好 现在我要问的点击器问题是… PROFESSOR: OK. So the clicker question that I want to ask you right now is--
啊 糟糕 ah, shoot!
投票关闭 现在投票开启 This says polling closed. Now polling open.
愿意完全停止使用互联网的按一 "Did you commit to turning off the internet completely?", press one.
愿意以某种方式限制互联网使用的按二 "Did you commit to restricting your internet usage in some way?" That is,
即保持互联网 但保证不上Facebook you're keeping the internet on, but you're promising not to check Facebook,
不玩愤怒的小鸟 or play Angry Birds,
不上网购物 不干这些不该在上课做的事 or go shopping at Zappos, or whatever other indulgent thing you do on the internet.
同意这样的按二 If that's your case, press two.
希望不限制你们互联网使用的按三 "Did you put no restriction on your in-class internet use,
希望不限制你们互联网使用的按三 but you're somebody with a computer?" If so, press three.
如果以上情况都和你无关 Or is it kind of not applicable to you, because
因为你不用电脑做笔记 请按四 you're somebody who uses a pencil and paper in class?
好 这里看起来计时器已经启动 OK. Now it's supposed to be the case that the timer is counting itself down,
其实我还留了28秒的讲话时间 but no, I've got to prattle for twenty-eight seconds.
我读了一些论文 我的感觉是 So here we go. So this is a case--I read through the papers for my
我不知道这是不是随机样本 section, and my sense there--and I don't know whether it was a random sample--
大约2/3的学生愿意完全关闭互联网 is that about two-thirds of the students committed to totally turning off the internet,
大约1/4的人愿意有限制地上网 and about a quarter committed to sometimes restriction,
只有很少数人希望无限制上网 and a very small percentage committed to no restriction on internet use.
再过一秒种 幻灯片就要出结果了 OK. It should be the case in one second that our slide--
好的 yes.
教室里43%的人 愿意不用互联网 OK. So 43% of you, 43% of the students in this room, made a
这是一种事先承诺 precommitment in the form of a promise.
因为你们原来写下来过 It became a precommitment because you wrote it down.
只思考还不能算事先承诺 Just thinking it didn't make a precommitment.
不过你们在冷静理智时做出过选择 But you took an action at a time when you felt yourself to
不过你们在冷静理智时做出过选择 be cool and calm and reasonable, and made a
愿意在未来将自己约束起来 decision at that moment that you took to be binding upon yourself in the future.
还有16%的人不愿意完全关闭互联网 And an additional 16% of you didn't draw a bright line at the turning off internet completely,
不过愿意有一些适当限制 but attempted to put in place some sort of intermediate restriction.
我的下一个问题是 你们有没有走过神 Now my next question for you is whether you have strayed.
20秒 一次轻微走神都没有的 按一 Twenty seconds. "One. Not even an itty bitty bit. Not once."
有一两次走神的 按二 "Two. Just once or twice."
有几次但在努力的 按三 "Three. Um, well, a few times, but I'm trying."
整堂课都在玩iPad游戏的 按四 Or "four, yep, I've been playing Sparkle HD Lite on my iPad all class long."
看看数字会是怎样 And let's see how the numbers came out.
这里没有自动显示出来 OK. So we should get--that didn't show up automatically.
啊哈 56%的人 Aha. So 56% of you--
很好 56%的人完全没走过神 excellent. 56% of you have not strayed at all.
但还有接近一半的人发现自己没能 But notice that half of you have found ourselves unable to
履行自己所作出的承诺 carry through with a commitment that you made, and
虽然在你的道德心中内化了 that you provided some enforcement for in the sense
自己作出过承诺这一概念 但仅仅这种强化是不够的 that you internalized in your conscience the idea that you had made a commitment.
对于很多人而言 It turns out that for many people,
仅仅心里进行承诺 simply making a commitment in their mind
不足以让其处在这个"一点都没有"的范围内 is insufficient for them to stay in this not even an itty bitty bit category.
对于其它落在后面这三种情况的人 For those people, who end up here or here or even here, it
提供一些外部约束会很有用 turns out that putting some sort of external constraints in place are useful.
《纽约时报》上周有一篇文章关于"手机安全套" So the New York Times had a piece last week about something called Phone Condom,
口号是"封起来 锁起来 让它待在口袋里" whose slogan is "Zip it, lock it, keep it in your pocket."
也就是说 将手机放到这个密封塑料袋里 And the idea is that you take your cell phone, and you put it in this little Ziploc bag,
这样在开车时 就无法接电话了 and while you're driving, you are unable to gain access to it.
课上的一个学生email给我了一个链接 One of the students in this class--and you'll have access this on the slide--
如幻灯片所示 这可以说是"电脑安全套"程序 e-mailed me a link to a computer program which is basically a computer condom,
互联网版的"封起来 锁起来 让它待在口袋里" a "zip it, lock it, keep it in your pocket" for internet access.
它能在一段时间内关闭互联网接入 It turns off access to the internet for a given period of time.
不过对于希望某种外部约束 But for those of you who feel like you want some sort of external reinforcement,
但又不打算使用这种互联网锁的同学 but you're not prepared to make use of the internet lockup,
我这里提供了一种帮助遵守承诺的东西 I thought I'd provide something which would help you stick to your commitment
这用到了上周我们学到的两个内容 by making use of two things that we learned about last week.
一是 当你面前有一双眼睛时 你能感受到世界在关注你 One is that when there are eyes in front of you, you feel the gaze of the world upon you.
二是 周围有同学的社会强化作用时 And the other is that when there's a kind of social reinforcement by peers,
遵循计划会更容易一些 it's easier to stick with a plan.
这些是我儿子成人礼用剩下的 So not only because they are left over from my older son's bar mitzvah,
我这里有一些笑脸贴纸 助教会帮忙散发 I have for you smiley face stickers, which the TFs will hand out.
想要的同学 可以将红色或橙色贴纸贴到电脑一角 And if you would like, you are free to put a red or orange sticker on the corner of your computer
表示上课完全不用互联网 if you're committed to no internet during class.
这能提醒你 而且其他同学也能看到 It'll be there to remind you and to show your peers.
如果愿意课上限制互联网使用 And a green or blue sticker on your computer if you are
可以使用绿色或蓝色贴纸 committed to restricted internet during class.
几位助教那里有720张贴纸 肯定是够了 So the TFs, there are 720 of these stickers, so we're not going to run out.
发下去就行了 需要的撕一张下来 You can just hand out--just hand them out, a little piece of them,
同学们可以自己传一下 有总比没有的强 and people can pass them around, and put them there or not. We're no worse off.
