本字幕由YYeTs人人影视翻译制作 更多教程字幕 请登陆 www.YYeTs.net What we've been talking about so far in the course
翻译：韩小仙 棋子 天天晴 Wattle 时间轴：Angelica 校对：依兰依兰 yank121 监制：yank121 are human universals, what everybody shares.
限于版权 课堂演示中出现的某些材料并未得以显示 So, we've been talking about language,
目前我们在课程中所讲到的 about rationality, about perception,
都属于人类共性 每个人都有 about the emotions, about universals of development,
我们讨论了语言 and we've been talking about what people share.
理性 感知 But honestly, what a lot of us are very interested in
情绪 发展共性 is why we're different
我们一直在讨论大家共有的特性 and the nature of these differences and the explanation for them.
但是坦率地说 很多人感兴趣的是 And that's what we'll turn to today.
我们为什么不同 So first, we'll discuss how are people different,
这些差异的特性和原因 different theories about what makes you different
就是我们今天要讲的内容 in a psychological way from the person sitting next to you,
首先 我们会讨论人们有何不同 and then we'll review different theories
用不同的心理学理论 about why people are different.
分析你如何不同于你身边的人 And this is the class which is going to bother the most people.
然后我们再探讨各种 It's not dualism. It's not evolution.
关于人们为何不同的理论 It's this because the scientific findings on
这节课会困扰大多数人 human psychological differences are, to many of us,
这不是二元论 不是进化论 shocking and unbelievable.
因为对于人类心理差异的科学发现 And I will just try to persuade you to take them seriously.
对很多人来说 Okay. So, how are people different?
令人震惊且难以置信 Well, there's all sorts of ways.
但我会尽力让你们相信 Your sexual identity--
好了 那么 人们如何不同 It is at the core of your being
不同之处很多 for almost all of us whether you're male or female.
你的性别 How we refer to you in language,
你是男是女 what pronoun we use, is indexed on how
是大家认识你的首要因素 we--on your--on how--
这决定人们如何称呼你 whether you're male or female
使用什么代词 这都取决于 and related to that though imperfectly
我们 取决于你 is your sexual orientation,
是男是女 who you're attracted to.
关系到 尽管不一定绝对 The question of why some of us
你的性取向 think of ourselves as males
你喜欢什么人 and others as females,
为什么我们有些人 and the question of why some of us
认为自己是男的 would ideally want to have sex with males,
另一些人认为自己是女的 others with females,
为什么我们有些人 others with both,
想要和男人做爱 and then a few others who have harder to define desires,
有些人想和女人做爱 is such a good question
还有些人两种都想要 that we're going to talk about it after spring break
还有少部分人很难界定自己的欲望 while all the sexual desire has been spent
这是个很好的问题 and you could focus on
我们会在春假之后讨论 on a scientific discussion of this--
那时你们的性欲望都发泄了 not that I recommend you do that on spring break.
你们就可以集中精力 How happy are you?
进行这个科学讨论了 This is also such a good topic
我并不是建议你们春假这么做 it's going to get its own class.
你们快乐吗 The very last class of the semester is devoted to happiness
这是个好话题 and the question of what makes people happy,
我们会有专门的一课 what makes people unhappy,
这学期的最后一课会讨论快乐 and what makes people differ in their happiness.
什么让人快乐 If I asked you to rank how happy you are
什么让人不快乐 from a scale of 1 to 10,
以及人们的快乐有何不同 the numbers would differ across this room.
如果我让你为现在的快乐程度评分 And there's different theories as to why.
从一到十 Your success and failure in life--
在座的人分数都会不同 This is somewhat interesting
其原因有多种解释 because you could study this in more or less objective ways.
你生活中的成功和失败 We don't have to ask people.
这有点意思 We could look at your relationships,
因为你可以比较客观地研究它 how they begin, how they end,
不需要问其他人 your job satisfaction.
我们可以研究你的人际 We could look at your criminal records.
它们如何开始 如何结束 Some of you are going to see time. Most will not.
你的工作满意度 Some of you will get into little troubles all through your life.
我们可以研究你的犯罪记录 Some of you already have seen the inside of a police station,
有些人会感到时光流逝 大多数会不会 possibly a lineup.
有些人一生都会麻烦缠身 Others couldn't go near such a thing.
有些人已经进过警察局 What determines that?
可能不少人 And at the root of all human differences
另一些人绝不会接近这种事 are two main factors.
是什么决定这些 And so, I want to talk about the two main interesting factors.
人类差异的根源 One is personality. The other is intelligence.
有两个主要因素 And this is what--These are the differences i'll talk about today
所以 我想谈谈这两个有趣的因素 first from the standpoint of how do we characterize them,
一个是性格 另一个是智力 how do we explain them,
这些是我今天要讨论的差异 and then from the standpoint of
首先 从它们的特点 why these differences exist in the first place.
以及我们如何诠释它们的角度讲 One way to characterize personality
然后再从 is in terms of people's style with dealing with--
这些差异存在的原因入手 in dealing with the world
描述性格的方法之一 and particularly their style with dealing--
是从人们对待 in dealing with other people.
世界的方式方面 So, you take a simple character you know of
更确切地说 他们对待 and you could talk about that person's personality.
他人的方式 You could talk about it in terms of being impulsive,
所以 你选择一个你认识的人 irresponsible, sometimes lazy, good-hearted.
你可以谈论这个人的性格 You could compare that person's personality
你可以说他易冲动 with other people's personalities
不负责任 有时很懒 好心肠 such as my colleague who gave a talk last class.
你可以将他的性格 He's wonderful.
与其他人的性格进行比较 He's responsible and reliable and very kind
比如我上节课来给大家讲课的同事 and different from Homer.
他很棒 And so, this difference is a difference in personality.
他负责任 可靠 友善 Now, when we talk about personality
与荷马不同 we're talking about something else as well.
所以 这种差异 正是性格的差异 We're talking about a stable trait
当我们谈论性格时 across situations and time.
我们也在谈论一些其他事情 So, if all of a sudden the person next to you
我们谈论不同情况和时间下 kind of smacks you in the head, you might be angry
一个相对稳定的特征 but we wouldn't call that "Personality"
所以 如果突然你旁边的人 because that's something that's a result of a situation.
打你的头 你也许会愤怒 We'd all feel that way in that situation.
但是我们不会把这叫做性格 It's "Personality" If you walk around
因为这是特定情况下的结果 all the time angry.
在那种情况下 我们会有那样的反应 That'd be a stable trait.
但是如果你经常愤怒的 That'd be something you carry around with you
那就是性格了 and that's what we mean by personality.
那是稳定的特征 Now, how do we scientifically
那是一些你一直具备的特征 characterize differences in personality?
那才是性格的意思 And it's a deep question.
那么 我们如何科学地 There's been a lot of attempts to do so.
对不同的性格进行区分 Any assessment has--
这是个深刻的问题 Any good assessment has to satisfy two conditions.
人们做了很多尝试 And these are terms which are going to show up
任何评定必须 all over psychological research
任何好的评定必须满足两个条件 but it's particularly relevant for this sort of measure.
这两个名词在心理学研究中 One is "Reliability."
经常出现 Reliability means
但与这种评定方法密切相关 there is not measurement error.
一个是可信度 And one crude way to think about reliability is,
可信度是指 a test is reliable
没有评测误差 if you test the same person at different times
可信度最直接的证明方式是 and you get the same result.
在不同的时间 My bathroom scale is reliable if whenever I stand on it,
测试同一个人 并且得到相同的结果 it gives me more or less the same number.
那么这个测试就是可信的 It's not reliable
如果我每次都测得差不多相同的数字 if it's off by ten pounds in the course of a day.
那么我浴室的体重秤就是可信的 Similarly, if I give you a personality test now
如果一天内 and it says that you're anxious and defensive,
差了十磅 那它就是不可信的 well--and then give it to you tomorrow
同样 如果我现在对你进行性格测试 and it says you're calm and open minded,
结果是你很焦虑防备 it's not a reliable test.
然后 明天再测试一次 So, reliable is something you could trust over time.
又显示你很冷静 心胸开阔 "Validity" is something different.
那这就不是个可信的测试 Validity is that your test measures
可信度是经过时间考验能够信任的事物 what it's supposed to measure.
有效性与此不同 So, validity means it's sort of a good test.
有效性是指你的测试 Forget about how reliable it is.
能够测出我们想要测量的东西 Does it tap what you're interested in?
有效性代表这是个好测试 So, for example, suppose I determine your intelligence
先不管它是否可信 by the date of your birth.
看你是否对它感兴趣 I figure out what day you were born
例如 假设我根据你的生日 and I have a theory that,
判断你的智商 from that, predicts how smart you are.
我知道你出生的日期 That's my intelligence test, the date of your birth.
然后我想我可以 Maybe people born in January are the dumbest,
据此预测你是否聪明 people born in December are the smartest.
这是我的智商测验 根据你的出生日期 Is that--I was born on Christmas Eve.
一月出生的人最笨 Is that a reliable test?
十二月出生的人最聪明 Yes, it's a wonderfully reliable test.
我是圣诞前夜出生的 I'll test you today; I'll test you tomorrow;
这是个可信的测试吗 I'll test you next year; I'll test you the day you die;
是的 这是个非常可信的测试 I'll get the same IQ score.
我今天测你 明天测你 Is it a valid test?
明年测你 你死的那天测你 It's a joke. It's absolutely not a valid test.
我会得到同样的智商值 It has nothing to do with intelligence.
这是个有效的测试吗 But you noticed these are two different things.
这是个笑话 这当然不是个有效的测试 Something can be reliable but not valid
这跟智商一点关系也没有 and something can be valid and not reliable.
但是你发现 这是两件不同的事 Now, there are no shortage of personality tests.
有的事可信但是无效 You could get them all over the place
有的事有效但是不可信 including on the web.
现在 有各种各样的性格测试 So, I took one recently.
你可以从很多地方找到 I took "Which super hero are you?"
包括网上 And it's a series of questions
我最近就做了一个 determining what super hero you are.
我做了个 你是哪个超级英雄 You could take this yourself if you want to.
有一系列问题 The same web page, by the way,
测定你是哪位超级英雄 offers you a test in whether you're "Hot" Or not.
想做的话 你们也可以自己做 We'll discuss that later.
顺便说一句 那个网页上 And when I did this it told me I was Batman
还有个测试你性不性感的测试 and "You are dark, love gadgets, and have vowed
我们稍后再讨论这个 to help the innocent
我做完测试 它说我是蝙蝠侠 not suffer the pain you have endured."
你是黑暗的 喜欢小玩意儿 Now, the honest--
发誓要帮助无辜的人们 Now, to be honest though, it's neither reliable nor valid.
