性爱是件很奇怪的事 Sex is really strange
如果你问别人 You ask people,
"你最喜欢做的事是什么?" "What's your favorite activity?"
如果你这样问别人 and if you ask people,
尤其是问大学生 particularly college students,
尤其是刚放完寒假的大学生 particularly just fresh from spring break
我有看过青春电影 I've seen teen movies
他们会异口同声回答"性爱" they'll often answer,"Sex "
或"性爱"的同义词 or some word that is synonymous with sex
但我们究竟在性爱上花多少时间 But there's a kind of a puzzle
依然是个未解之谜 about how much time we spend on sex
关于这点是有数据记录的 And it turns out there is data on this
人们说最喜欢做的事就是性爱 So, people say sex is their favorite activity,
但我们有数据显示 but it turns out we actually know
美国人均花了多少时间在性爱上 how much time the average American spends on sex
而我将要引用的数据是来自 And the data I'm going to follow from
James Gleick这本伟大的著作: was summarized in this wonderful book by James Gleick:
民意显示美国人最喜欢的事就是性爱 Americans tell pollsters their single favorite activity is sex
按喜爱程度排序 In terms of enjoyability,
性爱在首位 后是运动 钓鱼 泡吧 they rank sex ahead of sports, fishing, bar-hopping,
拥抱和亲吻 与家人聊天 吃东西 hugging and kissing, talking with the family, eating,
看电视 旅行 watching television, going on trips,
计划去旅行 打理花园 planning trips, gardening,
泡澡 购物 穿衣打扮 做家务 bathing, shopping, dressing, housework,
洗碗 洗衣服 看牙医 dishwashing, laundry, visiting the dentist,
修车 and getting the car repaired
另一方面 On the other hand,
同样的研究表明 these same studies suggested
每天平均用于性爱的时间 the average time per day devoted to sex is
只有4分零3秒 four minutes and three seconds
根据格雷克所说 这时间不长 [As Gleick says,] This is not much,
就算这短短4分钟里 并没有括调情 even if the four minutes excludes time spent flirting,
跳舞 眉目传情 在街上猎艳 健身 dancing, ogling, cruising the boulevard, toning up in gyms,
做美容 练习搭讪 toning up in beauty parlors, rehearsing pick up lines,
洗澡 性幻想 看关于性爱的书 showering, thinking about sex, reading about sex,
画画色情图 doodling pornographically,
看色情杂志 looking at erotic magazines,
租碟 做春梦 renting videos, dreaming of sex,
看时尚杂志 looking at fashion magazines,
性爱后的梳洗 cleaning up after sex,
采取避孕措施 coping with the consequences of sex,
玩小游戏又或者反复抑制 building towers or otherwise repressing,
释放 然后升华 transferring, and sublimating
我很喜欢这段话 And I like this passage
因为它阐明了两点 because it illustrates two points,
两个重点 two important points
一是其实我们用在性爱的时间很少 One is we don't actually spend that much time on sex
事实上 那4分零3秒 In fact, the four minutes and three seconds
是个很有趣的数字 is an interesting number
因为如果你做过时间调查 because when you do times studies
关于美国人花多少时间填写 on how much Americans spend filling out
税务相关的表格 tax-related forms for the IRS,
也是4分多几秒 it's four minutes and a few seconds
但上面这段话也指出… But the passage also points out
无论我们用在性爱上的时间多短 that regardless of the brute time we spend on it,
它也是极其重要的 it is extraordinarily important
生活中的一切都源于它 Everything in life follows from it -
婚姻 家庭 孩子 marriage, family, children,
许多侵犯行为 竞争行为 much of aggression, much of competition,
还有艺术和音乐 及需创造力的工作 much of art and music and creative pursuits
很多事情都源于性爱 Much of everything follows from it
如果我们是一种不做爱的生物 If we were a creature without sex,
一切都会变得不一样 everything would be different
有趣的是 And what's interesting is,
的确有这样的生物 there are creatures without sex
有些生物是靠克隆来繁衍 There are creatures that reproduce by cloning
事实上 人分为两种性别 And in fact, this basic fact about people
这一基本事实 - that we fall, roughly, into males and females
是个进化谜题 - is an evolutionary mystery
目前还不清楚 为什么达到某种 It's not clear why animals that are
程度大小体型的动物会出现两种性别 somewhat large have two sexes
根据达尔文的生物学观点 From a biological Darwinian perspective,
两性的存在真是奇怪无比 having two sexes is bizarre
因为你每有一个后代 because each time you have an offspring
只有一半基因流传出去 you toss away half your genes
我的孩子只有… My children only have
每个孩子只有我一半的基因 --each of them have half my DNA
如果克隆我 If I were to clone,
我的克隆人会有我全部基因 they would have all of it
因此 性别的演化依然是个谜 And so, it's a puzzle how sex ever evolved
这堂课不是进化生物学 This is not a course in evolutionary biology,
而且这个谜题也不是 and that's not the puzzle
我们今天要探讨的 we're going to be looking at today
我们要探讨几个问题 We're going to look at a few questions
首先 我们要讨论的是 First, we're going to talk
首先从理论角度入手 from first a theoretical point of view
然后从经验角度来讨论 and then an empirical point of view
男人和女人 about how males and females
有什么不同 are different
然后我们会探讨性魅力 Then we're going to talk about sexual attractiveness,
探讨一些关于人们认为 some research about what people find
什么具有性魅力的研究 to be sexually attractive,
最后我们会稍微探讨一下 and then we'll talk a very little bit at the end
性取向的来源 about the origins of sexual preference:
为什么有人是异性恋 why some people are straight,
有人是同性恋 还有双性恋 others gay, others bisexual,
还有些人无法界定性取向 and others harder to classify
在我所探讨过的主题中 Now, of all the topics I'm presenting,
性爱属于难以捉摸的类型 sex is one of the sort of dicey ones
从情感角度上来说 from an emotional point of view
讨论这些其实很困难 These are difficult issues
因为性爱 从定义上来说 because sex is, by definition,
是我们生活中很私密的事情 an intimate part of our lives,
而且影响甚多 and it matters a lot
另外 性爱还涉及道德寓意 Moreover, sex is fraught with moral implications
既然我开始时… And since I'm talking about this from,
是从达尔文的进化论角度… at least at the beginning,
来探讨性爱 from a Darwinian evolutionary perspective,
那我必然要从道德后果和… I'm obliged to start off by dealing with
道德寓意说起 some of the moral consequences and moral implications
举个例 So, for instance,
很多生物学家 所有生物学家 many biologists  all biologists
可以这么说 都会说性行为 I would say  will have argued that sexual behavior,
性活动和性欲 sexual action, sexual desire is,
某程度上都是种生物适应 to some extent, a biological adaptation existing to
目的是为了传播我们的基因 spread our genes
从这个角度来看 From that perspective then,
与生殖无关的性爱 non-procreative sex 
包括 including
同性恋性爱 采取了避孕措施的性爱 gay sex, sex with birth control,
绝经女性的性爱 sex by post-menopausal women 
都不以生殖为目的 does not serve this reproductive goal and,
某程度上说 可能算是违背自然的 in some sense perhaps, is unnatural
可能有人会说 And one might argue then,
"这是否意味着这种性爱是错的?" "Does this mean it's wrong?"
我们也会讨论到性别差异 We'll also be talking about sex differences,
两性之间的差异 例如 differences between men and women, for instance,
你有多渴望… in how much you want
发生一场艳遇 anonymous sexual encounters,
在社会智力上 differences between men and women
在攻击性和移情作用上 in social intelligence,
存在的两性差异 in aggression and empathy
无论你怎样看待… And regardless of what you think about
这些差异 these differences,
无论你觉得它们正确与否 whether you think they're right or wrong
或觉得它无关紧要 or it doesn't matter,
你也会疑惑 you'll ask the question,
"差异到底有多大?" "To what extent are they mutable?"
如果性别差异存在于 That is, if they exist through
达尔文所说的自然选择当中 Darwinian natural selection,
我们可以消除性别差异吗? to what extent can we ever get rid of them?
