今天的课关于灵魂的各部分 So today's lecture is a lecture about the parts of the soul.
我将以一些段落开始 两段来自古希腊文学 And I want to begin with some passages, two from the ancient Greek literary tradition,
两段来自当代大众文化 and two from contemporary mass culture,
考虑人性中的矛盾 which bring out the extent to which it is part of
我们通常会和自己产生冲突 这已经成为了共识 the common understanding of human nature that we are often conflicted within ourselves.
我们阅读过部分选段的柏拉图《理想国》中 So in The Republic, the book from which we have been reading excerpts,
苏格拉底讲了一个故事 Plato's Socrates tells a story
有个人受诱惑而不按理智判断行事 about a man who is tempted to act against his better judgment.
这是莱昂提乌斯的故事 故事是这样的 And this is the story of Leontius, and it goes as follows.
"莱昂提乌斯 阿格莱翁之子" "Leontius, the son of Aglaion, was
"从比雷埃夫斯进城去 路过北城墙下" coming up from the Piraeus along the outside of the north wall of the city
"发现刑场上躺着几具尸体" when he saw some corpses lying at the executioner's feet.
这里的欲望 柏拉图使用的词是appetite He had--Socrates using Plato's terminology of appetite--
"他有想看的欲望" "He had an appetite to look at them.
"但又害怕而嫌恶它们" But at the same time, he was disgusted and turned away.
"他暂时耐住了 把头蒙了起来" For a time," the story goes on, "he struggled with himself and covered his face.
"但终于屈服于欲望的力量" But finally, overpowered by appetite,
"他张大眼睛冲到尸体跟前骂自己说" he pushed his eyes wide open and rushed towards the corpses, saying,
"瞧吧 坏家伙 把这美景瞧个够吧" 'Look for yourselves, you evil wretches! Take your fill of the beautiful sight.'"
我们今天将更进一步讨论 Now, we'll talk more in today's lecture
柏拉图考虑"欲望"这一驱动力时 心中的"灵魂三分"图景 about the particular picture that Plato has in mind when he speaks of the tripartite soul
柏拉图考虑"欲望"这一驱动力时 心中的"灵魂三分"图景 as involving this force that he calls appetite.
不过我们这里的基本描述 But the basic description that we have here doesn't rest in
并不局限于特定的柏拉图框架 any way on a particular Platonic framework.
人一方面会感觉到被驱使着去做某事 The idea that one can, on the one hand, feel compelled to do something--
吃一块巧克力蛋糕 浏览Facebook页面 eat a piece of chocolate cake, check one's Facebook page--
这是一些人试图控制并争取不碰的诱惑 those are temptations that one can try to control, and struggle with oneself about.
后面四到五堂课的讨论中 And the narrative that will take place in the next four or five lectures
将会涉及到在这种不可避免的矛盾冲突下 is about what sorts of strategies are available for us,
我们人具有怎样的应对策略 given that these kinds of conflicts inevitably arise?
这是我们从古代作品中看到的这种冲突的第一个例子 So that's our first example from the ancient tradition of a kind of conflict.
"欲望"驱使同自律之间的矛盾冲突 A conflict between a drive of appetite, on the one hand, and
"欲望"驱使同自律之间的矛盾冲突 a drive of a certain kind of self-regulation on the other.
第二例子来自奥维德的《变形记》 Second example comes from Ovid's Metamorphosis.
这是一个很长的故事 A long story in which,
我们读的这段中 角色美狄亚 in the passage that we're reading, a character Medea has,
没有按照自己的理性判断 爱上了年轻男子伊阿宋 against her better judgment, found herself in love with a young man named Jason.
这里我使用的是十七世纪韵文翻译版 And here I'm using a seventeenth century
这里我使用的是十七世纪韵文翻译版 translation that's actually in rhyming couplets.
"美狄亚为剧烈欲望所俘虏" "Meanwhile Medea, seiz'd with fierce desire,/
"理智试图将肆掠之火降服" By reason strives to quench the raging fire;/
"不知哪位天神在同她作对" But strives in vain! Some God (she said) withstands,/
"她的理智和斗争完全白费" and reason's baffl'd counsel countermands."
