本字幕由YYeTs人人影视翻译制作 更多教程字幕 请登陆 www.YYeTs.net I'd like to welcome people to Introduction to Psychology.
翻译：取子小Q Ray phonex53 molovan 时间轴：Missing 总监校对：yank121 My name is Dr. Paul Bloom.
限于版权 课堂演示中出现的某些材料并未得以显示 耶鲁大学公开课程 I'm professor of this course.
欢迎大家来到心理学导论的课堂 If you haven't pick up the syllabus in front of the class
我是保罗·布罗姆博士 Please raise your hand.
是本门课程的教授 Are we... Are we have syllabus?
如果还有同学没领取教室前面的教学大纲 Please raise your hand
请举手示意我 and the teaching fellow will bring it to you
我们有教学大纲吧 If you don't have the syllabus.
请举手示意我 The syllabus is also available on this website
研究生助教会发给你 This website will become important to you to
如果你还没领到教学大纲的话 assist you to take this class.
大家也可以在这个网站上下载教学大纲 It will include the syllabus
这个网站将会成为你学习本门课程 which will occasionally be revised
的得力助手 well and advance
网站上资源里有教学大纲 Also all of the class material will be on the site
我会不定期更新 including copies of slides I'm presenting
会非常及时 including this slides right now.
所有的课程资料也会放在网上 Practice and exam
包括我所展示的幻灯片 and every ditail on the reading assignments
包括我现在放的这个课件 So you have to use this website regularly
还有关于练习 考试 to keep in touch with the course
和每一次阅读作业的细节要求 Today will be a short class
所以大家要经常登录这个网站 What I just wanna do today is orient you
以获取最新的课程信息 tell you what this course is about
今天的课会很简短 I know this is a shopping period
只是帮助大家理清本课程的研究方向 and I'll give you a good sence
介绍一下课程 what you be in for, if you took this course.
我知道课程都在预选阶段 I wanna go over
所以我希望让大家 the style of the classes,
对课程有一个整体感知 the evaluation the readings and so on.
首先我会向大家展示 And then I'll give you some examples
本门课程的安排与考核 of some of the specific topics that would be covering.
以及会涉及书目等等 But before I get started,
接下来我会给出一些 I have to point out something a little bit unusual about this class
我们会涉及话题的具体实例 We're being filmed.
但在我开始之前 This course is one of the seven courses chosen to begin
我要告诉大家这个课程的一点特别之处 the Yale University Open Educational Resourse Vidio Lecture Project
我们会被录像 And what's this means is,
本课程是"耶鲁大学公开视频课程计划" that when the year's over
的七个实验课程之一 these vidioes well be on the internet,
那么这也就意味着 free for anybody who wants to see them.
在本年度结束时 And ideally will be access by people across many different countries
所有的视频录像都会在网上 some of them wouldn't normally have access
免费对所有人开放 to the university education
希望它能够通过网络传播到各个国家 I see this is a good and honorable
为无法通过正常渠道接受大学教育的人们 use of Yale resources.
提供便利 and of course, this is a part of
我视此为耶鲁之荣 Yale's plan for world domination.
更是对资源的充分利用 So, because of this, Yale University Production Team
当然 这也是耶鲁建立 from the Center of Media Initiatives
"世界学术霸权"的大计 is gonna be taping all the class in there up there.
因此 来自媒体创新中心的 The idea is that
耶鲁大学节目制作组 this should be the as honor truth as possiable
将会在教室后面全程录制本课程 and the classroom experence should have centrally be the same
这一计划的目标在于 as they're not there.
让全世界看到真实的耶鲁课堂 So there attention to tape the lecture
让观看录像的人们获得与在座各位 to tape me and sometimes the slides,
同样的知识 but not tape your faces or voices.
因此他们需要录制的是课程 So we're not having you sign the release forms
也就是我和后面的幻灯片 Two things, one thing is
而不会拍摄同学们 personally, I have to remind myself not to use profanity
所以没有让各位签署授权协议 'Cause children maybe watching.
两点需要说明 第一 So, I'll try not to do that
就我而言 我会尽量注意自己的言辞 Result to another complex thing
因为可能会有孩子观看 If you're in the front roll,
所以我会很注意 or second roll or third roll
另一件事情就是 It's possible that some part of your head,
如果你们坐在第一排 your back or even your face
或者前几排 might end up on the film.
那么你们的头部 If you're on a witness protection program
背部甚至脸部 or you're sort of fugitive
都可能被镜头扑捉到 you probably don't want to sit on the front roll.
如果你在证人保护计划之内 If people wanna kind of slide back,
或者是个逃犯级人物 that's fine,
就尽量不要坐在前排了 as I'm talking
各位要是现在想换到后排 就放心换 Okay, we're ready.
没关系的 I'd like to welcome people to this course, Introduction to Psychology.
我不介意 My name is Dr. Paul Bloom.
好 我们可以开始了 I'm professor of this course.
欢迎大家选择心理学导论这门课程 And what this is going to be
我是保罗·布罗姆博士 is a comprehensive introduction to the study of the human mind.