这些从十月成人礼那天就一直在我桌上 They were sitting on my desk since the bar mitzvah, which was in October,
我想 这里课上我一次可以讲四点 and I thought, here, we can make four points at once in a class.
其实 我可以讲五点 In fact, we can make five.
因为 自律的问题其实 Because the question of self-regulation is, in fact,
是我们今天相关阅读材料中要解决的基本问题 the fundamental question that we are addressing in the
是我们今天相关阅读材料中要解决的基本问题 context of the material that we read for today.
我想道歉 因为今天的课程 So I want to apologize, because today's lecture really
在很多方面确实是 已逝之人在周二 is, in lots of ways, dead guys on Tuesday.
这里我将详细讲解一些柏拉图的论述 I'm going to go through, in some detail, some arguments from Plato,
然后是一些亚里士多德的论述 and then in some detail, some arguments from Aristotle.
我希望讲了这些之后 But my hope is that by doing so,
你们能得到一个大框架 I'll provide you with a framework that will allow you,
让你们在阅读和论文写作时 when you go back to the reading, perhaps in the context of writing your papers,
感觉这些文字更容易理解 to feel like those texts have become accessible.
柏拉图的著名理论认为 So famously, as you recall, Plato had suggested that our
人的灵魂可以理解为三个部分 soul can be understood as having three parts.
有一个理性部分 他有时将其表示为人 That we have a rational part, which he represents sometimes as a human being,
有时表示为驭夫 sometimes as a charioteer.
然后有一个精神部分 That we have one called the spirited part, which he
有时表示为良马 有时表示为狮子 represents sometimes as a cooperative horse, sometimes as a lion.
最后是一个欲望部分 And that we have, in addition, an appetitive part, which he
有时表示为劣马 有时表示为多头兽 represents sometimes as a wild horse, and sometimes as a multiheaded beast.
柏拉图认为 某种幸福 Plato's suggestion is that a certain kind of happiness is
在三者一致时能够获得 available to us if we get these parts into line. He
他写道 "不允许各部分之间相互冲突" writes, "one is just who does not allow the various parts within him to meddle with each other.
"管理好自己 支配好自己" He regulates well what is his own, and rules himself, puts
"让自身具有秩序 让自身三部分和谐相处" himself in order, and harmonizes the three parts of himself
"就像音阶中三个有限的音符一样" like three limiting notes on a musical scale.
"不至于有很多事物"… And from having been many things"--
不至于被拉往两个不同方向 拿你们打比方 from having been as you are, pulled in two directions,
比如一方面被拉往保持互联网关闭的方向 pulled in the direction of keeping the internet off,
另一方面被拉往上Facebook的方向 and pulled in the direction of checking your Facebook page.
一方面被拉往去图书馆做作业的方向 Pulled in the direction of going to the library and doing your homework,
另一方面被拉往同狐朋狗友四处闲逛的方向 and pulled in the direction of hanging out in your suite and talking to your suitemate.
"不至于有很多事物" "From having been many things"--pulled in the
一方面将你拉往理性指明的方向 direction of what reason tells you to do, and pulled in the
一方面将你拉往精神或欲望指出的方向 direction of what spirit or appetite tells you to do--
"你将成为一个有节制的和谐的整体" "you become entirely one, moderate and harmonious."
柏拉图认为构建良好的灵魂由理性管理 So the Platonic ideal of the well-structured soul is one regulated by reason
而精神与欲望服从于理性的管理 in which spirit and appetite are subjected to reason's mandates.
我这里将花30秒钟时间… Now, what I want to give you now is basically a thirty second--
好吧 5分钟时间 well, five minute--
总览一下柏拉图《理想国》卷二 三 四 九的内容 overview of the plot of Plato's Republic in Books, (sort of), II, III, IV, and IX. OK?
故事是这样的 So the story goes as follows.
柏拉图试图告诉我们人类灵魂是怎样的 Plato is trying to tell us what the human soul is like.
根据他的描述 人类灵魂可以这样表示 And in honor of the weather, we'll represent the human being like this.
他指出人类灵魂有三部分 我刚讲过 And he points out, as I just noted, that the human soul has three parts.
有一个理性部分 一个精神部分 It's got a rational part, it's got a spirited in part, and
还有一个欲望部分 it's got a part that is full of appetite, appetitive.
分别表示为人 狮子 以及多头兽 And you can see the human being, the lion, and the multiheaded beast,
这是柏拉图的著名比喻 in Plato's famous image there.
但要理解什么对人有益 But in order to understand what is good for the human being,
在上次我们读的卷二末尾 苏格拉底说 Socrates suggests, at the end of the discussion in book two, which we read for last class,
要想理解人类灵魂三部分怎样最有益 that the best way to understand what it is that's good for the tripartite human being
最好办法是考虑相同结构的城市怎样才最好 is to think about what would be good for a city that is structured in the same way.
怎样的社会结构最好能帮助我们理解 What societal structures can help us understand things
怎样的人类灵魂结构最好 about the internal structures of human beings?
苏格拉底于是提出了著名的城邦类比 So he proposes the famous city-state analogy, whereby
灵魂的欲望部分对应于 corresponding to the part of the soul that he calls appetite
城市的公民 他称之为"工人" are citizens of the city that he calls workers, or
也就是进行城市日常工作的人 people who do the day-to-day work of the city, and who take
他们的快乐来自于身体和欲望的快乐 their joy and pleasure from the pleasures of the body and of the appetite.
然后是士兵 他们作为军人守卫着城市 There are soldiers, those who defend the city and serve as its defenders in military
由荣誉所激发 context, that who are motivated by honor.
最后是哲学家或守护者 这些人按理性行事 And there are, in addition, philosophers or guardians, those who live the life of the mind.
他们处在故事的最顶端 And you'll notice who gets to end up at the top in this story.
要理解古希腊传统中关于个人的四枢德 So the idea is that in order to understand the four
要理解古希腊传统中关于个人的四枢德 cardinal Greek virtues in the context of the individual, we
我们可以从城市中的美德寻找线索 will be helped by thinking about where those virtues can be found in the city.
我们可以将社会这个大语境中看到情况 And we can then map what it is that we've learned from
我们可以将社会这个大语境中看到情况 looking at the problem writ large in the context of society.
运用到个人的小语境中去 We can map that onto what would be the case in the
运用到个人的小语境中去 context of the problem writ small, the individual.
柏拉图笔下的苏格拉底指出有四大枢德 So Plato's Socrates points out that there are four cardinal
你们从阅读中应该知道 virtues, and you know these from your reading.
第一个是智慧 The first of these is wisdom.