免受你遭遇过的痛苦 When I first did the test I came up as
说实话 "The Incredible Hulk."
实话实说 这个测试既不可信又不有效 I then changed my answers a bit and was "Wonder Woman."
我第一次这个测试时 And finally, out of frustration,
我是绿巨人 I carefully tailored my answers
我稍微改了下答案 就变成神奇女侠了 so I would be Batman.
最后 出于沮丧 But the fact that I can do that, well,
我仔细选择了我的答案 raises questions about both the reliability of this measure
使我能成为蝙蝠侠 and its validity.
我能这样得到想要的结果 Here is an example. A real world example.
就对这个测试的可信度和有效性 This is, in black and white form,
提出了质疑 a version of the Rorschach test,
还有个例子 现实例子 the Rorschach inkblot test.
有一个黑白表 How many people have heard of the Rorschach test?
是罗夏测试的一个版本 Okay. Is there anybody here who has actually,
罗夏墨点测试 in any sort of situation, taken a Rorschach test?
有多少人听说过罗夏测试 Some people scattered in the room have taken them.
好的 有人不管出于各种原因 It was originally used only for psychiatric cases
做过罗夏测试吗 but then became extremely common.
个别人做过 About eighty percent of clinical psychologists claim to use it
最开始它被用来诊断精神病 and most graduate programs
但是后来变得很普遍 in the American Psychological Association
百分之八十的心理学家主张使用它 who are accredited teach it.
美国心理学会的 Catholic seminaries use it
大部分研究生项目 for people who want to join the seminary.
认可教授它 It was invented by a guy named Herman Rorschach.
大量的神学院使用它 He devoted his entire life to the inkblot test.
对想加入神学院的人进行测试 His nickname when he was a teenager?
它是由一个叫赫尔曼·罗夏的人发明的 I am not kidding you. Was "Inkblot."
他一生都致力于墨点测试 And the idea is by looking at these inkblots
知道他青春期时候的绰号吗 and then seeing what somebody says
我不是开玩笑 叫墨点 you get great insights into the nature of their personality,
概念就是看这些墨点 into what they are.
然后根据别人说的 Anybody want to try it?
了解他们的性格 Come on.
他们是什么样的人 Yes. What do you see?
有人想试试吗 I see two people holding hands pressed together.
来吧 Two people holding hands pressed together.
好的 你看到什么 Very good. Anybody have a different reading?
我看见两个人手掌相对站着 Yes, in back. Yes. Yes.
两个人手掌相对站着 Dancing bears. Okay. Good.
很好 有人有不同的解读吗 Good. Okay. I got to write your name down--
好的 后面的 恩 恩 report you to health--
跳舞的熊 好的 很好 No. Dancing bears, very good.
很好 好的 我要把你的名字记下来 Anybody else? One other. Yes.
报告给卫生 A man in a ski mask.
不 跳舞的熊 很好 A man in a ski mask.
还有吗 再来一个 好的 Well, it turns out that
带滑雪面具的人 there are right answers and wrong answers
带滑雪面具的人 to the Rorschach test.
结果是 According to the test,
罗夏测试 and this is from a real Rorschach test,
是有对错答案的 "It is important to see the blot as two human figures,
根据测试 usually females or clowns."
这是真正的罗夏测试 Good work over there.
将墨点看成两个人 通常是女人或小丑 "If you don't, it's seen as a sign
这很重要 you have problems relating to people."
刚才那个 干得不错 If you want to go for "A cave entrance"
如果你没有看成人 or "Butterfly" Or "Vagina,"
这是你有人际关系问题的信号 that's also okay.
如果你说洞穴入口 Now,
蝴蝶 或者阴道 the Rorschach test is transcendently useless.
也可以 It has been studied and explored
现在 and it is as useless as throwing dice.
罗夏测试极其无用 It is as useless as tea leaves.
经过研究和探索 Nonetheless, people love it
它跟扔骰子一样无用 and it's used all over the place.
跟茶叶渣一样无用 It is used for example
但是 很多人喜欢它 in child custody cases.
它被应用在各种场所 If you have broken up with your partner
比如说 它被用在 and you guys are quarreling over who gets to keep the kids,
争夺孩子监护权的案例中 you might find yourself in a shrink's office looking at this.
如果你跟你的伴侣分手 And in fact, this is why they end up on the web.
争论孩子该归谁 There are services.
你可能需要到心理医生的办公室去做这个 There are people who have been kind enough
事实上这正是它们被公布到网上的原因 to put on the web these inkblots,
有些部门 including the right answers to them.
有些人很善良地 But they are worthless as psychological measures.
将墨点测试传到网上 Can we do better? Well, we probably can.
其中包括它们的正确答案 Gordon Allport did a study
但是它们跟心理标准一样无用 where he went through the dictionary
我们可以做得好些吗 可能可以 and took all of the traits
高尔顿·奥尔波特做过一个实验 that he believed to be related to personality
他翻遍字典 and he got eighteen thousand of them.
找出所有他认为 But what was interesting was
与性格有关的特质 they weren't necessarily independent traits.
他找到了一万八千个 So, the traits like "Friendly, sociable, welcoming,
有意思的是 warm-hearted" Seemed to all tap the same thing.
他们并非都是完全独立的特质 So, Cattell and many others
友好 随和 热情 tried to narrow it down,
热心等特质似乎都是形容同一内容 tried to ask the question,
所以 卡特尔和很多其他人 "In how many ways
就试图将其范围缩小 are people's personalities different from one another?"
试着问一个问题 How many parameters of difference do you need?
人们的性格 How many numbers can I give you
在多少方面异于他人 that would narrow you in
一个人需要多少不同之处 and say what personality you are?
多少个数字 One approach was from Eysenck,
能够概括 who claimed there were just two.
一个人的性格 You could be somewhere on the scale of introverted-extroverted,
有一种观点来自艾森克 and somewhere on the scale of neurotic and stable.
他认为两个足够 And since there's basically two types of traits
一个人可以介于内向外向 with two settings for each,
稳定不稳定两种维度之间 there are basically four types of people.
既然只有两种特质 Later on he added another trait which he described as
一一对应 "Psychoticism versus non-psychoticism"
会产生四种类型的人 that crudely meant whether you're aggressive or empathetic.
后来他又增加了一种特质 And then you have three traits with two settings each
精神质非精神质 giving you eight types of people.
主要指一个人是攻击性还是富于同情心的 Later on Cattell dropped it down into sixteen factors.
然后你得到三组特质 每组两对 So, these sixteen personality factors
共八种类型的人 are sixteen ways people would differ.
后来 卡特尔将其归为十六类 And so, if I asked you to describe
这十六类性格因素 your roommate along these sixteen dimensions,
代表十六种不同的人 you should be able to do so.
所以 如果我让你根据这十六个方面 More recently, people have come to the conclusion
描述一下你的室友 that two or three is too few,
你应该能做到 but sixteen might be too many.
最近 人们一致认为 And there's a psychological consensus on
两三个太少 what's been known as "The Big Five."
但是十六个又太多 And "The Big Five" Personality factors are these,
有个心理学共识 and what this means is when we talk about each other
被称为大五类 and use adjectives,
这些就是大五类性格因素 the claim is we could do so in thousands of different ways,
这指 当我们用形容词 but deep down we're talking about
互相形容彼此 one of these five dimensions.
可以有上千种不同的方式 This means that when a psychological test
但是事实上 我们总是在谈论 measures something about somebody,
这五个方面之一 about their personality, if it's a good test
这意味着 如果用一个心理测试 it's measuring one of these five things.
测试一个人的性格 And it means that,
如果是个好的测试 as people interacting with one another in the world,
它就会测量这五个方面之一 these are the five things that we're interested in.
那意味着 So, one of them is "Neurotic versus stable."
在人们与他人交往的过程中 Is somebody sort of nutty and worrying
我们关心的主要是这五个方面 or are they calm?
其中之一是神经质或稳定 "Extrovert versus introvert."
一个人是有点焦躁不安 "Open to experience versus closed to experience."
还是很冷静 "Agreeable," Which is courteous,
外向内向 friendly versus non agreeable, rude, selfish.
经验丰富或经验很少 And "Conscientious versus not conscientious,"
随和 即彬彬有礼 careful versus careless, reliable versus undependable.
友好对应不随和 粗鲁 自私 A good way to think about these things
尽责性或不尽责 is in terms of the word "Ocean,"
认真对粗心 可靠对不可靠 O-c-e-a-n.
记住这个的一个好办法是 The first letter captures openness,
记住ocean这个词 conscientiousness, extroversion,
O-c-e-a-n agreeableness, and neuroticism.
第一个字母对应开放性 And the claim is those are the four--
尽责 外向 the five fundamental ways
随和和神经质 in which people differ from one another.
这是用于 Well, why should we believe this?
区分一个人的 Why should we take this theory seriously?
五个基本方面 Well, there's actually some evidence for it.
我们为什么相信这个 It seems to have some reliability
我们为什么相信这个理论 in that it's stable
因为有证据能够验证它 over time.
它看起来比较可靠 So, if you test people over years--
因为随着时间推移 If I test your personality now on the five traits
这个理论一直很可信 and test you five years from now,
如果你们对别人进行长期测试 it will not have changed much.
如果我现在对你进行大五类测试 And once you pass the age of thirty,
五年后再对你进行测试 it's very stable indeed.
结果不会有太大变化 If you think about your parents
一旦你超过三十岁 and then give Mom and Dad a mental test on
结果会十分稳定 where they stand on each of the five traits,
你想一下你父母 ten years from now Mom and Dad will still be there.
根据他们两个的大五类特征 It also seems to get agreement across multiple observers.
对他们进行心理测试 So, if I ask for each of their five traits--
十年后 你父母仍然会得出同样的结果 If I ask your roommate what he or she thinks of you,
不同观察者进行测试也能得出同样的结果 then I ask your professor
就是说 如果我询问他们的五种特征 what he or she thinks of you
如果我问你的室友对你的看法 and your mom what he or-- what she thinks of you,
然后我问你的教授 how would--back to gender--
对你的看法 How would they match up?
你妈妈对你的看法 They tend to overlap a lot.
会有 又说到性别 You walk around and you leave--
他们的回答会有多少相同呢 and your personality leaves a trail
大部分是相同的 in the minds of people around you.
你在某处活动然后离开 And this trail is characterized
你的性格会在周围人的脑海中 in terms of these five dimensions.
留下印象 Finally, it seems to be
这种印象以 -predict real-world behavior.
这五个方面为特征 If this didn't have anything to do with the real world,
最后 这一理论应该能够 you wouldn't be very happy calling it valid,
预测现实世界的行为 you wouldn't take it seriously as a test,
如果它与现实世界毫无关系 but it does.