我想从这两点 And I want to address those two issues,
道德和必然性这两点… the issues of morality and inevitability,
开始探讨 from the very start
我将分别引用… And I want to start off with
两位卓越的… for each of them have a quote by
进化论学者的话 a prominent evolutionary scholar
第一句引自Steve Pinker所著的 So, the first one is by Steve Pinker
《心智探奇》一书 in How the Mind Works
他写道 大自然没有规定… And he writes, Nature does not dictate what
我们该接受什么生活 该如何生活 we should accept or how we should live our lives
虽然已经到了生育年龄 Well into my procreating years,
但我至今仍不想要孩子 I am so far voluntarily childless,
埋身于生物学资料中 having squandered my biological resources
忙于阅读和写作 reading and writing,
做调研 帮助朋友和学生 doing research, helping friends and students,
在学术圈里活动 and jogging in circles
而忽略庄严而紧迫的 ignoring the solemn imperative to
传播基因的使命 spread my genes
按达尔文的准则 我生来简直就是错误 By Darwinian standards, I am a horrible mistake,
一个可悲的失败者 a pathetic loser,
但我乐意这样生活 but I am happy to be that way,
如果我的基因不喜欢这样 and if my genes don't like it
它们可以自己跳河去 they can go jump in the lake
我认为 平克的观点很合理 Pinker's point, I think, is a reasonable one
的确 我们做的某些事 It is true that certain things we do
是为了遵循自然选择 exist to serve the dictates of natural selection
但这不一定是对的 but that doesn't make them right?
如果你认为对错仅取决于 If you think that something is only right
是否以繁衍更多的基因 if it leads to the generation
为导向 of more genes,
是否以繁殖为导向 if it leads to reproduction,
那你就不会考虑避孕这回事 then you're not going to think very much about birth control
你也不会考虑那些… You're not going to think very much
不以生殖为目的的性爱 about any sort of non-procreative sex
另一方面 如果你… On the other hand, if you're--Moreover,
认为违背自然的事就是错的 if you think something's wrong if it's unnatural,
那你就得好好想想 you're going to think much about
乘坐飞机飞行 用冰箱冷藏食物 flying in a plane or refrigerating food
从严重感染中存活这些事 or surviving a severe infection
通常 我们的身体与大脑的进化 More generally, our bodies and brains have evolved
是为了繁殖的成功 for reproductive success,
但我们能用运用大脑 but we can use these brains to
选择自己的命运 choose our own destinies
道德不一定要紧循生物学原理 Nothing moral necessarily follows from the facts of biology
关于道德 我只说这么多 That's all I'm going to say about morality
但我希望你们能紧记这点 But I want you to keep it in mind
当我们讨论到各种论断 when we discuss different claims
关于什么进化了 什么没进化的时候 about what's evolved and what hasn't
那必然性的问题呢? What about inevitability?
现在我想引用Richard Dawkins的话 Here I want to turn to Richard Dawkins
他写道 Richard Dawkins writes,
如果一个小孩所受到的 If a child has had bad
数学教育很差 teaching in mathematics,
大家会同意的是 it is accepted that a resulting
这个不足之处可以通过 deficiency can be remedied
接下来一年里引入 by extra-good teaching in
优良的师资教育得到改善 the following year
但如果说那孩子数学差 But any suggestion that the child's deficiency
可能是基因上的原因 might have a genetic origin is likely to
人们就会倾向于得出绝望的结论 be greeted with something approaching despair
如果原因在基因里 它就是既定的 If it's in the genes, it is determined
做任何事也无法改变 and nothing can be done about it
这像是占星师常说的… This is pernicious nonsense on
危言耸听的废话 an almost astrological scale
遗传原因和环境因素 Genetic causes and environmental causes are
在原则上 in principle no different
并无差异 from each other
有些可能更难改变 Some may be harder to reverse,
有些则很容易 others may be easy
基因究竟做了什么 What did genes do to deserve
让人们觉得他们又坏又霸道? their sinister, juggernaut-like reputation?
为什么基因被看作是既定 Why are genes thought to be so much more fixed
且无法逃避的影响因素 and inescapable in their effects
而电视 修女 书本则没有这种影响力 than television, nuns or books
我喜欢这里提到修女 I like the nuns
重点是 And the point here is
某事的诱因逻辑上是独立于 what causes something is logically separate from
可改变它的事实的 what can reverse it
你可以想出一些清晰的例子 And you can think of clear cases
有些问题完全是由基因引起的 where something is plainly genetic
但非常容易改变 but is fairly easily reversed and
而有些是由文化因素引起的 where something is cultural and is
却很难克服 very difficult to reverse
举个例子 Here's an example
我视力不好 My eyesight is quite poor
而我视力不好的原因… The reason why my eyesight is quite poor
与父权制无关 is not due to the patriarchy,
与电视 文化 《神勇智探》无关 television, culture or "the man"
我之所以视力不好 Rather, my eyesight is quite poor
全因爸妈遗传给我的 due to the crappy genes
那些坏基因 Mom and Dad gave me
这问题是基因所引起的 It is genetically determined if anything is
但很容易就可治疗 It is also fairly easy to fix
有一些仪器 There are these machines
能把玻璃片放在你眼前 where they put panes of glass in front of your eyes
帮助你看清楚 and help you to see better
更先进的仪器 像是隐形眼镜 More advanced machines known as contact lenses
可直接放到眼睛里 actually stick the thing into your eyes,
冒着偶尔会被感染的危险 and at the cost of occasional infections
你能看得更清楚 you come to see better
近视由生物学原因产生 It's biologically caused
但很容易解决 but fairly easy to fix
另一方面 举个社会对待 On the other hand, take an example of society's
肥胖者的态度为例 treatment of the obese
事实是当我们…等一下我们 It turns out when we  and we'll get to
还会提及 this a little bit when we
当说到性魅力时 talk about sexual attractiveness 
一个人有多瘦 how thin somebody is
或者那些人有多胖 or how fat they are;
如何看待这个问题事实上 what you think of that is actually
并不是天生的 not particularly hard-wired
不同文化之间看法是有差异的 It varies a lot from culture to culture
但在同种文化里… But once it's in a culture,
观念几乎是无法动摇的 it is almost impossible to shake
因此,重点是… So, the point, there is just that
遗传问题并非无法避免的 genetic does not mean inevitable,
由文化产生的问题并非容易克服 and cultural does not mean easy to fix
好了 Okay
这就是基本背景 That's general background
我们从基础的性教育开始 Let's start with basic Sex Ed
男人和女人有何差异呢? What's the difference between males and females?
别去想生殖器官 Well, don't even think penis and vagina
有很多动物根本没有生殖器 There are a lot of animals that have neither one
差异在更深层次的地方 And the difference actually runs deeper
根据生物学家的定义 By definition, when biologists talk about this,
雄性动物有一种小生殖细胞 animals that are males have a little sex cell,
专门用于运载基因 which carries genes and nothing else
称为精子 sperm cells
雌性动物有种大生殖细胞 Animals that are females have a big sex cell,
包含着基因和养分 which has genes but also food
还有保护膜等等 and a protective cover and all sorts of other stuff
通常情况下 小生殖细胞… Typically, the little sex cell is
比大生殖细胞小得多 much littler than the big sex cell
这是今天给你们看的 This is the only erotic picture
唯一一张色情图片 I'm going to show you today
这是一大堆小精子 It's a bunch of these little sperm
围绕着卵子 circling around the egg
很浪漫 It's romantic
但这有个问题 But this raises a puzzle
我粗略地根据… I just described male and female
尺寸大小 roughly in terms of
来描述两性间的差异 a size difference
雄性的生殖细胞较小 Males are the smaller of the sex cells;
雌性的较大 females are the bigger
那为什么很多的动物 Why is it then that for so many animals
都是雄性体型较大 males are the bigger ones,
身体的攻击力也比较强 physically, and the more aggressive ones
这难题困扰了科学家… This has been a puzzle that has occupied scientists
很长一段时间 for a long, long time
我们现在 And we're pretty--
有了一个很明确的答案 there is now a pretty clear answer to it
这个答案是这样的 And the answer goes like this
它的依据是 It is based on an idea
Robert Trivers的 by Robert Trivers
"亲代投资"理论… called "parental investment"
什么是亲代投资 And what parental investment is,
在这里的定义是… it's defined here as, any investment
能增加单个子代个体存活几率的投资 that's going to increase the offspring's chance of survival
同时牺牲对子代其他个体投资的能力 at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring
例如 假设一种动物… So, for example, suppose an animal could
眨一下眼就能产生一个后代 create an offspring by blinking an eye
它的后代会马上离开 and then the offspring would run off?