城市和个人的智慧都位于理性部分 And the wisdom of the city and of the individual is to be found in its rational part.
这些应该是… OK. Those should be--
然后是勇气 There is courage.
城市或个人的勇气位于精神部分 And the courage of a city or of an individual is to be found in its spirited parts.
它们在跳动 They're dancing.
然后还有两项美德 其区分 And there are two virtues--the distinction between which is
在有些语境中很重要 但我们这里不是 important in some contexts, but not for ours--and those
分别是节制和正义 are the virtues of moderation and justice.
正如市民和谐相处的城市能够维持节制和正义一样 And the suggestion here is that just as a city is
正如市民和谐相处的城市能够维持节制和正义一样 moderate and just when the relations among the people in it are proper,
各部分和谐统一的个人也能够维持节制和正义 so, too, is an individual moderate or just
各部分和谐统一的个人也能够维持节制和正义 when the relations among its part are appropriate and proper.
也就是说 节制和正义包含着各部分的和谐 That is, moderation and justice involve a certain kind of harmony among the parts.
这就是柏拉图的理念 So that's the Platonic picture.
而且这就是柏拉图的答案 And it turns out that this is Plato's answer--
通过苏格拉底传达 Plato's answer in the voice of Socrates--
回答了格劳孔在卷二中提到的问题 to the challenge that Glaucon posed to us in middle of book two.
记得吧 在卷二开始处 You remember that we were given, at the beginning of
我们看到事物有三种价值 book two, a three-way distinction among goods.
有的事物只有内在价值 自身具有价值 We were told that there were things that are valuable intrinsically, in themselves.
有的事物则只有工具价值 There are things that are valuable instrumentally, for
也就是自身之外的用途 the goods that they provide beyond themselves.
比如钱 自身没有内在价值 但具有工具价值 Those are things like money, which have no intrinsic value, but which have instrumental worth.
还有的事物同时具有内在和工具价值 And that there are things that are valuable both intrinsically and instrumentally.
格劳孔的论述中首先声称 And you recall that Glaucon's argument, first with the claim
讲正义时 我们所关心的 that when we talk about justice, we make claims for
是正义所提供的声誉方面的好处 its benefit in terms of the goods that it provides in reputation.
然后他在盖吉斯之戒的故事中认为 Second in his Ring of Gyges story, where he argued
如果不正义行为能逃脱惩罚 我们会这样做 that if we can get away with acting unjustly, we should do so.
再后 在擦雕像的故事 或者说反过来的故事中 And third, in the story of what's called the statues scrubbed, or the inverted story,
就算盖吉斯的故事无法让你信服 that even if you weren't convinced by the Gyges story,
如果正义能导致坏声誉 surely if justice produced a bad reputation,
而不正义导致好声誉 你显然希望不正义行为 and injustice a good one, that you would want to act unjustly.
这三个论述中 格劳孔认为 So those three arguments are Glaucon's arguments in favor
正义只具有工具价值 of justice being something with only instrumental value.
在他看来 正义具有效用的方式同钱一样 On his picture, justice is something that is of utility
在他看来 正义具有效用的方式同钱一样 to us in a way that money is of utility to us.
能作为工具帮助我们得到具有内在价值的事物 It can help us buy our way into things that themselves have intrinsic value.
相比之下 苏格拉底则认为 Socrates' argument, by contrast,
正义同时具有内在和工具价值 is that justice is something with both of these characteristics.
工具效用自不用说 No doubt it is of instrumental utility.
他没有否认格劳孔或阿德曼图的论述 He doesn't deny either Glaucon's arguments or Adeimantus's arguments
正义能对我们产生外在的用途 about the ways in which being perceived as just can be of use to us.
另外 他还论述说 正义具有内在价值 But in addition, he argues that there is a certain intrinsic worth
因为正义的灵魂同灵魂的构建相关 associated with having one's soul structured in the way that the just soul is.
我想指出的是 对于格劳孔和阿德曼图而言 Now, I want to point out to you, to be fair to Glaucon and Adeimantus,
这里有些使诈 that there's a bit of a cheat here.
格劳孔和阿德曼图没有理论化概念来讨论正义 Glaucon and Adeimantus are working with an under-theorized notion of justice.
他们只能从行为遵循社会法规这个层面讨论正义 The picture that they have is that justice is roughly acting
他们只能从行为遵循社会法规这个层面讨论正义 in conformity with the regulations that society
社会用这些规章制度来衡量我们 imposes upon us as considered to be meritorious, loosely speaking.
正义行事只不过是按照法规来行事 Being just is roughly doing what the laws say you should do.
相比之下 苏格拉底关于正义有更复杂精密的论述 Socrates, by contrast, goes on and gives us a much more sophisticated account of justice.
但按照哲学界的一种说法 如果这两种描述是"外延性"等价的 But if those two characterizations are what
但按照哲学界的一种说法 如果这两种描述是"外延性"等价的 philosophers sometimes like to call extensionally equivalent,
那么苏格拉底就没有使诈 then Socrates isn't cheating.
所谓外延性等价也就是 What it is to be extensionally equivalent, is that you pick
它们选出了世界上相同的一组事物 out the same set of actions in the world.
苏格拉底声称 法律规定要求诚实 不能杀人 So Socrates' claim is that it's a law that you're supposed to be honest and not murder people.
同时 某些人的灵魂结构中存在所谓"正义" But it's also the case that somebody with a soul structured in the way that he has called "just"
让其不偷盗 不杀人 will not steal, and not murder people.
存在正义规范 让人对父母孝顺 It's a norm of justice that one will have piety towards one's parents.
传统意义上的正义规范 A norm of justice in the conventional sense.
也存在苏格拉底所描绘的正义规范 让人孝敬父母 So, too, says Socrates, is it a norm of justice in the sense
也存在苏格拉底所描绘的正义规范 让人孝敬父母 that he's characterized that you will have piety for one's parents.
等等 And so on.
也就是说 苏格拉底提出的更精密的正义概念 So the picture is that the notion, the more filled-out
也就是说 苏格拉底提出的更精密的正义概念 notion of justice that Socrates has provided us with,
同格劳孔及阿德曼图关心的正义概念匹配得足够好 accords well enough with the notion of justice that Glaucon and Adeimantus were interested in
这并没有使诈 to make this not cheating.
这让苏格拉底能够作出正义内在价值方面的两个论断 And that allows Socrates to make two kinds of arguments in
这让苏格拉底能够作出正义内在价值方面的两个论断 favor of the intrinsic values of justice.
第一个出现在卷四末尾 他论证说正义是一种"健康" The first comes at the end of book four, where he argues that justice is a kind of health.