我们不会那么赞同它有效 So, conscientiousness--
也不会把这种测试当回事儿 how you score on a conscientious scale,
但是它确实与现实世界有关 relates to how faithful you are to your spouse.
因而 责任感 How openness--
你在责任感等级测试中的得分 open you are on a psychological personality test
会显示出你对配偶的忠诚度 relates to how likely you are to change your job.
开放性 "Extroverts" Look people in the eye more
心理人格测试中你在开放性中的得分 and have more sexual partners
会暗示你跳槽的可能性大小 because they're extroverts.
外向型的人更喜欢直视对方 So, these are real scales.
有较多的性伴侣 The "Batman, Hulk, Wonder Woman"
因为他们性格外向 doesn't correspond to anything in the real world,
所以 这些评价都是结合实际的 but where you stand on each of these five dimensions
蝙蝠侠 绿巨人 神奇女侠 does seem to capture it.
不与现实世界的任何事物相关 As an example of the agreement, by the way,
但是他们相对应于上述五个方面的特征 somebody did a study
却是符合实际的 of several of the characters
关于此结论 顺便讲一个例子 on the television show "The Simpsons"
有人做过一个 because they wanted to find characters which everybody knew.
关于辛普森一家这个电视节目中的 And they had thirteen subjects judge
几名角色的研究 these Simpson characters on each of the five dimensions.
因为他们想研究一些家喻户晓的形象 These is "Openness, neuroticism,
他们让十三个实验对象 conscientiousness, and extroversion"
基于这五个方面评价剧中的角色 and they found considerable agreement.
包括开放性 情绪性 And this isn't actually--
责任感和外向性 What I've covered up is the "Agreeableness."
结果发现评价的一致性很高 So, for those of you who have never seen the television show,
这实际上并不是 this is all going to be confusing,
我刚才漏说了随和性 but those of you who have,
对于从没看过这个电视节目的同学来说 can you guess which characters would be particularly agreeable?
我提到的内容可能会令人费解 Anybody guess. Yeah.
但是看过此剧的同学 Flanders. You are right.
你们猜一下哪个角色是最讨人喜欢的 The most agreeable people are Flanders and Marge.
有人知道吗 你来 Who would not so agreeable?
弗兰德斯 对了 Krusty
最让人喜欢的是弗兰德斯和玛姬 Krusty is actually--Krusty is a complicated case
谁不太受欢迎呢 but Mr. Burns--but also--
小丑库鲁斯提 Where is he?
实际上库鲁斯提是一个复杂的角色 Oh, he's not--Nelson, where's Nelson?
但是伯恩斯先生 Anyway, there's Nelson.
他在哪儿呢 You get strong consensus
他不是 内尔森 内尔森呢 that Ned Flanders and Marge Simpson
总之 这就是内尔森 are highly agreeable people,
大家高度一致地认为 6.27 and 5.46,
内德·弗兰德斯和玛姬·辛普森 while Mr. Burns and Nelson are very low.
是非常令人喜欢的 Nelson's the little kid
得分分别是六点二七和五点四六 that when trouble happens he goes, "Ha ha."
而伯恩斯先生和内尔森的得分则非常低 And that's a psychological sign for low agreeability.
内尔森是那种 Okay. That's all I want to say at this point about personality
有麻烦事发生时他总坏笑哈哈的小鬼 and how we measure it and, again,
这是随和性差的一个心理学标志 we're going to get back to it later
好了 关于人格及其测试方法 when we talk about differences in personality.
我要讲的就是这些 Now, I want to deal with the second big difference.
但是当后面讲到人格差异时 The second big difference is intelligence.
我们还会涉及到这些内容 Now, how do you define intelligence?
现在我们要研究一下另一大差异 There's no easy definition.
第二个大的差异是智力 Like personality,
大家如何定义智力 it's kind of difficult to get your fingers on
这不是个简单的问题 what we're talking about here.
像人格一样 In one survey they asked 1,000 experts
大家可能觉得我们谈到的内容 to define intelligence.
有些令人费解 And some answers showed up over and over again.
有一项研究曾要求1000位专家 So, just about everybody said intelligence involves
来给智力下定义 abstract reasoning, problem solving,
其中一些答案反复出现 and the capacity to acquire knowledge.
就像几乎每位专家都提到的那样智力包括 That's at the core of being smart.
抽象的推理能力 解决问题的能力 Other people mentioned things like memory,
和获取知识的能力 mental speed, language, math,
这是聪明的核心象征 mental speed again, knowledge,
还有人提到其他能力如记忆力 and creativity also as hallmarks for intelligence.
心理速度 语言 数学 And again, it might be difficult to define it
心理速度 说过了 知识 but you have a gut feeling
和创造力也是智力的评价标志 about what it is.
准确地定义智力可能会比较困难 So, you know Homer is actually--
但是对于智力是什么 and this is part of the show--
大家会有一种本能的感觉 is actually of limited intelligence.
所以 实际上侯默 My colleague is of very high intelligence,
这也是《辛》剧的一个角色 a wonderful fellow,
实际上他的智力并不高 but he's probably not as smart as that guy
我有一个同事智商极高 who is really, really smart.
极聪明的一个家伙 And this guy, Ralph Wiggum, is particularly stupid.
但是他可能比不上另一个 And so you have a range.
同样极其聪明的人 And it's important to figure out
而这个人 拉尔夫·威格姆 又非常愚蠢 how to characterize it;
所以大家都有一个标准 this is what research does,
而重要的是想办法 but there's a gut feeling
把这一标准形象的描述出来 that there are some people who are smart
这就是研究的目的所在 and other people who are very smart
但是直觉告诉我们 and some people who are dumb and others who are very dumb.
有些人聪明 What you want to do, from a scientific standpoint,
有些人更聪明 is characterize this in a more robust and interesting fashion.
而有些人愚蠢甚至有人愚蠢至极 And the textbook has a nice review
从科学的角度来说 你需要做的 of the history of attempts to define and measure intelligence,
使用一种更有力更形象的方式来描述智力 but there is a couple of ideas I want to focus on.
课本上有一段精彩的综述 One is an idea developed by Spearman,
讲述了定义和评价智力的种种尝试 which is there's two types of intelligence.
但是有几点我们需要重点关注 There is "G" And there is "S."
一个是由斯皮尔曼提出的观点 "S" Is your ability on specific tests.
他认为存在两种类型的智力 So, if there is ten tests
一种是"G"一种是"S" that you're given
"S"指的是你在特定测试中的能力 as part of an IQ test, ten subtests,
所以 如果作为IQ测试的一部分 you'll get a different score on each of the subtests.
你需要完成 There'll be a math test and a reading test
10道题 10类子测试 and a spatial test and you'll get different scores.
在每一项子测试中你会得到不同的分数 "G" Refers to a general intelligence.
不论是数学测试 阅读测试 And the general intelligence is something
还是空间测试你都会得到不同的分数 you bring to each of the tests in common.
"G"指的是总体的智力水平 So, this is diagrammed here.
总体智力是你在每项测试中 You have these six tests.
所表现出的共同的特征 For each of them there is an "S"
这儿用图表表示了出来 and then above that there is a "G."
你参加了六项测试 Now, "G" Is a very important notion.
每一项都有一个"S"得分 The term "G" Is used by psychologists a lot
最后会有一个总体得分"G" even in casual conversation.
"G"是一个非常重要的概念 People say, "So, what do you think of him?"
心理学家常常会提到术语"G" "I think he is high 'G.'"
甚至闲聊时也是如此 And what you mean is he's a smart guy.
有人会说 "你认为这个人怎样" Why do you need "G?"
"我觉得他是个高"G"的家伙" Well, you wouldn't need "G"
这其实是说他很聪明 if your performance on each of these tests
为什么要用到"G"呢 had nothing to do with each other.
你不会需要"G" If the tests were genuinely separate,
除非你在每项测试中的表现 there'd be no general intelligence.
互不相关 But what people find over and over again is
如果这些测试真的毫无关系 that when it comes to explaining people's
也不会有总体智力这一概念 performance on multiple intellectual tasks,
但是人们常常会发现 there's two things going on.
当需要解释人们在 There's how good there is--
多项智力测试上的表现时 they are on the specific task,
会面临两个问题 but then there's also a sort of general correlation
一个是得分如何-- that people bring to the tasks.
在特定测试中的得分情况 And I could express this with an athletic analogy.
但另一方面人们在这些测试中的表现 Imagine I'm running a gym
还存在着一种总体的联系 and we have all of these different athletic tests.
我可以用一个运动学的例子来解释一下 So, we have a running test,
假设我经营着一家健身房 we have a basketball shooting test,
拥有各种各样的体育测试项目 a swimming test, fencing, a list of ten of them.
包括跑步 Now, each of you go through each of the tests
投篮 and then you'll each get ten scores.
游泳 击剑等总共十项 But what we'll discover is that
现在 你们每个人都要参加这些测试 the scores are not independent of one another.
每个人都会有十项得分 People who are good at one athletic thing
但是我们会发现 tend to be good at another.
这些得分并不是相互独立的 If there's somebody who's really good at running and swimming,
擅长于某项运动的人 odds are they're probably pretty good at climbing.
往往也在另一项目上表现出色 And the same thing holds for IQ,
如果有人极其擅长跑步和游泳 which is above and beyond
那么他们很可能也是攀岩高手 how good people are at specific things
IQ也是如此 there seems to be a factor as to how well they are in general.
人们在特定领域的 And this factor is known as "G."
表现之上 Now, there's, again,
似乎存在一个因素影响着他们的总体水平 an extensive history of modern intelligence tests
这一因素就是所谓的"G" and what's really interesting is the tests now.
不得不再次提到 What you need to know about the modern tests,
现代智力测试经历了漫长的发展 the Wechsler test for both adults and children,
但真正有趣的是测试本身 is how they're scored.
对于现代智力测试你们需要了解 The way they are scored is that 100 is average.
同时适用于成人和儿童的韦克斯勒测试 So, it's just automatic.
的评分体系 Whatever the average is is 100.
他们采用的方法是取100作为平均成绩 It's as if I did the Midterm--
这是必然条件 graded the Midterm, computed the average,
不管情况如何平均成绩都是100 gave everybody who got the average 100,
如果我安排了期中考试 said your score is 100.
评分后计算平均成绩 It's just the average.
给每位处于平均水平的同学100 It works on the normal curve and what this means is
意味着其得分是100分 that it works so that the majority,
这只是平均成绩 68%,
这符合正态曲线 也意味着 get between 85 and 115
大多数人 on their IQ test.
68% The vast majority, 95%,
在IQ测试中的得分介于 get between 70 and 130.
85和115分之间 If you are, say,
更多的人 95%的人 above 145 IQ,
得分在70和130分之间 which I imagine some people in the room are,
如果你的IQ you belong to 0.13% of the population.