那样几乎等于是不用投资 That would be extremely little investment
再假设另一种动物得辛苦工作10年 Suppose another animal had to work for ten years,
而且在这10年里 and during those ten years
不能再生产其他后代 could not create another offspring
那投资就非常巨大 That would be a huge investment
Trivers指出在一个物种里… Trivers points out that within a species,
雌性的亲代投资一般… females typically have a
要比雄性要大得多 much higher parental investment than males
因为雌性有大生殖细胞 Because females have these big sex cells,
它们通常在体内进行孵化 they typically incubate them internally
怀着它们 They carry them
如果是卵生 还要坐在上面孵化 If they're eggs, they might have to sit on them
因此每个潜在子女都代价不菲 And hence, each potential child is a huge cost
而对雄性来说 他们只有小生殖细胞 For males, which have the small sex cell,
不必经历这些 you don't have the same thing
对雌性来说 可能只是经历 For males, it might just be a few moments
几次交配 仅此而已 of copulation and that's it
如果你们自问 If you could ask yourself,
对全人类 对你们在场每个人来说 for humans, each one of you in the room,
"生一个带有你一半基因的… "What is the minimum effort you can
孩子 你能做的 do to create a child
最小的努力是什么?" that has half your genes?"
显然 And it's apparent that
雄性的投资 the male investment, on average,
平均低于雌性的投资 is lower than the female investment
雄性能选择 Males can choose,
或许在某些情况下可以做得更好 or might do better off in some circumstances
会在他们的后代身上投资很多 by putting a lot of investment into their offspring,
但雌性无法选择 but females don't have a choice
除非科技再进步 否则雌性 Females, barring technological advance,
对任何后代都要投资甚多 have a huge investment into any offspring;
并不是指情感投资或工作投资 not investment in the sense or hard
当然那也是一方面 work and effort, though there's that too
某种意义上 这种投资就是 Investment in the sense that when you're
当你怀孕时 when you're pregnant with one offspring,
你不能同时怀另一个孩子 you can't have another
这样的话 就会产生… What this does is it has ramifications
很多难以预料的结果 that percolate upwards
很多不同心理学家因此认为… So, it leads to different psychologies
雄性 一个雄性就能… Males--and a single male could fertilize
使几个雌性受精,使某些雄性找不到伴侣 several females,forcing some males to go mate-less
从而引起竞争 and giving rise to competition
来决定谁可以得到多数的雌性 to see who can mate with the most females
而雌性通常能找到伴侣 For females, however, females can always find mates
因此我们不做统计 So, sheer numbers don't count
但仍要通过竞争来赢得最合适的雄性 But there's competition to mate with the right males,
那些子孙拥有最好机会 those whose offspring have the best chance
存活的雄性 of surviving
这种竞争解释了我们一开始的疑问 The competition now explains the puzzle we started with
解释了为什么雄性体型较大 It explains why males are typically larger,
为什么雄性常常要… and often why males have
改良特殊的武器 evolved special weapons
这些改良过的特殊武器… These special weapons evolved
是为了打败其他雄性而得到繁殖机会 for fighting other males for reproductive access
这也解释了些别的事 It also explains something else
生物学上来说 雌性很挑剔 Females, biologically, are choosy
因此雄性不但要打败… And so males have to compete not merely
其他竞争对手 with other males to
获得繁殖机会 get reproductive access
还要能够讨好雌性 but also to woo females
所以 雄性还必须不断改良 And so often, males have evolved
像这样的特殊求偶行为 special displays like this ,
它只是为了好看而存在 which exist only to be beautiful,
只是为了吸引异性 only to be attractive and to attract mates
这个冷酷的进化逻辑… This cold evolutionary logic was
在这漫画里展示出来了 captured in this cartoon,
它其实通过 which really does sum up
一百份择偶研究中总结出来的 a hundred of mate-selection research
这个推理如下 The logic goes like this then:
生殖细胞的大小差异 difference in the size of sex cells
导致亲代投资的差异 leads to differences in typical parental investment,
从而导致了 leading to differences in the sorts of
心理学和生理学上… psychological and physiological
之间的差异 mechanisms that evolved
好 这推论听来合理 Okay, that's a good story
那有什么证据呢? What sort of evidence is there for it?
这也可用于解释其他… Well, it turns out this could explain some otherwise
出人意料的问题 surprising things
例如 有可能 For instance, there should be
在某些情况下 there are some cases where
亲代投资产生转变 the parental investment is switched,
有些情况下 雄性的… some cases where it turns out--where the males
亲代投资比雌性多 end up with more investment than the females
这个理论预测 And it--and the theory predicts
那种情况下 你会发现 that in these cases you should
发现不对等现象 get an asymmetry
以尖嘴鱼为例 So, in cases like pipefish, for instance,
雄鱼把卵储存在 the male takes the eggs
孵卵袋中 然后将它们压进血液里 into a pouch and plugs them into his bloodstream
而雌鱼将卵产入雄鱼体内 The females shoot off
她们的投资较少 They have less of an investment than the males
这样的话 你可以预测到 In this case, you would predict,
和事实一样 雌性体型较大 as is true, the females should be larger,
雌性要与其他雌性竞争 the females fight other females
比雄性间的竞争要激烈 more than males fight males,
雌性还要想方设法… and the females try to compete for
引起雄性的注意 the attention of the males
回想一下电影《帝企鹅日记》 Recall the movie "March of the Penguins"
我们看到一个片段 We saw a clip from it,
这个场景是在 and this was in the context of
探讨对我们的后代 discussing the emotions that
所产生的情感 have evolved toward our offspring
记住上面说过的推论 But remember the story
记住雄性和雌性 and how both the male and the female have to
如何竭尽所能地保护卵 go to tremendous lengths to protect the egg
如果他们中的一个失败了 And if one of them fails,
卵死了 他们双方都失去了这个后代 the egg dies and neither one has it
你甚至不需记住 You should then not even have
雄企鹅是否比雌企鹅… to remember whether male penguins are much bigger
体型更大 than female penguins
你该明白他们不该更大 You should realize they should not be,
事实上也是如此 and in fact they aren't
他们和雌性差不多体型 They're about the same size
因为亲代投资是平等的 because the parental is equal
你应该可以预测体型的差异 You should be able to predict the size
和攻击性的差异 differences and aggression
根据亲代投资的不同 differences based on differing parental investment
举个例子 海象 So for instance, elephant seals are four times--
雄性海象非常庞大 the males are enormous
体型是雌性的4倍 They're four times bigger than the females
这点至关重要 And this is in large part
因为海象为拥有 because elephant seals compete
雌性后宫而战 for harems of females
"胜者夺取一切" It's a "winner take all"
长臂猿则雌雄体型相近 Gibbons are about the same size
因为他们是一夫一妻制的 And this is because gibbons are pretty monogamous;
他们一起养育孩子 they raise children together
这表明… This illustrates something, which is,
并不总是… it's not always the case
雄性亲代投资比较少 that male parental investment is low
有些物种 包括长臂猿 There are some species, including gibbons,
雄性所拥有的生殖优势之一 where it's in the male's reproductive advantage
就是照顾后代 to care for the offspring
假设一个情境 Imagine a situation, for instance,
子代会死去 where an offspring would die
如果双亲没有照料他 if both parents didn't watch it
长达数年之久的话 for many years
而且照料必须是 and where the effort devoted to
无微不至的 that offspring had to be exclusive
如果你顾及另一个家庭或离开 If you focused on another family or went away,
孩子就会死掉 the offspring would die
那情况下 雌雄双方的投资相同 In that case, you'd have equal investment
双方对这个后代的投资… It would matter equally to the male and the female
都同等重要 to invest in their offspring,
成本也一样 and the cost would be the same
没有这样的物种 There's no species--
很难想象有这物种 it's hard to see species that have
两性间能如此平等 that much of an equal system,
但有些灵长目动物已很接近这情况 but some primates are close to it
这就产生了新的疑问 And this raises the question then,
"那人类是怎样的?" "What about humans?"
我们是怎样的? What about us?
我们人类的男女之间 What do we know about the differences between
有何差异呢? males and females?
