周一 我们 On Monday we--
我对进化心理学做了介绍 I presented an introduction to evolutionary psychology,
从进化论角度看心理学 the looking at psychology from an evolutionary perspective,
试图举一个案例 and trying to make a case
用一些例子说明它如何帮助阐明 and give some examples of how it can help illuminate
从特定方面阐明我们的大脑怎样工作 and illustrate certain aspects of how the mind works.
优势之一 One of the advantages
从进化角度看心理 of an evolutionary perspective on the mind
迫使我们从科学角度 is that it forces us to look
看待我们认为理所当然的东西 scientifically at what we would otherwise take for granted.
有很多方面 There are a lot of aspects of
我们是怎样的 我们是什么 我们做什么 how we are and what we are and what we do
对我们而言 看起来很自然 that seem so natural to us.
他们来得如此本能 容易 They come so instinctively and easily
这是困难的 有某种超自然韵味 it's difficult, and sort of unnatural,
退后 从科学角度研究他们 to step back and explore them scientifically
但如果我们打算成为科学家 but if we're going to be scientists
从科学角度 and look at the mind
看待心理 from a scientific perspective
我们需同我们自身保持某种距离 we have to get a sort of distance from ourselves
问问题 and ask questions
问其他人通常不想问的 that other people would not normally think to ask.
这个最清晰的例子 And the clearest case of this
同情感一同出现了 arises with the emotions.
作为开始 And as a starting point
有一个可爱的引言 there's a lovely quote
是心理学家和哲学家 from the psychologist and philosopher
威廉 詹姆斯说的 William James
我想用它做开始 that I want to begin with.
他这样写到 So, he writes:
对哲学家本身说 To the psychologist alone
会出现这些问题 can such questions occur as:
为什么开心时我们微笑而非皱眉 Why do we smile when pleased and not scowl?
为什么我们不能跟一群人讲话 Why are we unable to talk to a crowd
却可以单独同朋友高谈阔论 as we talk to a single friend?
为什么一个特别的少女会让我们神魂颠倒 Why does a particular maiden turn our wits upside down?
普通人 你们中没有普通人 The common man--[None of you are the common man.]
普通人只会说 The common man can only say,
当然 我们微笑 "Of course we smile.
当然面对一群人时 Of course our heart palpitates
我们心跳加快 at the sight of the crowd.
当然 我们喜欢少女 Of course we love the maiden.
所以 可能每种动物 And so probably does each animal
倾向于做特定的事情 feel about the particular things
在某物面前 it tends to do in the presence of certain objects.
雄狮在雌狮面前 To the lion it is the lioness
陷入爱情 which is made to be loved;
公熊会在母熊面前这样 to the bear the she-bear.
对母鸡来说 To the broody hen,
这个概念可能看起来荒谬 the notion would probably seem monstrous
世界上有一种生物 that there should be a creature in the world
对一窝鸡蛋 to whom a nestful of eggs
着迷 觉得弥足珍贵 was not utterly fascinating and precious
对她而言 永远不觉得 and never to be too-much-sat-upon object
孵蛋时间太长 which it is to her.
现在 对此段做个解释 Now, there's a few things to note about this passage.
首先 难以置信其中的性别歧视 First, it's incredibly sexist.
这不仅体现在语言上 It assumes not just merely in reflexive use of phrases.
他体现在 威廉 詹姆斯 It assumes that--William James
他在同男性讲话 assumes he's talking to males,
男性有时 male humans who sometimes
从公熊的角度思考 take the perspective of male bears.
所以 体现了男性视角 And so, it assumes a male audience.
你将不会 You wouldn't normally
事实上 你永远不会这么写 You wouldn't actually ever write this way.
二是 这描述的很美 A second point is it's beautifully written
你不能 and you're not
同样 不允许你以这种方式写 also, not allowed to write that way anymore either.
充满了诗意和感情 It's poetic and lyrical
如果这是威廉 詹姆斯的写作特征 and if William James characteristically writes that way.
我认为他比他写晦涩小说的哥哥 I think he writes so much better
亨利 詹姆斯要好得多 than his brother, Henry James, an obscure novelist.
最后 尽管 [laughter] Finally though,
他表达得很好 the point that he makes is a terrific one,
当然 which is yes,
所有这些对我们而言很自然 all of these things seem natural to us
但我们认为他们自然的原因 but the reason why they seem natural is
并非他们是必要的 not because they are in some sense necessary
或是逻辑真理 or logical truths.
相反 他们在我们的生物特性中 Rather, they emerge from contingent aspects
偶然呈现 of our biological nature.
所以我们需要追溯回去 And so we need to step back.
事实上 我们需要追溯 We actually--We need to step back
问一些问题 and ask questions like
诸如我们打算问 and these are questions we're going to ask
为什么大便闻起来不好 Why does poop smell bad?
避免这样回答 Avoid the temptation to say,
嗯 大便闻起来不好 "Well, poop smells bad
因为它很臭 because it's so stinky."
大便的臭味 The stinkiness of poop
是宇宙中不可约的事实 is not an irreducible fact about the universe.
相反 大便的臭味 Rather, the stinkiness of poop
是人心理的事实 is a fact about human psychology.
蜣螂觉得粪便是好东西 To a dung beetle poop smells just fine.
为什么巧克力好吃 Why does chocolate taste good?
嗯 巧克力 巧克力好吃 Well, chocolate--The good tastiness of chocolate
不是宇宙中的必要事实 isn't some necessary fact about the world.
它是我们心理营造的事实 It's a fact about our minds
对其他的生物并不适用 that doesn't hold true for many other creatures.
所以 我们需要追溯回去 And so, we have to step back
问自己 为什么觉得巧克力诱人 and ask why to us do we find chocolate appealing?
为什么我们爱自己的孩子 Why do we love our children?
不要说他们可爱 Don't say they're lovable.
很多不可爱 Many of them are not [laughter]
正如威廉 詹姆斯指出的 and, as William James points out,
每种动物 大多数动物 every animal, most animals,
许多动物爱他们的孩子 many animals love their children.
他们认为自己的孩子 They think their children
是珍贵的 是好的 are precious and wonderful.
为什么 Why?
当我们被打时为什么会生气 Why do we get angry when people hit us?
假设有人走向你 Suppose somebody walked up to you
并扇你一耳光 and slapped you in the face?
你会害怕 你会生气 You'd be afraid. You'd be angry.
你会困 Would you get sleepy,
感到怀旧 feel nostalgic,
突然想喝冷汤 suddenly desire some cold soup?
不 这是愚蠢的选择 [laughter] No. Those are stupid alternatives.
当然 如果有人扇我们一耳光 你会 Of course if somebody slapped us you would
我们会生气或害怕 为什么 we would get angry or afraid. Why?
为什么我们感觉好 Why do we feel good
当有人帮我们时 when someone does us a favor?
为什么我们不生气 Why don't we feel angry?
为什么我们不害怕 Why don't we feel fearful?
通过这个课程我们要做的 What we're going to do throughout this course
是追溯并问这些问题 is step back and ask these questions.
我们打算问问题 We're going to ask questions
每人认为应该问 nobody would have otherwise thought to ask,
普通人不会问 where the common man wouldn't address,
这当然 是所有自然科学的标准 and this is, of course, standard in all sciences.
起初的洞察力是问问题 The first step to insight is to ask questions
为什么物体坠地而不是上升 like why do things fall down and not up?
我想象第一个人 And I imagine the first person
大声提出这个问题 who articulated the question aloud
可能得到这样的回答 probably met with the response saying,
多么愚蠢的问题 物体当然下降 "What a stupid question. Of course things fall down."
对 物体当然下降 但为什么 Well, yes, of course things fall down, but why?
为什么肉是温暖的 Why is our flesh warm?
为什么水变冷时成固体 Why does water turn solid when it gets cold?
这些是宇宙自然现象 These are natural facts about the universe,
但自然现象需要被解释 but the naturalness needs to be explained
而不仅仅是假定 and not merely assumed.
本堂课 我们将探索 In this class we're going to explore,
通过这一课程 throughout the course,
将我们看起来自然的事情 what seems natural to us
试图搞清楚 and try to make sense of it.
最后我们要问问题 And to that end we have to ask questions
你通常不会问的那些 that you wouldn't normally ask.