得分在145之上 That's the way IQ tests work.
我相信这间教室里某些同学的确如此 Now, this is about IQ tests.
那么你属于0.13%的那部分人 We could now ask about
这就是IQ测试的计算方法 their reliability and their validity.
以上这些是关于IQ测试的内容 What do they mean?
我们现在要研究一下这些测试的 Well, this has turned out to be a matter of extreme debate.
可靠性和有效性 A lot of the debate was spawned
它们的意义何在 by the book by Herrnstein and Murray about--
关于这个问题存在着极大的争论 called The Bell Curve.
许多争论都是关于 And in The Bell Curve these authors made the argument
赫恩斯坦和默里的书上提到的 that IQ matters immensely for everyday life
贝尔曲线 and that people's status in society -
关于贝尔曲线作者们认为 how rich they are and how successful they are?
IQ与日常生活关系密切 follows from their IQ as measured in standard IQ tests.
人们的社会地位 Now, this book made a lot of claims
财富多少 成功与否 and it's probably before many of you--
与标准IQ测试他们的IQ水平相吻合 many of your time,
这本书提出了很多的主张 but spawned huge controversy.
很可能在你们中的大多数人 And as a result of this controversy
在你们中大多数人出生之前它就存在了 some interesting papers came out.
但是引发了极大的争论 One response to the Herrnstein and Murray book
基于这些争论 was by the American Psychological Association,
曾出现过一些有趣的学术文章 which put together a group of
赫恩斯坦和默里的书的回应者之一 fifty leading researchers
是美国心理学协会 in intelligence to write a report on
它组织了包括50位智力领域的 what they thought about intelligence--
顶级研究学者在内的小组 what they thought about, "Does IQ matter?
撰写了一篇报告 How does IQ relate to intelligence?
内容包括他们对于智力的看法 How does--what's the different--
对于IQ重要与否的看法 why are people different in intelligence?
以及IQ与智力有何联系 Why do different human groups differ in intelligence?"
不同的 And so on.
为什么人们在智力上存在差异 At the same time,
为什么不同的人类群体的智力水平不同 there was also another group of IQ researchers,
等等 not quite the same as the first group,
同时 got together and wrote another report.
还有另一组IQ研究学者 And if you're interested in this,
与之前一组不太相同 the links to the reports are on the Power Point slide.
他们组织起来撰写了另一篇报告 Well, what did they conclude?
如果你们感兴趣的话 The conclusions were slightly different
报告的链接就在PPT上 but here's the broad consensus by the experts
那么结论是什么呢 regarding the importance of IQ tests.
他们之间的结论存在着细微的差异 And the claim is IQ is strongly related more so--
但是这儿列出了这些专家 probably more so than any other single measurable human trait
在IQ测试的重要性上存在的广泛的共识 to many important educational, occupational,
他们认为IQ测试 economic,
与其他独立的人类特性测试相比 and social outcomes.
在许多重要的教育 职业 In some cases, the correlation is very strong
经济 社会方面的成就上 such as success in school and success in military training.
存在着更为密切的联系 In other cases, it's moderate but robust
有时这种联系会非常紧密 such as "Social competence."
如学业上的成就和军事训练上的成就 And in other cases it's smaller but consistent,
有时表现得弱一些但依然明显 "Law abidingness,"
如社会能力 and they conclude whatever IQ test measure
其他时候这种联系较为微弱却一直存在 it is of great practical and social importance.
"持久性定理" So, IQ matters. More particularly,
他们总结说无论测试结果如何 IQ matters for "Social achievement,"
IQ测试具有重要的实际意义和社会价值 for "Prestigious positions,
所以IQ事关重大 具体来说 " And for "On the job performance"
IQ关系着社会成就 and other work-related variables.
卓越的社会地位 If I know your IQ score,
工作表现 I know something about you that matters.
和其他与工作有关的可变因素 It's not irrelevant
如果我知道你的IQ得分 just as if I know your score
就可以了解与IQ相关的一些事情 on a personality test of The Big Five
这不是毫无关系的 I would know something about you
就像知道你在五因素人格测试 that actually would tell me
中的得分后 something interesting about you in the real world.
我会了解你的其他事情 On the other hand,
我会得知 there's a lot of controversy
你生活中的种种趣闻 about why this connection exists.
另一方面 So, to some extent, people have worried
对于这一联系存在的原因 that the effectiveness of IQ
仍然存在诸多争议 is a self-fulfilling prophecy.
所以 在某种程度上 人们曾担心 And here is why.
IQ测试的有效性 If society takes IQ tests important--seriously,
是自我证明的 they become important.
原因如下 So, it's true that
如果大家都把IQ测试当回事儿 your IQ is very related to your success
那么它就变得重要了 in getting into a good school like Yale.
所以 无可否认 But the reason for this, in large extent,
你的IQ水平与你是否能 is because to get to Yale
成功迈入像耶鲁这样的好学校密切相关 they give you an IQ test, the SAT.
但是这背后的原因很大程度上在于 So, the same for graduate school.
进入耶路之前 There is the GRE, which is yet another IQ test.
你需要参加一项IQ测试 即SAT So, to some extent,
对于研究生申请也是如此 it's a self-fulfilling prophecy.
你需要参加另一个IQ测试 GRE I could make--Society could choose to make how tall you are
所以从某种程度上说 extremely important for educational success.
IQ测试是在自我证明 They could say nobody under six feet tall
我可以--社会可以设定标准 gets into Yale.
让身高成为学术成就的重要因素 And then some psych professor would stand up and say,
他们可以规定身高不超过6英寸的人 "Of course, height is profoundly related
不得进入耶鲁 to educational accomplishment,"
之后一些心理学家会站出来说 and it would be because people made it so.
"身高理所当然地 So, to some extent,
影响到学术成就” the society that draws highly on IQ tests
这其实是人为因素使然 regarding promotion and educational achievement
所以某种程度上 and military status and so on--
社会对于IQ测试 it's just going to follow that IQ then becomes important.
比如涉及到晋升 教育 At the same time, however,
和参军等问题时表现出极大的依赖性 the role of IQ is pretty clearly
理所当然IQ就变得重要了 not entirely a social construction.
然而与此同时 There is some evidence that your IQ score
IQ测试的作用 relates to intelligence in an interesting sense
绝不仅仅表现在社会层面上 including domains like mental speed
有一些例子可以证明你的IQ得分 and memory span.
多少会影响到你在 So, your score on an IQ test, for instance,
心理速度 is to some extent related to how fast you could think
记忆能力等方面表现出的智力水平 and your memory abilities.
例如 IQ测试的得分 Now, I want to shift to the second half of the class
一定程度上反映了你的反应速度 and talk about why.
和记忆力 So, we talked about two differences,
现在我们要转入下半部分内容的学习 one in "Personality", one "Intelligence."
来讲一下其中的原因 I want to talk about
我们已经讲了两种差异 why people differ
一种是"人格" 一种是"智力" but before I do, do people have any questions?
接下来我会讲一下人与人之间 Yes.
为什么存在不同 Yes.
但是在开始之前 有人想要提问吗 Yes.
你来 It's good question.
是的 The question is this young man took--
是的 just took a personality test.
一个不错的问题 He was accepted into Slytherin,
问题是这样的 如果这个年轻人 which is a Hogwarts reference.
刚参加了一项人格测试 I'm hip to that and--
他被斯莱德林录取了 but the question is a good one.
霍格沃茨的学院之一 You're a clever man, high "G,"
我也是"哈迷" and you wanted to be in Slytherin.
他的问题很好 How do we know
你很聪明 智商很高 you didn't work the test?
你想进斯莱德林 You're going to get these personality tests all the time
如何才能知道你没有操纵测试 and the personality tests--
来使结果符合自己的要求呢 You're applying for a business
你们会时不时接触到这类人格测试 and one of the tests says
这类人格测试-- "I like to steal from my bosses."
假设你正在申请进入商学院 Well, I don't think so. No.
而测试中有一道题说道 That's a little IQ test right there.
"我喜欢偷老板的东西" So, the question is how do you avoid that problem?
我不会这样做 不会 The test constructors have done so in certain clever ways.
这是一个简单的例子 For instance, there are often catch questions
问题在于如何避免这个麻烦 designed to catch a liar.
出题者采用了几种巧妙的办法 Some of these questions pose very unrealistic
例如 经常会有一些刻意设计的怪题 phenomena so you might have a question in there saying
用来揭露说患者 "I have never done anything I am ashamed of."
这类问题有时会是非常不合情理的描述 Now, some people will say,
比如你可能遇到一个问题是 "Yes, that's true of me,"
"我从没做过任何亏心事" but they tend to be liars.
有人会说 And so, unrealistic questions tend to catch liars.
"是 我是这样的" Also, you get the same question asked in different ways
但是他们往往在说谎 across the one hundred items
所以不合情理的问题可以发现说谎者 and they could use the correlations
同时 你会遇到同一个问题以不同方式 to figure these things out.
在这100道题中反复出现 Again, the proof is sort of in the pudding.
而彼此之间的关联 The reliability and validity of a test
可以解决这些问题 is determined, in part,
还要再次提到 实践是最好的检验 by just how well it does
一项测试是否可靠和有效 at predicting your future performance on the test
部分取决于 and your real world performance.
这项测试是否能准确 And a test that is easily fooled--
预测你未来测试的成绩 easily tricked by smart people
和你在现实生活中的表现 wouldn't survive long as a personality test.
能够被聪明人轻易识破 So, we know the test you got
并操纵的测试 is a pretty good test
不会成为长久可行的人格测试 because it seems to work for most people.
所以 我们知道你接受的 Yes.
是一项十分合理的测试 It's a good question.
因为它对大多数人都是适用的 The question was about "Emotional IQ,"
你来 which is something I'm actually going to touch upon
不错的问题 a little bit later in the course,
这是一个关于"情商"的问题 but people have talked about different forms of intelligence.
"情商"的内容我会在 And emotional intelligence, social intelligence,
之后的课程中讲到 is arguably a candidate for success
人们提到过各个方面的智力水平 across different domains.
而情商或社会智力 The evidence for its predictive power
对于不同领域的成功来说 is not as strong as
都是颇具争议的影响因素 for regular IQ tests
对于其预测能力 so you might be right.
还没有得到像常规IQ测试一样的 It might turn out to be a much better predictor
强有力的证明 but one, it's not clear that we know that yet.
你可能是对的 Peter Salovey has actually
结果可能是一个好得多的预言者 done some very interesting research on this
但首先 我们知道尚不够清楚 and is continuing work along those lines.
彼得沙络维曾经 The second thing is emotional intelligence is actually
在这方面做过一些非常有趣的研究 related to good, old-fashioned intelligence.
并将持续这项工作 They kind of pull together a lot.