这个 Well,
人类是相对一夫多妻制物种 humans are a relatively polygamous species
在很多人类文化里都是一夫多妻制 Most cultures--most human cultures are polygamous
美国文化被称为"连贯式一夫一妻制" American culture is what they call "serial monogamy"
我们不像有些鸟类 So, we're not like some species of birds
我们的伴侣通常不是终生的 We don't mate for life
在不同的时期 我们会有不同的伴侣 We do a series of peer-bondings for some period of time
也可能有终生伴侣 但通常都不是 It could be for life, but indeed may not be and usually isn't
男性比女性体型大 Males are bigger than females
人类男性的体格各异 Human males--the size estimates vary so much,
但平均来说 男性比女性… but the average human male is about fifteen percent
体型大15%左右 larger than the average human female
这显示出在人类的进化史上 This suggests that there's some--there's been,
曾经有过… in our evolutionary history,
男性之间为了繁殖后代 some male-male competition
而产生竞争 也反过来显示出… for access to females, which suggests, in turn,
亲代投资不太平等 that the parental investment is not quite equal
按相同的体型比例… Males have smaller testicles
男人的睾丸比黑猩猩小 for their body size than chimpanzees,
但比大猩猩和长臂猿大 but larger testicles than gorillas and gibbons
这表明 在雄性生产精子的能力上 And this suggests that there was some intermediate
也曾有过一些竞争 amount of competition for the capacity to create sperm
这也和另一种竞争有关 And this is relevant for a different sort of competition,
考虑到怀孕的女性 which regards the impregnation of
有多个伴侣的情况 females that have multiple mates
这表明在进化史上 And this suggests that over evolutionary history
女性并不是完全滥交的 women were not wantonly promiscuous,
但也不是完全一夫一妻的 but were not entirely monogamous either;
因此从进化论的角度可看出 so much so that it paid from an evolutionary point of view
提高制造精子能力的男性 to evolve--males to evolve the capacity
比起其他男性更有利 to produce more sperm than other males
进攻性强的雄性更坏 Aggression Males are meaner
我的意思是 我是在总结 I mean I'm summarizing here
"更坏"并不是术语 Meaner is not a technical term
雌性也能更坏 Yes, females can be meaner,
但至少在身体上 雄性更粗暴 but males are at least more physically violent
他们还在卵巢和子宫中时更粗暴 They're more violent in the womb, in utero;
小时候更粗暴 they're more violent as children,
长大后依然是这样 and they're more violent as adults
再强调一次 这并不是说 Again, this is not to say that
你找不到很粗暴的女人或不粗暴的男人 you can't find violent women or non-violent men
这只是个普遍差异 It's just on average there is this difference
他们踢得更多 They kick more;
在子宫里男性踢动的次数更多 males kick more in the uterus
小时候 男性更容易卷入斗殴 As children they're more involved in play fighting
和粗暴的格斗 像是运动 and violent combat-like sports
成年后 监狱随处可见 And as adults, wherever you go you will find a prison
不管是哪里的监狱… And wherever you go you will find
里面大多都是男人 that prison is mostly full of men
他们更容易杀人… They are far more likely to kill one another
或伤人 and to harm one another
男性荷尔蒙 像睾丸激素 Male sex hormones, like testosterone,
不是别人想要注射的东西 are not the sort of thing one would want to
除非是想让人变得更坏 inject in somebody unless you want them to turn kind of mean
它们让人更有攻击性 They increase aggressiveness
对人类或其他灵长目动物都有这种影响 both in humans and in other primates
那选择性爱伴侣的标准呢? What about sexual choosiness?
男性与女性对艳遇的… Do male humans and female humans differ
期待程度 in the extent to which they will
有所不同吗? favor anonymous sex?
这与一个进化论观点有关 And this is relevant from an evolutionary perspective,
因为亲代投资理论预测… because the parental investment theory predicts males
男性更乐于接受艳遇 should be more receptive to anonymous sex
因为对男性来说 Because for males,
让他人受精… to impregnate somebody else
幸运的话有可能产生多一个后代 might fortuitously lead to another offspring;
这也许对你有好处 it might be good for you
又不造成伤害 而女性 and doesn't carry the sort of harm that females,
另一方面 必须非常挑剔 on the other hand, have to be very picky
因为她们得慎重选择 Because they have to choose carefully
记住 这种情况出现在避孕行为 Remember, these systems evolved before birth control
和输卵管切除手术之前 and vasectomies and so on
跨文化角度和心理学上呢? So, what do we know cross-culturally and psychologically?
娼妓是所有男人… Well, prostitution is a universally,
或者说大部分男人 or near universally,
都感兴趣的 male interest
当然也有男性卖淫 There are male prostitutes, of course,
但与白日梦和情景喜剧不同 but contrary to some various fantasies and sitcoms,
他们的服务对象是男性 they cater to male customers
色情表演非常普遍 Pornography is a human universal
在每个社会里 In every society,
男人描写女性裸体 males have done some sort of depictions
是为了唤起自己的激情 of naked females for the purposes of arousal
他们常常把这些裸女图刻在树上 Often they carve them into trees
或是雕刻出来 or do sort of sculptures
过去十年里最奇特的发现 One of the weirdest findings in the last
色情作品在猴群中也有市场 decade or so is that this extends as well to monkey porn
杜克大学的科学家设置了一个情景 And so, some scientists at Duke set up a situation
猴子可以把果汁当货币使用 where monkeys could pay in fruit juice,
只要交出果汁 by giving up fruit juice,
就可以看雌性猴子臀部照片 to look a picture either of the female's
或者明星猴的照片 hindquarters or of a celebrity monkey,
也就是猴王的照片 a socially dominant monkey,
或《人物》和《阁楼》的组合图 some sort of combination of People Magazine and Penthouse
灵长目动物也对此感兴趣 And so, there's some interest in this even by non-human primates
对性爱多样化的偏好呢? What about actually preference for sexual variety?
你能从很多途径找到答案 Well, you can get at this in different ways
有一种现象被生物学家称为 There is what biologists describe
"柯立芝效应" as the "Coolidge Effect"
大家看萤幕… I have this here [on a slide]
柯立芝效应是由总统卡尔文·柯立芝而来的 And the Coolidge Effect is based on President Calvin Coolidge
这是卡尔文·柯立芝和他妻子的故事 And it's a story about Calvin Coolidge and his wife,
他们分开去参观一个农场 who were being shown around a farm separately
带他妻子参观的人介绍说 And the person showing around his wife pointed out
那边有很多母鸡 that there were a lot of hens;
她就留意到的确有很多母鸡 she noticed that there were a lot of hens
但只有一只公鸡 but only one rooster
她就问那个人 And she asked the guy showing her around,
"一只公鸡就够了吗?" "Is one rooster enough?"
那人回答说 And the guys said, "Well, you know,
"那只公鸡很卖力的 The rooster works very hard
每天交配好几十次" The rooster has sex dozens of times a day"
她就说"确保把这告诉总统" And she said, "Well, be sure to tell that to the president"
然后总统走过来 The story goes, the president went around,
那人也跟总统说了这事 the guy tells the story to the president
总统问他 The president asks the man, "Huh
"每天交配几十次 Has sex dozens of times each day
是和同一只母鸡吗?" Same hen every time?"
那人说"不 每次都和不同的母鸡" The guy says, "No, different hen every time"
总统说"把这告诉柯立芝夫人" And he says, "Tell that to Mrs Coolidge"
对这故事 Now, there are two responses
有两种反应 to this sort of story,
两种都是负面的 一种是 and they're both kind of negative One thing is,
"大家都知道男人喜欢… "Well, everybody knows males prefer
与陌生女子鬼混" anonymous sex with strange women Duh"
另一种是"那故事带有性别偏见" The other response is, "That's sexist claptrap"
你可能会想 作为男人可能会说 You might think--you might be a male and say,
"这不是我" 你认识好些男人你会说 "That's not me" You might know males and say,
"我认识的男人不是这样的" "The males I know are not like that"
你怎么知道?有很多间接的方法 So, how do you find out? Well, there are indirect measures,
例如谁去嫖妓 such who goes to prostitutes
但还有很多非常直接的方法 But there are also fairly direct measures
其中一个是… One fairly direct measure is
你可以在无记名问卷调查中… you could ask people
搜集答案 in anonymous surveys
我会给你们一些无记名问卷调查 So, in fact, I'll give you some anonymous surveys
不是由我来问 I'm not going to ask people
是你们该问… And you just ask them
例如 So, for instance,
我想大家考虑这个问题 I want everybody to consider this question
下个月你想有多少个 How many sexual partners do you want to have
性伴侣? in the next month?
那是几月?快到四月了 What is it--we're coming up to April
四月你想要几个性伴侣? How many sexual partners do you want in April?
下两年呢? Next two years?
如果你们多数都毕业了 Take many of you through graduation
当你们离开耶鲁时想要什么 诸如 When you leave Yale, what do you want--like,
"我有过X个性伴侣 "I had X sexual partners,
那就是我想要的" and that's what I wanted"
在你这一生呢? Or your lifetime?