在某种程度上 我们已经做了 We've already done this to some extent
在这些领域 诸如 with domains such as
视觉感知 记忆 语言及合理性 visual perception, memory, language and rationality,
但现在我们要看的例子 but now we're going to move to the case where
也许做起来有点难度 it's maybe even somewhat more difficult to do this.
现在 我们将从处理情感开始 Now, we're going to start dealing with the emotions.
我们开始谈论情感 We're going to talk about the emotions,
为什么他们存在 why they exist,
目的如何 what they're there for,
如何工作 and how they work.
我想从错误情感理论开始讲起 I want to start off with the wrong theory of the emotions.
错误情感理论 And the wrong theory of the emotions
被漂亮地诠释 is beautifully illustrated
在电视及电影星际迷航中 in the television and movie series Star Trek.
在另类幻想世界中 In this alternative fantasy world,
有主角 斯帕克是星际迷航经典造型 there are characters, Mr. Spock in the original Star Trek,
Data是其中一集的角色 Data in one of the spin-offs,
他被描述的能干 有才华 who are described as competent, capable,
事实上在很多方面 in fact in many ways,
是超级能干 超级有才华的人 super competent and super capable people.
但他们被描述成没有情感的人呢 But they're described as not having emotions.
斯帕克没有情感 Spock is described as not having emotions
因为他有半个火神的血统 because he's half Vulcan,
他来自缺少情感的星球 from a planet where they lack emotions.
Data是一个机器人 Data is an android
他缺少情感芯片 who is said to lack an emotion chip.
缺少情感 This lack of emotions on this
在电视连续剧中对它们不会有太多伤害 on a TV series does not hurt them much.
他们有完备的功能 They're able to fully function.
事实上 在电视剧中 And in fact, in a TV series
拥有情感通常是弊端 emotions are often seen as a detriment.
没有他们 你可以做得更好 You do better off without them.
有许多有常识的人 And there are many people in sort of common sense
也许会想 who might think
要是我能用我的理性 "Gee, if only I could just use my rationality,
合理思考 think reasonably and rationally
不让情感指导行为 and not let my emotions guide my behavior
我会做得更好 I'd be much better off."
事实证明 It turns out that this is a notion of
这种思考情感的理念 严重错误 how to think about the emotions that is deeply wrong.
事实上 毫无意义 And in fact, makes no sense at all.
用星际迷航举例 Using the example of Star Trek,
史蒂芬 朋克 在<大脑如何工作>中 Steven Pinker, in his book How the Mind Works,
精细地列出了问题 nicely illustrates the problem here.
他写到 斯帕克一定 He writes, "Spock must have been driven
被某种动力或目标激励 by some motives or goals.
某种东西让他探索新的未知世界 Something must have led him to explore strange new worlds,
探索新的文明 to seek out new civilizations
大胆地到没人去过的地方 and to boldly go where no man had gone before.
假定 是知识上的好奇心 " Presumably, it was intellectual curiosity
让它找到并解决问题 that set him to drive and solve problems.
是他同盟友的团结 It was solidarity with his allies
让他成为勇敢能干的船长 that led him to be such a competent and brave officer.
他会怎样做 What would he have done
如果被掠夺者袭击 if attacked by a predator
或者克林贡人入侵 or an invading Klingon?
他会倒立 Did he do a handstand,
解决这个四色地图原理 solve the four-color map theorem?
假定 他的一部分大脑 Presumably, a part of his brain
快速调动身体各部位 quickly mobilized his faculties
思考如何逃跑 如何采取措施 to scope out how to flee and how to take steps
避免将来易受伤害的窘状 to avoid a vulnerable predicament in the future.
也就是 他会害怕 That is, he had fear.
斯帕克没有在船上裸体走动 Spock did not walk around naked around the ship.
假定 他懂得礼貌 Presumably, he felt modesty.
他从床上起来 He got out of bed.
假定 他有抱负和动力 Presumably, he had some ambitions and drive.
他同别人交谈 He engaged in conversations.
假定 他有社交兴趣 Presumably, he had some sociable interests.
没有情感驱使 我们什么也不会做 Without emotions to drive us we would do nothing at all.
你可以用科学方法阐释 And you could illustrate this scientifically.
像斯帕克和Data一样的生物 Creatures like Spock and Data
不会存在于真实世界 don't exist in the real world
但是有不平常的 不幸的例子 but there are unusual and unfortunate cases
人们在某种程度上失去了情感 where people lose, to some extent or another, their emotions.
你可以看这些人呢 And you could look at these people
观察他们身上发生了什么 and see what happens to them.
经典的例子 最有名的例子 The classic case, the most famous case,
是一个叫做菲尼亚斯 盖奇的人 is that of a man called Phineas Gage.
他是经典心理学例子简介 Phineas Gage is the classic Intro Psych example
一个非常可怜的家伙 可怜的笨蛋 an extremely poor guy, poor schmuck.
1848年 他是一个建筑工头 In 1848--He was a construction foreman.
1848年 他在有爆炸物和铁棒的工地工作 In 1848 he was working at a site with explosives and iron rods.
因为一次爆炸 And due to an explosion,
一个铁棒像这样穿过了他的头 an iron rod passed through his head like so.
想象一下铁棒从头顶射过 Imagine that rod shooting upwards.
穿过了他的眼底 从头顶弹出 It went under his eye and popped out the top of his head.
落到了离他100尺远的地方 It landed about one hundred feet away
上面全是鲜血和脑浆 covered with blood and brains.
铁棒本身重13磅 The rod itself weighed thirteen pounds.
令人惊异的是 盖奇没有死 Amazingly, Gage was not killed.
事实上 他只是短暂失去知觉 In fact, he was knocked unconscious only for a short period
然后他起来了 and then he got up
他的朋友围过来问道 你还好吗 and his friends surrounded him and asked, "Are you okay?"
然后他们把他送到医院 And they--And then they took him to the hospital.
在去医院的路上 On the way to the hospital,
他们在酒馆停了下来 they stopped by a tavern
他喝了一品拖苹果酒 and he had a little pint of cider to drink,
坐下来同大家交谈 sat down and talked to people.
然后他感染了 不得不做手术 And then he had an infection, had to have surgery.
手术完成 But when it was all said and done
他没有失明 没有失聪 没有失去语言能力 he wasn't blind, he wasn't deaf, didn't lose language,
没有患失语症 没有麻痹 没有反应迟钝 didn't become aphasic, no paralysis, no retardation.
从某种意义上 他更糟糕 In some sense, what happened was much worse.
他失去了他的性格 He lost his character.
这是对盖奇当时状况的描述 Here's a description at the time of what Gage was like.
在达马西奥的杰作 笛卡尔的错误 And this is from Damasio's excellent book Descartes' Error:
他曾是负责任的家伙 一个居家男人 He used to be a really responsible guy, a family man,
非常可靠 值得信赖 very reliable, very trustworthy.
但事故后 他变得善变和不逊 But after the accident he was fitful, irreverent,
沉溺于使用不敬的言语 indulging at times in the grossest profanity,
很少对他的同事顺从 manifesting but little deference for his fellows,
对约束和建议不耐烦 impatient of restraint or advice,
他的智能和临床表现是孩子的水平 a child in his intellectual capacities and manifestations.
他有着强壮男人的动物性嗜好 He had the animal pleasures of a strong man.
他的粗话是如此下流 His foul language is so debased
以至于妇女们最好不要跟他就待 that women are advised not to stay long in his presence.
他不能继续工作 And he couldn't hold a job.
他失去了家庭 没有了工作 He lost his family, couldn't hold a job.
他最后来到了马戏团 He ended up in the circus.
他跟着马戏团全国巡演 He was in the circus going around the country
带着他的大铁棒 告诉大家这个故事 with his big iron rod telling everybody the story
观众们围着他并鼓掌 as they surrounded him and clapped.
还有类似菲尼亚斯 盖奇的其他例子 There are other cases like Phineas Gage,
这个人受到伤害的大脑部位 cases where people have had damage
与他相同 to that same part of the brain,
部分大脑皮层 parts of the frontal cortex.
他们丢掉的 And what they've lost
基本上是一大部分情感 is they basically lost a good part of their emotions.
这意味着他们不能真正关心 And what this means is they don't really care
太多事情 他们不能按优先排列 that much about things. They can't prioritize.
达马西奥讲了一个他病人的例子 Damasio tells a case of one of his patients
这里化名为埃利奥特 who was under the pseudonym here of Elliot.