第二 情商确实 So, it's not entirely separate
与出色的老式智力有关 but that's a good point
他们彼此联系密切 and I'd like to return to it a little bit later on in the course.
所以 不能完全割裂来看 Yes.
但好的一点是 Good question.
本课过段时间我会再讲回这里 How do you determine when-- what a good test is?
什么问题 And again,
好问题 it's a real art going through the details
你怎么判断什么才是一个好测试 of how to do that
再次 but the broad answers involve reliability and validity.
如果去仔细检查工作的细节 It's a good test if I test you today
是一门真正的艺术 and I test you tomorrow and I get the same score.
不过泛泛而答的话包括了可靠性与正确性 It's a really good test if your score on
如果今天和明天都给你测试而结果相同 that test predicts your grades or,
那就是一个好测验 if it's a personality test,
如果测验结果与你的预期相同 predicts how many girlfriends you have
那就是一个好的测验 or predicts whether people think you're a nice guy.
如果是一个个性测试 So, you have to see both the replicability of the test over time
预测你有多少个女朋友 but also its relationship to real world phenomena.
或者其他人是否觉得你是好人 And that's important, again.
你必须要保证测验可以多次重复 Why do we know the Batman,
而且符合现实世界的现象 Wonder Woman, Hulk test
再次强调 is a bad one?
为什么我们知道蜘蛛侠 Well, one answer is because what I--
神奇女侠 绿巨人测验 how I score on that test
是一个糟糕的测验 isn't going to tell you anything about me.
答案是 因为 It's not going to relate to my grades.
我如何给测验赋分 It's not going to relate to how well I'm liked.
跟我本身完全没关系 How do we know the SAT is useful?
跟我的打分也没关系 Well, it actually corresponds with other things like grades.
不涉及别人对我的喜好 Yes, in back.
我们怎么知道SAT[美国高考]很有用 Absolutely. The question is--
它事实上与很多诸如分数之类的东西一样 When I'm talking about personality
后面的同学有什么问题 I'm defining it in terms of
的确 问题在于 something which is stable over time.
当我谈到个性 And your question, which is a good one, is,
我对它的定义是 "How do we know it's stable over time?"
随时间稳定存在的东西 Can't it change? And the answer is "Yeah."
你的问题很好 A lot of personality does change over time.
"我们怎么知道它随时间而稳定" A personality test you give to a ten-year-old will relate
它能改变吗 答案是"是的" but not so strongly with that individual when he's fifty.
很多个性都会随时间改变 On the other hand,
一个针对十岁小孩的个性测验 we know that the psychological claim
也可以用于五十岁的个体 但不够有效 that there exists such a thing as personality
还句话说 and it is stable over time.
我们知道心理学 It's supported by the fact that
与存在的所谓个性有关 if you're an extrovert now
它随时间而稳定 you'll likely be an extrovert twenty years from now.
可以作为证据的是 Not perfectly, so you're right.
如果你现在是个外向的人 You could change.
很可能二十年后仍是个外向的人 You could become an introvert,
这并不绝对 所以你是对的 you could become more of an extrovert,
有可能改变 but wherever you stand now is significantly
你有可能变得内向 related to where you'll be in the future.
你可能变得更外向 And that justifies talking about it as a stable trait.
但显而易见 你现在的状态 Same with IQ. Your IQ might change.
会影响将来的情况 It might go up, it might go down,
所以仍可以看作一个稳定的特质 but it won't go up and go down that much
与智商相同 你的智商也可能改变 and this is why it makes sense to talk about intelligence
可能会上升 可能会下降 as a more or less stable trait.
但不会升降太多 Okay. Why are we different?
这就是为什么可以说得通 Well, you're different because of two things:
智力差不多是一种稳定的特质 Your genes and your environment,
我们为什么不同 your nature and your nurture,
人们的差异有两个原因 your heredity and your experience.
你的基因和你的环境 And this doesn't say anything.
你的本性和你的教育 This is just defining the question.
你的遗传和你的经历 But the question of the role of genes
这说明不了什么 and the role of environment
这只是给问题下定义 in explaining human differences is an interesting one
不过基因扮演的角色 and it could be explored in different ways.
和环境扮演的角色 But before talking about it
在解释人类区别的问题上相当有趣 I have to clear up a common misconception.
它可能在不同方面起作用 I'm going to talk about the effects of genes
但在阐述之前 and I'm going to talk about heredity
我必须扫除一个常规的误解 but I want to be clear.
我要讲解基因的影响 I am talking about the role of genes
我会讲到遗传 and also the role of environment
但我必须讲清楚 in explaining human differences,
我会讲到基因 not in explaining human characteristics.
和环境在解释人类区别时 So, the distinction is we're interested in
分别扮演的角色 the amount of variation due to genetic differences,
而不是解释人类特征 not the proportion of an individual's trait that's due to genes.
所以 我们关注的区别 So for instance, you could pull these apart.
是基因差异所引起的差异幅度 The question of--
而不是基因影响的某个个体特征的部分 When we ask what's the role of genes,
这样说吧 你可以将它们分开 what's the role of heredity in how tall people are,
问题在于 the question is not asking for you--
当我们问 基因扮演了什么角色 what is the role of your genes in determining how tall you are?
在人的身高方面遗传的作用是什么 It's not clear that's even a sensible question.
这问题不是问你 The question is there's a height difference
你的基因是怎样决定你的身高的 between you and me and him and her.
这并不清楚 哪怕这是个好问题 How do we explain that difference?
问题在于身高不同 And I could illustrate
存在于你和我和他和她之间 why heredity doesn't mean the same thing
我们怎样解释这个区别 as the contribution of the genes.
我可以举个例子 Height is reasonably heritable,
为什么遗传与 meaning
基因的贡献意义不同 the differences between people in the population
身高遗传是合理的 and how tall they are is due in large part,
意思是 not entirely,
人群中人与人之间 but in large part to their genes.
能长到多高的区别绝大部分取决于 What about the number of legs people have?
不是全部 Well, the number of legs people have
但大部分取决于他们的基因 from zero, one or two,
那人们拥有的腿的数量呢 is actually not very heritable at all
人们拥有的腿的数量 because almost everybody has two legs
是零 一或者二 and people who have fewer than two legs typically
实际上跟遗传完全无关 have lost one or both legs in an accident.
因为几乎每个人都有两条腿 It's not due to their genes.
而少于两条腿的人基本上 So, of course,
都是因为意外失去了一或两条腿 whether or not you have legs is a very genetic matter
并不取决于基因 but the differences in number of legs
当然 is not usually genetic.
你有没有腿是基因决定的 And so, heredity is a claim about differences,
但腿的数量区别 not a claim about the origin of any specific trait.
通常不是遗传原因 Well, now we--That's what heredity, which is genetic--
所以 遗传是差异性的必要条件 Now, we could talk about environment.
并不是某些特征的起因 And we could break up environment into two sorts of environment.
这就是遗传性 也就是基因决定 One is shared environment.
现在来谈谈环境 And shared environment is the extent to
我们可以将环境分成两种类型 which the differences are caused by things--
一个是共享的环境 by phenomena that people raised in the same household share.
共享的环境的范围就是 So if one--Suppose some of you are neurotic.
造成差异的那些事-- And suppose we want to say
人们在同一屋檐下成长的现象 part of that's due to your environment.
假设某些人很神经质 Well, suppose you're neurotic because you have lousy parents.
并假定一定程度上 That would be part of your shared environment
是你们的环境造成的 because presumably siblings raised in the same household
那么 假定神经质是因为有糟糕的父母 would have the same lousy parents.
这就是你共享环境的一部分 This is contrasted with non-shared environment,
因为推测成长在同一屋檐下的兄弟姐妹 which is everything else.
也有着相同的糟糕父母 Suppose I think you're neurotic
这和非共享环境形成对照 because when you were five years old
一切都不同 somebody threw a snowball at you
假定你很神经质 and it bounced off your head.
是因为你五岁的时候 That's non-shared environment.
某人向你扔了个雪球 Suppose you're neurotic
砸到你的脑袋 because you won the lottery when you were twenty-one
这就是非共享环境 and all the money messed you up.
假设你的神经质 That'd be non-shared environment.
是因为你二十一岁的时候赢了大乐透 So, what you have here is heredity,
金钱使你的生活一团糟 shared environment and non-shared environment,
这也是非共享环境 and this equals one.
所以 这儿有遗传 That's everything.
共享环境和非共享环境 Non-shared environment is a sort of garbage can category
这就是全部 that includes everything that's not heredity
所有的一切 and not shared environment.
非共享环境就像一个垃圾桶 Suppose you think you're neurotic
它包括了除了遗传 because aliens from the planet Pluto are zapping your brain.
和共享环境外的一切 Suppose you're right.
假定你觉得自己的神经质 Well, that would be non-shared environment
因为来自冥王星的外星人攻击了你的大脑 because they're, presumably, not necessarily
假定你是对的 zapping your siblings' brains.
那么 这是个非共享环境 Everything else is non-shared environment.
显而易见 It becomes interesting to ask,
没必要也攻击你兄弟姐妹的大脑 for all of these differences,
其它的一切都是非共享环境 the physical differences like height,
有意思的是 but psychological differences like
所有的这些差异 personality and intelligence,
包括身体上的差异 比如身高 how do we parcel it out into what's genetic
但心理上的差异 and what's environmental?
比如性格和智商 This proves to be really difficult in the real world
我们怎么能搞清楚哪些是遗传原因 because in the real world
哪些又是环境原因 it's hard to pull apart genes and environments.
这在现实世界里很难证明 you and me will have different personalities.
因为在现实世界里 Why? Well, we were raised by different parents
很难把基因和环境分割开来 and we have different genes.
你和我有不同的个性 We can't tell--
为什么 我们被不同的父母抚养长大 My brother and me
而且有不同的基因 might share all sorts of things in common
我们不能说-- but we have the same parents and the same genes,
我兄弟和我 fifty percent of the same genes.
可能分享很多共同的东西 So how do we tell what's causing us to be alike?
基因的自由组合定律告诉我们基因相同的概率完全不确定 So to do--to pull these things apart
但我们有相同的父母和相同的基因 you need to be clever.
百分之五十的相同基因 You need to use the tools of behavioral genetics.
我们怎么能知道是什么导致我们的相似 And to use these tools
所以 要把这些东西分割来看 you have to exploit certain regularities
你必须很聪明 about genes and about environment.
你需要用到行为遗传性作为工具 One thing is this. Some people are clones.
在用这些工具时 Monozygotic twins are genetic duplicates.
你必须先确定关于基因和环境 They share one hundred percent of the same genes.
的特定规则 That's kind of interesting.
有一件事 一些人是克隆的 Dizygotic twins are not clones.