负责教授本门课程 So, we are going to cover a very, very wide range of topics
本课程旨在让大家 including brains, children, language, sex,
在宏观上对人类心智研究形成基本的认识 memory, madness, disgust,
因此我们讨论的主题会非常之广泛 racism and love, and many others.
其中囊括了大脑 儿童 语言 性 We're going to talk about things like the proper explanation
记忆 狂躁 厌恶 for differences between men and women;
歧视以及爱恋等等 the question of whether animals can learn language;
我们将会探讨的问题诸如 the puzzle of what grosses us out;
如何合理解释两性差异 the problem of why some of us eat too much
动物究竟能否学习语言 and what we could do to stop;
我们作呕究竟因何而起 the question of why people go crazy in groups;
为何我们有些人会进食过量 research into
而我们又该如何阻止 whether you could trust your childhood memories;
为何当人们融入团体时会变得疯狂 research into why some of us get depressed and others don't.
我们同样关注 The style of this is there'll be two lectures a week,
你能否相信自己的儿时记忆 as well as course readings.
以及为何抑郁只存在于一部分人中 Now, to do well in the course,
这门课一周两节 you have to attend both the lectures and do the readings.
也会有指定的阅读材料 There will be some overlap.
要想在这门课中取得好成绩 In some cases,
必须要认真听讲 用心阅读指定书目 the lectures will be quite linked to the readings.
两者内容会有些重叠 But there will be some parts of the readings
有时 that will not find their way into the lectures,
讲课的内容与阅读内容紧密相连 and some lectures--some entire lectures
但部分的阅读内容 that will not connect at all to the readings.
并不会在课上进行讨论 So, to pursue this course properly
也会有一些课堂内容 you have to do both.
完全与阅读材料无关 What this means is that
因此 想要学好这门课程 if you miss a class you need to get notes,
你就必须两者兼顾 and so you should get them from a friend or from the person sitting next to you.
这也就意味着 The slides are going to be made available online.
如果你落下了一节课 你就要看笔记 So, one of the things you don't have to do is you don't have to write this down.
你可以向朋友或者身边的同学借来看 You take notes any way you choose,
我会把幻灯片放到网上 but if you don't get anything on there
你不用抄我的课件 it'll be available online.
你可以用自己的方式做笔记 I'm going to post it in a format which will be black and white
但如果你不想记笔记 and easy to print out
也大可直接下载课件 so you don't have to worry about this.
我会把它做成黑白板式上传 But again,
方便同学打印 attending to the slides is not a substitute for attending class.
所以完全不用担心笔记问题 There's a textbook,
但我要强调 Peter Gray's Psychology, 5th edition,
看课件绝对不可能替代上课 and there's also a collection of short readings,
我们的教材是 The Norton Reader edited by Gary Marcus.
彼得·格雷的《心理学》 第五版 It's an excellent textbook;
我们的阅读书目是 it's an excellent collection,
格雷·马库斯主编的《诺顿读本》 and you should get them both.
这是一本非常经典的教材 They're available at Labyrinth bookstore on York Street
当然读本也同样精彩 or you get them online.
要求大家两本书都有 I should note that last time I taught the course
你能够在约克街的迷宫书店买到 I used the Marcus Reader,
或者网购 and when Professor Marvin Chun taught his course last semester
告诉大家一个小秘密 上一期课我用了 he used Peter Gray's 5th edition textbook.
我指定的教材是马库斯的读本 So, there may be a lot of used copies floating around.
上学期马文·春教授指定的是 You should feel free to try to get one of those.
彼得·格雷的第五版教材 The evaluation goes like this.
所以会有很多旧书 There is a Midterm and there is a Final.
大家大可以光明正大地拿来用 The Final will not be held in the exam period,
下面我们来说分数 because I like to take long vacations.
期中和期末我们各有一次考试 It will be held the last day of class.
期末考试不会拖到考试周 The exams will be multiple choice and short answer,
因为长假的魅力实在太大 fill in the blank, that sort of thing.
所以我把考试安排在了最后一次课上 Prior to the exams I will post previous exams online,
题型分为单项选择 简答 so you have a feeling for how these exams work and so on.
还有填空之类的 There will also be review sessions.
考试前我会把历年真题放在网上 Starting at the beginning of the third week of class
以便大家熟悉考试模式 that is not next week but the week after on each Monday
还会同时上传复习大纲 I'm going to put up a brief question or set of questions,
本课程将于开学后三周开课 which you have to answer
也就是自下下周开始 每周一上课 and your answers need to be sent to your teaching fellow.
我会提出一系列问题 And you'll be given a teaching fellow, assigned one, by Friday.
要同学们思考并回答 This is not meant to be difficult.
大家的答案要在周五前交给研究生助教 It's not meant to be more than five, ten minutes of work,
周五会将各位研究生助教安排给你们大家 but the point of the question,
这个作业不会很难 --15, 20 minutes of work,
几分钟就能完成 but the point of the question is to motivate people
这个作业的目的 to keep up with the material and do the readings.