埃利奥特前额叶上有肿瘤 And Elliot had a tumor in his frontal lobe.
肿瘤需被切除 And the tumor had to be removed
切除了埃利奥特大部分前额叶 and with it came a lot of Elliot's frontal lobe.
再一次 结果是 And again, as a result of this,
埃利奥特没有失明 失聪或反应迟钝 Elliot was not struck blind or deaf or retarded,
他也没有变得喜欢亵渎他人 and he didn't become the sort of profane character
像菲尼亚斯那样 that Phineas Gage became,
但是他失去了给事情优先排序的能力 but he lost the ability to prioritize.
他失去了设定目标的能力 He lost the ability to set goals.
达马西奥这样描述他 Damasio describes him here:
在他的工作中 在活动中 At his job at an activity
他可以阅读并明白事情的重要性 he would read and fully understand the significance of the material
他在办公室工作 [He works in an office.]
但问题在于 他有点 but the problem was he was likely,
突然 他停下手中的工作 all of a sudden, to turn from the task he had initiated
开始做其他事情 to doing something else
花一整天时间做 and spending an entire day doing that.
他可能花一整个下午研究 He might spend an entire afternoon deliberating on
他应该给文件用哪种分类方法 which principle of categorization he should apply to files.
是文旦过的日期还是规格 Should it be the date or the size of the document,
与这个例子相关或其他的 pertinence to the case or another?
他不能设定目标 He couldn't set his goals.
他不能 他不能继续工作 He couldn't--He ended up not being able to keep a job,
不能与人交流 not being able to deal with people.
这就是失去情感的人 And these are not men who have lost their emotions.
周围没有这样的例子 There is no case around where you could
主人公彻底失去情感 have your emotions entirely blotted out.
但是他们失去了大部分情感能力 But they lost a large part of their emotional capacity
结果 他们失去了理性 and as a result, their rationality failed.
情感可设定目标并区分事务优先级 Emotions set goals and establish priorities.
没有情感 你什么也不能做 And without them you wouldn't do anything,
你不能做任何事情 you couldn't do anything.
你想要到教室学习 Your desire to come to class to study,
跟朋友一起出去 读书 抚养家庭 to go out with friends, to read a book, to raise a family,
你所做任何事情的优先级由情感设定 to be--to do anything are priorities set by your emotions.
没有情感就没有生活 Life would be impossible without those emotions.
所以 我们要探讨特定的主题 And so, there's certain themes we're going to explore here.
首先 情感是基本机制 The first is this, that emotions are basically mechanisms
设定目标及事务优先级 that set goals and priorities
我们将谈论很多关于宇宙的话题 and we're going to talk a lot about
在这堂课和下堂课 in this class and the next class about universals.
我们也谈论文化 We're also going to talk about culture.
看起来文化 不同的文化 It turns out that cultures, different cultures,
包括美日文化的不同 including differences between America and Japan
南北美文化的不同 and the American South and the American North,
有不同的情感触发点 have somewhat different emotional triggers
和应对的情感底线 and emotional baselines to respond to.
但同时 正如达尔文所说 But at the same time, as Darwin well knew,
情感在全球是相通的 emotions have universal roots
被所有的人类和动物共享 that are shared across all humans and across many animals.
所以这堂课及下堂课的课程设置 So, the agenda for this class and the next class
是这样的 is going to go like this.
首先 我要讲一点面部表情 First, I want to talk a little bit about facial expressions,
这是我们在情感中的交流方式 which are ways in which we communicate our emotions
不是唯一方式 但是重要的方式 not the only way, but an important way
看 特别是 拿微笑为例 and look, in particular, at the case of smiling
这有点有趣 because it's kind of interesting.
然后做一个非社会性情感案例分析 Then I want to look at one case study of a nonsocial emotion,
关于恐惧 that of fear.
然后对我们家族的情感分析 I want to then deal with feelings towards our kin,
就是同我们有基因关系的人 people we're genetically related to,
然后下节课 and then--and this will take us to the next class,
同家族无关的情感 feelings towards non kin.
首先 脸 So first, faces.
作为对脸的简介 And as an introduction to faces
我播放保罗 艾克曼的短片 I have a brief film clip from Paul Ekman,
他是伟大的学者 who is one of the world's great scholars
对面部表情很有研究 in the study of facial expressions. [clip playing]
在艾克曼的作品中 他给我们指导 In Ekman's work, he presents us with instructions
怎样做不同面部表情并去区分他们 on how to make different faces and identify faces.
事实上 艾克曼有更多实质性工作 Ekman actually has a sort of more practical career
同他的科学工作一起 along with his scientific career.
他培训警察及情报局人员 He trains police and secret service members
试图找到诚实和撒谎的线索 to try to figure out cues to honesty and dishonesty.
这有非常有趣的纽约客形象素描 There's a very interesting New Yorker profile on him
几年前马尔科姆·格拉德威尔创作 by Malcolm Gladwell a few years ago,
也许你们会感兴趣 something you might be interested in.
但我们先做一个他的面部表情 But let's do one of his faces.
请放低你的眉毛 将他们拧在一起 Please lower your brows and draw them together.
也就是说 That means even those
跟我无眼神接触的做对了 who aren't making eye contact with me now.
绷紧你的上下眼睑 Tense your lower and upper eyelids.
别隐形眼镜瞪出来 只是绷紧他们 Don't pop out contact lenses but just tense them.
瞪眼 你的眼睛可以鼓出来 Stare. Your eyes can bulge somewhat.
好了 最后一部分很重要 [laughter] Okay. Now, the last part is important.
把嘴唇并在一起 嘴角成一条直线 向下 Press your lips together with the corners straight or down.
很好 你们做到了 That's good. You got it.
好了 你们跟我没有眼神接触 Okay. Just because you are not making eye contact with me
不代表我不能看到你们 doesn't mean I can't see you. Okay.
很好 就想你们看起来的样子 [laughter] Well, what you're looking like
假设是这个 指着幻灯片 presumably is this [referring to a slide].
这是哪种表情 And what face is that?
符合哪种情感 愤怒 What emotion does that correspond to? Anger.
这是我们周围 There's all sorts of databases
不同面部表情的数据库 of different faces from around.
这个家伙 我不知道他是谁 This guy--I don't know who he is
不过他看起来在很多这类地方出现 but he seems to be on a lot of these things [laughter]
但你不必依赖他做的表情 but the thing is you don't need to rely on him.
你不必依赖西方的表情 You don't need to rely on Western faces.
即使你上网 Even if you go on line there's,
现在 有很多面部表情数据库 by now, a lot of databases from faces
各种性别和种族 from all sorts of genders and national origins.
这是日本女性的面部表情 This is from a Japanese women facial expressions.
有一些细微 有趣的不同 And there are some subtle and very interesting differences
不同的国家和民族 across countries and across people,
但也有极大的全球统一性 but there's also deep universals.
你不必努力地去学习 You don't have to work very hard
去辨析不同面部表情的含义 to figure out what these different facial expressions mean.
我给你们一个面部表情例子 I want to give one more face example
我想把重点放在上面 because I want to focus on this a little bit.
这个相对简单 This one's a little bit easier.
请把你的嘴角下扬 上抬 Raise the corners of your lips back and up, please. [laughter]
鼓起你的脸颊 Raise your cheeks.
抬起你的下眼睑 如果你可以的话 Raise your lower eyelids if you can. [laughter]
他们在微笑 我们在微笑 They're smiling. You're smiling.
你们可以停止微笑了 You can stop [laughter] smiling.
耶鲁的确是酷爱微笑的学校 Yale is actually really big on smiling.
我们有两个研究微笑的专家 We have two of the world's experts on smiling.
英国美术馆馆长安格斯 This is Angus Trumble, the curator at the British Art Gallery
他写了这本奇妙的书 who wrote this wonderful book,
微笑简明史 看艺术中的微笑 A Brief History of the Smile looking at the smile in art.
另一位是我的同事 法国人玛丽安 And this is my colleague, Marianne LaFrance,
她在照片上没有笑 who is actually not smiling in that picture
但她研究微笑 成人的微笑 but she studies smiling and smiling in adults,
孩子的微笑 文明的微笑 smiling in children, smiling across cultures,
微笑的不同社会功用 and the different social uses of smiling.
有一些有趣的发现 And there are some interesting discoveries
人们微笑 微笑与情感有关 people have made about smiles and about smiles and the emotions.