这就是美狄亚 她被欲望控制住 试图通过理智控制自己 So here's Medea, seized with desire, trying to control herself through reason,
告诉自己：同这个男子相爱太荒谬了 telling herself: it's absurd to be in love with this young man,
这同她的其它义务相违背 it's a violation of other obligations that she has.
但这些都是徒劳的挣扎 But she strived in vain.
她感觉到自己就像被外力所控制 She has the feeling of having been overtaken by a force outside herself,
而告诉她该怎么做的理智却被颠覆 and what reason is telling her to do is overridden.
这个韵文译版其实在今天我们要讲的 It continues--this is a rhyming version of the passage that's actually
乔纳森•海特的作品中也被引用了 quoted in prose form in the Jonathan Haidt that we read for today--
诗文以美狄亚的口吻继续道 continues--this is now in Medea's voice.
"爱情入侵了我毫无抵抗力的灵魂" "But love, resistless love, my soul invades/
"理智让我这般 情感却劝我那般" Discretion this, affection that persuades./
"正确的做法虽然我能认出" I see the right, and I approve it too,/
"但却仍然追逐着受谴责的错误" Condemn the wrong--and yet the wrong pursue."
她虽然知道并认可正确的做法 So this feeling of seeing what is right, endorsing what is right,
谴责错误的做法 condemning what is wrong,
但还是无可救药地背离了理智 and yet nonetheless finding oneself doing what lies against one's better judgment
这种冲突是西方文学传统中一种基本主题 is a fundamental trope in the Western literary tradition.
也是东方哲学传统中的一种基本主题 It's a fundamental trope in the Eastern philosophical tradition.
而且在日常生活中 这种感触我们也是非常熟悉的 And it's an extraordinarily familiar feeling in all of our lives.
第三个关于灵魂各部分之间冲突的例子 Third example of the kind of tension that is picked out by this talk of parts of the soul
来自当今互联网 comes from today's Internet.
这是关于去年十六强竞猜的 Here's a piece about last year's Sweet Sixteen bracketing decision.
标题是这样的 And here's the headline.
"挑选十六强胜者时的情感和分析冲突" "Emotions and analysis conflict when picking Sweet Sixteen winners.
帖子说 "上周竞猜NCAA的决策太难做了" Most of you," says this post, "involved in NCAA pools, had difficult decisions last week
"很多人害怕内心会将自己带入歧途" trying to decide whether your hearts were trying to lead you astray.
"这太难了" 回忆下美狄亚 回忆下柏拉图 'It's difficult,'" he says, echoing Medea, echoing Plato,
"要在很多人认为的最好运动季后赛中" "to remove emotion during" (now in his own words),
"不带情感地进行选择 实在是太难了" "what many consider to be the best post-season in sports."
后面帖子继续描述 毫不带情感地 And he goes on to describe how difficult it is to take reason's mandate
完全按照理性地去选择球队有多难 and select a team to which you don't bear emotional connections.
当然 这不只出现在体育运动中 But we don't find this only in the context of sportsmanship.
这是柏拉图所说的灵魂冲突的第四个例子 Here's a fourth example of the sort of conflict of the soul that Plato is talking about.
这个来自大众文化的最伟大仲裁者 欧普拉 This one comes from the greatest arbiter of mass culture, Oprah.
"听着" 欧普拉在其网站上说道 "Listen up," says Oprah, on Oprah's webpage,
"听心指挥为什么比听脑指挥好" "Why Being in your Heart is Better Than in Your Head."
你们应该进行过阅读 从这方面来看 So in this regard, those of you who have done the reading know that, if we had clickers,
她赞同柏拉图 还是休谟 she is agreeing with Plato, or Hume?
认为她赞同柏拉图的 举左手 Is she agreeing with Plato--left hands--
柏拉图还是休谟 Plato or Hume?
很好 Excellent. Good.
柏拉图认为理性负责 So Plato's idea is that reason is in charge.
而休谟在我们阅读的那部分内容中说 Hume's suggestion in the passage that we read, he says,
理性是且应该是情感的奴隶 reason is and ought to be the slave of the passions.