我们找了人来回答这些问题 We get people to answer these questions
Chun教授去年 Professor Chun last year
在这课程里采用课堂应答系统… in this course had clickers,
让学生做问卷调查 and he got people to do it
我们可没那么高科技 We are not so high tech,
因此我们只是在脑子里做 so we'll just do it in our heads
这就是得出结果的途径 But here is the way the answers come out
女性表示下个月想要的性伴侣小于一个 Women say less than one in the next month
但并不表示她们都想要少于一个男性 That doesn't mean they want less than one;
而表示很多女性… that means many of them
的答案是零 many of them say zero,
有些回答想要一个 some say one and so on
有一个回答要4到5个 One--four to five
男人的回答有 2个 8个 Men--two, eight,
18个 eighteen
你可以再问这些人 You can ask other questions
另一些问题 你可以问 from this population So, you could ask,
"你会和一个倾慕已久的朋友… "Would you have sex with a desirable partner
发生关系吗? 非常倾慕的朋友 you have known--so somebody really desirable
认识了一年的话 女人都说会 for a year; women say yes,
半年的话 就不一定 一周以内 不会 six months--unsure, week or less--no
至于男人 是的 是的 是的 Men [slide reads "yes, yes, yes"] [laughter]
大多数男人都会给肯定的回答 and with men you could get a majority
即使是只认识了5分钟的女人 going to five minutes
这全部都是问答 This is all Q & A,
或者问卷调查之类的 pen and pencil sort of things
有些大胆的科学家做过相关实验 Some brave scientists have actually done experiments
在一个实验中 And in one experiment
有人 你知道… somebody--I don't, you know,
这是一种 this is the sort of thing
现在没人会做的事 which you probably wouldn't do nowadays
这是10年前的实验 This work has been done ten years ago,
他们找到一对魅力非凡的… where they have an incredibly attractive man
一男一女 and an incredibly attractive woman
他们在学校里与人搭讪 and they approach people on campus
他们本身不是学生 是演员 They're not from campus; they're actors brought in
他们走去跟陌生人说 And they go to people, to strangers, and they say,
"我留意你很久了 "I've been noticing you around campus
你深深吸引着我 I find you very attractive
今晚可以和我一起出去吗? Would you go out with me tonight?
今晚来我家好吗? Would you come over to my apartment tonight?
今晚陪我一起睡好吗?" Would you go to bed with me tonight?"
这个前人想象不到的实验 The experiment you wouldn't think anybody
最终还是完成了 would've done has been done,
而女性 面对那个很有魅力的男人 and women about--a very attractive man,
超过半数女人说 over half of the women approached say, "Yeah,
"我可以和你一起出去" I will [go out with you tonight]" Very few agree to this
只有少数答应去他家 ["Would you come to my apartment tonight?"], and nobody agrees to this??
没有人答应与他发生关系 ["Would you go to bed with me tonight?"]
而男人 数据是这样的 For men, the data are like this,
数字越来越大 they go up to there
越来越大 and then up to there
三个问题回答"好的"分别占50% 69% 75% [they say yes 50%, 69% and 75% of the time respectively]
在这调研里 In this study,
拒绝发生关系的25%的男性 the twenty five percent of males
都非常地遗憾 who said "no" apologized profusely,
他们说"可惜我未婚妻就在这 and they said, "Oh, you know, my fiancee's in town,
而且…" and [unintelligible]"
性行为呢? What about behavior?
如果你对性别差异感兴趣 Well, you--if we're interested in sex differences,
你不能简单地通过… you can't actually figure out
观察人们… what people want,
性爱所用的平均时间… male female differences,
来了解人们的需求… by looking at simply at the average number
和男女间的差异 of times people have sex
因为如果男性与女性有不同的偏好 because if males and females have different priorities,
那么异性恋的性爱就变成 then heterosexual sex is a compromise
是两组有着竞争利益人群之间的妥协 between two groups of people with competing interests
能更清楚地反映了这一点的 What's a more clear reflection then
是同性恋的性爱… is gay sex
两男或两女的性爱 between two women or between two men,
从中你能看到纯粹的 because then you get a pure reflection
性欲 of sexual desire
这里的数据非常混乱 Now, the data here tend to be very messy Again,
它们是些调查研究 但总体而言 they're survey studies but by and large every study done
他们都希望找到预期的差异 tends to find a difference in the expected direction,
也就是女性 which is that females tend to be
女同性恋者更加专一 lesbians tend to be much more monogamous
相比男同性恋者而言 than gay men
一些在艾滋病出现前的研究 Some studies prior to AIDS
那是很久以前了 显示男同性恋… this was many years ago found gay men
非常放荡 通常会有上百个… to be extremely promiscuous, often having over a hundred
甚至上千个性伴侣 or over a thousand partners
但这种事不可能发生在女性身上 You wouldn't find this sort of promiscuity in females
一种解释是 And a way to think about this is,
这些男同性恋所做的正是 what these gay men are doing is exactly
异性恋者会做的 what your average heterosexual man would do
如果这个异性恋有这么多女性… if he had that degree of willing females
愿意和他发生关系 他也会这样 who were as willing as he was
这表明 在伴侣选择标准上 And this all suggests that there's some sort of difference along
人类有着某种差异 lines expected in sexual choosiness in humans
那性魅力呢? What about sexual attractiveness?
择偶偏好又如何? What about mate preference?
什么最有吸引力? What do we find attractive?
与伴侣选择标准研究不同 Well, unlike the choosiness studies,
我们事实上有一些很好的跨文化数据 here we actually have some pretty good cross-cultural data
例如 有一个调研 So one study, for instance, was done
以来自37个国家的1万个人为调研对象 in 10,000 people from thirty-seven countries,
问他们"你最想和谁在一起?" asking people, "Who do you want to be with?"
还有些其他研究会问… And there are different studies, some of them asking,
"你最想和谁结婚?"还有些问… "Who do you want to marry?" Other studies,
"你想和谁做朋友?和谁做性伴侣?" "Who do you want as a mate? Who do you want as a sexual partner?"
其中一个主要研究结果表明 And one main finding is
比较令人信服的是 kind of reassuring,
所有人都喜欢善良和聪明的人 everybody likes kindness and intelligence,
至少他们是这样回答的 or at least everybody says they like kindness and intelligence
这两个品质很被看重 These are valued pretty highly
但同时 依然存在性别差异 But at the same time, there are sex differences
女人更为在意权力 Females focus more on power
身份地位 还有 and status and more on interest
对子女的投入 从进化论的 in investing in children And think about that from
角度看 就不难理解这个结果 an evolutionary point of view and it makes sense
从生殖能力看 It doesn't matter hugely,
男人年纪多大 from the standpoint of reproduction,
并不是非常重要 how old the man is
15岁 25岁 35岁 45岁之间的差别… The difference between fifteen and twenty-five and thirty-five
也许会与他的社会地位… and forty-five may matter a lot for his status in the community,
体能和预期寿命更加相关 his physical strength, his lifespan
但是对精子质量来说 but from the standpoint of his sperm
并不是非常重要 it doesn't matter hugely
再年长一点… Later on there's a drop off
就相对重要些了 但依然不是重点 and it does begin to matter, but it doesn't matter hugely
真正重要的是 他是否想做个好父亲 What does matter is his interest in being a good father,
能否保护你 让你免受… in protecting you from predation,
各种伤害 from murder, from assault by other people,
还有照顾好孩子 and in taking care of the kid
女性就是要找那样的男性 Women's brains are wired up to find males with those properties
同样地来看男性 Similarly, males
着重点就有点不一样 focus a little bit differently
他们对这些也很看重 They're more interested in all of these things,
但同时还看重生育能力 but also on the ability to have children
从进化论角度看 So, from an evolutionary point of view,
20岁和50岁的的女人 there's actually a very big difference
在男人看来 between a twenty-year old and a fifty-year old,
还是有很大差别的 from a male standpoint looking at a female,
因为一个能生育 一个不行 because the one can have offspring and the other cannot
这就是差别所在 So, this is a difference
但我现在想关注的 But what I want to focus more on right now
是另一个相似性 is back to another similarity
大家都爱美人 Everybody likes beauty
我想在课堂上 And I want to devote a little bit of this lecture
讨论一下人体美 to talking about physical beauty
就像这些美人常说的 Physical beauty, as these beautiful people say,
美丽是个诅咒 is a curse
她是个很厉害的模特 So she--she's like a big model,
超级模特 甚至是超级超级模特 a supermodel, maybe even a super-supermodel
表示认为她美得惊心动魄 points out the arbitrariness
是很武断的说法 of finding her devastatingly beautiful
很多著名演员都表示很困扰 Famous actor points out how frustrating it is
因人们忽略了他的成就 that people only ignore his accomplishments
仅仅因为他的美貌 and focus merely on his physical beauty
真是令人沮丧 This is very frustrating
美是什么?它有什么含义? So what is beauty? What does this mean
我们说我们发现 we say we find--you know,
他们真的是很有魅力 yeah, they really are very attractive people
那到底是什么让你们看着他们惊叹 What is it about that that makes you look and say,
"太美了" "Yeah, that makes sense?"