大致上说 正义对于灵魂就像健康对于身体 Roughly, justice is to the soul as health is to the body.
健康身体 也就是人的各部分机能正常 A healthy body is one whose parts are doing what their parts are supposed to do.
心脏以正常节奏泵血 Your body is healthy if your heart is pumping blood at the right sort of pace,
让脑有足够的氧 so that your brain is getting the amount of oxygen that it needs,
让手指获得足够的供血 等等 and your fingertips are getting the amount of blood that they need, and so on.
就像健康同时对身体具有内在和工具价值 So just as health is of both intrinsic and instrumental value to us in the body,
正义作为灵魂的健康 so, too is justice, which is the health of the soul,
也为身体外的精神存在同时提供内在和工具价值 of both intrinsic and instrumental value to us as spiritual in addition to physical beings.
这里说的是一种更宽泛的"精神"概念 We're spiritual here in a very modest sense.
这是第一条论述 So that's the first argument.
第一条论述认为 存在这种对人类有好处运作方式 The first argument is an idea that presupposes that there's
第一条论述认为 存在这种对人类有好处运作方式 a way that it's good for people to work.
我们在讨论亚里士多德时还会回到这个问题 And we'll revisit this in the context of our discussion of Aristotle.
身体有一定的正常工作方式 So there's a way that your body is supposed to work: The
心脏应该这样 肺应该这样 heart is supposed to do this, the lungs are supposed to do this,
膝盖应该这样 耳朵应该那样 等等 you knees are supposed to do this, your ears are supposed to do that, and so on.
我们知道健康应该是怎样 And we have a picture of what health amounts to.
而柏拉图通过城邦的类比得出 So, too, says Plato, the excavation project that he's
而柏拉图通过城邦的类比得出 engaged in thinking about the city-state analogy brings out
灵魂健康需要些什么 what it would be for a soul to be healthy, and it turns out
他发现灵魂健康需要有正义的管理 that health for the soul is to be arranged in the way that justice mandates.
这就是他给出的第一个论述 So that's the first argument that he offers.
通过这个论述 格劳孔和阿德曼图让步了 It's an argument through something that Glaucon and Adeimantus have
承认正义同时具有内在和工具价值 conceded to have intrinsic as well as instrumental utility,
该论述认为 一旦你理解了什么是正义 and a claim that once you understand what justice is,
你就能明白正义对于灵魂同健康对于身体的类比 you can see the direct analogy between the soul and justice and the body and health.
第二对论述出现在卷九 关系到幸福的问题 The second pair of arguments occurs in book nine, and concern the question of happiness.
第一条论述 我们在讨论效用主义 The first argument there is an argument that we'll actually
阅读约翰•斯图尔特•密尔的作品时还会讨论到 hear again when we read John Stuart Mill at the beginning of our utilitarianism section.
这条论述是这样的 And that's an argument which runs as follows.
发展出自律和自我管控能力的人 The person who has developed the capacity for self-regulation, the self-ruler,
在这个过程中 has along the way, because of the
经历过所有其它形式的乐趣 kinds of beings we are, also experienced all of the other kinds of pleasure.
某种意义上 这很像弗洛伊德的说法 In some ways, this is like the Freudian story.
我们最初是欲望的集合体 We start off as a bundle of desires, and we take the
拿我们所要的东西 不考虑长期后果 things that we want, without consideration of their long-term consequences for us.
随着时间的推移 我们让这些不受管制的需求形成一定秩序 And over time, we come and get that unregulated bundle of needs into a certain kind of order.
首先通过赞扬和责备来管控 We regulate it first by means of praise and blame, roughly
使用我们体内的荣誉部分 making use of the honor part of ourselves, and then we
然后通过思考和自我理解来管控 regulate it by means of reflection and self-understanding.
灵魂处于和谐状态的人 So the person who has gotten their soul into a harmonious state
处于良好的内省状态 is in a subjectively excellent position,
因为他/她经历过所有缺乏自律者所体验的快乐 because he or she has experienced all of the pleasures that the person
因为他/她经历过所有缺乏自律者所体验的快乐 who doesn't do self-regulation has experienced,
而且 他/她还能体验到灵魂井然有序时的快乐 and in addition, has experienced the kinds of pleasures that are
而且 他/她还能体验到灵魂井然有序时的快乐 available to us only if our soul is well-ordered.
我们都体验过上Facebook和玩俄罗斯方块的乐趣 So all of us have experienced the pleasure of checking Facebook and playing Tetris.
不过只有少数人能够体会到上课关闭互联网的乐趣 But only some of us have experienced the pleasure of turning off our Internet during class,
保持关闭状态 认真听教授讲课可是很有趣的 and leaving it off and listening to what it is that's being said by our professor.
能够从关闭网络 专心听课中体会到的快乐 And those of us who have had the great pleasure of doing the second,
按照柏拉图的说法 是更高级的快乐形式 says Plato, have recognized that that pleasure is a greater form of pleasure
高于愤怒小鸟的快乐 than the pleasure of Angry Birds.
我让你们自己好好品味一下这条论述 I'll leave it to those of you who have experienced both to assess that argument.
这是他在卷九中的第一条论述 That's the first argument that he makes in book nine.
第二条论述很有趣 The second argument is actually a very interesting argument,
要完全理解这个 需要洞穴比喻的知识 and one for which full understanding would require my going through the allegory of the cave,
这里我还不打算讲 which I'm not going to do right now.
不过这么说就够了 这是《理想国》 But suffice to say that it is part of the Republic, and part
也是柏拉图哲学思想的一部分 of Plato's philosophy in general, to say that the kinds
即我们从尘世物质中获得的快乐并不是真正的快乐 of earthly pleasures that we experience in interacting with
即我们从尘世物质中获得的快乐并不是真正的快乐 objects are, in fact, a certain kind of unreal pleasure.
这些并非真正真实的存在 They aren't interacting with that which is most real.
根据柏拉图 真实存在 What is most real, says Plato, are not
并非PPT画图工具画这个雪人时近似画出的圆 the approximations of circles that we encounter when we use the PowerPoint Draw
并非PPT画图工具画这个雪人时近似画出的圆 program to make the snowman in the slide.
而是圆的数学理念 They are the mathematical ideals of circles.
比如 智慧的真实本性 The true nature of wisdom, for example,
并不在于我们平时所见的各种个体 即便它们很美 is not the wisdom that we encounter in the individuals around us, so that's wonderful,
而在于所有这些实例所参照的存在 but rather the form of wisdom, of which all of these instances are simply imitation.
