn't particularly amusing.
“问题不在于你”“我们能做得来” "It wasn't you." "We can handle this."
这些话只有10% Only ten percent of the comments
可以被称之为 were--could be re-coded later on as people--
幽默 as actually humorous in any sense.
这些幽默的话包括”可怜的孩子，长得和他老爸一样“ And these included "Poor boy looks just like his father,"
”你身上那股味道好像刚健身完一样“ "You smell like you've had a good workout,"
”这从鼻孔里找到的吗？“ "Did you find that in your nose?",
这句话说的是饭堂里的食物 a reference to dormitory food,
”他的工作就是在手术室时拉皮肤“ "He has a job pulling back skin in the operating room."
Provine认为我们要区分什么是笑 So, Provine suggests we separate the question of laughter
什么是玩笑 of laughter and jokes
然后问我们对笑有何了解？ and then ask what do we know about laughter?
我们了解笑的几个基本事实 Well, here are some basic facts that--
记住了，我们是从进化的角度来思考这个问题的 remember we're trying to think like evolutionary biologists here.
笑是人类普遍共有的特征 Humans have this universal trait.
没有哪个社会是不会笑的 There's no society without laughter.
就像我们刚才在视频里看到的 It's early emerging as we saw in those clips.
那么笑到底有什么用？ So, what's it for? What does it do?
如果是偶然事件，它的偶然成因是什么？ If it's an accident, what's it an accident from?
它有什么属性？ What properties does it have?
我们应该知道笑的几个重要属性 And there are some properties that are important to know.
它的社会性和交流性 It's social and communicative.
我们怎么知道的？因为笑很大声 Why do we know that? Because it's loud.
笑不像饥饿 Laughter is not like hunger.
饥饿是听不见的 Hunger can be silent.
饥饿不是一个传达给别人的信息 Hunger is not essentially a message to other people
但人类会发出很大的声音 but when humans when it involves a loud noise
我们为什么会进化出很大的声音 the reason why we've evolved loud noises is
就是为了与人沟通 to communicate with other people.
我们可以把笑声视为不由自主地发出的声音 Laughter could be viewed as a form of involuntary noisemaking
然后笑声有感染性 and it's contagious.
这是它的另一个有趣的属性 That's another interesting thing about it.
电视界和电影界一个很有趣的发现就是 One of the great discoveries in television and movies
发明了笑声音轨 was the invention of the laugh track.
笑声音轨让影视内容更好笑 The laugh track makes things a lot funnier
因为如果有一大群人在笑，人们会更容易笑 because people laugh a lot more when they're in groups.
讲完笑话，紧接着一阵鼓声 The rim shot after a comic remark
也是为了引起… is an attempt to simulate--sort of
引起观众大笑的一种原始手段 a pre-technological attempt to simulate the sound of laughter.
孩子特别容易 Children are particularly influenced
受笑声的感染 by the contagiousness of laughter,
但普遍来说，如果你听到有人笑 but just in general, if you hear somebody laughing,
像你们刚才看到的小孩子 like the kids you saw before,
这样的事物很容易引你大笑 it's the sort of thing that could easily make you laugh.
其他灵长类动物也在一定程度上有这种特性 Other primates do it to some extent
但它们的笑很有意思 and then it's interesting when they do it.
猴子打架时会笑 Monkeys laugh when they attack.
猴子一起猎杀其他动物时 When monkeys get together to kill and eat somebody
它们会发生出一种笑声 they make a kind of a laughing noise
黑猩猩胳肢时也会笑 and chimpanzees laugh when they tickle each other.
然后… And then you'll see--
胳肢是什么？ And what's tickling?
胳肢的准确定义就是 Well, a fair definition of tickling is
打打闹闹时碰身体某个地方 touching parts of the body in a mock attack.
你假装打对方，对方会觉得很好笑 You sort of attack somebody and they're laughing
但如果有人抢劫你时 but if it's--but if somebody's trying to mug you
你不会觉得好笑 you're not "Ah, this is so funny."
必须打打闹闹时才行 You have to realize that this is a mock attack;
你是假装要打对方，不是真打 you're simulating attack.
有一个理论说，笑是假装的侵略性的信号 So one theory is--is a signal of mock aggression
也是集体侵略性行为的信号 and collective aggression.
意思就是说… It's basically--
它就是暴徒打架时发出的声音 it's like a sound of some sort of mob attack.
我们知道打闹是装出来的，因为人一笑 It's mock aggression in the sense that when people laugh
我们就知道他们是闹着玩的 they're often teasing, kidding around.
他们会说伤人的话，胳肢别人 They're throwing out insults, maybe they're tickling each other,
取笑对方 maybe they're making fun of each other,
取笑自己 maybe they're making fun of themselves,
而这些打闹是有一定的侵略性的 and there's some aggression to it.
大部份笑都是由一定程度的侵略性行为引起的 Most laughter is inspired by some degree of aggression,
但程度很弱，而且是闹着玩的 but it's attenuated and it's not real.
笑就是说明它是闹着玩的一个信号 And the laughter is a signal this isn't real.
集体侵略性行为… And collective aggression--
很多暴徒群殴，严刑，私刑，强暴 a lot of mob assaults, executions, lynchings, rapes
都会伴随着笑的出现 are accompanied with the sound of laughter.
当你在群体在做具有强烈攻击性的行为时 When you're in a group doing something terribly aggressive
你不会觉得自己有危险 and you are not--you don't feel like you're at risk
你会笑 you might laugh
你笑是向其他群体成员传达一个信号 and laughter is a signal to other members of your group
你们团结一致，共同进退 as a signal of solidarity and what you're doing together.