我们大家其实大概都知道答案 Well, we kind of know the answer We know some universals
美丽通常有两个标志 Beauty seems to signal two things
第一是年轻 Beauty seems to signal youth
我指的不是只有四五岁 I mean, not pre-school youth,
是已经性成熟 but youth like sexually
但很年轻 mature but young
那我们认知的所谓的美丽 And so the cues we find beautiful
是有着大眼睛 are cues to that - large eyes
丰满的嘴唇 光滑紧致的肌肤 full lips, smooth, tight skin
美还有另一个标志 Beauty signals something else
就是健康 Beauty is a marker for health
那我们觉得美丽的就是 And so what we find beautiful,
体态完美 眼睛明亮 things like the absence of deformities, clear eyes,
没疤痕 完美的牙齿 这点很重要 unblemished skin, intact teeth ,that's very big
还有一张大众脸 and an average face
最后一项也许看起来有点奇怪 And that last part might seem a little bit strange
大众脸有什么好呢? What would be so good about an average face?
答案有很多 其中一个是 And there are different answers to that, but one answer is,
大众脸 一般说来 an average face, on average,
已是非常有魅力的了 should be considered attractive
因为大众脸没有明显的缺陷 because any sort of deformities are variations from the average
如果你每张脸综合起来 And if you average every face together,
你会得到一个没有缺陷的脸 you get a face that--where nothing bad has happened to it
没有扭曲 没有偏离 There's no distortion, there's no deviation
随着年龄的增长 脸部不再匀称 As one gets older, the face gets less symmetrical
因此大众脸像是会淡化 and so on Average-ness seems to factor out
各种可能会出现的缺点 all the bad things that could happen
这推论不错 但如何证实呢? Good theory How do we know it's true?
来 Well,
这有本相册 there's a photo roster
是本班的相册 that comes--that I have access to for this class
我能看到你们每个人的照片 So, I can look at each of your pictures,
我会和你们打赌 看你们当中 and I will make you a bet about who has the most beautiful face
谁最漂亮 in this course
我打赌你们全都很漂亮 The bet is it would be all of you
哦 Aw
如果我说出某位同学的名字会怎样 Wouldn't it be funny if I shouted out somebody's name?
你们知道 第一 我没有精力这么做 And you know, A) I don't have the energy to do this,
第二 这可能会违反400条不同的隐私条例 and B) it would probably violate four hundred different privacy
但如果我把你们的样子 laws or whatever But if I took all those faces
混合在一起 and morphed them together,
会得到一张很漂亮的脸 I would get a very pretty face
我们怎么知道? And how do we know this?
有人曾这么做过 Well, people have done this They've done it with
看看这些脸 -so look at the faces from here to here
大多数人都会觉得… And if you are like most people,
越往右的脸… you see as you're going to the right
越来越好看 they're looking better and better and better
区别很细微 但实际上… It's subtle, but it's actually not so subtle
连婴儿也能做出区分 that babies don't notice it
做这个调研的学者 The same researchers who constructed this
他制作了这些白种人大众脸 -these face--these average Caucasian faces,
包括男性和女性 他把这些照片 male and female, have shown these faces
拿给婴儿看 to babies and find that babies
发现婴儿也更喜欢大众脸 that prefer to look at average faces
这表明我们偏爱大众脸 -suggesting that our preference for averaging
并不是文化所致的 is not the product of culture
而是出生就这样的 but rather is to some extent hard-wired
这两个人是虚拟的 These two people don't exist
由电脑合成 They're computer composites
他们是综合了很多人的脸… They're a heavily averaged male face
做出来的一男一女 and a heavily averaged female face,
都是来自白种人的数据样本 both from a Caucasian data sample
他们不难看吧?算挺好看的 They don't look bad right? They're good faces
他们的头发是一样的 They don't cheat So the hair, for instance,
所以头发不会影响你的判断 is identical--so they don't--you can't use hair cues
但他们真的很吸引人 But they're pretty attractive
对魅力的探讨可不会到此即止 But the story of attractiveness does not end there
怎样得到比大众脸更好看的脸? How do you get a better than average face?
你能对怎样处理这些大众脸 What can you do to these faces, these average faces,
让他们看起来更好? and make them look even better?
我想大家投票表决 Well, I'll have a vote
谁更美? Who's prettier?
谁觉得是右边那个? Who says the one on the right?
左边那个? Who says the one on the left?
左边就是大众脸 Left is average face,
这个班里也许会有不同的选择 and there might be variation in this class
每个人的偏好本来就有很大不同 There are definitely variations in what people favor
这是一张女版的 This is a feminized version
以大众脸为原型做出改动 of the average face where certain prototype features were made
更显女性魅力 more feminine than average to cue
这个看起来更性感 this as more of a sexual object
这个脸型更复杂 This is more complicated
谁觉得A脸… Who thinks face A
更吸引? is more attractive?
[A脸有很大的下巴和方脸颊] [face A has exaggerated chiseled jaw and square chin]
谁觉得B脸更吸引? Who thinks face B is more attractive?
好 Okay
大多数人认为B脸更吸引 Most people like face B
跟预期一样 The exception is,
目前我想已有三间实验室… and this has been statistically replicated, I think,
重复抽样统计过了 now in three labs
正在排卵的女性喜欢A脸 Face A is preferred by women who are ovulating,
其原因非常复杂 and the story about why is
我们这堂课讲不完 complicated and will take us beyond the scope of this class
但现在的重点是 But currently the idea is that
B脸这个男人的确很帅 this [face B] is a really handsome guy;
他年轻 健康 强壮 he's young, he's healthy, he looks strong,
生殖能力强 good provider;
脸A这家伙真的很性感 this guy [face A] is really hot,
但他未必有… and he may not be
上面那家伙的优点 a good provider and everything,
但他基因一定很好 but I'm sure he has wonderful genes
所以结论是应该和他[A]发生性关系 So, the idea is that one should have sex with him [face A]
让他[B]照料孩子 and then have him [face B] raise the kids
至此我们已谈论了 We've talked so far about things,
性爱和性魅力 about sex and sexual attractiveness
主要是从生物学的角度来探讨的 largely from a biological perspective,
一般来说 事实上 looking at universals And in fact,
有一些普遍标准 there are some universals
是男女适用的 in what men and women have in common
也有些是显著不同的 and what distinguishes men and women
性别差异的某些方面 And in some of the sex differences,
尤其是在攻击性和伴侣选择方面 particularly related to aggression and mate preference,
标准比较统一 seem to be universal
在不同的文化中 They seem to show up to some extent
这些差异会不同程度地显现出来 across every culture you look at and, hence,
说明它们是生物学适应性的选择 are likely candidates for biological adaptations
但人们所意识到的某些… But there are other sex differences
性别差异 它们的缘由 that people are aware of where the origins
不是十分清楚 are far less clear
我想明理的聪明人 And I think that intelligent, reasonable people
可能不会同意下面这点 could disagree about this,
但我个人非常怀疑 but I am personally quite skeptical about
生物学能够在多大程度上解释它们 the extent to which these reflect biology
我会用这理论来 I'll mention them
帮助我们探讨 to capture the debate,
但我们要紧记的是 but the thing to keep in mind here is that
生物学 自然选择 biology, natural selection,
是性别差异产生的… is one reason why the men in this class might differ
一个原因 from the women in this class
但当然还有其他原因 社会原因等 But of course, there are other, social, factors
婴儿也因性别差异而受到不同对待 Babies are treated differently
有很多研究关于… There have been many studies where you take a baby
用蓝布包裹婴儿 and swaddle it in blue
表明那是男孩 and describe it as a boy versus swaddle it
用粉红布包裹就是女孩 in pink and describe it as a girl,
而人们知道是男孩 and people treat it differently
就会对他好点 when they think it's a boy