我们的其它快乐也是如此 So, too, with every other pleasure that we have. So
除了尘世的快乐之外 there's the earthly pleasures, and then there's a domain of
还有尘世领域以外更高形式的快乐 things with which we interact which lies beyond the earthly realm.
我花了很多时间看电影 陪我的两个孩子 I spend a lot of times watching children's movies, being the parent of two of them.
最近我陪较小的孩子看了一部《纳尼亚传奇》 And among the movies that I've seen recently with my younger child is Narnia.
陪较大的孩子看了一部《盗梦空间》 And among the movies that I've seen recently with my older child is Inception.
我们还看过《黑客帝国》《楚门的世界》 And we've also watched The Matrix, and we've also watched The Truman Show.
这些电影都体现了柏拉图的观点 All of these are movies that make Plato's point.
从这些电影中都体现出 你所认为最真实的事物 The gambit in each of these films is that the reality
从这些电影中都体现出 你所认为最真实的事物 which you take to be genuine and most profound--
比如《纳尼亚传奇》中的尘世或《黑客帝国》中你当前的体验等 this earthly realm, in the case of Narnia, the experience that you're having right now,
比如《纳尼亚传奇》中的尘世或《黑客帝国》中你当前的体验等 in the case of The Matrix, and so on,
其实只是真正真实的投影 is, in fact, but a shadow of that which truly lies beyond.
而且实际上 所有宗教传统的中心主题 And this theme is, in fact, a central theme of almost every religious tradition.
都认为世俗 凡尘 尘世的领域都在某种意义上是不真实的 That the domain of the secular, the domain of the mundane, the domain of the worldly,
超越这个层面 还具有另一个领域 is in some sense unreal, and there is, in addition, a domain of the beyond,
同这个领域打交道所能得到的益处 interaction with which provides a kind of good that is so immeasurably better than the
是同尘世打交道所无法相比的 good of interacting with the world, that there's almost no comparison between them.
柏拉图笔下的苏格拉底 And Plato's Socrates, when he says, the person with the
说灵魂自律良好的人花时间思考"理型"时 well-regulated soul spends his or her time contemplating the forms
说的其实同宗教里所说的一致 is making exactly the same kind of claim that, for example,
正如虔诚的基督教徒会说 a religious Christian would make in saying that in
放弃尘世的东西 专注于精神价值 giving up the earthly good and focusing instead on what is spiritually valuable,
将有机会获得一种尘世中所无法企及的繁荣 one gains a kind of possibility for flourishing
将有机会获得一种尘世中所无法企及的繁荣 that is incomparable to that which you can get in the earthly domain.
关于幸福的第二条论述不仅仅是说 So the second argument around happiness claims not merely
灵魂得到良好自律的人 that the person with the well-regulated soul has
体验过所有快乐 并意识到这是最好的快乐 experienced all the pleasures and felt subjectively that this one is the best,
而且还说 这个人是正确的 but, in fact, that that person is correct.
最伟大形式的快乐来自于良好自律的灵魂 That the greatest form of pleasures comes from the well-regulated soul
花时间同超越尘世的事物进行交流 that spends its time interacting not with the mundane and earthly,
而不是沉迷于尘世的快乐 but with the ideas of the beyond.
下面是最后一段引述 Now, final quote.
要想透彻理解苏格拉底所讲的观点 One of the ways of bringing home the point that Socrates has made
一种办法是通过生动的形象化 is by means of vivid imagery.
我们会在读到的每个作品中发现 We'll find throughout, in every single one of the authors that we read,
他们试图在论述上吸引你们灵魂的各部分 that they are trying to make arguments that appeal to the various parts of your soul.
我给了你们一些通过推理得到的论断 I just gave you a bunch of arguments that ran through reason,
现在我要让意象根植到你们心里 and now we're going to get an image that's supposed to fix in your mind,
也就是柏拉图刚才论断中的思想 the idea for which Plato has just provided argumentation.
选段是这样的 你们在这次的阅读中读过 Here's how the passage goes. You read it for your reading today.
"为了获得黄金 将自己最好的部分" "Can it profit anyone to acquire gold unjustly if by
"卖给最邪恶者为奴 从中有人能够受益吗" doing so, he enslaves the best part of himself to the most vicious?"
雪人的顶端到雪人的底端 Right? So the top part of the snowman to the bottom part of the snowman.
类比是这样的 And here's the analogy.
"如果他将自己的儿女卖给最野蛮最邪恶的人为奴" "If he got the gold by enslaving his son or daughter to savage or evil men,
"不管获得多少黄金 他都无法获益" it wouldn't profit him, no matter how much gold he got." Right?
如果我告诉你 你可以拥有大量财富 If I tell you, you can have all the money in the world,
只要把你的兄弟姐妹贩卖为奴即可 all you have to do is sell your brother or sister into slavery,
我想这种买卖大多数人不会答应 I assume that that trade-off wouldn't be appealing to most of you,
会答应的人 and those of you to whom it would be,
我建议你们去选修心理学同伴关系课程 there are actually courses on peer relations over in the psychology department.
"不管获得多少金子 他都不会受益" "It wouldn't profit him, no matter how much gold he got.
"那么他为什么会无情地将自己" How, then, could he fail to be wretched if he pitilessly
"最神圣的部分出卖给最肮脏的部分为奴呢" enslaves the most divine part of himself to the most polluted one?"
概念是这样的 So the idea is this.
偷盗时 杀人时 做那些 When you steal, when you murder, when you act in ways
灵魂高级部分告诉你不能 但低级部分让你做的事时 that let the lower part of your soul do what the higher part of your soul tells you shouldn't,
你同那些贩卖子女获取不义之财的人没有两样 you're exactly like the person who has these ill-gotten gains.
就像将自己的儿女贩卖成奴隶不是挣钱的好办法 Just as it's not a good way to make money to sell your son or daughter into slavery,
苏格拉底认为 so, too, Socrates suggests, it's
为了挣钱将灵魂的高级部分贩卖为奴也是不好的 not a good way to make money to sell the higher part of your soul into slavery.
出卖给人的情感和欲望 To enslave it to your passions and to your appetites.
我们可以接受关于幸福本性的一些公共智慧 Now, this idea that we can take some of the common wisdom about the nature of happiness,
但要意识到其中只捕获了部分的真实 but recognize that it captures only part of the truth,
这种思想也是这次阅读的 is one of the things, one of the many things, that's going on
乔纳森•海特选段的一部分内容 in the passages from Jonathan Haidt that I had you read for today.
这次我们读了两章 So we read two chapters for today.
一是必读的第五章 关于幸福的当代理论 One was required, chapter five, which was about contemporary theories of happiness.
二是选读的关于美德的那章 The second, which I recommend to you was the chapter about virtues.