微笑是世界性的语言 One--Oh. Well, one is that smiles are universal.
我们知道 例如 小孩子微笑 We know, for instance, that young children smile.
这是我儿子 扎卡里 他小的时候 This is my son, Zachary, when he was younger,
看起来不像他旁边的孩子那么古怪 not that weird-looking kid [laughs] next to him. [laughter]
谢天谢地 即使盲童 Thank God. [laughter] And even blind children,
天生的盲童 也会微笑 children blind from birth, will smile.
他们会适当地微笑 They'll smile appropriately,
说明微笑不是学习的 making an important point that smiling is not learned
通过观察其他人的面部表情 by looking at other people's faces.
微笑不是人类特有的 Smiling is also not uniquely human.
灵长类动物也可以微笑 Nonhuman primates smile as well.
微笑是社交信号 Smiles are social signals.
你可能想象人们在高兴的时候微笑 You might imagine that people smile when they're happy.
事实并非如此 没那么简单 This is actually not the case. It's not as simple as that.
相反 人们微笑是渴望能开心地交流 Rather, people smile when they wish to communicate happiness
从一些研究中 我们知道 and we know that from several studies.
有一些关于投球手的研究 There are some studies of bowlers
这些研究非常棒 and the studies are very nice.
他们为投球手拍摄 What they do is they film bowlers.
投球手投球时 So, the bowlers do their bowling
有时他们撞到了所有障碍物 and sometimes they knock down all the pins,
这叫什么呢 全打 which is called a what? A strike.
全打 打保龄球时这是非常棒的 So a strike--and that's good in the bowling world.
所以 他们撞到了所有障碍物 但他们没有做什么 So, they knock down all the pins but what they don't do,
他们撞到后没有微笑 is they don't smile after they knock down the pins.
他们正在被拍摄 他们没有微笑 They are being filmed. They don't smile.
然后他们转向朋友们 露出了大大的微笑 Then they turn around to their friends and give a big grin.
其他的一些研究 Other studies have looked at films of people
关于刚获得奥林匹克金牌的人 who have just won Olympic gold medals.
现在 不出所料 Now, not surprisingly,
获金牌的人很高兴 people who have won Olympic gold medals are very happy.
这是个好消息 This is good news to win an Olympic gold medal.
但站在领奖台上 他们没有微笑 But they don't actually stand on the podium grinning.
相反 他们表情平淡 Rather, they stand there with their faces in a normal expression.
但当他们面对人群站立时 Then when they stand up and face the crowds,
他们露出了大大的微笑 there's a big smile.
你可以问自己当做爱时 You can ask yourself whether during sex,
很多人很享受的一项运动 an activity where many people enjoy,
做爱时 人们是否会微笑 whether or not people smile during sex.
你可以通过镜子观察你和你的恋人 And you can discover this yourself with [laughter] a partner or a mirror. [laughter]
所以 我们知道了关于微笑的其他事情 So, there are other things we know about smiles.
微笑有不同的种类 There are different types of smiles.
确实有不同的微笑种类 There are actually quite a few different types of smiles
有很多不同的有趣的方式 that are different in interesting ways.
还是保罗 艾克曼 This is Paul Ekman again.
哪个笑的更好 Which one's a better smile?
谁支持右边这张 Who votes for the one on the right?
谁支持左边 Who votes for the one on the left?
有两种不同的微笑 There are two different sorts of smiles.
右边是打招呼的微笑 The one on the right is a smile of greeting.
即泛美航空公司式的微笑 It's sometimes known as a "Pan Am" smile.
泛美现在已经倒闭了 Pan Am is a now defunct airline which had at that time
他们不在称之为女服务员了 They were--They don't call them stewardesses anymore
但是他们是 but they're--
女服务员进来就会微笑 the stewardesses would come in and they would smile.
这是她们工作的一部分 That was part of their job.
但那是大大的 虚假的微笑 泛美式微笑 But it was a big, fake smile, the Pan Am smile,
微笑意味着你好 a smile to communicate "hello" and
但与微笑截然相反 but it's as opposed to a smile
交流时微笑是真正开心的 where the communication is that of genuine happiness.
不同之处在于眼睛 The difference is around the eyes.
不是嘴 是眼睛 It's not the mouth. It's the eyes.
真正开心的微笑是杜乡式微笑 A real happiness smile, what's known as a Duchenne smile,
在一个神经心理学者研究后发现 after a neurophysiologist who studied it,
包括眨眼睛 involves moving the eyes.
有趣的是只有十分之一的人 What's interesting is about only one out of every ten people
可以伪装真正的微笑 can fake a Duchenne smile.
所以 你对某人微笑 So, if you smile at somebody,
你很讨厌他们 但你要对他们微笑 and you just hate their guts but you want to smile at them,
除非你很有天赋 it's--unless you're quite gifted
很难去假笑 伪装真正的微笑 it's difficult to fake a really good, really happy smile.
在现实世界研究微笑不难 You could--It's not difficult to study smiles in the real world.
例如 你可以观察政客 You could look at politicians, for instance.
政治家的环境 Politicians are often in contexts
他们不得不经常微笑 where they have to smile a lot.
他们通常是泛美式微笑 And what they do is they simply give the Pan Am smile.
嘴唇移动 The mouth moves up,
特别当有人攻击他们的记录 particularly if somebody is attacking their record
或嘲笑他们时 or ridiculing them,
他们会微笑 但不是真诚的微笑 and they'll smile and--but it's not a sincere smile.
他们的眼睛没有动 The eyes don't move.
我最喜欢的例子 几年前 My favorite example of this was a few years ago
白宫多数党领袖有一场大的争斗 when there was a huge battle for the House majority leader.
共和党一个叫约翰的家伙 And a guy named--a Republican named John Boehner
在白热化的争斗中赢得了席位 won this position in quite a heated battle.
他们给他拍了照 拍得不是很好 And they took a picture of the guy--This is not very nice.
他们给这个家伙拍照 罗伊 They took a picture of the guy, Roy Blunt,
当他走出时 as he stepped out.
他迷惑了 这是他的表情 And he had lost and this was his expression.
他并不是很高兴 [laughter] And he's not really very happy [laughter]
相反的是这样的微笑 这是真正的微笑 as opposed to a smile like this, which is a real smile.
所以 有两种微笑 So, you have two sorts of smiles:
真正开心的微笑 A real happiness smile
杜乡式微笑 [or] a Duchenne smile--called--also known as the Duchenne smile,
泛美式微笑 and then a Pan Am smile,
或问候式微笑 or greeting smile.
你可以用其中的任意一种 And you'll use each of those smiles
在你生活的不同日子 不同情形下 at different points in your day and in your life.
这说明这些不同的微笑 It turns out that these different smiles
有真正的心理学效用 have real psychological validity.
他们反应出深层次的不同 They seem to sort of reflect deep differences
在你的情绪 情感及思想中 in your mood and emotions and thoughts.
例如 10个月大的孩子 Ten-month-olds, for instance,
给出不同的微笑 give different sorts of smiles.
当妈妈接近时 When their mother approaches there
他们是真正开心的微笑 they give a real happiness smile.
当陌生人或其他人接近时 Then when a stranger approaches or someone else approaches there
他们是问候式微笑 they'll tend to give more of a greeting smile.
约翰 葛特蒙研究结婚夫妇 John Gottman studied married couples.
他做了很多工作 And John Gottman does a lot of work--Well,
他看夫妻的电影片段 what he does is he looks at film clips of couples.
通过分析这些片段 And by analyzing the film clips
他尝试语言他们的婚姻是否会长久 he tries to predict will their marriages survive.
其中的一个线索 有不同的线索 And one of his cues--There's different cues.
顺便提一下 一个次要的话题 Incidentally, sort of side topic:
对他来说婚姻结束的标志 The death knell for a marriage for Gottman
这是他的大发现 This is his big finding.
不是他们吵架很多 It's not if they fight a lot.
不是他们互相喊叫 It's not they scream at each other.
甚至不是他们互相憎恨 It's not even if they hate each other.
婚姻结束的标志是互相蔑视 The death knell of a marriage is contempt.
所以 他播这样的片段 我进来了 And so, if he shows these clips: I walk in,
亲爱的 我回家了 "Honey, I'm home,"
我的配偶带着蔑视的表情 and my spouse has the look of contempt,
这是个糟糕的信号 it's a bad sign. [laughter]
但另一个线索是他们给出的微笑 But another clue is the sort of smiles they give
当他们走向实验室时碰到对方 when they see each other when they walk into the lab.