从另一个角度来看 A different way of putting it--
注意，我现在讲的内容 and none of this is going to come in
目前都没有一个明确的理论 with a sharp, decisive theory.
我现在说的都是各种猜想 These are sort of flailing away at different ideas
但从另一个角度看，一个古老的角度 but another way of doing--an older way
这是由柏拉图提出的 is proposed by Plato,
他认为笑是一种巩固感情的形式 who viewed laughter as a form of bonding
对抗共同的敌人 against a common enemy.
它是一种群体凝聚的声音 It's a sound of group cohesion
对抗共同的敌人 against the common enemy.
喜剧演员都捕捉到了笑的侵略性 Comedians have not missed the aggressive nature of laughter.
Dave Barry写道 Dave Barry writes:
幽默最重要的一个真相是 The most important humor truth of all
要懂得某个情景中的幽默 is that to really see the humor in a situation
你必须要有见解 you have to have perspective.
见解(perspective)这个词是由两个希腊词派生而来 Perspective is derived from two ancient Greek words,
pers的意思是发生在别人身上的不幸事 pers' meaning something bad that happens to someone else
active的意思是像Donald Trump这样的人 and active' meaning ideally somebody like Donald Trump.
它的意思就是说坏事发生了 And the idea is that it's something bad happening
但不是发生在你身上或你爱的人身上 but not to you or to somebody you love.
Mel Brooks一针见血地指出 Mel Brooks puts it in somewhat sharper terms,
喜剧与悲剧之间的区别 distinguishing between comedy and tragedy:
“悲剧就是我割伤了我的手指 "Tragedy is when I cut my finger.
喜剧就是你掉进污水道里死了” Comedy is when you fall in an open sewer and die."
总的来说，幽默的要素 To sum up, ingredients of humor
就是要有一个承受一定伤害的目标 is there has to be a target who experiences some harm.
可能是敌人，可能是朋友，可能是你自己 It could be an enemy. It could be a friend. It could be yourself.
但这种伤害不会很严重 The harm shouldn't be so serious
不会造成消极情绪，如恐惧 that it elicits strong negative emotions like fear,
悲伤或怜悯 grief or pity.
所以，看到陌生人踩蕉皮 So, if a stranger slips on a banana peel
摔个屁股着地，我会笑 and lands on his butt, I might laugh
因为我对他的同情不是很强烈 because I'm not overcome by compassion.
如果他摔个头破血流 If he splits his head open and there's blood everywhere,
我就笑不出，除非我很讨厌这个人 I'm less likely to laugh unless I don't like him or something.
这就是为什么幽默 And this is why the humor--
所涉及的伤害通常都是 why the damage is often a certain sort of damage
涉及尴尬 involving things like embarrassment,
性，不雅语言，香蕉皮，摔到脸上的派 sex, scatology, a banana peel, pie in the face,
掉裤子之类的 your pants fall down or something,
这些情况没有造成真正伤害 where there's no real harm.
所以移情，关怀，同情没有发挥作用 So, empathy, caring, sympathy don't kick in,
反而是释放了别人的侵略情绪 but instead there's the aggression unleashed at somebody
还必须在一定程度上出人意料 and there has to be some level of surprise.
这就是… This is what--this is
为什么那些婴儿那么好笑 where the humor for that baby comes in,
因为你猜不到他们什么时候会笑 which is you couldn't predict when the sound was coming
因此我们才觉得好笑 and some aspect of that was what made it so funny then,
引起我们大笑 what elicited the laughter.
让Zachary笑的是 This is--what elicited the laughter for Zachary
他在看的一部经典电影 was watching the classic film
《小熊维尼和大风吹》 Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
兔子爬到一个很高的架子上 where Rabbit climbed on a high bunch of shelves
架子塌下来，砸到它身上 and it all came crashing down on him.
但它没有死 But he didn't--he wasn't dead.
它只是吓了一跳 He was just kind of stunned.
对笑感兴趣的同学，最后一个问题 Final question for anybody interested in laughter is,
“为什么我们不能胳肢自己？” "Why can't we tickle ourselves?"
我之前也有两次提到过笑 Now, I've talked about laughter on two separate occasions
第一次 and on each of the occasions
当我在这么一大群人面前讲完后 when I talked in front of a large group like this
都会有人上来跟我说 somebody came up to me afterwards and said,
“我可以” "But I can."
我不… And I don't--
他们说得很真诚，但如果有人说 and they seemed sincere but if people say,
“我可以胳肢自己” "I can tickle myself,"
有多少人承认自己可以 how many people here will own up to being
胳肢自己？ able to tickle themselves?
一个？ One?
很有趣的问题，为什么有些人能 It's a fascinating question why some people can.
为什么大部分人不能胳肢自己 The general story of why we can't in general
是因为它在我们意料之内 is because there's no surprise,
没有打闹的侵略性 there's no mock aggression,
通常这种引自己笑的念头都会嘎然而止 and also there may be a general deadening of self-stimulation.
本节课最后布置一个课后作业 I'm going to end with the final reading response.
想出一个可测试的有趣想法 Think of an interesting testable idea
关于梦境也行，关于笑也行 about either dreams or laughter.
你想写多详细都可以 You could go into as much detail as you want.
你喜欢的话，写一句话也可以 If you want your thing could be one sentence long
最好就比一句话长 but it could be longer.
我会叫教学助理每人 I will ask the teaching fellows to each send me
把最有趣的一两个发给我 their one or two most interesting remarks.
我来评谁胜出 I will then judge and then the winner
胜出者有一个小奖品 will win some small prize,
可能是书，也可能是吃的 either of a literary or a food nature.
好了 Okay.
我们周三见 I'll see you all on Wednesday.