我将讨论前面关于幸福的那章 I want to talk about the first of those chapters, the happiness chapter.
柏拉图在长篇著作中论述说 So we just heard that Plato points out, or argues, or contends, through this long book,
人的繁荣不是来自物质财富 that human flourishing comes not from material wealth and physical goods,
而是来自某些不大明显的事物 即思考和智慧 but rather from something that it might not occur to you was the
而是来自某些不大明显的事物 即思考和智慧 source of flourishing: reflection and wisdom.
然后他使用了一些传统哲学进行了论证 And the arguments that he makes there make use of the
然后他使用了一些传统哲学进行了论证 resources of the tradition of which he's a part.
他处在古希腊环境中 使用传统哲学论证工具 They're set in an ancient Greek context, and they use
他处在古希腊环境中 使用传统哲学论证工具 the argumentative tools of philosophy.
类似地 乔纳森•海特在第五章中提供的论述 In a similar way, the discussion that Jonathan Haidt provides in chapter five
做法也和柏拉图差不多： tries to do this that is similar to Plato, colon:
他试图证明 公共的幸福观念中具有一些真实性 It tries to show that there's some truth in common pictures of what happiness amounts to,
但并不具有完全的正确性 but that they haven't gotten the whole story right.
他使用了之前我讲到过的策略 And it does so in part by using the strategy which I described to you earlier.
他展示了公共观念的样子 It takes what the common picture looks like, it
提供了一种更有意义的分析 provides a more profound analysis of it, and it shows
选择出大致一类的事物 that those pick out roughly the same class of things.
海特在这一章中提供了两个论断 And Haidt, in particular, in that chapter, presents us with two claims.
第一个他称之为进步原理 The first is one that he calls the progress principle. The
在行为学和神经科学上这都具有很好的证据 discovery--for which there seems to be pretty good both behavioral and neuroscientific evidence,
在美国和跨文化领域也是如此 both within the domain of American culture and cross-culturally--that most of
大多数快乐并不来自目标的实现 our pleasure comes not from the achievement of a goal,
虽然这方面也有一部分快乐 though there is some pleasure that comes from that,
更多来自于实现目标的过程 but from the process of achieving that goal.
第二个 相关于上周丹尼尔•卡内曼的材料 The 2nd--which hearkens back to the material that we read last week from Daniel Kahneman,
以及更之前的乔纳森•埃文斯的材料 and the day before that from Jonathan Evans--
由于我们对好的变化 敏感程度大于绝对程度的好 that because we are more sensitive to changes in good than to absolute levels of good,
更多的东西并不总能让我们更幸福 more of something doesn't always make us happier.
更多的东西会让我们习惯这么多 More of something tends to make us used to that something
并渴望改变 希望比这更多 and desirous of the change which comes with having even more of that.
下一张幻灯需要你们使用点击器 The next slide is going to ask you to have your clickers, so
请准备好点击器 if you can take them out, we'll turn to them.
并不有趣 我只是需要你们用点击器 It's not an interesting slide, I just ask you to have your clickers.
这有时被称作"享乐跑步机" So this gives rise to something which is sometimes called the hedonic treadmill.
享乐跑步机也就是说 要保持相同数量的幸福 The hedonic treadmill is the idea that in order to maintain the same amount of happiness,
如果依赖于物质 我们就需要跑着保持原来状态 if it's based on material goods, requires us to run to stay in the same place.
适应原理下的心理学原理 And the psychological principles which underlie the adaptation principle
正是支配卡内曼所描述情况的原理 are exactly the principles that governed the cases that Kahneman was describing.
正如他在视觉系统中所示 我们对反差更敏感 That we are, as he showed in the visual system, enormously sensitive to contrast,
而对绝对判断非常糟糕 and extremely bad at absolute judgment.
伦理学那部分讨论凯斯•桑斯坦的论文时 我还会回到这一原理 And we'll come back to that principle when we read the
伦理学那部分讨论凯斯•桑斯坦的论文时 我还会回到这一原理 Cass Sunstein paper in the section in ethics.
投票已开启 问题是 "你是否准备好进入下一个主题" OK. So my question, polling is open, is "Are you ready to move on?"
认为"是 我等不及亚里士多德的内容了" 按一 Press one if: "Yes, I can't wait for Aristotle."
认为"否 我对柏拉图或海特的内容还有疑问" 按二 Press two if: "No, you have a question about Plato or Haidt."
这只是为了让你们集中精力 OK. So this is just to like re-engage you in case you zoned out,
一直是我在喋喋不休 我怕你们头脑发胀 because I've been jabbering, and the clickers are supposed to keep you talking. OK.
我们有… We have--
糟糕 oh, shoot.
这个计时器应该自动启动的 已经有118个人投了 This clock was supposed to start automatically; we already have 118 of you.
如果你属于… OK. So if you are somebody--
这个能跳过吗 can we jump this, or not?
哦 更糟糕了 Oh! That was worse.
我就不碰它了 OK. I'm not going to touch this.
如果你属于第二类 So if you are somebody who was in category two, and you have
有关于柏拉图或海特的问题 a question about Plato or Haidt that you would like to ask now,
请在结果出来之前就向我提问 please do it before we discover how rare a being you are. Or perhaps how common.
好的 没有问题吗 All right. No questions?
有问题 Question.
你不懂外延性等价 PROFESSOR: You don't really understand extensional equivalents.
好的 这是一个哲学术语 Yes. OK. So that is a philosopher's term.
先看看有多少人有问题 Let's see how rare you are, and then I'll-- ah, OK.
总共有9%的人有问题 我将先回答你的问题 So though you are in the 9%, I will nonetheless answer your question for you.
两种描述是外延性等价的 So two characterizations are extensionally equivalent
如果它们选出了世界上同一组事物 if they pick out the same set of things in the world.
比如 我想选出所有具有四个直角 So if I say: I'm interested in picking out all geometrical
而且角之间等距的所有几何图形 figures that have four corners that are equally spaced from one another,
你想选出所有具有四条相等的边 and you say, I'm interested in picking out all geometrical figures that have four sides
且角均为直角的几何图形 that are of equal length and at right angles to one another,
你选出的是正方形 我选出的也是正方形 you're picking out squares and I'm picking out squares,
只是我们对自己所选出的东西描述不同 even though we gave different descriptions of what we're picking out.
再比如 我选出兄弟姐妹中的所有女性 If I'm picking out all female siblings,
而你选出所有姐妹 and you're picking out all sisters,
我们选出的是一类事物 we're picking out the same class of things,
只是描述不同而已 even though we're using different descriptions.