要十几到二十分钟完成吧 These questions will be marked pass, fail.
这个作业的目的在于激励大家 I expect most everybody could pass all of the questions
跟上课程的进度并去阅读材料 but it's just to keep you on track and keep you going.
这些作业会被评为"及格"或"不及格" There is a book review, a short book review,
我希望大家在所有的问题上都能及格 to be written towards near the end of the class.
但这只是想让大家不要掉队 督促一下 I'll give details about that later on in the semester.
我们还要写一篇简短的书评 And there's also an experimental participation requirement,
在临近期末的时候完成 and next week I'll hand out
我在之后的课上会给大家讲详细的要求 a piece of paper describing the requirement.
我还要求你们以被试的身份去参加实验 The point of the requirement is to give you all experience
下个星期我会给你们 actually seeing what psychological research is about
一份关于要求的介绍 as well as to give us
这项要求的重点在于让你们去亲身体会 hundreds of subjects to do our experiments on.
看看心理学到底在研究些什么 The issue sometimes comes up as to
同时也能够为我们的研究 how to do well in the course.
提供数百名的被试 Here's how to do well.
有时会有同学问到 Attend all the classes.
如何才能学好这门课程 Keep up with the readings.
下面我来告诉你们该怎样做 Ideally, keep up with the readings before you come to class.
不要缺课 And one thing I would strongly suggest is to form some sort of study groups,
一定要阅读指定的材料 either formally or informally.
最好是在上课前就已经阅读过指定材料 Have people you could talk to
我强烈建议大家建立一些学习小组 when the--prior to the exams or—
正式的或非正式的都可以 she's patting somebody next to her.
这样 在考试之前 I hope you know him.
你就能和大家一起讨论 And in fact, what I'm going to do,
她拍了下她旁边的人 not this class because it's shopping period.
希望你能认识他 I don't know who's coming next class, or what
事实上 我会安排大家相互认识 but I'll set up a few minutes prior,
这节课不会了 因为这是节试听课 at the beginning of the class,
我不知道下节课会有谁来 有什么情况 for people just to introduce
不过我会在课程开始的时候 themselves to the person next to them
先安排几分钟 so they have some sort of resource
让你们向前后左右的同学 in the class.
进行一番自我介绍 Now, this is a large class,
这样你们就能在这个班里 and if you don't do anything about it,
认识一些新同学了 it can be very anonymous.
这是一门大班课程 And some of you may choose to pursue it that way
如果你并不打算和周围人相互介绍的话 and that's totally fine.
也就不会有什么人能够认识你了 But what I would suggest you do
也许你们有些人会选择这种做法 is establish some contact with us,
当然这样做是完全可以的 either with me or with any of the teaching fellows,
但我还是建议你们 and I'll introduce the teaching fellows sometime next week.
与我们大家建立些联系 You could talk to us at the beginning or at the end of class.
不论是和我还是和研究生助教 Unless there are special circumstances,
我会在下周向你们介绍研究生助教们 I always try to come at least ten minutes early,
你们可以在课前或课后与我们交谈 and I am willing to stay late to talk to people.
如果没有什么特殊情况 You could come by during my office hours,
我一般都会至少提前十分钟到教室 which are on the syllabus,
我也愿意在课后和大家一起讨论问题 and you could send me e-mail and set up an appointment.
你们可以在我的办公时间来找我 I'm very willing to talk to students about intellectual ideas,
教学大纲上有写我的办公时间 about course problems and so on.
你们也可以通过电子邮件跟我预约 And if you see me at some point just on campus,
我非常愿意同学生们一起讨论些好的想法 you could introduce yourself
讨论下学习困难之类的话题 and I'd like to meet people from this class.
如果你们在校园里碰见了我 So, again, I want to stress
你们可以向我进行自我介绍 you have the option of staying anonymous in this class,
碰见我教的学生 我会很开心的 but you also have the option of seeking out
那么 我再强调一遍 and making some sort of contact with us.
你们可以选择在这门课上默默无闻 Okay.
但是你们也可以选择站出来 That's the formal stuff of the course.
跟我们多多接触 What's this course about?
好了 Unlike a lot of other courses,
刚才讲了些课程的规定 some people come to Intro Psychology
那这门课讲了些什么呢 with some unusual motivations.
与其他很多课程不同 Maybe you're crazy
一些学生是带着非同寻常的动机 and hope to become less crazy .
来上心理学导论这门课的 Maybe you want to learn how to study better,
也许是你觉得自己疯了 improve your sex life,
所以希望能够不那么疯 interpret your dreams,
也许你想学会如何更好地学习 and win friends
想提升你的性生活质量 and influence people.
想为自己释梦 Those are not necessarily bad reasons
想多交点交朋友 to take this course,
想学会如何影响他人 and with the exception of the sex part,
作为选择这门课程的理由 this course might actually help you out
这些倒也并不算太差 with some of these things.