发现是女孩则不会 than when they think it's a girl
你们也受到不公平对待 You're treated differently too
这至关重要 It matters a lot
有很多不同的研究表明 and there's study after study suggesting,
例如,你发一封邮件 for instance, that when you send an email
一份求职信 or a job application
或发表一份科技期刊的论文 or a paper to a scientific journal,
那上面写着John Smith还是… it matters whether it has the name John Smith on it
Joan Smith是有差别的 versus the name Joan Smith
原因在于人们对男性和女性 It matters because people have different expectations
有着不同的期望和反应 and different reactions to males versus females
你们可能会有过这种经验 Some if you may have firsthand experience
如果你是个男的 with this if you're a man with a name
但你的名字有点像女的 that could be taken as a woman's name
我就有个朋友叫Lynn friend of mine is named Lynn,
很多人以为他是女的 and often people think he's female
或者你是个女的 or if you're a woman who has a name
但有个男性化的名字 that could be taken as a man's name,
或是有个像外国人的名字 or if you have a name sufficiently foreign to Western ears
人们不太会念 that people can't easily tell
你会常听到别人说"噢" You'll often find people saying, "Oh,"
那边的同学在击掌叫好呢 people are high-fiving each other there
指班上的其他同学 [referring to students in the class]
你常会发现别人感到惊讶 -you'll often find some degree of surprise
有些人会说"天啊 and some degree of people saying, "Oh my,
我不知道你原来是男的 I didn't know you were a man
现在我会用不同态度对你" Now I will treat you differently"
这些社会因素能解释… And so, these social factors could play a role
一些性别差异的现象 in explaining some male and female differences
同时 还有同性排斥的现象 Also, there are the facts of gender self-segregation
于是慢慢地发展出更有趣的课题 So here something very interesting happens developmentally
男性之间会互相排斥 Males segregate with other males;
女性之间也会 females segregate with other females
这会发生在一段时期里 for a period lasting,
这由文化决定 但从4岁到11岁之间 it depends on the culture, but say from age four to age eleven
这种同性排斥会被放大 This self-segregation might exaggerate
增强了性别间的差异 and enhance sex differences
举个例 这也许像 It might be, for instance,
Eleanor Maccoby论证过的那样 as Eleanor Maccoby has proposed,
男孩比女孩攻击性稍强 that boys are slightly more aggressive than girls
但当男孩们成群结队 But then boys go into groups of boys,
他们的攻击性增强了 and that enhances and exaggerates their aggression
而女孩的非攻击性行为 while the girls' non-aggressive behavior
在成群结队后 is enhanced and exaggerated in different ways
会进一步得到增强 by them falling into girls' groups
那么 我们在谈论的是哪种差异 So, what sort of differences are we talking about
当我们不知道他们的起因时? when we say we're not sure of their cause?
其中一个差异是移情 Well, one difference is one in empathy
因此Simon Baron-Cohen So Simon Baron-Cohen
写了本书叫《本质的区别》 wrote a wonderful book called The Essential Difference
书中他论述了男性天性… where he argues that men are by nature
同情心较少 而女性较多 less empathetic, women are by nature more empathetic,
这是核心性别差异 and that this is a core sex difference
你们怎么看? So, what do you know? Well,
这个现象的起源是什么? what's the source for this?
其一是男性更粗暴 One thing is men are more violent
Simon Baron-Cohen将粗暴描述为极端行为 Simon Baron-Cohen describes violence as the ultimate act
而谋杀是缺乏同情心的极端行为 murder as the ultimate act of a lack of empathy
身体中的睾丸激素 There's some relationship between how much testosterone
和你的人际关系 you have in your system
有很多关联 and how social you are
睾丸激素越多 人际关系越差 more testosterone, less social
男孩比女孩更少同情心 Boys tend to be less empathetic than girls,
虽然不能令人信服 但有证据表明 and there's some evidence, though it's not conclusive,
在社会认知上男孩比女孩差 that boys do worse than girls on social cognition
这是心理理论实验 theory of mind tasks
我的资料上这么说 虽然还没被证实 That's what I have here, though that is quite debated
而还没讨论过的 最重要的影响 And the biggest effect, which isn't debated at all,
是移情的问题 is problems with empathy,
还有社会认知的问题 problems of social cognition,
在男性当中 are much more frequent
出现得更频繁 in men than in women
这些疾患 如孤独症 So, these disorders like autism,
亚斯普杰氏症候群 Asperger's Syndrome,
行为错乱和心理变态都是男性占多数 conduct disorder and psychopathy are predominately male
Simon Baron-Cohen认为 And Simon Baron-Cohen suggests that
他有一句名言 basically, he has this slogan where he says,
"要成为一个男人就要承受 "To be a man is to suffer from a particularly mild
孤独症的痛苦" form of autism"
他认为男人比女人交际能力差 That males are just socially clueless relative to women
最后我还要说一点 Final bit of trivia
他就是Simon Baron Cohen This is Simon Baron Cohen,
一个非常著名的发展心理学家 who is a very famous developmental psychologist,
但他的亲戚Sasha Baron Cohen but his cousin Sasha Baron Cohen
比他更有名 is far more famous
另一场争论 Another debate
是关于研究性别差异在 is a debate concerning sex differences
数学和科学能力的表现 in the capacity for math and science
数年前 A few years ago
哈佛大学曾有校长 there used to be a president of Harvard
名字叫Larry Summers known as Larry Summers
有很多原因可以对他表示不屑 There are so many reasons to hiss at this point
由于各种原因 And Larry Summers is no longer president
他已不再是哈佛校长 of Harvard for various reasons,
原因之一就是他说的这句话 but one reason was this quote,
包含了他关于性别差异的… which included in his speculations
推论 about sex differences,
"在科学和工程这些特定领域中 "in the special case of science and engineering,
的确有很多人很有潜能… there are issues of intrinsic aptitude,
和各种天份" and particularly of the variability of aptitude"
他声称 或者认为说 He argued, or suggested,
女性在科学方面表现没男性出色 that the under-representation of women in the sciences
是因为她们 in academia is because
天资不足 of an intrinsic aptitude difference;
女性 通常来说… Women are, on average,
在生物学上来说倾向于 less biologically predisposed
不能胜任推理工作 to do this sort of reasoning
引起争议的在于 The variability point is that
他并不是认为这是平均水平的差异 he wasn't suggesting that there's just a difference on average
事实上 他赞成男性和女性的… In fact, he agreed that the average skills
平均技能水平是一致的 of men and women are identical
他认为男性的水平幅度变化很大 The claim is that males show more variation
那意味着有更多的男性智商低下 This means that there are more male retarded people
很多男性表现很糟糕 and more males who are just horribly bad at this,
但这也意味着更多男性天才 but it also means there are more male geniuses
他认为这在某方面起到关键作用 And he suggested that this plays a role
这个说法 你可以想象 This, as you can imagine,
引发了不少争议 proved to be an extremely controversial claim,
我们不会在课堂上讨论这个问题 and rather than go through it
因为这会花我一堂课的时间… because it would take me a class to treat the pros
来解释来龙去脉 and cons of this argument responsibly
我向你们介绍一场很棒的辩论 I'm going to refer you to a wonderful debate
是先前提及的Steve Pinker between Steve Pinker, who was quoted earlier,
和婴儿认知学家… and Liz Spelke who's one of the big
Liz Spelke之间的辩论 infant cognition people
以前的课上我们… And we spoke a lot about her work earlier on
常常提到她 in the course
这两个最聪明的人之间 And they have a wonderful debate between
有一场很棒的辩论 two of the smartest people I know on The Edge,
是一年前在哈佛进行的 which was done at Harvard about a year ago
这里有视频链接 and is on video here [http://wwwedgeorg/3rd_culture/debate05/debate05_indexhtml]??