休谟和这里欧普拉说的并不完全相同 Now, Hume isn't exactly saying what Oprah is saying here.
这个我们在讨论课中将有机会讨论 That's something we'll have a chance to talk about more in sections.
不过我们不断看到 在莱昂提乌斯的故事 But again, we see, just as we saw in the story of Leontius,
美狄亚的故事 选择获胜篮球队的例子 the story of Medea, the story of choosing your winning team in basketball betting,
以及欧普拉的例子中 and here in Oprah, this idea that
都体现了灵魂中具有相互冲突的部分 the soul has parts, that there are conflicts within us.
今天课上我要做的是 So what I want to do in today's lecture is to talk
讲解我为今天布置的五个阅读材料 through with you the five readings which I assigned for today,
三个必读材料 两个补充材料 three required, two supplementary, each of which
它们都试图就相关分类提出见解 attempts to give voice through identification of a taxonomy
说明将我们拉向一方和拉向另一方的分别都是什么 to this idea that we are pulled sometimes in one direction and sometimes in another.
第一 也是之后课上我要详细讲的 So the first, which I'll talk about in detail later in the lecture,
是柏拉图的三分法：理性 精神 欲望 is Plato's division between reason, spirit, and appetite.
第二是休谟关于理性和情感关系的讨论 The second is Hume's discussion of the relation between reason and passion.
乔纳森•海特 在我们今天读的第一章 And Jonathan Haidt, in the book that we read the first chapter of today,
给出了一个漂亮的比喻 presents a wonderful metaphor there,
来帮助理解理性和情感之间的关系 for understanding the relation between, on the one hand,
理性是我们能够直接有意识控制的部分 reason--the part of ourselves to which we have direct, conscious access,
理性是我们能够直接有意识控制的部分 and over which we have direct regulative control--
而组成我们的其它驱动和本能 是我们不能直接控制的 and the other mass of drives and instincts which compose us,
海特认为这可以理解成一头大象 which he suggests we can understand as an elephant
我们试图通过各种可能机制来控制它 which we seek to control through whatever mechanisms are possible.
休谟在我们阅读的段落中认为 Hume's suggestion, in the passage that we read, is that
导致实际运动的驱动力 the drive and the impetus towards motion comes through,
按照比喻的说法 仍然来自四脚落地的大象 to continue with the metaphor, the creature whose feet are on the ground.
确实 骑者具有操纵行驶的能力 So although it is the case that there's a kind of
确实 骑者具有操纵行驶的能力 steering that's possible on the part of the rider, the
但实际导致运动的动力却来自 impetus towards action comes from those parts of us over
理智无法直接控制的部分 which we don't have direct rational control.
人由多种趋向各种方向的驱动力所组成 And this idea that we are a bundle of drives that pull us in various directions
这种思想正是世纪初 影响深远但又争议很大的 lies at the heart of the incredibly influential, though highly controversial,
西格蒙德•弗洛伊德作品中关于人类心智的核心内容 picture of the human mind that Sigmund Freud presented in the first half of the century.
弗洛伊德认为 我们每个人出生时 So Freud's idea is that each of us, when we are born, are a
由一系列不一致的欲望 需求和情感组成 bundle of incoherent desires and needs and passions.
我们有吃的欲望 有追逐舒适的欲望 We have a desire to eat, we have a desire for certain kinds of comfort,
有非常旺盛的性欲望 we have incredibly vivid sexual desires.
这些欲望之间没有一致性 And those desires have no degree of consistency about them.
将我们朝不同方向牵引 They pull us in every direction, and they cause us
让我们为满足各种欲望行事 to act in ways that aim at their satisfaction.
弗洛伊德认为 人的发展 The story of human development, says Freud, is
其实也就是两种约束能力的发展 the story of going on to develop two kinds of regulative capacities.
一种他称为"自我" The one, which he calls the ego,
人的这部分对现实敏感 is a part of the self that is sensitive to reality.