当然除了性这个方面 The study of scientific psychology
这门课实际上还是能够帮助你们 has a lot of insights of real world
解决一些问题的 relevance to real problems
科学的心理学研究 that we face in our everyday lives.
能让你们更多地了解 And I'm going to try-- and when these issues come up—
与我们日常面对的真实问题有关的 I'm going to try to stress them
真实的世界 and make you try to think about the extent
当这些问题出现的时候 to which the laboratory research I'll be talking about
我会强调这些问题 can affect your everyday life:
并让你们试着思考 how you study,
想想我将讲到的实验室研究 how you interact with people,
对你们日常生活的影响 how you might try to persuade somebody of something else,
你们是如何学习的 what sort of therapy works best for you.
是如何与他人交流的 But the general goals of this course
是如何说服他人去认同别人观点的 are actually I think even more interesting than that.
哪种心理治疗最适合你 What I want to do is
但实际上我觉得这门课的总体目标 to provide a state of the art introduction
要比上面的这些更有意思 to the most important topic
我所要做的 that there is: us.
就是向大家介绍在人文领域里 How the human mind works,
对最重要主题 how we think,
也就是对我们人类的研究现状 what makes us what we are.
人类大脑如何运作 And we'll be approaching this from a range of directions.
我们如何思考 So, traditionally,
又是什么让我们变成了现在的样子 psychology is often broken up into the following--into five sub-areas:
我们将从多个方面来理解这些问题 Neuroscience,
所以 传统上 which is the study of the mind by looking at the brain;
心理学通常被分为以下五个子领域 developmental, which is the area which I focus mostly on,
神经科学 which is trying to learn about how people develop and grow and learn;
通过观察大脑反应来研究心理 cognitive,
发展心理学 这是我的主要研究方向 which is the one term of the five
研究人类是如何成长 发育以及学习的 that might be unfamiliar to some of you,
认知心理学 but it refers to a sort of computational approach to studying the mind,
也许是五个子领域里 often viewing the mind on analogy with a computer
对你们有些人来说最不熟悉的一个领域 and looking at how people do things like understand language,
它用计算机方法来研究心理 recognize objects, play games, and so on.
通常将心理比作计算机 There is social,
并探究人类如何行动 如言语理解 which is the study of how people act in groups,
物体辨认 游戏等等 how people act with other people.
还有社会心理学 And there is clinical,
主要研究人类的群体行为 which is maybe the aspect of psychology
如何与他人交流 that people think of immediately when they hear psychology,
最后就是临床心理学 which is the study of mental health and mental illness.
这也许是当人们提到心理学时 And we'll be covering all of those areas.
最先想到的方面 We'll also be covering a set of related areas.
它主要研究心理健康和心理疾病 I am convinced that you cannot study the mind
我们会涉及以上所有的领域 solely by looking at the discipline of psychology.
我们还会涉及一些相关的领域 The discipline of psychology spills over to issues of how the mind has evolved.
我坚信 仅仅局限于心理学学科的学习 Economics and game theory are now essential tools
是不可能让你有能力去研究人类心理的 for understanding human thought and human behavior—
心理学学科充满了心理如何发展的问题 those issues connecting to philosophy, computer science,
经济学和游戏理论如今已经成为了 anthropology, literature, theology,
理解人类思维和人类行为的重要方法 and many, many other domains.
这些问题涉及哲学 计算机科学 So, this course will be wide ranging in that sense.
人类学 文学 神学 At this point I've been speaking in generalities
以及许多其他的科学领域 so I want to close this introductory class
因此这门课程涉及到的方面将相当的广泛 by giving five examples of the sorts of topics
到现在为止 我一直都在进行一些概述 we'll be covering.
我想通过给出五个 And I'll start with the topic that we'll be covering
我们将会涉及到的一些主题的例子 next week on Monday
来结束这节导论课 The brain.
我以我们下周一要讨论的主题 This is a brain.
作为开始 In fact, it's a specific person's brain,
大脑 and what's interesting about the brain is that little white mark there.
这是一个大脑 It's her brain.
实际上这是个特殊人物的大脑 It's Terri Schiavo's brain.
有意思的是 大脑上有个白色的小标记 You recognize her more from pictures like that.
这是个女人的大脑 And what a case like this,
是特丽·夏沃的大脑 where somebody is in a coma,
你们能更好地从她的照片上认出她 is without consciousness as a result of damage to the brain,
想象一下这样的情况 is a stark illustration of the physical nature of mental life.
某人正陷于昏迷之中 The physical basis for everything that we normally hold dear,
由于脑部损伤而失去了意识 like free will, consciousness, morality and emotions,
这是心理活动的生理属性毫无修饰的图解 and that's what we'll begin the course with,
我们所拥有的一切的生理基础 talking about how a physical thing can give rise to mental life.
如自由意志 意识 道德和情绪 We'll talk a lot about children.
我们的课程将会以此作为开始 This is actually a specific child.