如果你对性别差异感兴趣 So, if you're interested in sex differences
或对相关的性别差异机制理论感兴趣 and different theories about the mechanism of sex differences,
可以上这个网址 this is where you should go
最后 Finally,
最后一个主题了 and a final topic,
我们当中98% some of us, about 98%
很难计算具体数字 and the numbers are very difficult to pin down
可能不是98% 可能是97% Maybe it isn't 98%; maybe it's ninety-seven,
可能是99% maybe it's ninety-nine
就当作是98%吧 Let's say 98%
98%的女人对男人有兴趣 of women are sexually attracted to men
96%的男人 About 96% of men
对女人有兴趣 are sexually attracted to women
数字会不断变化 And the numbers vary
很难算出最确切的数字 and it's very difficult to estimate it properly
可以想象 这种调研… As you could imagine, there are all sorts of problems
困难重重 with this sort of research
但有部分人… But there's some proportion of the population
是绝对同性恋 that's exclusively homosexual
有些男人 some proportion of the population of men
只对男人有兴趣 who are only attracted to other men,
有些女人 some proportion of the population of women
只对女人有兴趣 who are only attracted to other women
当人们说到性取向 When people talk about sexual orientation here,
重点是要知道 it's important to realize
我们不是在谈论性行为 we are not talking here about behavior
与同性发生性行为… There are all sorts of reasons
可以有很多原因 why somebody might have sex with somebody of the same sex
可能因为无聊 You know, they might be bored
可能只是想试一下 You may, you know, be experimenting,
很多原因 问题是"你想怎么做?" be whatever The question is, "What do you want to do?"
在条件一致的情况下 什么人 All things being equal, what sort of person
你会想和怎样的人 if you could be sexually or romantically
发生关系? involved with any person,
会是什么人? who would it be?
多数人都是异性恋的 And most people are heterosexual
而且不同文化背景下… There's a considerable amount that varies cross-culturally
还有很多双性恋者 of people who are bisexual
但真正的难题在于绝对同性恋 But the real puzzle is exclusive homosexuality
为什么呢? So, why?
没人知道 Well, nobody knows
我们知道些原因 We know some reasons,
有些答案不一定正确 some answers are probably not right
不是原因 It is not the case,
通常情况下 almost certainly
也许会有例外 maybe there are some exceptions
但那不是人们 but it is not the case that people choose
选择自己的性取向的原因 their sexual orientation
我不会在课堂上做实验 I'm not going to do this in this room,
但如果你让人们举手回答 but if you asked people to raise their hands
有多少人认为 as to how many people decided
谁对你最有性吸引力… who to become sexually attracted to,
很少人会举手 very few people would
这种情况的部分原因是 Part of the issue rises in the fact
同性恋 that people who are gay
通常会被歧视 are often extremely discriminated against,
他们并不愿成为同性恋 and they have no wish to be gay
他们甚至还认为成为同性恋 They might even think it's morally wrong
在道德上是错的 for them to be that way
因此他们的性取向 That makes it implausible that
不可能是有意识的选择 their sexual orientation is a conscious choice
有可能是青春期后的性经验导致的吗? What about experience after puberty?
讲座中多次出现… So, there is a view that keeps coming up
这种观点 over and over again in the literature
某程度上 有些同性恋… that people who are gay have in some sense been
是被其他人或其他事 seduced by people, by other people
诱导而变成的 or something happened to them afterwards
这种情况似乎不大可能 This seems unlikely
特别是后期 There are in particular the seeds
出现的性取向 of sexual orientation later on in life
在早期就已经有征兆出现 seem to show up quite early in life
有些研究只是推测 Again, the studies are sort of suspect,
但有理由相信… but there's some reason to believe
从性幻想来看 同性恋者 that people who are gay and people who are straight
和异性恋者早在进入青春期之前… are different long before they hit puberty
就表现出差异 with regard to their sexual and romantic fantasies
你也许以为我会说 You would now expect me to say,
"性取向是既定的 "Well, being gay and being straight is built in
是天生的" It's hard-wired
这些说法都不正确 None of these stories seem right
看起来像是既定的 It seems to be built in"
答案是 And the answer to that is,
有部分是 sort of
如果你去做标准行为基因测试 So, if you do the standard behavioral genetic tests,
并知道这测试是怎样进行的 and you by now know how to do them
你寻找 you'd look for differences between
单卵双胞胎和双卵双胞胎的区别 monozygotic and dizygotic twins,
做选择比较-- you'd do the adoption comparison--you know
领养兄弟和亲生兄弟之间作比较 adopted siblings and biological siblings
答案是肯定的 The answer is yes,
你会发现一些 you find that there is some sort of
同性恋的遗传倾向性 genetic predisposition towards homosexuality
但不可能完全是遗传的 But it can't be entirely genetic
为什么呢?原因之一是… One reason why it can't be entirely genetic is,
如果我是同性恋 有个同卵双胞胎兄弟 if I'm gay and I have an identical twin,
那我的兄弟是同性恋的机率… the odds that my identical twin will be gay
大概是50% it's about fifty percent
这相对人口平均数来说是非常高的 Those are very high odds compared to the average in the population
但如果真的完全是遗传而来的 But if it was truly genetic,
那机率又是多少? entirely genetic, what should the number be?
100% 他就等于是我的克隆版 A hundred percent ?he's my clone
他该跟我完全一样 He should be exactly as I am
但并非如此 And it's not
因此我们知道 一些经历 So, we know then that some sort of experience,
胎儿期的经历 possibly prenatal experience,
才是原因 is what explains it
为什么会这样 Why is it so I said before
我说过这是一大谜团 this is a huge puzzle
为什么这么说呢? why is it such a huge puzzle?
绝对同性恋是进化的谜 Well, exclusive homosexuality is an evolutionary mystery
重申一次 别认为… Again, do not think that
这当中有什么道德成分 this carries any moral weight to it
但这的确意味着 What it does mean though is that
它并不遵循生物适应法则 it doesn't seem to follow as a biological adaptation
这个谜并不是… The puzzle is not
关于为什么男性和男性性交 why is it that some men have sex with men
这不算是不解之谜 That's not a big puzzle Maybe they have
也许他们只是寻求某种感官刺激 sex with men as some sort of recreational things
或是相互依赖 or pair bonding or whatever
问题不在这 That's not the puzzle
而在于为什么有些男性… The puzzle is why are there some men
会不想和女性做爱 who don't want to have sex with women?
同样的 为什么有些女性… Similarly, why are there some women
会不想和男性做爱 who don't want to have sex with men?
从进化论的角度看 From an evolutionary adaptive standpoint,
你可能会认为… you would think that the genes that give rise to
诱发这种行为的基因… such a behavior
会在进化中被淘汰 would be weeded out
因为有那种行为的生物 because creatures with that behavior typically,
抛开现代科技不提 他们不能繁衍后代 putting aside modern technology, don't have offspring
这才是真正的谜团 And that's what makes it such a puzzle
所以你们这周的阅读任务是… So, your reading response for this week
"解开这一谜团" is "solve that puzzle"
我知道刚开课时讲过 I know I said early on in the course that reading responses
阅读任务会很简单 would be really easy and just
只要求你记记笔记即可 require you reciting back things,
但那未免太枯燥了 but that proved to be too boring
那你们就去解开这大谜团吧 So, just solve this deepest of all puzzle
最后在括号里的话非常重要 The thing in brackets at the end is very important
不管怎样 你的论据 Your account, whatever it is,
至少要和在课堂讨论过 should bear some relationship to the facts
或阅读中的论据有关 as discussed in lectures and readings
还有五分多钟 We have about five more minutes
有问题可以提出来 Any questions or thoughts?
请说 Yes?
我很喜欢你的皮夹克 Student: I like your leather jacket
谢谢 Professor Paul Bloom: Thank you very much
她喜欢我的皮夹克 She likes my leather jacket
还有吗? 像刚才那个就很好 Any questions or thoughts, just like that one?
请说 No Yes?
我的问题跟刚刚那个不太一样 Student: My question's not exactly like that one,
其他物种 but in other animals
他们会否 do they is there similar
其他物种是否有类似的情况? data on other species?
性取向吗? Professor Paul Bloom: On sexual preferences?
问得好 因为… That's a very good question because
你的答案 certainly your answer to the origin
再给我两分钟 give me two more minutes
很明显人类性取向的来源 certainly your answer about the origin of sexual preference
可以从跨物种的数据上 in humans will be informed by the question
得到启发 of cross-species data
我们知道的是有很多动物 What we do know is that there are many animals
涉及同性恋行为的 that engage in homosexual behavior;
他们与同性交配 they engage in sex with members of their own sex
我不知道的是 What I don't know
有没有绝对同性恋行为 is whether you get exclusive homosexual behavior
我不知道在灵长目动物里的几率是多少 So, I don't know what the rate is in nonhuman primates,
例如 灵长目动物不喜欢… for instance, of primates who do not want to have sex
与异性性交的几率 with members of the opposite sex
好的 下周三见 Okay, I'll see you all Wednesday