同卵双胞胎存在基因重复 They share fifty/fifty.
他们共享百分之百的相同基因 They are just like regular siblings.
这很有意思 And adopted siblings have no special genetic overlap.
异卵双胞胎就不是克隆 That's zero percent above and beyond randomness.
他们共享一半的基因 Those three groups then become rather interesting
跟一般的兄弟姐妹一样 particularly when we keep in mind
而收养的兄弟姐妹没有特定的基因重复 that by definition two people raised
完全没有超过随机的部分 in the same house by the same parents
这三组变得相当有趣 have one hundred percent the same shared environment.
特别是当我们想着 So now, we can start to answer these questions.
按照定义两个人 Suppose you find that monozygotic twins
在同一屋檐下被相同的父母抚养 are much more similar than dizygotic twins.
他们享有的环境完全相同 Well, that would suggest that
现在 可以开始回答问题了 there's a large role of genes
假定你找到了这样的同卵双胞胎 in those traits that you're interested in.
他们比异卵双胞胎像得多 It would not cinch the matter
那么 很可能 because there are other factors at work.
在你感兴趣的那些特征上 For instance, monozygotic twins
基因起了很大的作用 look more alike than dizygotic twins
这没那么容易解决 and maybe they have different and--
因为还有其它因素在起作用 they have more similar environments
例如 同卵双胞胎 because of this similarity in appearance.
比异卵双胞胎更相像 Are monozygotic twins just as similar as dizygotic twins?
而他们可能有不同 If so, then it would show that
也可能有更相似的环境 that extra overlap in genes doesn't really matter.
因为他们在外表上相似 And so, it would suggest a low role of heredity.
同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎一样相似吗 Are adopted children
如果是 那就说明 highly similar to their brothers and sisters?
更多的基因重复并没有起作用 If so, then there's a high role of shared environment.
那么 很可能遗传的作用很小 Suppose the Bloom children,
收养的小孩 and there are seven of them, all have an IQ of 104
会和他们的兄弟姐妹高度相似吗 and we adopt three kids
如果是 那么共享环境起了很大的作用 and then at the end of the day
假设布罗姆有七个小孩 those three kids each have an IQ of 104.
他们的智商都是104 That would suggest that--
我们收养了其中三个 And we do this over and over again across different families.
然后在一天结束的时候 That would suggest that there's something about the Bloom family
每个孩子的智商都是104 being raised by me
这就是说 that gives you an IQ of 104.
我们在不同的家庭多次重复了这个实验 On the other hand,
这就是说 是布罗姆家庭的原因 if the IQ of the adopted kids had no relationship
使得我抚养的小孩 to those of the biological Bloom children,
得到了104的智商 it would suggest that being raised by me
换句话说 has no effects really on your IQ.
如果这些小孩的智商跟布罗姆家庭的小孩 It's sort of separate.
没有任何生物学上的关系 A separate--A second--A final contrast,
那就意味着被我抚养 which is the thing that psychologists love,
丝毫不影响你的智商 is identical twins reared apart.
这就分离开了 That's the gold standard
一个决定性的对照 because you have these people who are clones
这事心理学家很爱做 but they're raised in different families.
是让同卵双胞胎分开成长 And to the extent that they are similar
这是条黄金法则 this suggests it's a similarity of their genes.
因为你让这些克隆的人 And in fact,
在不同的家庭成长 one of the most surprising findings in behavioral genetics--
如果他们仍然相似 The caption here is "Separated at Birth,
就说明他们的基因相似 the Mallifert Twins Meet Accidentally."
而事实上 ended up at a patent office with the same device.
在行为遗传学中有一个令人惊奇的发现 One of the hugely surprising findings from behavioral genetics
这标题是 "出生即分离 is how alike identical twins reared apart are.
马尔菲特家的双胞胎偶然相遇" They seem to have similar attitudes to the death penalty,
结束于专利局 用了相同的图案 to religion and to modern music.
在行为遗传学里最令人惊讶的发现 They have similar rates of behavior in
是分开成长的同卵双胞胎有多么相似 crime, gambling and divorce.
他们似乎对死刑 宗教 现代音乐 They often have been found to have bizarre similarities.
都有着相同的态度 They meet after being separated at birth
他们在犯罪 赌博和离婚 and they meet at age thirty
的行为上比例相同 and then it turns out that
他们通常都有一些奇异的相似点 they both get in to a lot of trouble
他们出生即分离 然后相遇 because they pretend to sneeze in elevators.
此时已年届三十 There was one pair of twins studied by behavioral genetics
结果他们 who were known as the "Giggle Twins"
都因为在电梯里打喷嚏 Because they were-- both would always giggle,
而招惹了很多麻烦 they'd burst into giggles at every moment
这就是用于行为遗传性研究的一对双胞胎 even though it couldn't be environment
他们以"傻笑双胞胎"著称 because they weren't raised together.
因为他们都经常傻笑 More objectively,
他们任何时候都可能突然傻笑 the brain scans of identical twins reared apart
但是跟环境没关系 show that their brains are so similar
因为他们并非共同成长 in many cases you can't tell whose brain is who.
更客观的是 I could tell your brain from my brain from a brain scan
这对分开成长的双胞胎的大脑扫描 and my brother's brain from my brain from a brain scan.
显示他们的大脑在各种方面 But if I were to have an identical twin it
非常相似 你分不清谁是谁 would be very difficult to tell whose brain is whose
我可以分辨出你我大脑扫描图的区别 even if we had no environment in common.
我与我兄弟大脑扫描图的区别 So, this leads to two surprising findings
但如果有一堆同卵双胞胎 of behavioral genetics.
就非常难分辨哪个大脑是哪个的 This is the first one.
哪怕他们没有过共同的环境 There is high heritability for almost everything.
所以 这导致了两个行为遗传学上的 For intelligence, for personality,
惊奇发现 for how happy you are, for how religious you are,
这是第一个 for your political orientation, there--
几乎任何事都有高度的遗传性 for your sexual orientation, there is high heritability.
对于智力 性格 There's a high effect of genes for just about everything.
你有多开心 你的宗教信仰 Now, that's actually not the controversial thing
你的政治立场 I'm going to tell you.
你的性取向 都是高度遗传性 But before getting to the more controversial thing
基因几乎在所有事情上都有很大影响 I want to raise another issue which often gets discussed
这毫无争议 and has a good treatment in the textbook.
我要告诉你 This suggests that individual differences within this--
但在进入更多争议的内容之前 within a group have genetic causes.
我想说下另一个经常被讨论的案例 Does that mean that group differences
书上有个好的治疗方案 are largely the result of genetic causes?
它认为同一组内的个体差异 So, we know that there are clear differences in IQ scores
存在遗传原因 among American racial groups,
这是否意味着组间差异 between whites and Asians, African Americans, Ashkenazi Jews.
会扩大遗传导致的结果 here's clear and reliable IQ differences
我们知道在美国各种族间 as well as some other differences.
智商得分上有明显差异 Now, to some extent,
白人 亚裔 黑人和德系犹太人之间 these groups are partially socially constructed.
有着显著可靠的智商差异 And what this means is
与其他的差异相同 that whether or not you fall into a group
在某种程度上 it's not entirely determined by your genetic makeup.
这些组部分由社会构成 It's often determined by social decisions.
意思是说 So, whether or not you count as a Jew, for instance,
不论你分到哪个组 depends not entirely on genetic factors
都并不完全由你的基因组成决定 but also on factors such as
它通常由社会决策来决定 whether you're reform or orthodox and whether you--
所以 比如 你是否算是犹太人 so whether you would accept
并不完全取决于遗传因素 that a child of a Jewish man and a non-Jewish woman
还有另一些因素 例如 is Jewish.
你是激进还是保守 Similarly, categories like African American and white and Asian
你是否接受 often overlap broad genetic categories
一个犹太男人和一个非犹太女人 and they don't make fully coherent genetic sense.
生个犹太小孩 At the same time though,
同样的 黑人 白人还是亚裔的分类 there is plainly some genetic differences across human groups
通常比遗传分类更多重叠 and say with regard to vulnerability to disease.
他们并没有完全一致的遗传意义 Ashkenazi Jews for instance are vulnerable to Tay-Sachs.
而与此同时 And the fact that you could have this
的确在人群之间有一些基因差异 sort of genetic vulnerability suggests
以至于基因缺陷会导致疾病 that there is some sort of reality to these groups.
例如德系犹太人易患家族黑蒙性白痴 So, you have to ask the question now, to what extent
事实上这些 does the high heritability in individuals
基因缺陷说明了 mean that there has to be a heritable explanation across groups?
这些组的某些现实 And the answer is "Not at all."
于是 你肯定要问 I'm not saying that this means that
个体间的高度遗传性 there's no genetic explanation for human group differences.
是不是意味着组间差异也是遗传造成的 All I'm saying is the question of the phenomena of--
答案是 "完全不是" within-group genetic differences does not mean
我并不是说这意味着 that there is across-group genetic--
人类群体的差异没有遗传学的解释 sorry, between-group genetic differences.
我是说针对这样的现象 There is a nice example by Richard Lewontin,
组内的遗传差异并不意味着 the geneticist,
影响到组间遗传 where he imagines two plots of
组间的遗传差异 --what are you--some sort of wheat, yeah,
这是理查德·列万庭的一个范例 two plots of land
他是一个遗传学家 and each one has a set of seeds and--
这里是他设想的两小块土地 Oh, no. They're over there.
这是一些小麦 No. Anyway, one of them you fertilize a lot.
两块地 The other one you fertilize a little.
每块一组种子 Now, within each plot
啊不 在这 how much the seed grows
不 无所谓了 其中一块大量施肥 is actually largely determined by the genetics of the seed.
另一块只施一点肥料 And so, you'd find high heritability
现在 每块土地之内 for growth in the seeds.
种子的长势 But the difference between groups
确实很大程度上取决于种子的基因 has no genetic cause at all.
于是 你可以看到种子的生长 It's caused by which groups you fertilize more than others.
有很高的遗传性 Here's another way to do the logic.
但是不同组之间 Suppose from the middle down here,
跟遗传一点关系都没有 you guys, I hate you, I really hate all of you,
它取决于哪一组你多施了肥料 and I like you, so I make up two Midterms.
这是另一种逻辑思路 You probably didn't notice
假定从这里开始 but there were two Midterms.
这部分同学 我恨你们 深恶痛绝 This Midterm was fiercely hard, savagely hard .
但我喜欢你们 所以我定两套期中考卷 It took many of you until the end of class to do it.
你们可能不会注意到 This Midterm was, you know,
但我定了两套卷子 "Which is bigger, a dog or an elephant?"
这部分人的期中考卷是百般刁难 because I like you and I want you all to succeed.
