翻译：坎离 韩小仙 小坏 蛋生 anan 时间轴：emmarice 校对：依兰依兰 yank121 监制：yank121 So what we're doing today
限于版权 课堂演示中出现的某些材料并未得以显示 is continuing on the theme of emotions.
我们今天要做的是 "Emotions" Is a two-part lecture
继续情感这一主题 and we're continuing along certain themes.
情感这课分两次讲 I want to begin by responding to a question
我们会继续一些话题 which was raised in the last class concerning smiling
首先我想先回答一个问题 and nonhuman primates.
这是上节课提出的 关于微笑 It was a very good question.
和非人灵长类动物 The issue was:
这个问题非常好 we know that humans have different sorts of smiles
问题是 to convey different sorts of information.
我们知道人类有不同种类的微笑 The question was, "Do nonhuman primates,
传递不同种类的信息 like chimpanzees or gorillas or gibbons,
问题是 非人灵长类动物 have the same many sorts of smiles?"
像黑猩猩和长臂猿 So, I contacted the world's expert on smiling,
也像人类一样有这么多种微笑吗 who did not return my e-mails.
我联系了世界第一的微笑研究专家 So, I contacted the second world's expert on smiling
他没回我邮件 who told me that the answer is "No,"
于是我联系了世界第二微笑研究专家 that primate--nonhuman primate smiles
这位专家告诉我答案是 否 actually correspond almost entirely to appeasement smiles.
非人灵长类动物的微笑 They're "Don't hurt me" Smiles.
其实基本全都是用来安抚及缓和情绪的 They're equivalent to the "Coy smile" that we saw on humans.
像是别伤害我的微笑 But that nonhuman primates do not use smiles for greetings;
还有像人类一样害羞地微笑 there's no equivalent to the "Greeting smile" Or "Pan Am smile";
但非人灵长类动物不会用微笑打招呼 nor do they use them as genuine expressions of happiness.
它们没有像问候式微笑或空姐式微笑 There's no equivalent to the "Duchenne smile."
也不把微笑当作是对幸福的真情流露 That's as far as I know.
也没有杜乡式微笑[完全真实的微笑] If the world's expert gets back to me
这就是我目前所知道的 and says something different, I'll keep you posted.
如果世界第一那位专家给我回复了 Another thing.
若不同的内容 我会告诉你们的 Going back to the beginning theme of the class,
还有件事 what we started--just to review,
回到情感的开课主题 we talked about the different functions of emotions.
回顾一下当时讲的内容 And then we talked about smiling and facial expressions.
我们讲了感情的不同功能 And then we turned to some--
然后是微笑和面部表情 to a nonsocial emotion, the case of fear.
然后讲了 And then we shifted to social emotions.
恐惧这一非社会性情感 And we talked about social emotions towards kin
又讲了社会性情感 and the special evolutionary reasons
然后我们讲了对亲属的社会性情感 that would lead them to evolve.
和使这种情感发生进化的 And as we were ending,
特殊原因 we were talking about the relationship
快下课的时候 between an animal and its children,
我们讲了动物和 particularly in cases like humans and birds and mammals
它们的子女之间的关系 where there tends to be a close relationship with our children.
重点讲了人类 鸟类 哺乳类动物 We invest in quality, not quantity.
与他们子女的关系尤为亲近 I might produce very few children in my life.
我们注重子女质量 而非数量 And my evolutionary trick then is to focus very intently on them
我可能一辈子生不了几个孩子 and make sure they survive.
而进化的作用使得我对他们非常关注 If I were to produce 100 children,
确保他们都能存活 I could stand to lose a few,
如果我生了一百个孩子 but if I just produce five in my lifetime or two or one,
那失去几个我也能受得了 they become very precious to me.
但如果我一辈子就生了五个或两个或一个 And so, the story of the evolution of a species like us
对我而言他们就十分珍贵了 involves a long period of dependence and deep, deep bonds
因此 在像人类这样的物种进化过程中 between the parent and the child.
包含着父母和孩子之间形成的长期依赖和 And that's part of what I talked about,
很深很深的情感纽带 how parents respond to children.
这是我所讲的父母是如何对待孩子的 And I want to begin this class by giving an illustration
其中的一部分内容 from a documentary about parental response to children,
我想在这堂课的开头放部有关父母如何 but I want to give it in a species that's not us.
对待子女的纪录片 并以此为例 And here is why. I'll explain why with an analogy.
但我想用非人类物种 I have a friend of mine who studies the psychology of religion.
原因为何 我将会用类比来解释 He studies why people hold religious beliefs.
我有一个研究宗教心理学的朋友 And he tells me that when he's talking to a non specialist,
他研究人们信仰宗教的原因 somebody not in the field,
他告诉我 当他跟一个非专业人士 he doesn't ever tell them,
一个不是该领域的人说话时 "Yeah, I'm really interested in why people believe in the Bible
他从来不会说 or why people light the candles on Sabbath
为什么人类相信圣经里的话 or why people go to church"
为什么人们在安息日点蜡烛 because these are religions that people around here hold,
人们为何去教堂 我对这些特别感兴趣 and if you tell people you study them
因为周围的人都信仰宗教 they'll sort of be puzzled,
如果你告诉他们你在研究这些问题 "Why would you want to study something like that"
他们就会有点儿诧异 Or offended.
为什么你会研究这些 If you want to talk about the psychology of religion
或者感觉遭到了冒犯 to an audience like this,
如果你想跟这样的听众 what you do is you start with the exotic.
讨论宗教心理学 So, you start by talking about people
那你应该以异域风情为话题 who put butter on their heads.
给他们讲讲那些把黄油 Dan Sperber talks about a culture
放在头上的人 where the men put butter on their heads in the summer.
丹·斯珀伯谈到这样一种文明 And it kind of melts
那儿的人夏天把黄油放在头上 and that's part of--one of the things that they do
黄油就会融化 or--you talk about a culture
这是他们的风俗之一 that believes in spirits or that trees can talk.
或者你说有一种文明 You say you're studying it and they say,
他们相信鬼神 相信树能说话 "Oh, that's interesting.
你说你在研究这个 他们就会说 I wonder why they believe that?"
真有趣 And you use that as a way to look at more general facts
我想知道他们为什么会相信那些 that exist even in our culture.
你用这种方法能看到 You use the fact that we don't take the exotic for granted
我们文明中一些更加普遍的事实 as a way to motivate the scientific study
用我们不熟悉的异域文化 of things we do take for granted.
促进我们熟悉的 And this is, of course, true more generally.
科学研究 This was the point in the William James quote
这点当然更加普遍 when he talked about things that are natural to us and noticed
这是威廉·詹姆斯一段话中的观点 that some very odd things
他说有些事对人类而言很自然 are equally natural to other species.
并注意到有些奇怪的事情 And it's true, I think, in particular
对其它物种而言也很自然 when we talk about things
我认为的确如此 尤其是 like the love we have for our children.
当我们谈到 So, one way to look at the love we have
比如说我们对自己孩子的爱时 for our children scientifically,
一种科学看待 isn't to look at it head-on,
我们爱孩子的方式 because the love we feel towards our own children feels sacred,
就是不感性地直接看待 it feels special,
因为我们对孩子的爱是神圣的 but look at it in other species.
我们觉得这种爱是独有的 And so, one of the nicest illustrations of this
但其他物种呢 is the Emperor penguin,
对舐犊之情最好的例证之一 which was--which--whose
就是帝企鹅 childcare and mating practices were dramatized
有人将帝企鹅对子女的爱护 in a wonderful movie called "March of the Penguins."
和交配拍成了一部 And this is interesting
精彩的电影 帝企鹅日记 because they had this incredibly elaborate
非常有趣 and quite precarious system of generating
因为它们生育照顾子女的方式 and taking care of offspring.
异常精细复杂 So, I want to show you a brief clip of the movie
并且还非常危险 to illustrate some parts of this.
我想给你们看一小段电影 What they do at the beginning,
看看其中一些部分 which is not--which leads up to this,
它们在开始所做的 is they take a very long trek from the water
生育子女的准备 to their breeding grounds.
就是从水中进行长途的艰苦跋涉 Their breeding grounds is--are protected from the wind
去它们的繁殖地 and they're on a firm piece of ice
它们的繁殖地是一个不受风雨侵害的地方 so they could hold the whole pack.
它们在一快很厚的冰上 They do the breeding there
这样它们就能完成整个生育过程了 and it's there that the eggs are created.
它们在那里繁殖 So, this is where the movie begins at this point.
在那里孕育了帝企鹅蛋 "March of the Penguins" Was the second best--
电影就是从这儿开始的 second most popular documentary of all time,
帝企鹅日记是 beaten only by "Fahrenheit 9/11."
有史以来第二受欢迎的纪录片 And people responded to it in different ways,
仅次于华氏九一一 which are informative when we think about the generalizations
人们对该片反映不一 you could make from animal behavior to human behavior.
值得注意的是 当我们想到普遍的爱时 Some conservative commentators saw this
就能从动物行为联想到人类行为 as a celebration of family values,
一些保守的评论家把这视为 such as love and trust and monogamy.
对家庭价值的颂扬 Some liberals, who hate everything that's good and true,
如 爱 信任 一夫一妻制 responded by saying,
一些厌恶一切美好真实事物的自由主义者 "Well, yeah, they're monogamous for one breeding season.
回应道 It's a year.