如果是一个真正开心的微笑 If it's a true happiness smile,
对这段感情来说是个好兆头 that's actually bodes better for the relationship
比问候式微笑好的多 than a Pan Am, or greeting smile.
最后 所做的研究是 Finally, studies have been done of
30年后大学年鉴上人们的照片 college yearbook photos looking at people thirty years later.
事实证明有相关性 And it turns out that there's a correlation,
可靠的关系 a reliable relationship between
现在很开心的关系 30年后也是 how happy somebody is now and back thirty years ago
在他们的年鉴照片里 in their yearbook photo--
他们给出的微笑类型 what sort of smile they're giving.
有证据表明有第三类微笑 There is some evidence for a third sort of smile.
被称为腼腆的微笑或安抚的微笑 This is known as a coy smile or an appeasement smile.
这是一种特殊的微笑 This is sort of a very specialized sort of smile.
这种微笑处于尴尬或压力 This is a smile of embarrassment or stress.
当你想让人喜欢你时会有这种微笑 You give it when you want people to like you,
你想加入他们 you want to join in;
你想让人们对你有好印象 you want to make people feel positive about you.
但从某种意义上说 But you're in, sort of,
你处于高压状态 有一定风险 a high-stress situation often with some sort of risk.
你所做的是把头转开 And what you do is you sort of you turn away.
没有眼神接触 There's no eye contact.
你把头转开就像这样 You turn away and kind of give this
事实上 其他灵长类也会如此 And this actually shows up in other primates.
这是幅不错的图片 Here's a nice picture. [laughter]
这只猕猴咬他自己的孩子 So, the rhesus monkey bites her own infant,
孩子发出尖叫并给出腼腆微笑 and the infant gives a scream and then the submissive, coy smile.
婴儿也会如此 And it also shows up in human infants.
这是一个孩子腼腆微笑的片段 Here's a nice clip of a coy baby smile.
我要走向你 I'll walk you through it.
有人走近这个婴儿 The baby is being approached, [laughter]
像这样 眉毛上挑凝视 开始微笑 goes like this [with locked-gaze the brows raise and a smile starts],
像这样笑 大笑头偏向左 smiles like this [smile widens and head turns up a left],
然后是讨厌的人 大笑头避开 and then the aversion [smile widens and head is further averted].
对 孩子很可爱 Yeah. Babies are cute. [laughter]
关于微笑有什么问题吗 Any questions at this point about smiling?
你们的微笑问题是什么 What are your smiling questions? [laughter]
非人的灵长类微笑 Yeah.Student: Do nonhuman primates' smiles [inaudible]
好问题 Professor Paul Bloom: That's a good question.
我不知道 有证据表明 I don't know. There's evidence
腼腆微笑在非人类 that the coy smile shows up in non
问题是 灵长类和人类微笑相同吗 The question was, "Do nonhuman primates give the same smiles that humans do?
像泛美式微笑 问候式微笑 such as a distinction between the Pan Am smile, a greeting smile,
同真心微笑的区别 versus a genuine smile of happiness?
我不知道 下节课告诉你答案 I don't know. I'll find out for you for next class though.
一个好问题 That's a good question. Yeah.
为什么有些人微笑比另一些甜美 Student: How come some people's smiles are better than other people's smiles?
为什么有些人微笑比另一些人甜美 Professor Paul Bloom: How come some people's smiles are better than other people's smiles?
无聊的心理学答案 The non-interesting psychological answer,
有些人更漂亮 有更多 some people are better looking and there's more thing-- [laughter]
深刻点的答案 有些人更擅长微笑 but the deeper answer is some people are better able to smile.
有些人更擅长用线索 Some people are better able to use the cues
表达真正的开心 to express true happiness.
其他与微笑有关的话题开始浮现了 There's something else about smiles which is going to come up,
你提出问题 我想 可能出现 which your question raises, I think, which is going to come up in
当我们讨论情绪感染时 when we talk about emotional contagion and actually,
事实上 一些道德话题 some issues of morality.
微笑极易蔓延 Smiles are extremely contagious.
所以 我想要大家做 So, what I'd like people to do
如果你坐在某人旁边 If you're sitting next to somebody,
请你转身 please turn around
找到你旁边的人 看着他 and find someone next to you and look at them.
不要做其他事情 只是看着他 Don't do anything. Just look at them.
谁被看着 回看对方 Whoever is being looked at, look back. [laughter]
这不是 请任意选择 This is not-- [laughter] Please arbitrarily decide.
好 请任意选择微笑者 Okay. Please arbitrarily decide on the smiler.
这将是 不 不是我 互相看 That will be--No, not at me, at each other, [laughter]
将是这个人 and that will be the person
如果你不能解决这个争端的话 If you are unable to resolve this dispute
对 你们俩 请 如果不能解决 yes, you two, please--if you are unable to resolve this dispute,
我右手边为微笑方 the person to the right of me will be the smiler.
请面无表情地互相看 So, look at each other expressionless. [laughter]
现在 要求微笑的一方 Now, the person who is the mandated smiler, [laughter]
我数到三 微笑 一 二 三 on three, please smile. One, two, three. [laughter] Okay. [laughter]
最糟糕的课堂演示 Worst class demo ever [laughter]
但如果有人能想到更多约束的情形 but if one could imagine more restrained circumstances,
事实上面对一个微笑的人 it is actually extremely difficult to be facing somebody
不微笑很难 who's really smiling at you and not smile.
是真的 事实上每种情感都如此 This is true, by the way, for virtually every other emotion.
这种现象就是情绪感染 The phenomena is known as "emotional contagion,
例如 你看着某人 where if you're facing somebody, for instance,
他们怒气冲冲看着你 and they're they look at you in a face of absolute rage,
你很难只是坐在那里 it is very difficult to just sit there
不去回应他们的愤怒 without your own face molding in accord to their own.
这一现象发生的原因和原理 And the reasons why this happens and how that works is something
我们一会儿探讨 we'll talk about later on.
这是另一个问题 对 So that's--One more question. Yes.
我不知道是否 问题是 Student: [inaudible]
微笑露齿与不露齿有不同吗 Professor Paul Bloom: I don't know if that's--The question is,
可能有 "Is there a difference between smiling with your teeth versus just your lips closed?"
这不是主要方面 There probably is.
但我打赌可能有不同 That's not a main smile difference
我打赌区别还在于 but my bet is that there probably is a difference.
微笑时你露了多少颗牙齿 And my bet also is that that sort of distinction,
这可以看出地区和国家的不同 how much teeth you show when you smile,
例如 研究发现 is the sort of thing that would show regional and country by country differences.
英美人的微笑不同 For instance, there's been research finding
我认为这种反差 that people in England smile different from people in the United States.
你可以在跨文化不同种找到 And I think that those are the sort of contrasts
每一种文化都有问候式微笑 that you would expect to find in cross-cultural differences.
开心的微笑 腼腆的微笑 Every culture is going to have Pan Am smiles,
不同还在于 happiness smiles, coy smiles,
你是怎么被抚养大 你身边人如何 but the variation of that sort is something which will vary as a result of
本堂课我们来看几种情绪 how you're raised and the people around you.
接下来是第一个情绪案例分析 I want to deal with a few emotions in this class
我想要分析愤怒情绪 and next and the first case study of an emotion
分析愤怒的不同原因 I want to deal with is the emotion of fear.
原因之一 他是基本情绪 全球的 And I want to deal with fear for different reasons.
所有人都会愤怒哦 One reason is it's a basic emotion, it's universal.
很多非人类 可能大多数非人类 All humans have it.
物种也会愤怒 Many nonhumans, probably most nonhuman,
这把我们带回到行为主义讲座中 species have it too.
我们谈论经典条件型反射 And it also brings us back to the lecture on behaviorism
及人们害怕的不同理论 where we talked about classical conditioning
它是非社会性情感 and different theories of what people are afraid of.
我这么说是想表明这是可能得 It's a nonsocial emotion.
当然 人害怕时 What I mean by this is it's possible,
不像感激时 of course, to be afraid of a person,
不是社会固有的 but unlike an emotion like gratitude,
你会害怕从悬崖或其他地方摔下 it's not intrinsically social.
又一次有了与众不同的面部表情 You could be afraid of falling off a cliff or something.