讨论生理的东西如何能产生心理活动 It's my son, Zachary,
我们会讨论很多与孩子有关的问题 my younger son,
这实际上是个特殊的小孩 dressed up as Spider-Man,
是我儿子 扎卡里 but it is Halloween.
我的小儿子 No, it's not Halloween.
扮成蜘蛛侠的样子 Well, there's more to say about that.
不过这是在万圣节 I study child development for a living
不对 不是万圣节 and I'm interested in several questions.
这个还是有故事可说的 So, one question is just the question of development.
我主要研究儿童的发展 Everybody in this room can speak
我对很多问题都感兴趣 and understand English.
其中一个便是发展的问题 Everybody in this room has some understanding
这个教室里的所有人都能讲英语 of how the world works,
也能听得懂英语 how physical things behave.
大家对于这个世界是如何运作的 Everybody in this room has some understanding of other people,
身体是如何运作的 and how people behave.
多少都有一些了解 And the question that preoccupies developmental psychologists
大家对于他人 对于人类如何行动 is how do we come to have this knowledge,
都多少有些了解 and in particular,
发展心理学家们所关心的问题 how much of it is hard-wired,
就是我们如何获得这些知识的 built-in, innate.
特别是 And how much of it is the product of culture,
这其中有多少是固有的 of language, of schooling?
内在的 天生的 And developmental psychologists use many ingenious methods
又有多少是文化的产物 to try to pull these apart
语言的产物 或是教育的产物 and try to figure out what are the basic components
发展心理学家们使用了许多巧妙的方法 of human nature.
试图将这些因素分开 There's also the question of continuity.
试图找出人性的基本成分 To what extent is Zachary, at that age,
究竟是什么 going to be that way forever?
还有一个连续性的问题 To what extent is your fate sealed?
这时的扎卡里 To what extent could--
会在多大程度上一直保持不变 if I were to meet you when you were five years old
你的人生又有多少是由命运决定的呢 I could describe the way you are now?
又在多大的程度上可能 The poet William Wordsworth wrote,
如果在你五岁的时候我见过你 "The child is father to the man,"
那我可以描述出现在的你吗 and what this means is that you can see within every child
诗人威廉·华兹华斯写道 the adult he or she will become.
"三岁定终身" We will look and ask the question whether this is true.
意思是 你可以从孩子儿时的身影中 Is it true for your personality?
看出他或她成人后的样子 Is it true for your interests?
我们会去探索 并质疑此话的正确性 Is it true for your intelligence?
你的人格真会是这样的吗 Another question having to do with development
你的兴趣也是这样吗 is what makes us the way we are?
你的智力是这样的吗 We're different in a lot of ways.
与发展有关的另一个问题是 The people in this room differ according to their taste in food.
什么让我们成为了如今的样子 They differ according to their IQs;
我们在很多方面都有所不同 whether they're aggressive or shy;
大家的口味不尽相同 whether they're attracted to males, females,
他们的智商也不同 both or neither;
他们自信还是害羞 whether they are good at music;
他们是否喜欢男人 女人 whether they are politically liberal or conservative.
都喜欢 还是都不喜欢 Why are we different?
他们是否擅长于音乐 What's the explanation for why we're different?
他们是政治上的自由派还是保守派 And again,
为什么我们会不同 this could be translated in terms of
对我们为什么不同的解释又是什么 a question of genes and environment.
再一次 To what extent are things the result of the genes we possess?
这可以从基因和环境的角度 To what extent are our individual natures the result of
加以理解 how we were raised?
在多大程度上我们被我们的基因所决定 And to what extent are they best explained
在多大程度上我们的个性 in terms of an interaction?
被如何抚养所决定 One common theory, for instance,
在多大的程度上这些区别 is that we are shaped by our parents.
可以从相互作用的角度得到最佳的解释 This was best summarized most famously
一个常见的理论 例如 by the British poet Philip Larkin who wrote,
是我们的父母塑造了我们的人格 They mess you up,
这一点被一位英国诗人菲利普·拉金 your mum and dad.
很好地总结了 他写道 They may not mean to but they do.
他们害了你 They fill you with the faults they had
你爸和你妈 and add some extra just for you.
他们不是故意的 但事实却如此 Is he right?
他们将他们身上的毛病传给了你 It's very controversial.
还有灌输了许多其他的毛病 You-- It's been a series of--
他说得对吗 a huge controversy in the popular culture
这是很有争议的 to the extent of which parents matter
你 有一系列的 and this is an issue which will preoccupy us
关于父母在多大程度上起作用 for much of the course.
在流行文化里是有很大争议的 A different question:
我们将会在这门课里用很多的时间 What makes somebody attractive?
来讲这个问题 And this can be asked at all sorts of levels
另一个问题 but a simple level is what makes for a pretty face?
是什么使一个人如此迷人 So, these are,
这可以在很多层面上问及 according to ratings,
但一个简单的层面就是什么才是好看 very attractive faces.
这些就是 They are not the faces of real people.
根据投票 What's on the screen are computer generated faces
非常迷人的面孔 of a Caucasian male and a Caucasian female
它们不是真人的面孔 who don't exist in the real world.