对 它们是在一个交配季节一夫一妻 Then they go and find another mate.
这只是一年 If you add it up, it's pretty slutty."
第二年它们就分道扬镳 另找配偶 I think more to the point,
如果把这些年份加起来 那相当淫荡 people were impressed and stunned by the rich
我想这更多说明了 and articulate and systematic behavior
这些动物表现出来的 that these animals were showing.
丰富清晰并且系统化的行为 Plainly, they didn't pick it up from television,
令人们印象深刻 叹为观止 movies, culture, learning,
显然 它们的这些行为并不是从电视 schooling, and so on.
电影 文化 学习 To some extent,
学校等地方学到的 this sort of complicated behavior came natural to them.
从某种程度来说 And it's understandable
这种复杂的行为是天生的 that some proponents of intelligent design,
那么就可以理解为什么智力设计论 or creationism, pointed to this as an example
或是神造论的支持者 of how God creates things that are deeply, richly intricate
将此视为上帝造物的例证 so as to perpetrate the survival of different animals.
上帝创造了这些非常细致无比精巧的生命 From a Darwinian standpoint,
影响了不同动物的生存 the Darwinian would agree with the creationist
从达尔文主义者的立场来说 that this couldn't have happened by accident,
他们同意神造论者的这个观点 this is just far too complicated, but would appeal to the--
这些精巧生命的形成并非偶然 to this as an exquisite example of a biological adaptation,
这简直太复杂了 但他们会认为这是 in particular a biological adaptation
生物学适应性的非凡典范 regarding parental care to children shaped by the fact
尤其是这一生物适应性 that children share the parents' genes
即父母关怀子女是因为 and so parents will evolve in ways
子女继承了父母的基因 that perpetrate the survival of their children.
因此父母就会逐渐以各种方式 Then there's the other direction,
使其子女生存下来 which is how children respond to parents,
还有其他研究方向 how the young ones are wired up to resonate
关于孩子如何对待父母 and respond in different ways to the adults around them.
年幼的孩子怎样以不同方式 And we quickly talked about some different theories of this.
响应周围的成年者 与他们产生共鸣 And I'll just review what we talked about last class.
对此我们简单讲了一些理论 Babies will develop an attachment to whoever is closest.
回顾一下上节课我们讲的内容 They'll usually prefer their mothers
婴儿会对与他最亲近的人产生依恋 because their mothers are typically
他们通常更喜欢他们的妈妈 those who are closest to them.
因为妈妈一般是 They'll prefer her voice,
他们最亲近的人 her face, her smell.
他们喜欢她的声音 It used to be thought
她的面容 她的微笑 that there is some sort of magical moment of imprinting
人们常常认为 that when the baby is born,
当婴儿出生时 会有某种 the baby must see his or her mother and "Boom,"
神奇的铭记时刻 a connection is made.
婴儿必须看到他们的妈妈 嘭的一下 If the baby doesn't,
母婴之间的联系就生成了 terrible things will happen with attachment later on.
如果婴儿没有这么做 This is silly.
以后这种依恋关系就会产生很严重的问题 There is no reason to believe there's some special moment
这种说法很傻 or special five minutes or special hour.
那些什么特别时刻是没有道理的 It's just in the fullness of time
什么特别五分钟或是特别一小时 babies will develop an attachment
只是在适当的时间 to the animal that's closest to it.
婴儿会对于他们 They will recognize it as, at an implicit level,
最亲近的人产生依恋 at an unconscious level, as their kin.
他们会以暗示的方式 Well, how does this work?
下意识地将那个人视作他们的亲属 How does the baby's brain develop--
那么 这是怎样形成的呢 come to develop an emotional attachment to that creature?
婴儿的大脑是怎样形成 Well, you remember from Skinner
一种对那个生物的情感依赖呢 that operant conditioning could provide a good answer to this.
你们记得斯金纳[行为主义心理学家] And this is known as the "Cupboard Theory,"
他的操作性条件理论会作出很好的解答 which is babies love their moms because their moms provide food.
这被称为碗柜理论 It's the law of effect. It's operant conditioning.
婴儿爱他们的妈妈因为妈妈给予他们食物 They will approach their mothers
这就是规律效应 操作性条件的作用 to get the food from them.
他们接近他们的妈妈 And they will develop an attachment
从她们那里得到食物 because their mother provides food.
而后他们会对母亲产生依恋 And this is contrasted with a more nativist,
因为妈妈提供食物 hard-wired theory developed by Bowlby
这与鲍尔贝那更具本土主义者风格 which claims that there's two things going on.
在心理上更根深蒂固的理论截然相反 There is a draw to mom for comfort
鲍尔贝称有两件事相关 and social interaction and afraid of strangers.
对婴儿来说 妈妈安慰他 与他进行 Now, in the real world,
社会互动 但他也对陌生人心存恐惧 it's difficult to pull apart these two means of attraction
在现实世界中 because the very same woman who's giving you comfort
很难将这两种情况分开 and social interaction is also the one giving you milk.
因为给予你安慰的那个女人 But in the laboratory you can pull them apart.
同样为你提供母乳 And that's what Henry Harlow did
但是在实验中就能将两者进行区分了 in the movies you saw last week.
这正是亨利·哈洛在你们 So, Harlow exposed primates to two different mothers.
上周看的那部电影里所做的 One is a wire mother. That's a Skinnerian mother.
哈洛揭示了灵长类动物的两种不同的妈妈 That's a mother who gave food.
一种是铁丝代母 斯金纳理论的妈妈 The other is a cloth mother
给予食物的妈妈 set-up so that she'd be comfortable
另一种是绒布代母 and give warmth and cuddling.
手感很好 这样抱上去很舒服 And the question is, "Which one do babies go for?"
并且给予婴儿温暖和拥抱 And as you can remember from the movies,
问题是 婴儿喜欢哪个妈妈 the results are fairly decisive.
你能从电影中回忆起来的话 Babies go to the wire mother to eat--
结果是很明确的 as one of the characters said,
婴儿去铁丝代母那里要食物 "You've got to eat to live."
正如其中一位研究员所言 But they viewed the--they loved the cloth mother.
你要活着就得吃饭 They developed an attachment to the warm, cuddly mother.
但是他们发现 他们更爱绒布代母 That's the one they used as a base when they were threatened.
他们对给予温暖和拥抱的代母产生依恋 That's the one they used as a base
当他们遇到威胁时 她就是他们的依靠 from which to explore.
当他们开始探索世界时 Okay. And that actually--
她就是他们的港湾 Oh, that's just--I have a picture.
好的 那实际上 And that actually takes me to the--
那是 我有张照片 Oh, except for one thing,
我马上就会讲到 it almost takes me to the end
还有一件事 of the question of our emotions towards kin.
我马上就要讲完 One question you could ask is,
我们对亲人的感情问题 "What if there's no contact at all?"
你们可能会问一个问题 Now, you could imagine the effects of
如果什么交流也没有怎么办 how--A lot of people are interested in the question
你可以想象 of the effects of the child's early relationship
很多人对这个问题的答案感兴趣 to adults around him or her in how the child turns out later.
孩子早期与周围的成年人的关系 This becomes hugely relevant
会如何影响孩子的未来 for social debates like daycare.
这与很多社会讨论 So for instance, a lot of psychologists
如日托 关系巨大 are interested in the question,
比如 很多心理学家 "Is it better for a child to be raised by a parent,
非常关心一个问题 usually a mother,
孩子被父母 通常是母亲 or does it make a difference if the child goes to daycare?
养大是否更好 What if the child goes to daycare at six months?
把孩子送到托儿所是否会造成什么差别 What if the child goes to daycare at two years?
如果孩子六个月就被送到托儿所会怎样 How does this affect the child?"
如果孩子岁两再送到托儿所会怎样 The short answer is, nobody really knows.
这会如何影响孩子 There's a lot of debate over whether or not
简单的答案是 没人知道 there are subtle differences and it's deeply controversial.
针对是否会有微妙差异的讨论 But we do know that it doesn't make a big difference.
一直存在 并且争议巨大 We do know that if you got raised by mom,
但是我们能确定的是 差异并不大 or perhaps mom and dad, or maybe just dad
我们知道 如果你被妈妈养大 all through your life until going off for school and I--
或者妈妈和爸爸 或者只有爸爸 my parents threw me in a daycare at age three months--
直到你去上学 而我 it's not going to make a big difference for us,
父母在我三个月的时候就把我送到托儿所 maybe a subtle difference
这不会使我们存在巨大的差异 though it's not clear which way it would go.
也许会有细微的差异 But it won't make a big difference.
但是并不能确定是哪方面的差异 But what if there's no contact at all?
反正不会有很大区别 What if--What about terrible circumstances
但是如果完全没有联系呢 where people get no cloth mother,
如果 在某些可怕的情况下 they get nobody for attachment?
人们失去绒布代母 This is a really--In the real world, of course,
没有任何人可依赖 you can't do experiments on this.
这当然存在于现实生活中 And in the real world with humans,
你不能拿这个做实验 this only happens in tragic cases.
在人类的现实生活中 But this has been studied.
这只会在悲惨的情况下发生 So Harlow, again,
但是这已经有人研究过 raised monkeys in solitary confinement
哈洛 又是他 so they were raised in steel cages
他将猴子隔离 with only a wire mother.
喂养在铁笼中 In other words,
只有一个铁丝代母 they got all the nutrition they needed
换言之 but they got no mothering.