这是李·哈维·奥斯瓦尔德的著名照片 It has a distinctive facial expression again.
他被杰克谋杀 This is a famous picture of Lee Harvey Oswald
这是侦探的面部表情 who was being assassinated by Jack Ruby.
混杂着恐惧和愤怒 And this is the detective's face standing there,
用一种普遍的面部表情 脸被后拉 a mixture of fear and anger?
任何地点 任何人都能辨认 the face being drawn back in a universal expression
要问的基本问题 我们害怕什么 that every human everywhere would be able to recognize.
答案有几分有趣 So, the basic question to ask is "What are we afraid of?"
我们害怕蜘蛛 蛇 高地 暴雨 大型动物 And the answer's a little bit interesting.
黑暗 血 陌生人 侮辱 深水 We're afraid of spiders, snakes, heights, storms, large animals,
独自在家 darkness, blood, strangers, humiliation, deep water,
我们也害怕其他东西 and leaving home alone.
但这些是我们最害怕的 We are afraid of other things too
我甚至不打算问 but those are big things to be afraid of.
是否这个房间里的人 I'm not even going to ask.
有不害怕这些的 If there's somebody who--in this room,
你比我更强壮 who's not afraid of any of those things?
它们会引起普遍恐惧 为什么 You're a tougher person than I am.
它们有什么共同点 These are universal fear elicitors. Why?
你为什么会害怕 What do they have in common?
答案是 为什么我们会 Why would you be afraid of those things?
为什么害怕枪 车和电器的人很少 And the answer is--And why would--
答案并不意外 why are there so few people afraid of guns, cars, and electrical outlets?
有一些东西 有东西在嘀嗒走着 The answer is not particularly surprising.
提到舞台后面 These are things that--something's ticking over there.
有东西让我们的祖先提心吊胆 [referring offstage]
更特别的是 These are things that are scary in our ancestral environment.
有些东西在人类进化后 More particularly,
对我们很危险 these are things that through the course of human evolution
所以 我们害怕这些 have been dangerous to us.
不害怕这些 And so, we are afraid of these things
同样 灵长类 and not so afraid of these things
黑猩猩害怕特定的东西 similarly for nonhuman primates.
他们对特定的东西产生恐惧 So, chimpanzees are afraid of certain things
但恐惧产生了 and they can often develop phobias for certain things,
害怕产生了 but the phobias they develop,
像蜘蛛和蛇 the fears they develop,
在芝加哥市区 做一个很好的研究 are things like spiders and snakes.
在芝加哥市内 There was a nice study done in urban Chicago,
他们询问在市内长大的孩子 in the inner city of Chicago.
你们最害怕的是什么 And they asked children raised in the inner city,
你也许以为他们会说 "What are you most afraid of?"
我害怕被射死 And you might think they would say,
我害怕枪 "I'm afraid of being shot.
我害怕被杀死或被伤害 I'm afraid of guns.
我害怕被车碾过 I'm afraid of being killed by somebody or being harmed by somebody.
芝加哥市区孩子最害怕的两样是 I'm afraid of being run over by a car."
蛇和蜘蛛 The two biggest fears of children in urban Chicago are that
甚至这些孩子 snakes and spiders,
从未在动物园以外的地方见过蛇 even though many of these children
这是本能的害怕 have probably never seen a snake outside of a zoo in their lives.
这是心理学家朱迪·德洛克的研究 These are natural fears.
在弗吉尼亚大学 There is some research done by the psychologist Judy DeLoache
她研究孩子对蜘蛛和蛇的恐惧 at University of Virginia
孩子们 如果父母是正常人的话 where she's studying babies' fears of spiders and snakes,
从未见过蜘蛛和蛇 babies obviously who, since their parents are normal,
有各种各样的伦理原因 have not yet seen spiders and snakes.
为什么你不能给孩子展示 There are various ethical reasons
你不能试图建立孩子 why you can't show babies
对蜘蛛和蛇的恐惧 you can't try to construct phobias in babies
但研究者用了间接研究方法 of spiders and snakes
像人们认为的那样 but the research she's finding using more indirect methods finds,
心理学家称为强烈预刺激 as one would expect,
即 有东西天然引起恐惧和关心 these are what psychologists would call "pre-potent stimuli";
这就是我想说的恐惧 that is, these are things that naturally elicit fear and concern.
先休息一下 And that's all I have to say about fear.
下周下节课将谈论社会情感 I want to turn for the rest of this lecture
社会情感可分为两类 and for next lecture next week to the social emotions.
一个学生打喷嚏 上帝保佑你 And the social emotions can be broken down into two categories.
你对亲人的情感 [a student sneezes] Bless you, bless you.
你对有基因关系亲属的情感 Those emotions you feel towards your kin,
你对那些与你无关 towards your genetic relatives,
但有相互作用的人的情感 and those emotions that you feel towards the people
我想特别讲解能让人产生善意 you're not related to but interact with.
利他主义行为的情感 And I want to focus particularly on emotions that generate kind
利他主义是生物学术语 or altruistic behavior.
意思是善良 慷慨 "Altruism" is the biologists' term
进化生物学家努力去解释 meaning kindness,generosity,
为什么动物进化趋向善良 and evolutionary biologists have worked really hard to explain
非常古老错误的进化论观点认为 why animals might evolve to be kind.
进化塑造了动物 A very old, very wrong view of evolution is that
他们只是幸存的机器 evolution has shaped animals
如果这样 从进化论观点看 such that they're merely survival machines.
任何对动物善意行为 If so, then from an evolutionary standpoint
一个动物对另一个动物 是个谜团 any kindness towards an animal
如果进化仅让我们生存 that an animal shows towards another animal--is a mystery.
那么这是个谜题 If evolution wired us up simply to survive,
为什么动物之间确定有联系 then it's a puzzle
但当然 这不是真的 why animals would relate positively to other animals.
有一个简单的例子证明这不是真的 But of course, that's not true.
想象两个基因 Here's a simple example showing it's not true.
两种动物各自含有自己的基因 Imagine two genes,
基因A让动物关心后代 two sorts of animals each containing their own gene.
基因B让动物只关心自己 Gene "A" makes an animal care for its offspring.
想象下一代会发生什么 Gene "B" makes an animal care only for itself.
通常基因A胜出 这是简单的例子 Imagine what will happen in the next generation.
逐步形成大脑的动物说 Plainly, Gene "A" will win out. It's a very simple case.
照顾你的后代 An animal who has evolved a brain that says,
好过从自然选择观点 "Take care of your offspring"
看问题的动物说 will do much better from a natural selection point of view
吃掉你的后代 from an animal who has evolved a brain that says,
吃掉自己后代的动物 "Eat your offspring."
他们的基因走进了生物学的死胡同 The animal that eats its offspring,
本质上 不再是生存的问题 those genes are a biological dead end.
是繁衍后代的问题 What matters then is not survival, per se.
所以 简单的事实是 What matters is reproduction.
我们为什么期待动物关心后代 And so, that simple fact is
因为后代是基因繁衍的方式 why we would expect animals to care for their children,
但意义更丰富 because children are the means through which genes replicate.
这是过去半个世纪 But it gets a little bit richer than that.
进化生物学的重大进步之一 And this is one of the major revolutions
忘掉动物们 换个角度 in evolutionary biology over the last half century.
从感冒病毒的角度看 Forget about the animal a bit and take another perspective.
人们之前就已经在打喷嚏了 Take a perspective of the cold virus.
现在 你开始咳嗽 谢谢 People have been sneezing in the front row.
当你感冒时 为什么会打喷嚏 Now, you're coughing. Thank you.
这不是要点 Why do you sneeze when you get a cold?
这是 这不是一个坏答案 Here's not a-- [more coughing, laughter] Point made.
你打喷嚏 因为细菌在你体内 Here is--Here's not a bad answer.
你的身体想把他们赶出去 You sneeze because you've got all these germs inside you
所以你打喷嚏 and your body wants to get the germs out,
这是完全错误的 但这个答案不坏 so you sneeze.
真正的答案有点趣味 It's not that it's totally wrong, but it's not bad.
不要从人类的角度看待问题 The real answer is a little bit more interesting.
如果你感冒了 Don't look at it from the person's perspective.
试图摆脱掉你自私的角度 If you have a cold,
我感冒了 从病毒的角度看问题 try to get away from your own selfish perspective,
病毒也在进化像你一样 "I have a cold." Look at it from the perspective of the cold virus.