它让人意识到 不能同时杀死兄弟又嫁给兄弟 It recognizes that you can't simultaneously want to kill your brother and marry your brother,
因为兄弟死了 显然无法再嫁给他 because if your brother is dead, you can't marry him.
它也能意识到 杀死兄弟和嫁给兄弟都是不行的 It may recognize, in fact, that you want neither to kill your brother nor marry your brother,
不过这部分信息也可能来自第三部分 though that bit of information may come from the third part.
我们有各种情感 将我们牵引向各种方向 So we have this bundle of passions that pull us in various directions.
而这之上 随着人的发展 And on top of that, as we develop,
出现了一个对现实敏感的部分 comes a part of ourselves which is sensitive to reality.
这时 我们开始对自己的经历产生意识 And as that happens, we become conscious of our experience.
欲望在我们甚至没有察觉的情况下 将我们拉向各个方向 So whereas these desires pull us in various ways without our even being aware of it,
而自我 这种对自己的意识 是我们能通过思考来接触的 the ego, the sense of self, is something to which we have reflective access.
随着我们同世界上其他人打交道越来越频繁 As we go on to interact with others in the world,
我们学到了该如何正确进行自律 we get information about appropriate ways in which to regulate ourselves
并同社会规范保持一致 so as to conform with the norms of society.
我们会内化这些 将这些认可为我们自己的一部分 And as we internalize those, and take them to be part of what we ourselves endorse,
这就形成了弗洛伊德所说的"超我" they become what Freud calls the superego,
有时也被认为是道德心 sometimes thought of as the conscience.
图中显示出我们的各种无意识部分 So the picture here is that there are all sorts of unconscious parts of ourselves,
有些是驱使我们进食或者生育的力量 some of which are drives that pull us to do things like eat and procreate,
有些对现实的限制更加敏感 some of which are aspects more sensitive to the constraints of reality,
有些是社会规范 some of which are the norms of society.
在这之上我们有一小部分是有意识的 And then on top of that, in a rather smaller part of
在这之上我们有一小部分是有意识的 ourselves, is an aspect of which we are conscious.
弗洛伊德给出的图景中 很多细节都由于各种原因而被质疑 Now, there are details of the Freudian picture which have
弗洛伊德给出的图景中 很多细节都由于各种原因而被质疑 been discredited for all sorts of reasons.
但无意识作用将我们拉向各种方向这一思想 But the basic idea that we have unconscious pulls in directions which we disavow
已经成为了西方文化中的一个基本思想 has become, I think, part of how it is that Western culture self-conceives.
我认为 绝对不能低估弗洛伊德的思想 I think it's almost impossible to underestimate the extent to which the Freudian picture
对二十世纪文学 电影以及人的自我认识的作用 underlies 20th century literature, 20th century film, and 20th century self-understanding.
弗洛伊德的理论也包含三个部分 Notice that the Freudian picture, though it has three
但并不同于柏拉图的三部分 parts, isn't exactly the Platonic picture.
"欲望"和"本我"大致能对等 Appetite and id roughly correspond,
但"精神"并不等于"自我" but spirit is not the same thing as ego.
"理性"和"超我"的联系也很弱 And reason and superego where are only roughly correlated.
对这方面讨论感兴趣的同学 可以回头参阅这周的阅读 Those of you who are intrigued by this discussion can go back and look in this week's reading,
读一下弗洛伊德本人对这些理论的说法 and read Freud's own presentation of the theories that I've described.
第四种划分将是这一讲的最主要内容 The fourth distinction which I'll go on to discuss in the main part of the lecture
也就是当代对系统一和系统二的区分 is a contemporary distinction between system one and system two,
或者说自动启发式处理系统同 or between a sort of automatic heuristic processing system
理性思考式处理系统之间的区分 and a rational reflective processing system.
这将占据这一讲的大部分时间 And as I said, I'll talk about that in the bulk part of the lecture.
现在我要介绍第五种划分 I want to just now introduce our fifth set of divisions.
这是乔纳森•海特在开篇中提到的四分法 And these are the four divisions which Jonathan Haidt identifies in the opening chapter.