他们能够获得所需的营养 It turned out that you kind of get monkey psychotics.
但是没有母亲抚育 They're withdrawn. They don't play. They bite themselves.
最后你会发现猴子们疯了 They're incompetent sexually.
他们孤僻 不会玩耍 甚至咬伤自己 They're incompetent socially.
他们缺乏性能力 They're incompetent maternally.
缺乏社交能力 In one case, one of these monkeys raised in solitary confinement
缺乏做母亲的能力 was artificially inseminated.
在一个实验中 一只隔离喂养的猴子 When she had a child she banged its head on the floor
被人工受精 and then bit it to death.
她生下孩子后 拿孩子的头撞地板 So, you need to be--you need--This shows--
最后将它咬死 This is kind of a stark demonstration that
所以你需要 这表明 some early connection,some early attachment
这残酷地证明 is critical for the developing of a primate.
某些早期关系 某些早期依赖 Obviously, you don't do these experiments with people
对灵长类动物的生长十分重要 but there are natural experiments,
显然 你不会用人类做这样的实验 humans raised in harsh orphanages
但是有现实情况 with little social contact,
在某些严苛的孤儿院长大 and these children--If the--In other words,
没有社会接触的人 they get fed, barely,
这些孩子 换言之 but nobody picks them up and cuddles them.
他们仅能吃饱 These children, if this happens for long enough,
但是没人会抱起他们 拥抱他们 they end up with severe problems with social and emotional development.
这些孩子 如果时间足够长 From an emotional point of view, they're often insatiable.
他们的社会和情感发展会出现严重问题 They really need cuddling and support
从情感观点说 他们总是无法满足 or they're apathetic, they don't care at all.
他们非常需要拥抱和支持 Now, there's some sort of good news,
否则他们就会很冷淡 完全不关心 which is if you get these people or these monkeys early enough
但是 有些好消息 you can reverse the effects of this bad development.
如果能够早些给人们或者猴子一些改变 So, there's some research done with monkey therapists.
就能转变这一不良发展的影响 So then, what they do is they take the monkey,
猴子治疗师做了些研究 they raise it in a steel cage, the monkey comes out,
他们所做的是 选一个猴子 the monkey is kind of psycho,
把他养在铁笼中 等猴子出来 and then they send in a younger monkey
他有些神经质 who is just goofing around,
然后他们将一个小猴子送进笼子 jumping all around the place and everything.
小猴子四处闲逛 And experience with this younger monkey
在笼子里上蹿下跳 who just follows them around and clings to them
小猴子跟着他们 leads to gradual improvement.
紧挨着他们 这些与小猴子相处的经历 It makes the solitary monkey become better.
使他们逐渐改善 There might be a similar effect with humans.
使孤僻的猴子得到改善 So one story more about--of an anecdote than an experiment
这对人类可能有相似的效果 was a situation where at the age of one and a half,
有个故事是个真事 不是实验 children were taken away from a really harsh orphanage
一群一岁半的孩子 where they had no contact
被从一个不给孩子任何交流的 and brought into a home for mentally retarded women
严苛的孤儿院带出来 where these women gave them plenty of contact and cuddling
送到一个收留精神失常妇女的收容所中 and apparently, from what we know,
在这 女人们给予他们很多交流和拥抱 brought them back to normal.
结果 我们知道 And this is all I want to talk about,
使他们恢复正常 about the emotions we feel towards our kin,
关于我们对亲人 towards our children, and towards our parents.
孩子和父母的感情问题 Any questions or thoughts?
我就说这些 Yes.
谁有问题或者想法 Do children in orphanages comfort each other?
请讲 Professor Paul Bloom: It's a good question.
孤儿院的孩子互相安抚吗 Do children in orphanages comfort each other?
这个问题很好 I don't know.
孤儿院的孩子互相安抚吗 The situation probably wouldn't be there--
我不知道 The problem is children in orphanages
可能不存在这样的条件 who are in these terrible situations
问题在于 遭遇这种情况的 tend to be babies and very young
孤儿院孩子 and they wouldn't be thrown together in situations
一般都是婴儿或者很小 where they could comfort each other.
他们可能不会被聚集到一起 It's a really interesting question.
有机会互相安抚 What if it was a situation where children
这是个很有意思的问题 were raised without a supportive cloth mother at all,
如果在一种情形下 孩子虽然 would not be able to pick them up and hold them,
没有绒布代母 but they could play amongst themselves and support each other?
不能抱起他们 拥抱他们 I don't know the answer to that.
但是他们是否能够一起玩 互相支持 Teaching Assistant: Yes.
我不知道这个问题的答案 Professor Paul Bloom: Yes? Is there evidence on that?
助教:可以 Teaching Assistant: Yes, there is.
可以吗 有依据吗 Professor Paul Bloom: Yes.
助教:有 The answer is there is evidence,
有 as everybody knows,
答案是有依据 that this sort of--amongst the young,
众所周知 support can actually help the monkey and the children.
这种幼儿之间的 Somebody else had a question here?
互相支持可以帮助猴子和孩子 Yes.
还有人有问题吗 What does that tell us about the middle ground,
请讲 if the parent is comforting just a little bit
中间情况会怎样 and then not that much
如果父母只给与很少的安抚 Professor Paul Bloom: Right. So this is--The question is,
却不够多 会怎样 "What does that tell us about the middle ground?"
好的 问题是 So this is an extreme case
中间情况会怎样 but what do we know about the middle case?
前面说的是极端情况 Say your parent--You're not raised in a cage,
那中间情况会怎样 you're not in a Romanian orphanage,
假设你的父母 你不是被养在笼子里 but your parents just don't pick you up very much.
也不在罗马尼亚的孤儿院 They don't love you very much.
但是你的父母就是不怎么抱你 There's no good evidence that
他们不太爱你 that has any effect on a person.
暂时没有充足证据证明 The problem is, and we're going to talk about this
这会对一个人产生任何影响 in much more detail in a couple of weeks,
问题是 几周以后我们会 is it's true that parents who aren't affectionate
详细地讲这个问题 have kids that aren't affectionate but it's not clear
确实有不太亲近的父母 this is because of a genetic connection
孩子也不太近人 or an environmental connection.
但是还不清楚 这是由于遗传原因 The one thing we do know is that in the middle ground,
还是环境原因 effects tend not to be dramatic.
能确定的是 在中间情况下 So when you get away from extreme cases,
影响不太明显 effects are hard to see
除非在极端情况下 and require careful experimental research to tease out.
否则影响很难观察 I think what it's safe to say for a lot--for everything
需要仔细的实验来梳理结论 but the severe conditions
我认为对很多 对所有事情来说 is we don't know what kind of effects there are.
可以确定的是 除非是极端情况 But if there are effects they are not big and dramatic ones.
否则 我们不知道会有什么样的影响 Okay.
即使有影响 也不会很大很明显 Animals' good feelings,
好的 animals' emotional attraction to their kin,
动物的好感 is not a huge puzzle from an evolutionary point of view.
动物对亲属的感情吸引 Evolution is driven by forces that operate on the fact of
从进化论观点看 并不特别费解 how many genes get reproduced and replicated among your descendants.
进化是由你的后代遗传和复制了 So, it makes sense that animals would be wired-up
多少你的基因所决定的 to care for their kids.
所以不难理解为什么动物热衷于 It would make sense that kids
会照顾他们的孩子 who are wired-up to survive
也不难理解 would develop attachments to their parents.
得以存活的孩子 What's more of a puzzle though is that animals,
会对他们的父母产生依赖 including humans,
但是令人疑惑的是 动物 seem to have exquisitely complicated relationships with non-kin.
包括人类 In particular, animals are nice to non-kin.
与非亲属也有微妙复杂的关系 You are nice to people that you're not related to.
确切地说 动物对非亲属很好 There are a lot of examples of this.
你也会对完全没有关系的人很友善 Animals groom one another.
这有很多例子 You go, you pick off the lice and the bugs off your friend;
动物们互相照顾 they pick it off you.
你会把虱子和虫子从你朋友的身上抓走 They give warning cries.
他们也会帮你抓走 So, warning cries--All sorts of animals give warning cries.
动物会发出危险警告 You are--I don't know.
危险警告 很多动物会发出危险警告 You're a little animal and a big animal comes charging
假设你是 我不知道 and you say, "Hey!"
假设你是个小动物 大的敌人来了 Oh. You may sort of cry and everybody runs away.
你会喊 喂 And that's very risky for you
你会喊叫 然后大家闻风而逃 but you do it anyway,
这对你很危险 often to protect people you aren't related to.
但你还是会做 Often animals share childcare.
为了保护跟你没关系的人 And from a cold-blooded, natural selection,
动物们还会互相照顾孩子 survival-of-the-gene point of view,
如果从一个冷血的自然选择 you would imagine that
保存自身基因的观点来看 if you lend me your kid for the day
你可以想象 I would eat him for the protein
假如你将孩子交给我白天照顾 and "It's not my genes
我会将他吃掉 以获得营养 and actually it gives more for my kids."
这不是我的基因 That's not quite how it works though.
这样对我的孩子有好处 Animals share food.
实际上并不是这样的 In fact, that animal,
动物们分享食物 hugely ugly, the vampire bat, shares food.
事实上 那种动物 What happens is the vampire bat--
及其丑陋的吸血蝙蝠就分享食物 vampire bats live in caves and they fly out.
吸血蝙蝠会 And what they do is often a bat will strike it big.