它通过生存和繁衍进化 The cold virus has evolved just as much as you evolved.
感冒病毒进化成不同物种 And it's evolved due to survival and reproduction.
使之得以繁衍 What the cold virus does is evolve different strategies
它繁衍的方式是 to cause it to reproduce.
占据其他动物并操纵他们的身体 And what it does is--one way to reproduce is
以驱逐他们 to occupy other animals and manipulate their bodies
从这个角度看 so as to expel it.
感冒时打喷嚏是因为 From this point of view then,
感冒病毒用你的身体繁衍后代 the reason why you sneeze when you have a cold is that your cold
从这个角度看 这个人 the cold virus is using your body as a tool to replicate itself.
人来只是细菌繁殖的方式 From this person--this perspective,
这里有许多这样的例子 a person is just a germ's way of making other germs.
有一种叫做弓浆虫的寄生虫 And there's tons of other examples of this.
寄生在老鼠体内 There's a parasite known as toxoplasmosis
但当老鼠被猫吃掉时 他就死掉 that lives in the bodies of rats.
它从猫的排泄物中排出 But it gets passed on when the rats get eaten by cats.
又到老鼠体内 And then it ends up in the cats' feces
如果你是老鼠 你体内有弓浆虫 and then it ends up back in rats.
你非常健康 除了一点 If you are a rat and you have toxoplasmosis,
弓浆虫会影响你的大脑 you are perfectly healthy except for one thing.
减少你对老鼠的恐惧 The toxoplasmosis rewires your brain
现在 又一次 and it makes you less afraid of cats.
这不是幽默的上帝开的古怪玩笑 Now, again,
相反 这是一个完美的 this is not some sort of bizarre quirk of a humorous god.
这是弓浆虫的适应策略 Rather, it's because this is a perfectly
事实上 真正强有力的病毒 this is the adaptive strategy of the toxoplasmosis virus.
会跳过呼吸系统 In fact, a real powerful virus
比感冒病毒好的多 would skip the respiratory system altogether,
它会做什么 它会控制大脑 even better than a cold virus.
它让人们东奔西跑 想做爱 What it would do is it would take over the brain
接吻 and it will make people want to run around and have sex with other people
事实上 有证据表明这种情况发生 and kiss them on the mouth.
有一些证据 例如 And in fact, there is some evidence that this happens.
性病如梅毒 作用之一是引起性欲 There's some evidence, for instance,
让人们沉溺于性交 that one of the effects of sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis is it arouses the libido,
因为这是这些病毒繁衍后代的方式 makes people more sexually engaged,
想象一个病毒 例如 because this is part of the strategy through which these viruses replicate themselves.
控制动物大脑 然后修改大脑 Imagine a virus, for instance,
这个动物会跑出去咬其他动物 that captured an animal's brain and then modified the animal's brain
以传播病毒 such that the animal would run out and bite other animals
然后 当然 你称之为狂犬病 so as to pass on the virus.
按此种方法 And then, of course, you would call that virus "rabies."
进化论生物学家理查德·道金斯 Along these lines,
采取常规方式建议到动物是工具 the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins
可被用于繁衍基因 took the general step of suggesting that animals are the vehicles
从这个角度看 动物只是人类的 through which genes exploit to reproduce.
只是基因创造另一种动物的方式 From this perspective, an animal is just the person's
作为心理学家 受益之处在于 is just the gene's way of creating another animal.
这种分析方式让我们 Well, as psychologists, what benefit does that--
这的确可帮我们解释利他主义 does this way of analysis give us?
所以 那种基因会存活 It actually can help us explain altruism.
能存活的基因是 So, which genes are going to survive?
能进行最多自我复制的基因 Well, the genes that survive are going to be
动物是基因自我复制的工具 the ones that make the most copies of themselves.
动物只是一个基因 Animals are vehicles through which genes reproduce.
复制另一个基因的方式 An animal's merely the gene's way of
所以 自私基因会导致利他行为 making another gene.
从这个意义上说 Hence, selfish genes will lead to altruistic animals because,
进化在基因层面进行 to the extent that evolution
你自己的身体和别人的身体 operates at the level of the genes,
没有严格差别 there's no hard and fast distinction
这是生物学家霍尔丹的描述 between your own body and someone else's body.
霍尔丹曾经被问到 And here's an illustration by the biologist Haldane.
你愿意为了你的兄弟放弃生命吗 So, Haldane was once asked,
他回答 "Would you lay down your life for your brother?"
不 但我乐意把生命给三个兄弟 And he responded,
或5个侄子或九个堂兄弟姊妹 "No, but I would gladly give my life for three brothers
他在开玩笑 or five nephews or nine first cousins.
如果你是个正常人你不会去计算的 Now, he's joking.
但他在运用逻辑 You don't actually do the math if you're normal.
我们对亲人有感情的根本原因 But what he's capturing is the logic,
基因把我们联系在一起 the ultimate causation of our feelings towards our kin.
让我们去爱孩子 爱亲人 因为 Our genes have wired us up
这种方式 基因可以复制 our brains up to love our children and love our kin because,
事实上 你可以从遗传相似度 in this way, our genes manage to replicate themselves.
得到他的推算 And in fact, you get his calculations
遗传相似度 从进化论的角度看 by looking at genetic relatedness.
影响到你关心他人多少 The genetic relatedness, from an evolutionary standpoint,
从你自身基因的角度看 affects how much you care for other people.
你为了三个兄弟牺牲自己 From the standpoint of your genes,
是非常好的折中 you dying for the life of three brothers
因为基因复制超过50% is an excellent compromise
如果你想象 那么 这是他的推算 because the genes replicate by fifty percent more.
如果你想象做一个选择 If you imagined--;So, here is his calculations.
一个基因让动物选择死亡 If you imagined a choice between this one gene
另一个基因让动物 that makes the animal choose to die and the other gene
选择为它的兄弟死亡 that makes an animal
自我牺牲的基因 choose for its brothers to die,
将来会复制更多自己 the gene that sacrifices the body it belongs to
这是一个有趣的讽刺 will make more copies in the future.
自私基因理论被视为 And there's an interesting irony to this.
某种冷血进化分析 The selfish gene theory is often seen as
但它在科学基础上提出了 sort of a cold-blooded evolutionary analysis,
真实的利他主义 真的争论 but it provides a scientific basis for
从基因的角度 real, genuine altruism, for really arguing that,
你和他人 from the standpoint of the genes,
没有固定的不同 there really is no hard and fast difference
从这个角度 between yourself and another person.
我们可以回答一些有趣的问题 From this perspective,
至少关于非人类 we can start to answer some interesting questions
当一个新雄狮接管领地 at least about nonhumans.
它将杀死留下的幼仔 When a new male lion takes over a pride
和任何经历过自然流产的雌狮 what he does is kill all the remaining cubs
这可能看起来很残酷 and any lionesses undergo spontaneous abortions.
但从基因角度行得通 This all might seem very cruel
其他幼仔是他的竞争基因 but from a genetic standpoint it makes sense.
他们没有他的基因 The other cubs are genetic competition for him.
只有把它们除掉 They do not have his genes.
它才可以跟雌狮交配 繁殖 Moreover, only once they're out of the way
自然流产时雌狮用的适应技巧 can he reproduce and copulate with the females.
一旦幼仔出生后不能生存 The females do their spontaneous abortions because that's a reliable adaptive trick.
雌狮的最好方式 These cubs are not going to survive once they are born
是摆脱掉它们 开始新生活 so the female's best strategy
从心理学角度看 is to get rid of them and start anew.
动物进化趋向于对自己的亲人有益 From a psychological point then,
特别是自己的孩子 animals have evolved to be nice to their kin,
以鸟类和哺乳类为代表 particularly their children,
鸟类和哺乳类靠质生存 and particularly in birds and mammals.
而非以量取胜 Birds and mammals invest in quality
这与鱼类和两栖类不同 and not quantity,
鸟类和哺乳类 没有很多孩子 as opposed to fish and reptiles.
所以我们用大量的心力 For birds and mammals, we don't have many kids
去保护我们有的孩子 but so we devote a huge amount of psychological energy
而且 我们的孩子很长一段时间 to protecting the ones that we have.
易受伤害 Moreover, the kids we have are vulnerable
我们需要保护它们 for long periods of time
所以 这里有各种各样的 and require our resources.