我们读了柏拉图的作品 还选读了休谟的作品 So as you know, we read the Plato, we had the option of reading the Hume,
选读了弗洛伊德的作品 读了埃文斯的作品 读了海特的作品 the option of reading the Freud, we read the Evans piece and we read the Haidt.
海特首先区分出了心智和身体 So Haidt's first distinction is between what he calls mind and body.
他指出 And what he points out there
虽然身体大多数调控是通过大脑实现 is that though much of our bodily regulation happens through the brain,
但也有不经过大脑处理的位置 there are independent loci of processing.
特别地 我们的肠 我们的消化器官 In particular, the gut, our digestive organ,
可以相对独立于大脑运行 can run relatively independently of the brain.
他提出了一些例子 And he provides some examples of that.
不过惊人的是 他竟然没有提到 But strikingly, one of the things that he does not discuss
无头公鸡麦克的著名故事 is the famous example of Mike, the headless rooster,
这只公鸡出现在《生活》杂志封面 who was a rooster--here he is on the cover of Life magazine--
二战后不久 它被砍了头 who soon after the Second World War was beheaded,
但在之后 却活蹦乱跳地活了18个月 and who went on to live for another 18 months, perfectly happily.
到YouTube上还能搜索到 Here he is again. And if you go on YouTube, you can
无头公鸡麦克活动的视频 actually watch a live version of Mike the headless chicken.
关掉了互联网的你们 现在肯定很后悔 Those of you who have pledged to turn off your Internet, are regretting it now.
无头公鸡麦克的事例说明 So the point about Mike the headless chicken is that
器官中有很多运动控制 there's a whole bunch of motor control representations that
并不像我们一般认为的那样 由脑完成 take place not in the organ where one would typically expect it, in the head,
而是在脊髓中以各种方式完成 but rather along the spinal cord in various ways.
海特的第一个划分是脊髓和脑的划分 The first division to which Haidt adverts is the fact that
认为这是我们的一大生物特征 it's actually a biological feature of us.
各种生物过程中行动的调控 That regulation of action happens through all sorts of biological processes,
有些位于脑部 some of which are located up here, and
而其它一些 比如只同四肢沟通等等 others of which communicate with the parts of our limbs and so on,
只需要通过较低部分的脊髓 only through lower parts of the spinal cord.
海特认为的第二个重要划分 The second division that Haidt reminds us of the importance of
是左脑和右脑的划分 is the division between left brain and right brain.
很多人应该知道 我们脑部中央具有胼胝体 As many of you know, we have running along the middle of
很多人应该知道 我们脑部中央具有胼胝体 our heads something called the corpus callosum, which
胼胝体将我们的左脑和右脑连接在一起 connects all the stuff that happens on the right side of
胼胝体将我们的左脑和右脑连接在一起 our head to all the stuff that happens on the left side of our head.
事实证明 特定类型的癫痫患者 It turns out that in certain kinds of epileptic patients,
要治疗癫痫病 这种横跨脑部的突发性异常放电 the only way to cure their epilepsy, their electric seizures that run across the brain,
需要切断胼胝体 is by severing the corpus callosum.
由于医疗目的这样做以后 And by doing so, for medically necessary purposes,
科学界发现 脑两侧的处理相对独立 science has discovered the degree to which the processing that goes
科学界发现 脑两侧的处理相对独立 on in the two sides of the brain is relatively independent.
右边视野中的事物由脑的左半球处理 Basically, everything that comes in through the right
右边视野中的事物由脑的左半球处理 visual field is processed in the brain's left hemisphere,
而左边视野中的事物由脑的右半球处理 and everything that comes in through the left visual field
而左边视野中的事物由脑的右半球处理 is processed in the brain's right hemisphere.
不过很多功能在脑的两半球间具有重复 And though many features of the brain are duplicated across the hemisphere,
有些则位于局部位置 others of them are localized.
特别地 右撇子的脑中 In particular, in the brains of right-handed people,
语言是左半球活动 language is a right [correction: left] hemisphere activity.