这是一种民主 OK. So it's a democracy.
柏拉图不认为这是最好的政府形式 Plato doesn't think that's the best form of government,
不过我们是 我们将继续推进 but here we are. We're going to move on.
好的 亚里士多德 All right. Aristotle.
学哲学课程 So at the very least, right, you're taking a philosophy
这幅画显然是值得理解的 class, you deserve to have this picture explained to you.
校园里"来写作中心"的海报上就有 Since you see it on every poster on campus. "Come to the writing center!"
我不知道为什么要把柏拉图和亚里士多德放到海报上 I don't know why they put Plato and Aristotle on the "Come to the writing center,"
不过我可以讲一下图中描绘的是什么 but I might as well tell you what's going on in this picture.
这幅画是文艺复兴时期著名画家拉斐尔的作品 So this picture is a famous painting by the great Renaissance painter, Raphael.
叫《雅典学院》 It's called The School of Athens.
大幅壁画上其它位置上的人物表示他的朋友 Many of the figures within the larger painting represent his friends.
有兴趣的可以去梵蒂冈看原作 You can go and see this in the Vatican, if you're interested.
画作中间是柏拉图和亚里士多德 In the center of that painting, famously, are Plato,
画作中间是柏拉图和亚里士多德 standing right here, and Aristotle, standing right here.
柏拉图手中握有一本书《蒂迈欧》 Plato is holding in his hand, you can almost read it, a book called the Timaeus,
这是一本关于宇宙的书籍 which is a book of cosmology, and he's
他指向上方 很多人认为这是因为 上方是理型的领域 pointing upward, many say because he's pointing to the realm of the forms.
而亚里士多德 手握《伦理学》 Aristotle, by contrast, is holding in his hand the Ethics,
也就是我们读的《尼各马可伦理学》 the book that we're reading, right? The Nicomachean Ethics, there it is.
你们要读的一本书在梵蒂冈壁画上 这太让人激动了 You have a book that's on the wall of the Vatican. That's so exciting.
虽然只是一本6美元的平装本 但足够了 You have a $6 paperback copy, but still.
无论如何 就是这本书 You have, in some ways, the book.
亚里士多德的手平举着 可能解释有两种 And Aristotle's hand is here for one of two reasons.
可能是他指向尘世领域 Either because he's pointing to the earthly domain as part
否认柏拉图的理型思想 of his denial of the Platonic picture of forms, or because
或者因为他讲中庸之道 he's talking about the doctrine of the mean, about
你们这次都读到了很多 which all of you know a great deal, because it's what we read for today.
下次看到这幅画 你们至少知道 OK. So next time you see this picture, at least you'll know
这两个人是谁 柏拉图和亚里士多德 who these two characters are: Plato and Aristotle.
阿里士多德是柏拉图的学生 Aristotle, as you know, was a student of Plato's.
而这次我们读的内容 在我看来 And the text that we read for today is, to my mind, one of
是2500年来最重要的心理学作品之一 the most profound works of psychology written in the last 2500 years.
它非常晦涩难懂 部分是因为 It is, however, miserably difficult to read, in part
亚里士多德虽然也写对话录 但对话录大多数都失传了 because, though Aristotle wrote dialogues, most of those dialogues were lost.
我们这里基本上是亚里士多德的讲稿 And what we have here are basically Aristotle's lecture notes.
注意到 有一页上他写道 "现在 我们来看图表" You notice that on one of the pages he says, "and now we'll go and look at the chart." Right?
他有PPT幻灯片的某种莎草纸版本 He had--like--some papyrus version of these PowerPoint slides.
不知道里面能不能加入动画 I don't know if they were animated with--like--people who walked back and forth.
总之 我们手头的 都是比较难懂的讲稿 But what we have here are notes of a kind that are rather difficult to read.
这本书从很多方面来说 都是我最喜欢的一本 So because this is, in many ways, my favorite book in the whole world,
下面幻灯中将引述书中内容 much of what's going to go on in the next
下面幻灯中将引述书中内容 slide is that I'm just going to give you some quotes from
并讲解文字要传达的意思 it, and tell you what's going on in the text.
这是亚里士多德的《伦理学》 So this is Aristotle's Ethics. If
如果说柏拉图是30秒 这个就是60秒 Plato is thirty seconds, this is going to take sixty or so.
我来讲讲 Let me tell you what's going on.
我们所阅读的内容从卷一开头开始 So the discussion that we read starts at the beginning of book one,
这个论述有时候被称作summum bonum with an argument that's sometimes called, the argument in favor of the summum bonum
这个不需要记 --you don't have to write it down,
幻灯上我也没写 也就是最高善 which is why I didn't put it on the slide--sometimes called the highest good.
为其自身而追求 That which is pursued for its own sake.
这里的论证也就是我们说的回溯论证 And the argument here is basically what we might call a regress argument.
就像柏拉图所讲的内在/工具价值论述 It's like the intrinsic/instrumental value argument that we heard in Plato.
也就是说 对任何善的追求 The idea is that every good, that is, everything that you
要么是为它自身 要么是为了其它事物 seek, is pursued either for itself, or for the sake of something else.
如果是为了其它事物而追求 这必然是最顶端的 And if it's pursued for the sake of something else, it must bottom out or top up.
summum bonum 最高善 必然在某方面是最顶端的 Summum bonum, the highest good, it must top up in something.
我们要探究亚里士多德的政治科学… And so the inquiry that we engage in when we do what Aristotle calls political science--
这并不是政治科学系所说的那种政治科学 which is not political science like in the Poli Sci department--it's
而是将人类考虑为政治 也就是社会动物的学科 political science in the sense of the study of human beings
而是将人类考虑为政治 也就是社会动物的学科 as political, that is, social animals.
对人类作为社会嵌入型生物的研究 So the study of ourselves as socially embedded creatures is
也就是对人类最高善是什么的研究 the study of what is the highest good for the human.
人类的最高善 根据亚里士多德 And the highest good for the human being, says Aristotle, is--
同时包含了普通人思维中的善 both in the minds of the common man, that is, both in
相当于古希腊时能在大众媒体上读到的想法 sort of what you would read in the equivalent of the mass media in ancient Greece,
以及受过教育者思维中的善 and in the mind of the educated--
所谓的eudaemonia或繁荣 或者翻译为幸福 what was called eudaemonia or flourishing, sometimes translated as happiness.
这才是每个人所追求的 That's what everybody is going for.
这是我们从卷一中开头部分读到的 So that's the beginning of the passages that we read from book one.
问题是 每个人追求什么 There's the question, what's the thing that everybody's after?
答案是 每个人都追求相同事物 And the answer is, everybody's after the same thing.