吸血蝙蝠住在洞穴中 飞出去觅食 She'll find a horse, for instance, bite the horse,
经常会有一只蝙蝠收获丰厚 pump in tons of blood and then fly back.
比如说 她发现了一匹马 咬了它 And what it does is it doesn't keep it to itself.
吸取了大量的鲜血 然后飞回来 Rather, it goes around the whole cave
她不会自己全部留下 and vomits blood into the mouth of all the other vampire bats
取而代之 她飞遍整个洞穴 so everybody benefits.
将血吐给所有的吸血蝙蝠 Isn't that nice?
这样所有蝙蝠都会受益 Now, what you're tempted to say is,
难道这不好吗 "Well, that's really nice. Everybody benefits,"
现在你会说 but this raises a puzzle
这很好 所有蝙蝠都能受益 from the evolutionary point of view.
但是 从进化论角度 Remember, animals benefit more,
这产生了一个问题 and to this situation,
记住 这样动物获益更多 animals benefit more by working together than by working alone.
在这种情形下 The benefits outweigh the costs.
动物们共同工作比单独工作获益更多 This is known as "Reciprocal altruism"
益处超过代价 meaning my behavior to you,
这被称作互惠利他主义 my good behavior to you, my altruism for you,
指 我对你的行为 is predicated on the idea of reciprocation,
我对你的帮助 对你的利他主义 "I'll benefit from you."
是建立在互惠的基础上 And you imagine how vampire bats, for instance,
我也会受惠于你 why this makes sense.
假设 吸血蝙蝠 比如说 This is--If you're a vampire bat,
为什么这样合情合理 it's a better system when anybody strikes it big to feed you
假设你是一只吸血蝙蝠 rather than for anybody who strike it big,
比起丰收的蝙蝠喝饱了血 吐掉多余的 use the blood and then spit out all the rest of it.
丰收的蝙蝠喝饱了血并且喂饱你 But here's the problem.
是一个更好的制度 Here's why it's such a puzzle.
但这就有个问题 The problem is the existence of cheaters.
原因就在于 And in economics and sociology
总是有骗子 these are also known as "Free-riders."
在经济学和社会学范畴中 And what a cheater or free-rider does is
骗子被称为搭便车者 it takes the benefits without paying the cost.
无论是骗子还是搭便车者 Imagine two genes.
其行为无非是 不劳而获 Imagine one builds a vampire bat
假设有两个基因 that accepts blood from others
其中一个基因构成的吸血蝙蝠 and shares blood.
能接收来自其他蝙蝠的血液 The other gene accepts blood from others and doesn't share blood.
同时也分享出去 In the long run, "B" will actually out-produce gene "A"
另外一个基因则只接收 不向外分享 because in fact,
长期来看 后者B将会胜过前者A "B" will be healthy while other vampire bats get sick.
因为事实上 And then so the offspring will do better.
在其他吸血蝙蝠生病时 B会保持健康 An even sharper example is an example of warning cries.
其后代也会表现出色 So, gophers give warning cries when there's a predator.
再举一个更尖锐的例子 危险警告 It is extremely adaptive to give a warning cry.
北美地鼠遭遇捕食者时会大声喊叫 Sorry.
发出危险警告是一种适应行为 It's extremely adaptive to respond to a warning cry.
抱歉说错了 You hear a warning cry, you--
对危险警告的回应是适应行为 "Oh, crap," You run away.
你听到了危险警告 It is not very adaptive to give a warning cry.
嘟囔一声 天哪 然后跑了 A really good solution then is to listen to warning cries
发出危险警告不是适应行为 but not to give them.
真正有利的做法是聆听危险警告 Suppose we had a system--
但不要发出危险警告 It is very adaptive when people are going to the bar,
假设我们有一个制度 when people buy drinks to accept the drinks.
人们去酒吧 It is not so adaptive, from the standpoint of one's wallet,
接受别人请客是很合算的 to buy people drinks.
从一个人的钱包角度来看 请别人喝酒 Here is a solution.
是不合算的 Accept drinks
解决方案如下 but don't pay for drinks.
让别人请自己喝酒 And if everybody fell to that solution,
但自己就是不掏腰包 the idea of buying a round would fade.
如果每个人都这么做的话 So, there is the puzzle.
礼尚往来将不复存在 Since cheating--Since a cheater, in the short run,
所以 问题就在这里 can always out-win--does better than a non-cheater,
既然短期来看 how could this cooperation evolve?
骗子总能比诚实者更胜一筹 How could it be an evolutionarily stable strategy?
那合作还怎么发展呢 And the answer is "Cheater detection."
它如何发展成进化上的稳定政策呢 Reciprocal altruism can only evolve
答案是 发现骗子 if animals are wired up to punish cheaters.
只有动物们团结一心惩治骗子 Now, that requires a lot of mental apparatus.
互惠互利才能发展起来 You have to recognize cheaters,
要发现骗子需要许多神经系统上的工作 you have to remember cheaters,
你得认出骗子 and you have to be motivated to punish cheaters.
记住骗子 And not every animal has this degree of complicated apparatus
还得能去惩罚骗子 but actually we know that vampire bats do.
不是每个动物都有如此复杂的神经系统 So, in one clever study--So the theory says--
但我们知道吸血蝙蝠会怎么做 the evolutionary theory says
在一次聪明的研究中 理论说 "Yeah, I see what these vampire bats are doing,"
进化论说 but you see--
是的 我看到了这些吸血蝙蝠在干吗 and this is a case
但你看 where evolution makes a nice prediction
这就是个鲜活的例子 that couldn't evolve
进化论做出了很好的预测 unless bats are keeping track.
除非蝙蝠们密切关注骗子动向 If bats aren't keeping track,
否则合作无法发展 then the system could never exist
如果蝙蝠们不注意骗子动向 because the cheaters would just take it over.
那么合作制度就很难立足 They must be watching for cheaters.
因为骗子们将会占领一切 So, the experiment which was done is you--
蝙蝠们必须小心骗子 a vampire bat strikes it big, it flies back,
所以 在这个实验中 and then you keep it--
一只吸血蝙蝠收获丰厚并飞了回来 as a scientist
然后你不让它 you keep it from giving blood to anybody else.
作为科学家 Then what happens?
你不让它把吸的血分给其他蝙蝠 Well, what happens is when the other bats strike it big
接下来会怎样 they starve the selfish bat,
当其他蝙蝠收获丰厚时 just as if we go to bars
会拒绝分给这只自私的蝙蝠 饿死它 and everybody buys a round except for me.
就如同 大家去了酒吧 And this happens over and over and over again.
每个人都请大家喝酒 但就是我不请 Pretty soon you're going to buy a round
这样的事日复一日地发生 but you're not going to give me one.
很快你就会请大家喝酒 And so, just as humans are keeping their eyes out for people
但不会请我 who are taking the benefits without paying the costs,
所以 就像人们会小心 so are other animals.
不要上不劳而获的骗子的当一样 And it is argued that this sensitivity to cheating,
其他动物也一样 this focus on reciprocation,
关于对欺骗行为的敏感性 有过争议 plays a powerful role in the evolution of social behavior
争议的焦点在于报答 and the evolution of social emotions.
在社会行为和社会情绪的演化中 And a classic illustration of this
它的影响很大 is The Prisoner's Dilemma.
经典的例证就是 Now, many of you, I think,
囚徒困境 have seen The Prisoner's Dilemma in one course or another?
我想你们当中许多人 It shows up--
可能已经在一两门课上接触过囚徒困境了 It is one of the main constructs in the social sciences.
它出现在 It shows up in cognitive science, psychology, economics,
它是构建社会科学的主要基石 that you could--
认知科学 心理学 经济学都涉及此 The teaching fellows are passing around something
所以你们可能 which you're not going to use right away.
助教现在发给你们的东西 But for some of you this is the first time
一时半会还用不上 you're going to be exposed to The Prisoner's Dilemma
但是对于你们当中的某些人 so let me spell it out.
可能是第一次接触囚徒困境 Here's the idea.
所以我把它写出来 You and a friend commit a crime.
它是这样的 You rob a bank, for instance.
你和一个朋友犯了罪 For the sake of this example, you are prisoner two.
假设说 你们抢了银行 You get caught.
在这个例子当中 你们是两个囚徒 The police put you in a little room and they say,
被捉住了 "We want to know everything that happened.
警察把你们放在一个小房间 然后说 In particular, we want you to rat out your friend."
我们要知道整件事的来龙去脉 Now, here are the options,
特别是 你们要互相揭发 and one thing about this is nothing is hidden.
现在你面临了选择 The police officer could actually print out a copy of The Prisoner's Dilemma
而且这一点很明确 and put it right in front of you.
警官很有可能打印出一张囚徒困境的图 And what he could say is, "Look."
就摆在你们面前 You're prisoner two.
然后说 看看 "You could cooperate--
你们是两个囚徒 Well, you have two options.
你们可以合作 You could either cooperate with your friend,
你们有两个选择 you could stay silent,
或者和朋友合作 or you could defect or you could squeal."
保持沉默 But the police officer says, "Look.
或者背叛朋友 告密 If you--Let me tell you something.
但是警官说 瞧 If you cooperate with your friend and he squeals on you,
如果你们 告诉你们 you'll go to prison for life and he'll walk out.