海特描述了1950年代神经科学家 And so Haidt describes some famous research done in the 1950s
迈克尔•加扎尼加的著名研究 by the neuroscientist Michael Gazzaniga in which a
研究中 这位患者被切开了胼胝体 patient who had been subject to a severing of the corpus callosum,
一些图像呈现在他面前 有些在左视野中 is presented with some images that either come in through the left visual field
这需要由脑右侧处理 and consequently are processed on the right side of the brain,
有些图像在右视野 or images that come in from the right visual field,
这需要由脑左侧处理 and consequently are processed on the left side of the brain.
有趣的是 由于加工部分信息的脑右侧 Interestingly, because information processed on the right side of the brain
没有语言功能 isn't linguistically available--
我之前肯定也说错了 I believe I misspoke earlier.
对于右撇子 语言中心在左侧 The language center is on the left, in right-handed people--
右侧没有语言功能 isn't linguistically available,
研究对象左视野中看到的事物 when the subject looks at something that comes in over here,
不存在对应的语言处理 there's no linguistic processing of what he sees.
不过当他被要求解释视野中有些什么时 But when he's asked to explain what it is that is in his visual field,
他会进行加扎尼加所说的"虚构" he engages in what Gazzaniga called confabulation.
这个人的左视野中看到的是一些雪的图像 So the gentleman here has been shown with this side of the brain
他被要求选择出相关的东西 a bunch of images of snow, and he is asked to choose--
记住 这是在右脑 所以是左手 remember, this is right brain, so it's left hand--something that goes with them.
于是在右脑控制下 他用左手选择了铁铲 And so he selects with his left hand, controlled by the
于是在右脑控制下 他用左手选择了铁铲 right brain from the left visual field, a shovel,
下雪时铁铲是非常有用的工具 something which would be enormously useful if you had snow.
同时 左脑通过右眼看到了鸡爪 Meanwhile, the left side of his brain through the right eye,
于是左脑控制右手选择了鸡 controlling the right hand, sees a chicken claw and selects a chicken.
也就是说 脑的一侧看到鸡爪 So one side of his brain sees a chicken claw,
选择相关事物时选择了鸡 and selecting the thing that goes with it, selects the chicken.
脑另一侧看到了雪 The other side of his brain sees the snow, and
选择相关事物时选择铁铲 selecting the thing that goes with it, selects the shovel.
这没问题 So far, so good.
我讲过 脑就是这样分离开来的 I told you the brain is segregated in these sorts of ways,
所以毫不奇怪 脑右侧选择所见事物的相关事物 so it isn't surprising that the right side is selecting something that goes with what it
脑左侧选择所见事物的相关事物 saw on the left side, and selecting something that goes with what it saw.
接下来呢 What happens next?
这个人看着他所选择的铁铲和鸡 What happens next is that the man looks down at the shovel
这个人看着他所选择的铁铲和鸡 and the chicken, which he has selected,
被问及为什么他会选择这些东西 and is confronted with the question of why he has chosen those things.
由于语言中心的所在位置 Now, as far as the language center of his brain goes,
他不知道为什么自己会选择铁铲 he has no idea why he's chosen the chicken claw [correction: shovel]. Right?
这部分信息没有进入到脑部 That information hasn't entered into the part of his brain
处理语言的位置 where the linguistic processes are taking place.
不过他进行了所谓的"虚构" Nonetheless, what he does is something called confabulation.
他说 "我选铁铲是为铲除鸡屎" He says, Oh. I take the shovel because I need to shovel out the chicken coop.
他给出了自己为什么这样选择的解释 He comes up with an explanation for why it is that he has chosen as he has chosen.
在催眠情况下 人也有类似现象 And in cases of hypnosis, there is a similar phenomenology.
实验对象发现在台上手脚呈现一定样子 Subjects will find themselves onstage with their arms and legs in a particular way,
马上就能虚构出一种解释 and immediately come up with a confabulated explanation
解释自己为什么是这个样子 for why it is that they are doing what they are doing.
作为人 我们很容易从经验中解读自己的行为 We are quite typically people who read our behavior off our experience.
讲到情感和自我理解时 我还会回头讲这个问题 And when we talk about emotion and self-understanding, we will come back to this issue.