追求幸福 繁荣 eudaemonia They're after happiness, flourishing, eudaemonia.
下一个问题是 怎样的幸福 So the next question is this. What sort of happiness?
寻求幸福到底意味着什么 What is it that we mean when we set out to seek happiness?
亚里士多德于是讨论了一系列可能答案 And here Aristotle runs through this inventory of answers that have been provided.
他可以说是柏拉图的优秀学生 And you'll notice, good student that he is of Plato's,
他的分类法看起来很熟悉 that this taxonomy here is going to look pretty familiar.
是满足的快乐吗 也就是柏拉图说的欲望的快乐 If it's the pleasures of gratification, that is, the
是满足的快乐吗 也就是柏拉图说的欲望的快乐 pleasures that Plato would call the pleasures of appetite?
"不是" 亚里士多德给了一些理由 "No," says Aristotle, and he gives some reasons for that.
是荣誉的快乐吗 也就是柏拉图说的精神的快乐 Is it the pleasures of honor, what Plato would call the pleasures of spirit?
"不是" 亚里士多德给了一些理由 "No," says Aristotle, and he gives some reasons for it.
是思考的快乐吗 来自理性的快乐 Is it, then, the pleasures of reflection, the things which come from reason?
"是" 亚里士多德又给了一些理由 "Yes!" Says Aristotle. And now he goes on to give some reasons for it.
不过他给出的理由同柏拉图给出的并不一样 But the reasons that he gives for it look different from the reasons that Plato gave.
因为亚里士多德否定柏拉图关于理型的概念 Because Aristotle rejects Plato's idea of the forms.
亚里士多德没有用超越尘世的事物来为观点辩护 Aristotle is not looking to a domain beyond to defend his view.
相反 他使用尘世的事物来捍卫自己的观点 He's looking to a domain within to defend his view.
已经11:17了 It's 11:17.
我再讲一张幻灯 然后下一讲接着讲亚里士多德 I'm going to do one more slide, and then we'll finish up with Aristotle next lecture.
问题是 如果不使用理型论来说明理性更好… So the question is, if you can't turn to the form as your justification for reason--
柏拉图曾经说 "为什么理性如此好" remember, Plato has this explanation: "Why is reason so good?
"因为它让你同超越的领域相联系" It lets you connect to a domain beyond yourselves."
亚里士多德不会这样回答 Aristotle can't give that answer.
那么 是什么让理性更好呢 论述是这样的 What, then, makes reason so good? Well, here's the argument.
他说 世界上每种物体都有一种功能 Every object in the world, he says, has a function.
刀的功能是切东西 The function of a knife is to cut well.
纸镇的功能是把纸压住 The function of a paperweight is to hold down papers.
激光笔的功能是为你们指明幻灯上的位置 等等 The function of a laser pointer is to direct attention towards the slide, and so on.
好的东西能让功能实现得很好 And a good one of those things is one which does its function well.
功能让其同其它实体区分开来 Its function is that which set it apart from other entities.
好的纸镇重 压得住纸 So good paperweights are things that are heavy, and bad
坏的纸镇轻 或者是圆的 四处滚动 paperweights are things that are light, or round, so that they roll off.
或者看不见 找不到 Or invisible, so that you can't find them.
或者太重 挪不动 Or too heavy to move, so that you can't pick them up off your paper.
具有一定功能的事物 So when something has a function,
好的能很好地完成相应功能 a good version of that thing has manifest in itself that which allows that
好的能很好地完成相应功能 object to perform its function especially well.
那人的功能是什么呢 Well, what's the function of human beings?
要回答这个问题 需要先回答 Well, to answer that question, we have to answer the question
人有什么特别之处 what is special about human beings?
我们同只会摄入养分的植物 What distinguishes us from plants, which take in nutrition,
以及会运动有感觉的动物有什么区别 and from animals, which are capable of locomotion and feeling sensation?
同这些区分开的是 人类有理性 What distinguishes us from those beings is reason.
就像刀很好是因为切东西快 So just as knives are great when they cut well, humans are
人很好是因为人能很好地使用理性这一特殊之处 great when they do that special human thing especially well when they reason well.
他在1098处写道 "理性是人的特殊功能" "Reason is," he writes at 1098, "the special function of a human being."
那么人的好体现为什么 What, then, is the human good?
刀的好体现在刀功能上的优秀 Well, the good for a knife is to be most manifestly knife-like, right?
想想 戏剧 电影 小说中最好的剑都是哪些 I mean, all those magic swords that you get in plays and movies and books?
什么是好剑 What makes them good swords?
特别锋利 能够快速斩掉敌人的是好剑 That they're especially able to slay your enemies, right?
特别锋利 能够快速斩掉敌人的是好剑 That's why the swords are good swords.
什么能让你成为人中的兰斯洛特之剑 So what makes you the Sword of Lancelot of human beings?
显然是灵魂具有特定优良品质 It's that your soul is structured in such a way that
在人所特有的特质方面做得最好 you do what is best and most completely and distinctly human.
好的人是能将人的功能实现好的 The good human being is the one that does the human stuff best of all,
而人的功能就是推理以及按美德行事 and the human stuff turns out to be reasoning and acting in accord with virtue.
因此 下一讲开头我将要讲的问题… So the question that we'll turn to at the beginning of next lecture--
你们其实都读到了最后我要讲的这部分内容 and you're all in a position to read the punchline, in
你们其实都读到了最后我要讲的这部分内容 fact, you should have read the punchline for today--
即什么美德让我们成为与众不同的 最优秀的人 is what does the virtue look like that makes us distinctly and most excellently human,
以及如何培育 and how is it cultivated?
周四将包含三个极好的阅读内容 So for Thursday, we are reading three really fantastic things.
包括《伊利亚特》选段 你们有两种读法 We're reading selections from The Iliad, and I've given you two choices of ways to do that.
请参阅阅读指南 Pleas look at the reading guide.
你们可以读整个卷一 You can either read all of book one or you can look at
或者在乔纳森•谢的段落中阅读 the context of each of the passages that Jonathan Shay gives us,
我会告诉你们怎么做 and I've given you instructions how to do that.
我们将阅读乔纳森•谢的书《阿喀琉斯在越南》 We're reading Jonathan Shay's incredible book, Achilles in Vietnam,
以及斯坦利•米尔格拉姆1963年的著名论文"服从行为研究" and we're also reading Stanley Milgram's famous 1963 "Behavioral Study of Obedience" paper.
下一讲开始我将讨论亚里士多德 So we'll start with our Aristotle,
然后再讨论这三方面的内容 and then we'll move on to our discussions of those three.