让你们不得不拖到考试结束才交卷 So, you have two different groups,
而这边的期中考 you guys and you guys.
就像是问狗和大象哪个更大那样简单 Within each group some people
因为我喜欢你们 想让你们都过 are going to do better than others.
所以大家分成两组 The explanation for that
这边一组 这边一组 might actually have to do with your genes.
组内 部分人的成绩 It might have to do with your environment,
会高出另一些人 how much you study, but all sorts of reasons for that.
对此的解释 Within each group some of you
可能与你们的基因有关了 will do better on the hard test than others on the hard test,
也可能牵扯到环境因素 some better on the easy test than others on the easy test.
学习的努力程度等等众多因素 But how do we explain the group difference?
考试难度大的组内 Well, it has nothing to do with genes.
会有部分人的成绩高于其他人 The group difference,
考试难度低的组内亦是如此 the fact that you will do much worse than you,
但是 我们怎样来解释组间差异呢 has to do with the exams I give.
嗯 这与基因无关 My point, again,
这一组间差异 is that there is a logical difference
你们的成绩远低于你们 between a within-group difference,
实际上与我给你们的考卷不同有关 within this half of the class,
我想说的是 and a difference between groups,
组内差异 within--between this group and this group.
即这部分同学 What do we know about--;
成绩的差异 So, that just shows they're not the same thing
与组间差异 but what's the fact of the matter?
即两组同学间成绩的差异是有区别的 What do we know about human differences
于此 我们知道... between different human groups?
所以 这只说明了他们不同 Again, the textbook has a good discussion of this
但为什么会造成这一区别呢 but I'm going to give two reasons from the textbook
不同被试组的个体差异 that at least group differences are at least to
有何区别呢 a large extent due to environmental and not genetic causes.
课本对此进行了讨论 One is that the differences we find in IQ
但我想指出课本上的两点原因 seem to correspond better to socially defined groups
来解释组间差异至少大部分是由 than genetically defined groups.
环境因素 而非基因所造成的 They seem to correspond to groups
其中之一便是智商高低与遗传基因的 defined in terms of how people treat you
相关程度 似乎低于 and how people think about you
与社会因素的相关程度 as opposed to your DNA.
比起你的DNA来说 And to the extent that turns out to be true
别人怎样待你 that would mean that a genetic explanation
怎样评价你 is not reasonable for those differences.
与智商的相关程度更高 A second factor is
如果这被证实为真的话 that we know IQ can differ radically
那么着意味着此间区别 without any genetic differences at all.
不能归咎于基因差异 And the most dramatic evidence of that is the Flynn effect.
第二点是 The Flynn effect is one of the freakier findings.
我们都知道 即使基因没有任何差异 The Flynn effect is the finding
个体的智商也可存在本质区别 that people have been getting smarter.
对此 最有力的证据即弗林效应 You are much smarter on average
弗林效应是众多奇特的发现之一 than your parents
弗林效应 if--
指个体的智商逐年增加的现象 and the IQ tests hide that.
平均起来 我们这一代 Here is why they hide that.
比我们的父辈更聪明 They hide that because they always make 100 the average.
如果... So, you come home and you say,
而智商测试却掩盖了这一现象 "Dad, Dad, I just did an IQ test. I got 120."
为什么会掩盖这一现象呢 And your father says, "Good work, Son.
因为它假设主体人口的平均智商为100 I got 122 when I was your age,"
所以 你跑回家 说 but what neither of you acknowledge
"爸 我刚在智商测试中拿了120" is your test was much harder.
你爸爸则会回答 "干得不错 孩子 As people got better,
我是你这么大的时候我拿了122呢" they had to make the test harder and harder.
但你们俩都没有注意到 And this is plotted by the Flynn effect.
你的测试实际上难度更大 One of these lines is
随着智力水平的上升 One of these lines is American
人们不得不把测试的难度设定得越来越大 and one is Dutch.
这幅图就绘制出了弗林效应 I don't know which is which
其中一条折线 but the gist of it is that somebody who would have--
代表美国人的智商水平 that if you in 1980
另一条是荷兰人的 would take the 1950 test,
我不记得分别对应哪条了 your average person in 1980
但这幅图旨在说明 某些人会... would score 120 on the 1950 test.
如果你生活在1980年 What this means is if you take your person who's average now
转而去做1950年的智商测试的话 and push him back through time twenty years, thirty years,
在1980年处于平均水平的人 he would do much better than average.
做1950年的测试 得分会是120 Nobody knows why people are getting smarter
也就是说 如果你将现在智商处于 and there's different theories of this.
平均水平的人带回20或30年前 And in fact, well, wait until you see your reading response.
他的测试得分会高得多 But
没人知道为什么人们变得越来越聪明了 But what this illustrates is that
而对此的解释有多种理论 IQ can change dramatically over the span of a few decades
而事实上 你们的阅读笔记有得写了 without any corresponding genetic change.
但 And that leaves open the possibility,
这里所阐明的是 in fact, maybe the likelihood,
几十年间 智商可产生巨变 that the differences we find in human groups,
但不造成任何相应的基因变化 existing human groups,
这就使得以下情况成为了可能 are caused by the same environmental effects
而且可能性极高 that have led to the Flynn effect.
那就是人与人之间的差异 Okay. This is not the surprising claim though,
当下人类群体的差异 the high heritability for almost everything.
可能是由造成弗林效应的 This is the surprising claim.
同一环境因素引起的 Almost everything that's not genetic
但这一论断并不足以为奇 is due to non-shared environments.
即几乎万物都存在遗传性 The behavioral genetic analyses suggest that
这一论断才令人称奇 shared environment counts for little or nothing.
几乎所有非遗传因素造成的差异 When it comes to personality or intelligence then,
都归咎于环境的不同 an adopted child is no more similar to his siblings
行为遗传学认为 than he or she is to a stranger.
环境因素几乎不起作用 To put it a different way,
对于个体的人格和智力 the IQ correlation in
个体与其养兄弟姐妹的相似程度 genetically unrelated adults
同其与陌生人的相似度相比没有什么不同 who are raised in the same family is about zero.
换种说法即 Suppose the Bloom family all has an IQ of 104
无血缘关系的成年人 and we adopt a kid.
即使生活在同一个家庭 What will this kid's--
其智商的相关系数也接近于零 We adopt him as a baby.
假定布鲁姆一家的智商均为104 We raise him to be a twenty-year-old.
然后我们收养了一小孩 What's his IQ? Answer?
那么这个小孩 We have no idea because the IQ of the Bloom family
在婴儿时期就被收养了 who are unrelated to him has no effect at all.
养至20岁 Now,
那么他的智商是多少 if you think about the implications of it,
无从得知 因为布鲁姆一家的智商水平 it becomes controversial and Newsweek,
与这个养子没有任何关系 I think, caught the big issue
那么 when they put in their title the question
再想想此间的深层含义 "Do parents matter?" And the question--
就变得尚存争议了 And the issue is parents are shared environment.
我想《新闻周刊》刊出题为 To say shared environment does not affect
《父母真的重要吗》一文 your intelligence or your personality
就找到了问题所在 suggests that how your parents raised you
问题在于父母是环境的营造者 does not affect your gene--
如果说环境并不影响 your intelligence or your personality.
个体的智力或人格 This isn't to say your parents didn't have a big effect
那么父母的教养方式 on your intelligence and personality.
也不会影响个体的基因... Your parents had a huge effect
个体的智力或人格 on your intelligence and your personality,
这并不是说父母对子女智力 around 0.5 actually.
和人格的影响不大 They had this effect at the moment of conception.
事实上 父母对子女的智力和人格 From then on in,
的影响很大 they played very little role in shaping you--
约占0.5 what you are.
他们在受精那一刻产生影响 The case for this which generated the Newsweek cover
自那刻开始 came up in a controversial book by Judith Harris
他们在塑造你的整个过程中无异于 called The Nurture Assumption
杯水车薪 which has a very long subtitle,
对此的解释来自朱迪斯·哈里斯的 "Why Parents Turn--Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do,
《教养的假设》一书 Parents Matter Less than You Think
也引出了《新闻周刊》上的这篇采访稿 and Peers Matter More."
该书的副标题挺长的 Judith Harris has had an interesting history.
为什么孩子会这样做 She was kicked out of graduate school at Harvard
父母的影响比想象的低 and told that she wouldn't amount to much.
而同伴影响更大 The person who wrote the letter saying that
朱迪斯·哈里斯的生平经历挺有趣的 she was not going to amount to much
她曾被踢出哈佛研究生院 was the department chair, George Miller.
并被告知她不过是退学大军中的一员罢了 In 1997, she won the George Miller award
而写信告诉她 for her astounding accomplishments.
她不过是退学大军中的沧海一粟的 And when she wrote the book she took as a starting point,
是研究生院院长 乔治·米勒 her point of disagreement,
而在1997年 她因表现突出 a famous poem by the poet Philip Larkin
而获乔治·米勒奖 and many of you have probably heard this.
当她起笔写这本书时 The poem goes like this:
她将诗人菲利普·拉金的 They fuck you up, your mum and dad.
一首著名诗篇作为其反驳的起始点 They may not mean to but they do.
这首诗估计大家都听过 They fill you with the faults they had
这首诗是 And add some extra just for you.
你的爸妈 操坏了你 The last line of the poem, the last bit of the poem, ends:
他们无意 却已成实 "Man hands on misery to man.
父母之错 加之与你 It deepens like a coastal shelf.
另加特典 奉其于卿 Get out as early as you can and don't have any kids yourself."
而这首诗的最后一行 最后一部分是 It's beautiful. Harris wrote a rebuttal:
"苦难深重 世代相传 "How sharper than a serpent's tooth
如海般深 若山般沉 to hear your child make such a fuss.
回头是岸 断子绝孙" It isn't fair. It's not the truth.
很美吧 而哈里斯则写了首来反驳他 He's fucked up, yes, but not by us."
"子不羁 Just to show that academic debates never end,
如剜心头肉 a British psychoanalyst named Oliver James,
事不公 outraged by Judith Harris' book
并非我之错" The Nurture Assumption,
只是想说明学术争论永不会停息罢了 wrote another book in response called They Fuck You Up.
英国精神分析学家奥利佛·詹姆斯 Now,
被朱迪斯·哈里斯的 how do you tell your grandparents,
《教养假设》一书激怒 "I wrote a book." "What's it called?"
结果他又写了本《他们害了你》来反击 "Can't tell you."
那么 Anyway, look.
这该怎么告诉你父母呢 If you're paying attention, this has to sound wrong.
"我写了本书" "书名是什么?" You must be thinking
"说不出口" of course there must be an effect of shared environment.
无论怎样 瞧 Of course parents have an effect.
如果想一想 这观点听起来像是谬论 After all, good kids have good parents.