如果你死守承诺 他却揭发了你 However, if you squeal on him
你将被判终身监禁 而他则会平安无事 and he cooperates, he keeps quiet,
不过 如果你揭发他 he'll go to prison for life and you'll walk out."
而他死守承诺 一言不发 So, what do you do?
他将被判终身监禁 你则平安无事 Now, on the nice side, what you can do is you could say,
你会怎么做呢 "No. I'm going to be quiet. I'm going to cooperate."
从好的一面看 你能做的是 Now, if you could trust your friend to cooperate,
不 我不说 我要和朋友合作 you're fine, you each get a little stint in prison,
如果你能相信你朋友也会合作 but of course your friend might defect.
那就好 你们俩都得进监狱呆一小阵子 Your friend might squeal.
但你的朋友也可能会揭发你 Here is the important structure of The Prisoner's Dilemma.
他可能会告密 No matter what you--what your friend chooses to do,
这就是囚徒困境的重要架构 you're better off squealing.
无论你的朋友选什么 So, suppose you're prisoner two.
对你来说 告密都是更优选择 You believe your friend's going to cooperate with you.
假设你们是两个囚徒 He's not going to be--he's not going to give the information out.
你相信你的朋友会和你合作 Well, then your best thing to do is squeal on him.
他不会招认罪行 What if you believe he's going to squeal on you?
所以 你最好就是揭发他 Well, your best thing to do is squeal on him
如果你认为他会揭发你呢 but if you could get your act together
你最好还是揭发他 and you could coordinate this,
如果你们可以一致行动呢 you would both be quiet
可以步调一致呢 and get a fairly minor penalty.
你们都会一言不发 And you could see this--
并且得到相对较轻的量刑 This is the standard origin of the prisoner's dilemma,
所以可以看出 why it's called "The Prisoner's Dilemma,"
这就是囚徒困境的标准起源 but you could see this all over the place.
以及之所以叫囚徒困境的原因 So, here is the logic.
但你们可以看到这一点 The best case for you is to defect
逻辑是这样的 while the other person cooperates.
对你来说最好的情况就是你揭发了 The worst case is to cooperate
而另一个人却死不承认 while the other person defects.
最糟的情况莫过于你死不承认时 Back to the police thing.
另一个人告密 The best case for you is to give up all the information;
说到警察这件事 the other guy stays silent;
最好的情况莫过于你招认一切 you cut a deal; you walk home that day.
另一个人保持沉默 The worst case is you're quiet, he cuts a deal,
你们达成交易 你平安无事地回家 you go to prison for life,
最糟的是你保持沉默 他却达成交易 but overall the best is that each cooperate
你被判终身监禁 and overall the worst for both is if each defect.
但总的来说最好是两个人都拒不承认 And the reason that makes this tragic is this.
总的来说最糟的是两个人都招认了 Regardless of what your opponent does,
造成悲剧的根源是这个 it pays to defect,
无论你的对手怎么做 but if both people defect
告密都是有好处的 both are worse off.
但如果两个人都告密的话 I'll give a couple of other examples. No.
两人处境都会更糟 That's just to show that there's a cartoon corresponding
我再给出一些其他例子 不 to The Prisoner's Dilemma. It is that common.
这只是一个囚徒困境的卡通画 Here's the idea. I am--I break up with my wife.
这画很常见 We've been married for a while.
理念如下 我和我妻子分手了 We've decided we're not going to go through it together anymore
我们已经结婚一段时间了 and we break up.
我们决定不再一起过了 We're living in separate houses
然后分手了 and we're starting to talk divorce.
我们分居 It occurs to me--Here's me.
开始讨论离婚 I put that out there.
我突然想到 那是我 "Should I get a divorce lawyer?" I ask.
我把这个画在那里 Now, I know divorce lawyers are really expensive.
我问 我应该找个离婚律师吗 And it's kind of difficult to get a divorce lawyer.
离婚律师收费很贵 But if I get a divorce lawyer--
而且要找离婚律师也有点难 And so neither one of us get a divorce lawyer we'll just do okay.
不过如果我有离婚律师 We'll get a mediator.
如果我们两人都不请离婚律师也行 We'll split the money down the middle.
我们将有个调停者 That'll be okay.
我们会把钱平分 but I'm kind of tempted.
那样也行 If I get a divorce lawyer and she doesn't,
不过我有点跃跃欲试 my divorce lawyer will take everything she's got.
如果我请了离婚律师而她没请 I get everything, she loses everything.
我的离婚律师能帮我争取到她的所有权益 Maybe I should be nice. Hold it.
我将得到一切 她则失去一切 What if she gets a divorce lawyer and I don't?
也许我该做个好人 不这么干 Well, then I'll lose everything, she'll get everything.
但万一她请了离婚律师而我没有呢 Well, we should both get a divorce lawyer then
那样我将失去一切而她会得到一切 but we'd both do pretty badly.
那么我们都该请离婚律师 Imagine we're two countries, country "A" And country "B."
然而如果那样的话我们都会很糟 Should I do nuclear disarmament?
假设是两个国家 A国和B国 That's pretty good.
我应该进行核裁军吗 We'd do okay if both countries disarmed.
那当然不错 We would live our lives; we'll raise taxes;
如果双方都进行核裁军的话 we'll do whatever countries do.
我们能过下去 能增加税收 But wouldn't it be cool
做一个国家该做的 if I build up my weaponry and they don't?
但要是 I'll invade, take everything they got.
我制造了自己的核武器而别人没有呢 That's kind of tempting.
我将侵略他们 抢走他们的一切 Also, if I don't do anything and they do it,
这前景有点诱人 they'll invade my country, take everything.
并且如果我放弃了核武器而他们制造了呢 So, we both build up our weaponry
他们会侵略我国 抢走我的一切 and we both do pretty badly.
所以我们双方都建起了自己的核武器 Once you start thinking about things this way,
双方的情况都不妙 there's no end to the sort of notions
一旦你这样想问题 that could fall under The Prisoner's Dilemma.
那就永无宁日了 A good example is a drug deal.
又是一个囚徒困境 Suppose I want to buy marijuana from you,
毒品交易是个好例子 or "Reefer" as they call it on the street.
假设我想向你买大麻 So, I have $1,000
或是大麻烟卷 街上都是这么叫的 and from you I'd like to buy a ton of reefer
我有一千美元 so--I'm rounding off.
想从你这儿买一吨大麻 So, you say, "Wonderful. Wonderful.
那我就功德圆满了 Let's meet behind the gym,
你说 好啊 好啊 two in the morning on Friday,
星期五凌晨两点钟 and we'll do the exchange.
我们到体育馆后面会合 You bring $1,000, I bring the reefer."
进行交易 "Oh, cool. Okay. Good."
一手交钱 一手交货 And I think, "That's pretty good, a thousand bucks,
好啊 就这么定了 I get the reefer, you get a thousand bucks.
我想 好极了 一千美元 That's okay, that's the normal thing."
我拿到大麻 你收到钱 But now something occurs to me.
好啊 很正常 "Nobody's going to go to the cops if things go badly.
但现在我突然想到 So instead of doing--bringing the money,
如果坏事了 没人会报警 why don't I just bring a gun?
所以我与其带着钱去 You come with your reefer,
何不带把枪呢 I stick a gun in your face,
你带着大麻来 take the reefer, go home."
我把枪指着你 Maybe I won't do that,
拿走你的大麻 然后扬长而去 but now I worry because you're thinking the same thing.
也许我不会这么做 So, you could show up with a gun,
但现在我担心起来 说不定你也这么想 stick the gun in my face,
你很可能带着把枪出现 take the thousand bucks, go home.
拿枪指着我的脸 I'll have no reefer. What will I smoke?
拿走我的一千美元 然后扬长而去 So, we both think this way.
拿不到大麻 那我抽什么 So, we both show up behind the gym,
我们都这么想 two in the morning, with guns.
所以我们都来到体育馆后面 Well, that's not as bad for either one of us
凌晨两点 带着抢 if I had--I--you had a gun and I didn't have a gun.
这样的情况会比 But still, we're both worse off
你有枪我没枪的情况好一些 than if we could cooperate and just do the damn trade.
不过 我们的处境都更糟了 And so that's the structure of The Prisoner's Dilemma.
还不如我们老老实实成交好呢 You can only appreciate
这就是囚徒困境的问题架构 the Prisoner's Dilemma by actually doing it.
实践一下 So, here's--here is a numerical equivalent to The Prisoner's Dilemma.
你们会更好领会囚徒困境 Everybody should have a card in front of you, a file card.
这里看到的是囚徒困境的数值等效 If you don't--If you didn't get a card,
每个人面前都有张卡片 档案卡 a piece of paper will do just as well.
如果没有卡片 Please write on one side "Cooperate"
找张纸来也行 and on the other side "Defect"
一面写上合作 and then please find a partner with whom to play one game.
另一面写不合作 This is a one-shot game.
再找一个搭档来玩这个单局游戏 One of you is player one.
一局定输赢 The player on the right-
其中一人是甲 most side from my right could be player one.
坐在右手边的 The other one is player two.
坐在我右手边的为甲方 Do you each have a partner?
另一个则是乙 If you have three people,
都找好搭档了吗 you could cluster together
如果是三个人 and do two and then two
可以自由组合一下 and just think.
两人一组来交换组合 It is actually best if you've never met or spoken to the person
现在来想想 you're about to deal with.
最好你和搭档不认识 And the game is, when I say "Go,"
或从未讲过话的人来搭档 simply show the person your choice.