屏幕上面的这些是电脑生成的 But through using this sort of computer generation,
一个高加索男性和一个高加索女性的面孔 and then asking people what they think of this face,
他们在现实世界中并不存在 what they think of that face,
但是通过使用电脑合成 scientists have come to some sense
然后问人们 他们觉得这个长相如何 as to what really makes a face attractive,
那个长相如何 both within cultures and across cultures.
科学家多少了解到 And that's something which we're going to devote some time to
怎样才算是迷人的面孔 when we talk about social behavior,
无论是在一种文化下还是跨文化的 and in particular, when we talk about sex.
这是当我们谈到社会行为时 Not all attractiveness, not all beauty of course, is linked to sex.
要花一些时间去讲的东西 So, pandas for instance,
特别是当我们谈到性的时候 like this panda, are notoriously cute,
迷人或是美丽并非仅仅指性 and I don't have anything to say about it really.
比如说熊猫 It's just a cute picture .
像这只熊猫 就是公认的可爱 Morality is extremely central to our lives,
关于这我并没有什么可说的 and a deep question, which we will struggle with
这只是一张可爱的图片 throughout most of the course,
道德在我们生活中是极为核心的 is the question of good and evil,
我们要在大部分课中探讨的 evil and good.
一个深入的问题 These three pictures exemplify different sorts of evil.
就是善与恶的问题 What you could call institutional evil
恶与善 by somebody behaving cruelly toward somebody else,
这三张图展示了不同种类的恶 perhaps not due to malice
你可以将此称作 机构性邪恶 but because of the situation that she's in.
产生于某人残忍地对待他人 It has picture of Osama bin Laden,
或许不是出于恶意 a mass murderer driven by political cause?
而是由于她所处的境况而导致 And then there's this guy on the bottom.
这是一张奥萨马·本·拉登的照片 Anybody know who he is?
他是个被政治原因所驱使的杀人狂 Ted Bundy. Who got that?
然后是底下的这个人 Film that man .
有人知道他是谁吗 No.
泰德·邦迪 谁看出来了 Ted Bundy, exactly,
给这位同学一个特写 and that's like, before we get into
不用了 the technical stuff like crazy-evil,
没错 就是泰德·邦迪 and we're going to have to come to terms
这就像是在我们去了解 with why some people are like that.
诸如邪恶事物的专业知识之前 And again, the same situation comes up.
我们会先想到 Is it part of your nature to be good or bad
为什么人们会那样 or is it largely due to the situation that you fall in?
同样的情况又再次出现了 And there's a lot of some quite spectacular experiments
人性究竟是善还是恶 that try to tease that apart.
或者说是否应当更多地归因于所处的环境 If we're going to talk about evil,
有许多非常引人注目的实验 we should also talk about good.
试图把这两者分开 These are pictures of two notoriously good men,
如果我们要谈论恶 Oskar Schindler and Paul Rusesabagina,
那么我们也应该谈谈善 each who at different times in history
这是些众所周知的好人的照片 saved the lives of many, many people at great risk to themselves.
奥斯卡·辛德勒和保罗·卢斯赛伯吉纳 Schindler in the Holocaust,
两人在不同的历史时期 and then the other guy,
冒着生命危险挽救了很多人的生命 in and I can't pronounce his name
大屠杀中的辛德勒 Rusesabagina, in Rwanda.
以及另外一个人 And they both had real good movies made about them.
我不知道他的名字怎么发音 But what's interesting with these cases is
卢斯赛伯吉纳 在卢旺达 you couldn't have predicted ahead of time
关于这两个人都有很好的电影 that they would be heroes.
但这些例子所表明的就是 And one personal issue within any of us
你不可能提前预知 is what would we do in such situations?
他们会成为英雄 Finally, throughout this course
我们所有人都面对的一个个人问题就是 we will discuss mental illness.
在那种情况下 我们会怎么做 Now, towards the end of the class
最后 在这门课中 I want to devote a full week
我们会谈到心理疾病 to discussing major disorders
在这门课结束前 like depression and anxiety,
我想花整整一周的时间 because of their profound social importance.
来讨论一些主要的心理障碍 Such disorders are reasonably common in college students.
比如抑郁和焦虑 Many people in this room
因为它们有重大的社会意义 are currently suffering from a mood disorder,
这类心理障碍在大学生中相当普遍 an anxiety disorder or both,
这个教室中的许多人 and I won't ask for a show of hands
都正在遭受心境障碍 but I know a lot of people
焦虑障碍 或是同时受到两者的困扰 in this room are on some form of medication
我不会让你们举手示意 for this disorder.
但是我知道 And we'll discuss the current research
这里的许多人都正在使用药物 and why people get these disorders
治疗这些心理障碍 and what's the best way to make them better.
我们将会讲到当前的研究成果 But I also have a weakness
解释为什么人们会患有这种心理障碍 for the less common mental disorders
以及什么才是治疗他们的最好方法 that I think tell us something
但我对那些不太常见的心理障碍 really interesting about mental life.