你可能会认为 There is no doubt at all that this is true.
环境因素当然会起作用 There is a high correlation
父母教养方式的差异当然会起作用 between parent and child for everything.
毕竟 优秀的孩子都有优秀的父母 If your parents read a lot
毫无疑问 这当然是真的 and there's a lot of books in your house,
在各方面 you will become a reader.
父母和子女的情况都高度相关 If your parents are religious, you will be religious.
如果你父母博览群书 If you're raised by Bonnie and Clyde,
家里汗牛充栋 you will be a young thug.
你也会成为嗜书之人 If your parents are poor,
如果你父母信教 你也将一样 you're likely to be poor.
如果你爸妈是邦妮和克莱德 If your parents are brilliant,
邦妮和克莱德为强盗片《雌雄大盗》主人公 you're likely to be brilliant.
那你就是小大盗 No doubt at all. It is an extremely robust correlation.
如果你爸妈穷困潦倒 But the problem is this correlation
你也富不到哪去 could be explained in different ways.
如果你爸妈聪明绝顶 Everybody thinks it's because parents do something
那你也可能颖悟绝人 that affects their kids.
绝对如此 两者之间绝对具有相关性 Your parents are bookish, they read to their kids,
但问题在于 这一相关关系 so their kids become bookish,
可从不同的角度予以解释 but another possibility, which we know is true,
每个人都认为 是父母的举止行为 that almost always parents share their genes with their kids.
影响了他们的子女 Another possibility is
你父母是书虫的话 念书给子女听 it's the parents who are affecting--
那么孩子也变成书虫了 sorry, it's the child who is affecting the parents,
但我们也知道 另一可能性即 not vice versa, and to illustrate this,
几乎所有的父母和子女都有相同基因 these different possibilities,
还有一种观点 I want to tell you a little bit about a study.
即父母影响... And I really find this a fascinating study.
抱歉 是子女影响父母 It was reported last year and it was a study shown that--
而非反之 为解释这些 suggesting that family meals help teens
观点的差异 avoid smoking, alcohol, drugs.
我想简单介绍一下一个研究 It involved a phone questionnaire
很棒的研究 where they phoned up teenagers and their parents
该研究结果于去年发表 and said,
表明家庭用餐能帮助青少年 "Hey, teenager. Do you do a lot of drugs?" "Yes."
戒食烟 酒 毒品 "Do you have dinner with your parents?"
该研究包括电话调查 "No."
主试通过电话采访青少年及其父母 And they take it off--
并问 and then they ask other people
"年轻人 你吸毒吗" "是的" and they find that the kids
"你平时与父母共同进餐吗" who are the good kids
"没有" have meals with their parents, suggesting this headline.
主试做出记录... I like this study because I have read--
接着他们又问其他人同样的问题 I must have read in my career a thousand studies
并发现 and this is the worst study ever done
优秀的孩子 in the history of science.
常与家长共同就餐 就像题中指出的 And it's almost--We could devote a week to discussing
我喜欢这一研究 因为我读... what's wrong with this study.
我到目前为止大概读过上千个研究报告 Let's just--But here's the idea.
而这恐怕是我在科学史上见过 It is possible that they are right.
最糟糕的实验研究了 It is actually possible--there's no--
并且...我们可以花上一星期来讨论 I have no evidence against it?
这研究错在哪 that having meals with your kids
我们就...但有观点认为 makes them into good,
有可能他们的结论是对的 drug-free, non-promiscuous, non-drinking kids.
事实上有可能... Of course, it's equally possible it's the other way around.
我们没有任何证据来证伪它 If little Johnny is kind of--
即父母与子女共同就餐 is out there smoking pot
使得孩子成为不吸毒 and cavorting with prostitutes and stuff like that,
不嗜酒 自律的乖乖仔的这一观点 he's not going to come home for the family meal.
当然 反过来也同样可能 It's the other way around.
如果小强尼 While if he's a good kid,
嗜毒成性 he might be more likely to have a family meal.
沉迷销金窟 诸如此类 So, the direction--
那么他也不会回家就餐的 It might actually be not family meals
反之则反 make good kids
如果是好孩子 but rather good kids stick around to have--
那么他更有可能回家陪父母就餐 if they have nothing better to do
所以 这一趋势 and have meals with Mom and Dad.
可能是事实上并非家庭就餐 Another possibility is
造就优秀的孩子 there's good families and bad families.
而是优秀的孩子通常 A good family is likely
如果没有其他事可做 to have drug-free kids and a family meal.
就回家与父母共进晚餐了 A bad family is likely to have stoned kids
另一可能性是 and no family meal.
世上有好的家庭也有不良家庭 So, there--maybe there's an effect of that.
好的家庭 The parents had nothing to do with the family meal.
会造就不吸毒的孩子和家庭就餐习惯 Here's the even weirder part.
而不良家庭的孩子通常嗜酒成性 They didn't factor out age
也没有一同就餐习惯 so think about this.
所以 这也有可能 Their sample included
有可能父母与家庭用餐根本扯不上关系 children ranging from twelve to seventeen
更不可思议的是 but let me tell you something about twelve-year-olds.
他们甚至没有排除年龄差异的影响 Twelve-year-olds don't use a lot of drugs
想想 and are likely to eat with their family.
他们抽取的样本 Seventeen-year-olds are stoned all the time
年龄跨度是从12岁到17岁 and they don't eat with their family.
但让我略微介绍下12岁孩童的特征 I've just begun on this study but the point is
12岁孩童很少吸毒 when you hear something like--
并经常与父母一同就餐 So now, take something which you may be more likely to believe.
而17岁的孩童经常喝得酩酊大醉 Maybe you believe that having parents who read to their kids,
也不和家人一同用餐 that's good for their kids.
这不过是冰山一角 但关键在于 Well, maybe it is
当你听到这样... but most of these criticisms apply to that study too.
所以 信可信之言 书不可尽信 A bookish kid is more likely
也许你相信 父母念书给小孩听 to get his parents to read to him.
对小孩有益 A good family--Parents who are good parents in general
也许事实如此 are more likely to do all sorts of good things to their kids
但大多反驳以上研究的观点也适用于此 and have good kids besides.
嗜书的孩子 Take another case, the so-called cycle of violence.
更有可能让他的父母念书给他听 Yes, it's true.
优质家庭 父母 通常来说优质父母 Parents who smack their kids
更有可能为培养孩子竭尽所能 tend to have statistically more violent kids.
并造就优秀的孩子 But maybe the causality goes the other way around.
另举一例 即所谓的恶性循环 Maybe if you have a kid who is a troublemaker
是的 的确 you're more likely to smack him.
爱揍孩子的父母与正常父母相比 Maybe, which seems to be entirely likely,
其孩子有可能更具暴力倾向 the propensity for violence is to some extent heritable.
但有可能这一因果关系反了 And so, even if the kid
或许是因为你的孩子爱闹事 was not raised by the smacking parent,
你才更常揍他 whatever properties of that parent caused him--
更有可能的是 又或许 led to that violence got inherited by the kid.
暴力倾向在某种程度上具有遗传性 Now, again, this isn't going to sit right for you
那么 即使这孩子 and I've had-- i put this down because last year
不是被他爱揍人的亲生父母所抚养 when I gave this talk people ran up to me
其父母的特性仍塑造了他... and told me this.
导致他也遗传到了父母的暴力特征 They said, "Look.
那么 你们可能不大接受这一观点 I know my mom and dad had a huge role in my life.
但我...我要讲它 是因为去年 That's why I'm so happy and successful,"
我讲这门课的时候 then other people said,
有同学跑上来告诉我 "That's why I'm so miserable and screwed up,"
他们说 "瞧 but either way
我知道我父母对我的人生影响重大 blame it on Mom and Dad or thank Mom and Dad.
所以我才幸福 成功" And you might think you know.
其他人就说了 When you become famous
"就因为这 我才痛苦 失败" and you stand up and you get your awards
但无论哪一种 maybe you'll thank your mom and dad.
怪罪父母或是感恩父母 When you go to your therapist
我们会按照我们明白的方式来思考 and explain why you're so screwed up
你功成名就 maybe you'll blame Dad.
站起来领奖时 "He never took me to a baseball game."
你会感谢妈妈 感谢爸爸 Well, maybe, maybe, but you don't know.
而当你跑去咨询室 Were you adopted?
哭诉你为什么这么失败时 If you weren't adopted,
也许你会怪罪你爸爸 you can't even begin to have the conversation
"他从不带我去看棒球比赛" about how your parents messed you up
嗯 可能 但你并不知道 because if you're a lot like your parents
你被领养过吗 you might be a lot like your parents
如果你没被领养过 because you share their genes.
那么你根本没资格来责备 Of course, you resemble your parents.
你的父母是怎样毁了你的 Moreover, how do you figure out
因为 如果你很像你父母 which is the cause and which is the effect?
你很可能很像你父母 "Mom smacked me a lot and
因为你们有同样的基因 that's why I turned out to be such a rotten person."
当然 你和你父母相似 Well, maybe she smacked you because you were rotten.
此外 你怎样能弄清楚 I don't want to get personal
谁是因 谁是果呢 but it's very difficult to pull these things apart.
"老妈常揍我 A final point on this.
所以我也变得异常卑劣 One response to Harris' book is this.
也有可能她之所以揍你是因为你很卑劣呢 "Look. Even if this is true,
我不是针对某个人 you shouldn't let this get out
要分离出这些因素是很难的 because if parents
最后说一点 don't mold their children's personalities
对于哈里斯的书还有这样一种回应 maybe why should they treat their kids nicely?"
"即使这是真的 And you might be wondering this.
你也不应说明这一信息 You might be thinking, well, gee,
因为 如果父母 if you don't have any effect on how your kids turn out,
并不是其子女人格的塑造者的话 why be nice to them,
那么他们为什么还要善待孩子们呢" but there are answers.
你可能会对此感到疑惑 You might want to be nice to them because you love them.
你可能会想 咦 You might want to be nice to them
如果我对我孩子的将来毫无影响力的话 because you want them to be happy.
我为什么还要善待他们 You might want to be nice to them
但对此也有答案 because you want to have good relationships with them.
你想善待你的孩子 因为你爱他们 And I have a little bit more but I'm going to skip it
你想善待他们 and I'm going to move right to your reading response,
因为你希望他们幸福 which is very, very simple, easy to answer, easy to grade:
你想善待他们 Explain the Flynn effect.
因为你想与他们关系融洽 It's a toughie so just explain that.
还有一点点内容 但我想就跳过算了 Okay. Have a wonderful spring break
直接说你们阅读笔记的内容 and I'll see you when you get back.
非常简单 容易答 也容易改
描述什么是弗林效应
这是个难题 所以简述就好
好了 春假愉快
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