这个游戏就是当我说开始时 To be clear, if you are player one
把自己的决定亮给对方就行 and you cooperate and player two cooperates as well,
说明一下 如果你是甲方 you each get three dollars.
又愿意合作 且对方也愿意合作 If you are player one
那么你们二人各得三美元 and you cooperate while player two defects,
如果你是甲方且愿意合作 player two gets five dollars and you get bupkis
而乙方拒绝合作 and so on.
那么乙方得五美元 你一分钱没有 On three, just show the card to your opponent,
以此类推 to your person you're playing with.
我数到三 你就把卡片 One, two, three.
亮给与你搭档的人 Okay.
一 二 三 How many people in this room cooperated?
好 How many cooperated?
有多少人举合作牌 How many defected?
有多少人举合作牌 Okay. How many people are now five dollars richer?
多少人举拒绝合作 Okay. How many of you got nothing?
好 现在有多少人赢得了五美元 Okay. So, you're learning.
好 多少人一分没得到 You're learning that the person next to you is really an SOB.
这就是吃一堑长一智 Now,
现在你知道了旁边这位多孙子 find the person next to you and you get to play again.
现在 And you get to play five games in a row.
在身边找个搭档 再玩一遍 Play five games in a row and keep score.
一局五次 You just show it to each other, record the numbers,
把一局的分数记录下来 show it, show it, show it, show it.
亮答案 然后记分 Go now.
亮答案 亮答案 Anybody here win twenty-five dollars?
开始 Yes, twenty-five?
这里有谁赢了二十五美元 So you--
真的 二十五 He cooperated four times and I defected--
那么你们 That's twenty, twenty-one.
他亮了四次合作牌 我拒绝了四次 Okay.
那是二十美元 That's good. That's good.
好 So, it really is a measure of honesty.
很好 不错 Anybody win twenty or more?
确实是检测诚信的方法 Fifteen or more.
还有谁赢了二十块或更多吗 Fourteen or less.
十五块以上 Anybody do five or less?
十四块以下 You're a good person. It's good. It's good.
有没有人只得了五块或更少 You played it with him?
你很善良 很好 很好 Yes.
你跟他合作的吗 Bad person.
对 It's not really about good or bad.
这人够次的 There was a great game once.
这个游戏不是真的用来衡量人善恶 It's a simple game,
以前有一个很棒的游戏 but it was a great game,
虽然简单 a great, famous competition a long time ago, about 20 years ago,
却很棒 set up by the great computer scientist
二十年前一段很有名的竞赛 Robert Axelrod.
发起人就是伟大的计算机学家 And he put together a competition
罗伯特 艾克斯罗德 where people brought in computer programs to play this game,
他组织了一场竞赛 to play The Prisoner's Dilemma.
让人们带着自己设计的计算机程序 And there were sixty-three competitors.
来进行囚徒困境的游戏 And these computer programs were incredibly--
共有六十三名选手 some of them were very simple,
这些程序都很不可思议 always be nice, always be--always cooperate, always defect.
其中一些非常简单 Some were elegant,
全设定为友好 全部合作或全部拒绝 prime number solutions and prototype responses,
还有一些相当强悍 genetic algorithms crafted to figure out
通过素数计算 原形反应 what the other person was doing and suss them out.
遗传演算法 巧妙地计算出 But the winner
对方套路 摸清对方的选择 was developed by Anatol Rappaport.
可最终胜出的 And Anatol Rappaport actually died
却是阿纳托尔?拉波波特的程序 about a month ago at quite an old age,
阿纳托尔?拉波波特在上个月 a great scientist.
寿终正寝 What was interesting about this was he was the winner with his program
他是位伟大的科学家 but his program was also one of the simplest.
有意思的是 他胜出的那套程序 It may well have been the simplest.
却也是最简单的程序之一 It was called "Tit-for-Tat"
没准儿是最简单的一个 and it worked very simple.
这套程序的名字叫投桃报李 It took four lines of basic code.
程序非常简单 The first time you meet a new program, cooperate.
基本代码就四行 The first time you meet somebody, be nice.
第一次遇到新程序 选择合作 After that,
第一次遇到某人 友好对待 do on each trial what the other program
在此之后 did on the previous trial.
依次按照对方程序上次的选择 This beat sixty-two others.
做出同样的选择 And here is why.
战胜了其他六十二个程序 It had certain beautiful features.
胜出原因是什么 It starts friendly.
程序的特点非常可取 Remember the best long-term solution
从友好的态度开始 is everybody's be--everybody's nice.
记住 最好的长久相处之道 It starts off nice but you can't--it's not a sucker.
就是与人为善 If you screw with it, it will defect back on the next turn.
从友善开始 不过不能骗人 It is, however, forgiving.
一次使诈 下次就会有报应 Do you want to get nice with it?
但是 至于原谅 Be nice.
想不想和睦处理呢 If you're nice, it'll be nice back at you later on.
以礼相待 It's also transparent, nothing complicated about it,
如果你以礼相待 那么别人也同样对你 and that's actually important.
这道理很明显 一点都不复杂 It's not merely that it's not a sucker and forgiving.
也确实很重要 More to the point,
并非只强调 别上当受骗和宽宏大量 it is--you could tell it's not a sucker.
在这里多说几句 And you could tell it's forgiving.
你可以说 少上当受骗 And this very powerful algorithm learned to cooperate
也可说要宽宏大量 even in the situation--
这条法则很奏效 掌握合作要领 and helped--learned to make it out the best even in a situation
即便是 where there's a risk of cheating and betrayal.
即便有被欺骗出卖的危险 Some psychologists have argued
但能帮你找出合作的最佳方式 that our emotions correspond to the different permutations
一些心理学家认为 on The Prisoner's Dilemma.
囚徒困境中 随着对象的改变 We like people who cooperate with us.
我们的情感也会变化 This motivates us to be nice to them in the future
我们会与合作伙伴建立感情 much as the Tit-for-Tat algorithm says,
促使我们将来能与合作对象和睦相处 "If you are nice to me now, I'll be nice to you back."
正像投桃报李法则所示 We don't like being screwed with.
今日投我以桃 他日报之以李 We feel anger and distrust towards those who betray us.
我们都憎恨遭人黑手 That motivates us to betray or avoid them in the future.
对于背叛我们的人会心升愤恨和猜疑 And we feel bad when we betray somebody
因而日后我们就会出卖或避免接触这类人 who cooperates with us.
倘若出卖与自己合作的人 This motivates us to behave better in the future.
心里也会痛苦 You can break down the cells of The Prisoner's Dilemma
这将让我们日后更加严格要求自己 in terms of emotions that they give rise to.
你可以从他们给出的情感角度 I did an experiment last night
分解囚徒困境的因素 with my seven-year-old and my ten-year-old.
我昨晚做了个实验 I explained to them The Prisoner's Dilemma.
和我七岁和十岁的孩子 I didn't give the divorce lawyer example but--
我给他们讲解了一下囚徒困境的原理 and we gave them a big thing of chocolate chips and--
当然没用请离婚律师这个例子 the good chocolate chips.
我给了他们一大盒巧克力脆片 We had the good chips and we had the matrix
很香的巧克力脆片 and we had them play.
用脆片摆矩阵 Now, what they did isn't so interesting,
然后开始游戏 but what's interesting is they were furious at each other.
游戏的内容并不吸引人 One of them, the younger boy,
吸引人的是他们俩后来吵翻了 was--kept being betrayed by the older boy
其中 弟弟 including tricks like he'd say,
一直被哥哥欺骗 "Okay. Let's both cooperate."
包括花言巧语地告诉他 "Yeah. Okay."
好 我们都出合作牌 Then he'd cooperate-- "Defect!"
好的 And the response was anger,
然后他亮了合作 哥哥却亮不合作 though not actually guilt on the part of the other boy
弟弟很生气 but rage.
虽然哥哥毫无内疚之感 And we see these sort of things all the time in real life.
但弟弟很生气 You're familiar with The Prisoner's Dilemma
现实生活中 这类事比比皆是 but there's another game,
你们囚徒困境都很熟悉了 which you might not be familiar with.
不过还有一种游戏 It's called The Ultimatum Game.
你们可能比较陌生 How many of you have encountered The Ultimatum Game?
名字叫最后通牒游戏 Okay, some of you.
有多少人玩过最后通牒游戏 Very simple. Choose a partner.
好 个别人 It's a very simple game.
道理很简单 找一个搭档 When economists study this they actually do this with real money.
游戏非常简单 I do not have real money to let you do this too.
经济学做这个研究时都用真钱 One of you is "A," One of you is "B."
我没真钱给你们来玩 The one on the right most from this side is "A."
一人当A 另一人为B The other one is "B."
右手边的当A Here is a very simple rule.
另一方做B I'd like "A" to turn to "B" and make an offer.
规则很简单 "A" has ten dollars.
A找B报个价 You can give "B" any amount you choose from that ten dollars,
A手上有十美元 from one dollar to ten dollars.
十美元限额内你给B多少都可以 "B" can do only one thing.
一美元到十美元 "B" can accept it;
B只做一件事即可 if you accept it,
B可以接受 you agree to take home the money
如果接受了 and "A" keeps what ever's left--
A给你多少就拿多少 or reject it.
A留着剩下的钱 If you reject it, you get nothing.
也可以拒绝 Nobody gets anything.
如果你拒绝了 就一分没有 Is everybody clear?