也并不是非常了解 So, when we talk about memory, for instance,
不过我倒认为这些不常见的心理障碍 we'll talk about disorders in memory,
却向我们展示了心理活动有意思的一面 including some disorders that keep you from forming new memories
比如说 当我们讨论记忆的时候 as well as disorders of amnesia where you forget the past.
我们会讨论记忆障碍 And these are extraordinarily
包括了使你无法形成新鲜记忆的一些障碍 interesting for all sorts of reasons.
以及遗忘过去记忆的遗忘症障碍 Early in the course,
而这些都是由各种各样 in fact I think next week, we will discuss,
非常有趣的原因造成的 no, later on in the course, in the middle of the semester,
在这个课程的初期 we will discuss an amazing case
实际上我认为下周我们就会讨论到 of Phineas Gage.
不 应该是晚些时候 大概到期中吧 Phineas Gage was a construction worker
我们就会讨论到一件关于 about 100 years ago.
菲尼亚斯·盖奇的令人惊奇的病例 Due to an explosion,
大约一百年前 a metal pipe went through his head like so.
菲尼亚斯·盖奇是一名建筑工人 Miraculously, he was not killed.
由于一场爆炸 In fact, his friends--
一根钢管刺穿了他的脑袋 就像这样 it went through his head,
神奇的是 他并没有死掉 went--ended up 100 feet away,
事实上 他的朋友们 covered with brains and blood.
钢管穿过了他的脑袋 And Phineas Gage sat down and went, "Uh, oh."
飞出一百多英尺 And then on the way to the hospital
浑身是脑浆和血 they stopped by a pub to have some cider.
菲尼亚斯·盖奇又坐了起来 说"哦" He was not blind,
之后在去医院的路上 he was not deaf,
他们居然还去了一个酒吧喝了点苹果酒 he was not retarded,
他并没有失明 but something else happened to him.
没有失聪 He lost his sense of right and wrong.
也没有变成弱智 He lost his control.
但在他身上却发生了一些其它变化 He used to be a hard-working family man.
他失去了辨别是非的能力 After the accident he lost all of that.
无法再控制自己了 He couldn't hold a job.
他曾经是个努力工作的好男人 He couldn't stay faithful to his wife.
而经历了那场事故后 他完全变了 He couldn't speak for five minutes without cursing.
他无法再工作 He got into fights.
无法再对自己的爱人忠诚 He got into brawls.
超不过五分钟就会咒骂一句 He got drunk.
他经常打架 He lost his control.
经常吵架 He ended up on a circus sideshow traveling through the country
经常酗酒 with the big steel pipe
已经完全失去了对自己的控制 that went through his head.
最终 在一个全国巡游的马戏团里 And this is again an extraordinary example
大钢管打烂了他的脑袋 of how the brain can give rise to the mind,
结束了他的生命 and how things that go wrong with the brain
这又是一个说明大脑如何引起心理的 can affect you in a serious way.
非常典型的例子 We'll discuss cases of multiple personality disorder,
并且说明了大脑的损伤 where people have more than one personality.
将会严重影响我们的日常行为 And also, discuss the
下面我们再来谈谈多重人格障碍 debate over whether such cases are true or not;
即一个人有多于一种的人格 whether they could be taken as a real phenomena
同时也讨论一下 or a made-up phenomena,
这种现象是否真实存在 which is--there is a matter of a lot of controversy.
我们应该将它看作是真实的心理现象 And then, we'll even discuss some rarer cases
还是人们主观想象出来的 like Capgras syndrome.
这个问题存在着许多的争论 Capgras syndrome is typically--there's hundreds of cases,
下面 我们将讨论一些更加罕见的例子 not many--hundreds of cases.
比如卡普格拉综合征 It's typically the result of some sort of stroke,
卡普格拉综合征通常 有几百例 and what happens to you is very specific.
不多 目前只有几百例 You develop a particular delusion,
它通常是由于受到某种打击而产生的 like it's getting dark .
每个人所表现出来的症状也有很大差异 And the delusion is that the people you love the most
我们想象一个特殊的错觉 have been replaced.
就像是这里正在变黑 They've been replaced by aliens or robots
这种错觉便是你最爱的人 "Thank you"
被其他东西替换掉了 by Martians,
比如变成了外星人或者机器人 by CIA agents,
"谢谢" by trained actors and actresses.
或者变成了火星人 But the people--
中情局特工 But the idea is,
或是训练有素的演员 the people you care for the most you believe are gone.
但是人们—— And this could lead to tragic consequences.
但你却认为 Capgras syndrome is
自己最关心的人已经不在了 associated with a very high level of violence.
这会导致非常悲剧的结果 One man in Australia a couple of years ago was under the delusion
卡普格拉综合征经常与 that his father was replaced with a robot and cut off his head.
非常严重的暴力行为联系在一起 A related disorder involving the very same parts of the brain
几年前一名澳大利亚人由于幻想他的父亲 is called Cotard's syndrome.