心理学机制 So, there's various
一是 通常父母或大人 psychological mechanisms that this gives rise to.
怎样应对孩子的 One is how parents or how adults in general
另一个是 孩子们如何应对大人 respond to children.
我将对一些现象作简要阐述 Another one is how children respond to parents.
小动物发出求救信号 And I'll briefly talk about a few of these phenomena.
它们啁啾 咪咪叫 咩咩叫或哭 Small animals make distress calls.
事实上 发出求救信号 They chirp, they mew, they bleat or they cry.
是极其危险的行为 The governing of a distress call
从进化的角度看 is actually an extremely delicate high-wire act
对任何一个年轻的生物体 for any young organism
一方面 得足够吵闹 from an evolutionary point of view.
他人才能帮助你 It has to on the one hand be annoying enough
让人们帮助你 喂养你 收养你 to actually generate help,
带上你 让他们接近你 to get people to help you, to feed you, to pick you up,
另一方面 to take you and put them next to you.
不能太吵 人们会杀了呃逆 On the other hand,
所以它是复杂的 it can't be so annoying that the people around you kill you [laughter]
但从你的角度看 and so it's complicated.
你感应到要帮助他们 But, from your point of view,
这个声音 是最细微程度的干扰 you're wired up to respond to them.
它并没有干扰 That sound is, at very minimum, extremely annoying.
因为它的音量和波及范围 And it's more--it's not annoying
它干扰到了 因为大脑接到信号 because of its volume or pitch.
孩子哭是向你发出信号 It's annoying because your brains are wired up so that
从更积极地角度看 孩子是可爱的 that baby cry is going to drive you up the wall.
这幅画我从谷歌图片找的 On the more positive side, babies are cute.
标题为可爱的孩子 I got this [picture] from Google Images,
忘记色情 看着图片 typing in "cute baby," [laughter]
不 花花公子 但无论如何它在上面 getting rid of the porn and [laughter] coming on to that.
不要受诱惑做某事 No, no, Playboy, but anyway it was over that. [laughter]
孩子可爱 是不是大自然的杰作 And do not be tempted to say,
有时 我们想要杀掉他们 "Isn't it wonderful that the way nature works is that babies are cute?
这不是正确的故事 Otherwise we would have killed them." [laughter]
如果 孩子不是 人类的孩子不是 That's not the right story.
有几分 形而上学的可爱 If--Babies are not--Human babies are not,
如果火星人到地球 sort of, metaphysically cute.
他们不会说 可爱的孩子 If Martians came down
相反 他们可爱是因为 they wouldn't say, "Oh, cute baby."
我们的大脑是这样反应的 Rather, they're cute because of
他们可爱 因为他们 how our brains are wired up.
与我们大脑的特定方式有联系 They're cute because there are certain cues
事实上 这与哺乳动物相同 that correspond to the way our brains work.
所以 孩子有大而突出的额头 And in fact, this is how it works for all mammals.
朝上的小鼻子 胖胖的脸颊 大大的眼睛 So, babies have these big, protruding foreheads,
这些是可爱的元素 an upturned little nose, chubby cheeks and big eyes.
史蒂芬·杰·古尔德 Those are the ingredients for cute.
在一篇很棒的论文中讨论 Stephen Jay Gould has a wonderful essay
从沃尔特 迪斯尼公司米老鼠角色 where he discussed this,
看进化论 looking at the evolution of Mickey Mouse
米老鼠开始是又丑又小的噬齿动物 from the Walt Disney character.
随着时间推移 他越来越可爱 Mickey Mouse starts off as an ugly, little rodent. [laughter]
因为美工赋予了它 Over time he gets cuter and cuter and cuter
越来越多婴儿的特点 as the artist converged on
研究成年人知道什么事娃娃脸偏见 more and more baby-like features.
不仅发生在美国 Studies of adults show what's known as a baby-face bias.
同样的研究也在亚洲 This is not unique to the United States.
你在成年人中发现了娃娃脸 The same studies have been done in Asia.
莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥 You find a baby face in an adult,
特别天真 无助 善良 温暖 Leonardo DiCaprio,
在模拟法庭 to be particularly naive, helpless, kind and warm.
拥有娃娃脸的人比像本·阿弗莱克的人 And in mock trials,
更易被判定无罪 people with baby faces are
他没有娃娃脸 more likely to be found innocent than people like Ben Affleck, [laughter]
现在 一个用于后面整个讲座的问题是 who do not have baby faces. [laughter]
谁更性感 拥有娃娃脸的人还有猛男 Now, one question which is going to come up for an entire lecture later on is
这里 "who is sexier, the baby faced man or Testosterone Man?"
事实上 我想要一次头片 here [pointing to Ben Affleck]. [laughter]
因为我想要回到这个地方 And I am going to ask actually for a vote
我只想要男士投票 because I'm going to return to this.
谁会 忘掉他有点不高兴的脸 I do not--I only want the men to vote, please.
谁会把票投给本·阿弗莱克 好 Who would go for--And forget the fact that he looks sort of unhappy.
谁会把票投给莱昂纳多 好 Who would go for Ben Affleck here? Okay. [laughter]
好 女士投票会让情形更复杂 Who would go for Leonardo? Okay. [laughter]
我们将讨论何时做关于性的演讲 Well, the women votes would actually be more complicated.
你的选择将取决于 We will discuss when we get the lecture on sex.
月经周期时你在哪里 Your choice will depend on
现在 我们讨论婴儿如何应对 where you are in the menstrual cycle. [laughter]
我们讨论我们婴儿的反应 Now, so far, we're talking about how babies respond to
婴儿对我们的反应如何 We're talking about our responses to babies.
有一个很老的理论名为 碗柜理论 What about babies' responses to us? Well,
由行为主义者B.F.史金纳提出 there's a very old theory known as the "Cupboard Theory"
辩论说婴儿对父母依恋 proposed by the behaviorist B.F. Skinner
因为父母提供食物 which argues that babies' attachment to their parents
最典型的是母乳 is because the parent provides food,
或者是用瓶子或其他容器装的食物 characteristically breast milk,
因为操作性条件作用 but it could be food from a bottle or whatever.
婴儿跟着成年人 And because of operant conditioning,
另一个理论是鲍尔贝提出 the baby is driven towards the adult.
他们被妈妈的安慰 An alternative theory is that of Bowlby,
和社会互动吸引 which is that they're drawn to their mother for comfort
同时他们害怕陌生人 and social interaction
为了验证 心理学家哈洛 as well as fear of strangers.
用非人类灵长类做了一系列独创性试验 To test this, the psychologist Harlow
区别wire mothers performed a series of ingenious experiments with nonhuman primates
和cloth mothers distinguishing between what he called "wire mothers"
下面你可以看到实验描述 and "cloth mothers."
Wire mothers给孩子提供食物 And you'll see illustrations of this to follow.
她们很少用乳头喂奶 Wire mothers are mothers that are built that they give food.
你可以用母乳并给孩子提供食物 They have a little nipple attached
这是孩子的食物来源 and you can drink from it and give food to the baby.
Cloth mothers不给孩子提供任何食物 And that's the baby's source of food.
只提供温暖和安慰 Cloth mothers don't give any food
有一会儿在心理学系 but they give warmth and comfort.
一位教授对学生非常支持 There was a while in the psychology department
但不能给学生温暖的感觉 where one professor was known to be extremely supportive to his students
他就是cloth mother but didn't really provide much warmth.
另一个非常富有成效 And he was known as the cloth mother.
但不能提供任何关爱 And another one was very productive and everything
她就是wire mother but provided no love.
但无论如何 我给你们展示影片 And she was known as the wire mother.
我必须警告你们第三 But anyway, I'll show you the movies. [movie playing]
和最后的影片是一个例子 I have to warn you this third
关于为什么这个研究现在没有做 and final movie is an example of
但它描述了重要的科学观点 why this research is not currently done,
哦 现在 他 but it illustrates an important scientific point.
我想我 Oh. Now him-- [movie playing]
他们是更多的谷歌图片 I think I'm-- [showing pictures of cute baby animals]
下节课我会展开并解释 They're just more Google Images. [laughter]
哈洛的研究 I think I'll--I want to begin next class by wrapping up and explaining
告诉我们的具体细节 the Harlow studies in more detail
然后我会讲对非亲人的利他主义 and what they tell us.
下周见 And then we'll move towards altruism, towards non kin.