谁也拿不到钱 So "A" is going to say,
明白了吗 "I'll give you so and so dollars."
所以A说 "B" would say, "Okay,"
我要给你这么多钱 in which case "B" walks away with so and so dollars or--
B说可以 and "A" walks away with whatever rest
B拿着这么多钱走人 or "B" could say, "Reject,"
A则带走剩下的 in which case nobody gets anything.
B也可以说拒绝 So, this game comes in two steps.
这样 两人一分钱都没有 The first thing: I would like "A" to turn to "B"
也就是说 这个游戏分两步走 and make your offer.
第一步 A找到B Don't--"B" doesn't do anything yet.
报个价 Make your offer.
现在没B的事 先别回答 Your offer should be one word.
先报价 People are explaining their offer. Make your offer.
一个词就好 Okay. Stage two.
有人开始解释报价了 只报价就行 Do not negotiate.
好 第二步 You're not--I see people waving their hands
别讨价还价 and it's complicated.
不能讨价还价 我看到有人挥着手 It should be a number from one to ten, a positive integer.
这就复杂了 Now, "B" --I would like "B" to say one word
就在一到十里说个数字 整数即可 and you can say it really loud on three.
好现在B用一个词来回答 Accept or reject. One, two, three.
我数到三 你们大声来答 Wow. How many people accepted?
接受或拒绝 一 二 三 Anybody reject it?
多少人接受了 Good. Okay.
有拒绝的没有 How many people offered ten dollars?
很好 How many people offered more than five dollars?
给十美元的多少人 Okay. How many people offered one dollar?
给五美元或更多的有多少 Okay.
有多少人给了一美元 When you offered one dollar did you accept?
好 Anybody else offer one dollar?
给你一美元也要了吗 When you offered one dollar did your partner accept?
还有给一美元的吗 Okay.
你给一美元 对方接受了吗 How many people offered either four or five dollars?
很好 Okay.
有多少人给了四或五美元 This is an interesting game because the person who offered--
好 who accepted one dollar was being rational.
这个游戏很有意思 One dollar is better than no dollars.
接收一美元的人属于理性的人 So, the psychology of human rationality is such that,
一美元比没有强 from a logical point of view,
人类理性的心理学就在于此 you should reason one dollar is better than nothing.
从逻辑观点来看 A rational person should accept one dollar.
理性告诉你 一美元好过没有 And because we're smart,
理性的人应该接收一美元 a--you should offer one dollar
我们很聪明 but not many of you offered one dollar.
你应该给对方一美元 Why?
可一般人不会只给一美元 Because you knew people are not purely rational.
为什么呢 People, even in a one-shot game,
因为我们都清楚 没有人绝对如此理性 won't accept unfair distributions.
即便是玩单局游戏 They'll reject them just out of spite.
人们也难以接收不公平的分配方式 And so, you need to offer more.
只为负气 他们也会拒绝 And this has been studied from a neuro-economic point of view,
因此 你需要给更多的钱 which basically provides neuroanatomical evidence
这点人们已从神经经济学角度做过研究 that people--if you offered them one dollar
基本给神经解剖学提供了证明 即 they get really pissed.
如果你给人们一美元 Nobody likes to be offered a dollar.
他们很容易被激怒 Now, there's a more general moral here,
谁也不愿意只得一美元 which is actually an interesting surprise of
现在有个更泛化的道德问题 some relevance to everyday life.
它实际上与日常生活 A rational person is easily exploited.
有着奇妙惊奇的联系 A rational person's responses to provocations,
理性的人很容易被利用 to assaults will always be measured inappropriate.
一个理性的人对挑衅做出回应 If you know I'm rational
将会被认为是不恰当的行为 and you're in a sharing situation with me,
假如你知道我很理性 you could say to me, "Hey. Here's a dollar.
你和我处在一个共享的情境中 Hey, Mr. Rational, a dollar's better than nothing."
你可以跟我说 这里是一美元 "Well, okay," Because I'm rational.
嘿 理性先生 一美元也比没有好 Similarly, you could mess with me
好吧 因为我很理性 because you could harass me in all sorts of ways,
同样 你可以招惹我 take things that I own, as long as you reason
你可以用任何方式骚扰我 that a rational person wouldn't start a fuss about this.
拿走属于我的东西 只要你说 There is some advantage to being irrational,
一个理性的人是不会计较这些的 to having a temper.
非理性 或者脾气不好 Because if you have a temper
有时会有优势 and you're known to be irrational,
因为假如你脾气不好 people are forced, by dint of your irrationality,
公认很没理性 to treat you better.
人们迫于你的非理性 Who am I going to take from?
会对你比较好 The person who's extremely reasonable
我该从谁那获取呢 or the person who has a hair-trigger temper?
是极端理性的人 Well, I'm going to pick on a reasonable person
还是脾气暴躁的人呢 because the unreasonable person
我会选择一个理性的人 might do unreasonable things.
因为非理性的人 And this is faintly paradoxical, but often to be irrational,
也许会做非理性的事 or at least to have a reputation for mild irrationality,
这看似有点矛盾 但通常非理性 gives you an edge.
或至少人们认为你没那么理性 Now, this isn't focus of provocation
给了你某些优势 but this has also been presented
这里的重点不是挑衅 in the theory of why people fall in love.
论据也已经在 Suppose you're choosing who to devote your life to,
人们为何坠入爱河的理论中提及 and it's a matter of huge trust.
假设你正在挑选终身伴侣 We're going to raise kids together.
这是一个非常关乎信任的问题 It's very important for you that I don't leave.
我们将要一起抚养孩子 And I am very rational so I say to you,
确定我不会离开对你很重要 "We should mate and have children
我非常理性所以我对你说 because I find you the most attractive
我们应该结婚生孩子 of everybody who was available that I've met so far.
因为我发现你是我接触到 I'm very rational and so long as this continues
的人中最有魅力的 to be the case we'll be together."
我非常理性 既然事实如此 Well, that's reasonable and rational
我们可以在一起 but wouldn't you rather be with somebody
这很合理很理智 who's head over heels in love?
但你肯定会更想和 Head over heels in love is irrational
为爱疯狂的人在一起吧 but it's also, within certain parameters,
为爱疯狂是很不理性的 endearing because the irrationality of the person
但在一定程度内 means you could trust them more in the long run,
会讨人喜欢 因为人的非理性 just like the irrationality of somebody
在长远看来你可以更信任他们 who has a temper means
就像脾气不好的人没有理性 you don't mess with them as much.
意味着 The studies have been done more
你同样不会去招惹他们 with regard to violence than with love.
已有的关于暴力的研究 And in fact, the irrationality--
要比关于爱的多 the benefits of irrational violence have been translated
事实上 非理性 in terms of the study of homicide and other crimes.
非理性暴力的优势已经被运用到 Daly and Wilson describe the cause of murder.
谋杀及其他犯罪的研究中 Most murder is not caused by reasonable provocation.
戴利和威尔逊将谋杀的成因描述为 Most murder is not rational in its response.
大多数谋杀并不是由合理挑衅引起的 Most murder is generated by
大多数谋杀的反应也不理性 insult, curse, petty infraction,
大多数谋杀由 but this is not crazy irrationality.
侮辱 咒骂 轻微违法所导致 It's adaptive irrationality.
但这并不是疯狂的非理性 Daly and Wilson point out,
这是适应性非理性 "In chronically feuding and warring societies
戴利和威尔逊指出 an essential manual--
在长期充满争斗冲突的社会中 manly virtue is the capacity for violence.
一个必需的指南是 To turn the other cheek is not saintly,
暴力能力是男子气概的体现 but stupid or contemptibly weak."
卑躬屈膝并不崇高 If I show myself a rational person
是愚蠢或可耻懦弱 when picked on or harassed,
假如在我被骚扰时 I'll be known as somebody you could pick on and harass.
我表现出一个理性的人 And in fact, it turns out even in the modern world--
我就会被认为是可以被骚扰的人 This is from a New York Times
实际上 在现代社会中也是如此 I just picked up a year ago today.
这是一年前我从纽约时报 And the point is that the violence
上摘下来的 is due to people disrespecting each other
要点是 暴力的产生 or giving a dirty look.
是由于人们相互间的不尊重 And you might think "Isn't that irrational?"
或者瞪别人一眼 But it's not irrational in circumstances
你可能会想 这难道不是非理性吗 where people live together in an environment
但在一些情境下并不是非理性的 where they have to deal with each other
当人们共同生活在一个环境中 over and over again,
他们必须不停地 and often where there's not much support
相互打交道 by the police as indications they talked about here.
而常常这种环境里没有太多 What's particularly interesting is this sort of
警察的支持 就像他们这里说的 importance of a reputation for violence
特别有趣的是 differs from culture to culture.
暴力声望重要性的程度 And I've been talking so far in this class--
在不同文化间有差异 and in fact, so far in this course--
目前为止在这课堂上我一直在讲 about universals, about things that are built in,
实际上 是整个课程 things that show up across humans and other animals.
关于共性 关于内在的事物 I want to turn now and end this lecture
那些在人类和其他动物中都显露出的事物 by talking a little bit about a cultural difference.
我现在想改变一下 在这堂课最后 And it's a psychologically interesting cultural difference
讲些文化差异 with regard to the emotions.
是心理学上感兴趣的关于 And it's built around the difference turning around
情绪的文化差异 what sociologists call "Cultures of honor."