变成了机器人而将他父亲的头砍了下来 And Cotard's syndrome is you believe that you're dead;
另一种由大脑同一部位引起的障碍 you believe that you're dead; you are persuaded that you're dead.
叫做科塔尔综合症 You're walking around. You know you're walking around.
科塔尔综合症是你认为自己已经死了 And you know that there are people around,
你很确定自己已经死了 but you think that you're dead.
你四处游走 你也知道你在四处游走 And what's striking about these is--it's not--
并且还知道身边有其他人 these are not just
但你就是觉得自己死了 sort of big, screwy problems of messed up people.
而更加惊人的是 Rather, they're located--
这些并不是只疯子们 they're related at a pinpoint level to certain parts of your brain.
才会拥有的严重且古怪的心理问题 And we're going to talk about the best modern theories
相反 它们定位于 as to why these syndromes occur.
它们都精确地定位于大脑的某个部位 Now, the reason to be interested in them, again,
我们将讨论最佳的现代理论 is not because they're frequent.
来解释这些综合症产生的原因 They aren't.
对这些障碍非常关注的原因 And it's not because of some sort of gruesome, morbid curiosity.
并不是它们很常见 Rather, by looking at extreme cases,
它们并不常见 they can help us best understand normal life.
也不是因为对可怕的病态心理的好奇 Often by looking at extremes
相反 研究这些极端的例子 it throws into sharp contrast things
可以帮助我们理解正常的生活 we naturally take for granted.
通常对极端情况的研究 The issue of psychopathy,
会与我们日常所坚信的信念 of people who, either due to brain damage
形成强烈的反差 or because they are born that way,
比如那些精神病人 have no moral understanding,
不论是因为大脑受损而造成的 can help us cope with questions of free will and responsibility;
还是先天性的 of the relationship or difference between mental illness and evil.
并没有道德观念 Multiple personality cases
可以帮助我们研究自由和责任的问题 force us to address the question of what is a self.
或是研究心理疾病与邪恶的关系或区别 To what extent are all of us
多重人格的案例 composed of multiple people,
又迫使我们把问题转向什么是自我 and to what extent are we a single unified person over time?
我们究竟在多大程度上 Cases like Capgras are important
是由多种人格组成的 because they tell us
又在多大程度上是一直由单一人格组成的 about how we see the world.
像卡普格拉综合症那样的病例就很重要 They tell us for instance
因为它们让我们明白了 that there is a difference between recognizing something
我们是如何看待世界的 in the sense that you could name it,
例如它们会让我们明白 and knowing what it is.
在识别某物叫什么 And so, by studying these abnormal cases
与知道某物是什么之间 we could get some insight into regular life.
还是有所不同的 So, that's the end of the illustration of the example topics.
所以 学习这些异常的案例 The syllabus lists many more.
能使我们了解日常生活 I'll end by telling you
举例就先说到这里 that there's a lot of stuff that we'll be talking about,
教学大纲里还有很多其它的 that I want to talk about,
最后还要告诉你们 that I am not expert in.
我们还会讲到很多其它的内容 And fortunately, there is a community at Yale
是一些我会讲到的东西 of the best scholars and teachers on the planet.
但我并不是那些方面的专家 And so, it would be a shame for me not to use them
幸运的是 在耶鲁有一个团队 to cover some of these issues.
那里有世界上最优秀的学者和老师 And so, I'm going to include four guest lecturers.
如果不能请到他们来帮助我教授这些主题 The first one is Dr. Marvin Chun
那可就太可惜了 who teaches the Introduction to Psychology course in the fall
因此我将在这门课中请到四名客座讲师 and is my competition.
第一名是马文·春博士 And he's going to give an amazing lecture
他会在秋季教授心理学导论课程 on cognitive neuroscience,
也是我的竞争对手 especially the cognitive neuroscience of faces.
他将为大家上一节非常精彩的 Dr. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema
关于认知神经科学的课 is the world's authority on depression,
主要是关于面部的认知神经科学 and in particular, on sex differences and depression,
苏珊·诺伦·霍克西玛博士 and she's going to talk about this towards the end of the course.
是研究抑郁症方面的世界级权威专家 Kelly Brownell
特别在两性差异和抑郁方面 is going to talk--is head of the Rudd Center,
她将在课程的最后为大家讲述这些 focuses on obesity,
凯莉·布洛耐尔 eating disorders, dieting,
是路德研究中心的领导者 and he'll talk about the psychology of food.
主要研究肥胖症 And finally,
进食紊乱和节食方面的问题 Dr. Peter Salovey, Dean of Yale College,
他会为大家讲述饮食的心理学 is going to come to us on Valentine's Day
最后 and tell us everything he knows about the mysteries of love.
彼得·萨洛维博士 耶鲁大学的院长 All of these details are in the syllabus
将在情人节那天前来 and I'll stick around and answer questions.
给我们讲述他所知道的爱情传说 Hope to see you next week.
所有这些细节都在教学大纲里
我会在这里留一会 回答你们的问题
我们下周再见