这是建立在社会学家所说的 A culture of honor has certain properties.
荣誉文化的差异上的 You can't rely on the law.
荣誉文化有其特定的属性 And it has resources that are easily taken.
你不能依靠法律 And sociologists have argued
而且这其中的资源很容易被拿走 that when those conditions are met
社会学家辩论道 it becomes important to develop
当这些条件都满足时 a reputation for violent retaliation.
建立暴力复仇名声 That becomes important.
变得十分重要 Examples of culture of honors
变得非常重要 include Scottish highlanders,
荣誉文化的典型 Masai warriors, Bedouin tradesmen, and Western cowboys,
包括苏格兰高地人 all cases where there's resources such as cattle
马赛战士 贝多因商人 西部牛仔 that are vulnerable and easily taken,
这些例子中都有一些资源比如牛 but you can't count on calling 911
是易受攻击 容易被拿走的 and having people come help you.
但是你不能指望打电话报警 But the culture of honor that's been studied the most
叫人来帮助你 by modern psychologists is the American South.
现代心理学家对荣誉文化的研究 This was settled by herdsmen and traditionally
最多的是美国南部 has less centralized legal control.
美国南部由牧人定居 传统上 So, the sociologists say the American South
很少受集权的法律控制 has more of a culture of honor than the American North.
所以 社会学家称美国南部 But how do you know? What does that do?
比美国北部更重视荣誉文化 We're interested in this class in claims about psychology.
但是如何知道的呢 这有什么意义呢 So, it took Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen
我们感兴趣的这课是心理学 to study cultures of honors and look at differences.
所以我们用理查德尼斯贝特和多夫科恩 And they found some interesting differences.
的研究来学习荣誉文化以及差异之处 Gun laws tend to be more permissive in the southern--
他们发现一些有趣的差异 in the American South than the American North.
枪支法在南方更加自由 Corporal punishment and capital punishment
美国南部比北部自由 tend to be more approved of.
对体罚和死刑 Attitudes towards the military are more positive.
更加的认可 In questionnaire studies,
对军队的态度更加积极 people are more forgiving towards cultures of honor.
在问卷调查中 Somebody insults my woman and I punch him in the face.
人们对荣誉文化更加宽容 This is considered less bad in the American South
有人侮辱我的女人 我会朝他脸揍一拳 than the American North.
这种行为在美国南部并不认为很恶劣 There's a higher rate of violence
相比美国北部 but only in certain circumstances.
这只发生在某些特定情境中 The streets of the American South as a rule
南部的暴力率很高 are not more dangerous than the American North.
通常美国南部的街道 The difference is there's a higher rate of crimes
并不比美国北部更危险 that are crimes of honor
差异在于 南部犯罪中更多的是 such as, for instance, if somebody breaks in to my house,
与荣誉相关的犯罪 me shooting him.
比如 如果有人强行闯入我家 Or if somebody insults me, me killing him.
我就朝他开枪 Now, this is sort of survey studies.
或者如果有人侮辱我 我就杀死他 So, Nisbett and Cohen did
类似于调查研究 one of the more interesting psychological studies
尼斯贝特和科恩进行了 I have ever heard of.
一个我听过的很有趣的 And they did this at--This--Sorry.
心理学研究 This is Nisbett and Wilson.
他们在这里进行 抱歉 They did this with University of Michigan undergraduates.
是尼斯贝特和威尔逊 They did a subject pool thing
他们以密歇根大学的本科生为研究对象 like you're doing now,
建立被实验者群体 and on it your demographic information was listed.
像你们正在做的那样 And what they did was they took
在上面有你们的人口信息 white males who are not Hispanic and not Jewish.
他们所做的是 That was their sample.
找出不是西班牙裔不是犹太裔的白人男性 Culture of honor is a phenomena limited to males
那是他们的样本 and they wanted to make it sort of a clean study
荣誉文化是一种限定在男性中的现象 so they wanted to focus--
他们想让研究更加清晰 get a homogenous sample.
所以他们需要注意区别 So, not Hispanic, not Jewish.
寻求同质的样本 And they provoked them.
所以 没有西班牙裔 没有犹太裔 And the provocation was genius.
然后去激怒他们 What they did was they said--
激怒的方式很聪明 they brought people in to the psychology building,
他们所做的就是他们说 as you'd be brought in to
把人们带到心理学大楼 Kirtland or SSS or Dunham
就像你们被带到 and they said--
科特兰或SSS或邓纳姆一样[办公楼] they had somebody go in to the desk and they said,
然后他们说 "Yeah. Go down the hall for the experiment."
把一些人带到桌边后对他们说 There was a hallway
到走廊那边去做实验 and then you walked through the hallway.
那有个走廊 And walking in the other direction
然后你穿过走廊 at that moment a graduate student--
同时还有一个研究生 a male graduate student would start to walk.
往相对的方向走 And he's holding some files.
男研究生也开始走 And what he does is he bumps the person,
手里拿着一些文档 looks at him and says, "Asshole"
他要做的就是撞实验对象 and keep walking.
然后看着他说 混蛋 Now, to be fair, the graduate student survived
再继续走 bumping into hundreds of males,
公平起见 这个研究生连续 calling them assholes and then walking to--
碰撞数百个男性 Fights did not break out, nobody was shot.
骂他们混蛋然后离开也没事 But then they brought the men--
没发生打架 也没有人被射击 now went in to a room and they were tested.
然后他们把实验对象带到 And it turned out
一个房间里做测试 that there were differences in the stress response.
结果证明 On average,
他们的应激反应有差异 males from the American South
通常 showed higher hormone response
美国南部的男性 and stress response than males in the American North--
比北部男性表现出更高的 increases in testosterone and cortisol.
荷尔蒙反应以及应激反应 There's always differences in later behavior,
睾丸素和皮质醇都增加 the people--suggesting that they were made angry.
在稍后的行为中也有差异 They gave differences
那些人 假设他们被激怒了 in fill-in-the-blank questions, for instance.
比如 让他们做 I don't remember the examples
填空题时存在差异 but it's examples like
我记不得具体题目了 "John went to the store and bought a 'blank'"
但类似像 And then the northerners would say " and buy an apple."
约翰来到商店买了一个空格 And the southerners would say "An AK-47
然后北方人会填买一个苹果 to kill that freaking graduate student."
南方人则会填 一把AK四七 Now, again, the American South--
去杀了刚刚那怪胎研究生 people in the American South were not overall more violent
但是 同样 美国南部 than the American North,
美国南部的人并不是都比 but they were more sensitive to provocations of honor.
美国北部的暴力 Now, when I gave this lecture a few years ago,
但他们对有关荣誉的挑衅更加敏感 a southern student contacted me afterwards
当我在几年前讲这个课的时候 and said that she felt that picking out the southern minority
一个南方学生课后联系我 at Yale was in some regard offensive
说她觉得在耶鲁有意说南方 and that people say things at Yale about southerners--
少数民族有些无礼 American southerners
人们在耶鲁说南方人 that they would never say about any other minority group.
美国南方人 So, there's two points I want to make regarding this.
但他们从来不说其他的少数群体 One is, of course, these are average differences.
关于这我有两个观点 Not every northerner and southerner
第一个 这些当然是平均差异 would differ along these lines.
不是每一个北方人和南方人 But another one is I think the effect is real,
都会在这几方面有差异 but it's not entirely clear that it reflects poorly
另一点 我认为这个效应存在 on the cultures of honor as opposed to the other cultures.
但不是很清晰 实验在反映 So, Nisbett, for instance, is himself a southerner
荣誉文化与其他文化的差异上有欠缺 and he points out that he went to the North
比如 尼斯贝特自己是个南方人 he was most astonished by how rude people are.
他指出当他去北部时 And this is because the North--
他被当地人的粗鲁行为惊吓到了 the American North is not particularly a culture of honor,
这是因为北部 and so there's less proper behavior towards other people
美国北部不特别讲究荣誉文化 because there's no fear of retaliation or response.
所以在那里对待他人的恰当行为少一些 Moreover, the culture of honor virtues like
因为那里不用害怕报复 honor, loyalty, courage and self-reliance,
此外 荣誉文化中的美德如 are on the face of it not necessarily bad things.
尊重 忠诚 勇敢 自立 In any case, this is an interesting example
表面看来不见得是坏事 of how there's an evolutionary background
不管怎样 这是一个有趣的例子 but culture modifies and shifts it in different ways.
关于在进化的背景下 More generally,
文化以不同方式变化转换的例子 I've suggested over the last couple of lectures
一般来说 that emotions like fear,
我在前几堂课中提到过 the love you have towards your children, anger, gratitude
情绪 如恐惧 are not aberrations or noise in the system.
对子女的爱 生气 感激之情 Rather, they're exquisitely complicated
并不是系统中的异常或噪音 motivational systems
相反 它们是敏锐复杂的 that are crafted to deal with
动机系统 the natural and social environment.
是为了与自然和社会环境 And we know this only from an analysis
打交道而产生的 that starts from an evolutionary approach.
我们只能从进化论学派发起的 So, to bring us back to D'Arcy Thompson,
一个分析中来了解 "Everything is the way it is because it got that way."
回想一下达西 汤普森的话 And your reading response for this week is that.
万物都按照其自身规律发展 And I'll wish you good luck on the exam on Wednesday.
这是你们这星期的读书报告 And I'll see you there.
祝你们星期三的考试好运
我们到时见