关键在于 左右脑是二重的 The point about left and right brain is two-fold.
第一 这是划分思想在生物学基础中的第二例 The first is that this is a second example of a biological
第一 这是划分思想在生物学基础中的第二例 underpinning of the idea that we are divided in certain ways.
第二是虚构的概念 And the second is the idea of confabulation in the sense
使用大象骑者的比喻 that, to use the rider-elephant metaphor, it's
骑者会认为他的脚在陆地上 而不是大象的脚 as if the rider thinks that it's his feet that are on the ground rather than the elephant's.
海特描述的第三种划分 The third division which Haidt describes to us is the
是他所谓旧脑和新脑的划分 division between what he calls old brain and new brain.
脑的一些部分 脑干以及皮层下区域 Roughly, the parts of our brain, the brain stem and subcortical regions,
是人同非人动物共有的 that we share with nonhuman animals,
脑的另一些部分 则是人类独有的高度进化产物 and the parts of our brain that are much more highly developed in human beings,
也就是皮层区域 特别是前额皮层 namely the cortical region and in particular, the prefrontal cortex.
海特讲了一个便于理解自律如何产生的故事 And Haidt tells there a story which is useful for
海特讲了一个便于理解自律如何产生的故事 understanding how it is that self-regulation occurs.
我猜 你们很多人应该知道这个人的著名故事 So my guess is that many of you have seen some version of these famous images of this person.
有人知道他的名字吗 Anybody know the name of this person?
对 菲尼斯•盖奇 Yeah. Phineas Gage.
菲尼斯•盖奇是十九世纪的一位铁路工人 This is Phineas Gage, who was a railroad worker in the nineteenth century
他负责爆破岩石 当时在填塞炸药 who was tamping down some dynamite as part of his job as a railroad worker.
但炸药意外爆炸 导致长铁棍插入他的脑部 And the dynamite exploded, and this long metal pole went through his brain.
不过 同无头鸡麦克一样 菲尼斯•盖奇幸存了下来 But, like Mike the headless chicken, Phineas Gage was a survivor,
而且事故后又活了好多年 and in fact did not die, but went to live for many more years.
再现事故的话 In reconstructing the accident,
人们发现铁杆对盖奇脑部造成损伤的的区域 it's become clear that the damage which the pole did was to an area of Gage's
是腹内侧前额皮层 brain called the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
这个是前额皮层 Right up here is the prefrontal cortex.
盖奇在这个事故之后 And the result of the accident which happened to Gage was
同海特讲述的弗吉尼亚大学教师的故事很类似 like what happened to the University of Virginia
同海特讲述的弗吉尼亚大学教师的故事很类似 schoolteacher that Haidt describes in his story.
他丧失了特定的自律能力 There was a loss of capacity for a certain kind of self-regulation.
某种意义上讲 同美狄亚一样 盖奇能看到 So in some ways, like Medea, though Gage was able to see
怎样做才是正确的 知道应该怎么做 what the normatively correct thing to do was--to see what he ought to do,
怎么理解 怎么解释 怎么表达 to understand it, to explain it, to articulate it,
说出什么是合适的 to say what was appropriate--
但他无法按照这种更好的想法来行事 he found himself unable to act on what it was that he thought would be a better idea.
他可能会说 公开场合心烦时不该大喊大叫 So he would say something like, you shouldn't yell and
他可能会说 公开场合心烦时不该大喊大叫 scream when you're upset in a public setting.
他理解这种行为是不合适的 He would understand that that sort of behavior was inappropriate.
但他无法遵循这种想法来行事 But he would nonetheless find himself unable to act on that.
按照弗洛伊德的说法 他会按照"本我"指示行事 He would end up doing what Freud would say his id told him to do,
或者按照柏拉图的说法 按照"欲望"行事 or what Plato would say his appetite told him to do.
自律缺失的情况在前额皮层受损患者身上被不断发现 Again and again, it's been discovered in subjects with
自律缺失的情况在前额皮层受损患者身上被不断发现 damage to the prefrontal cortex that they face difficulties with self-regulation.
这似乎说明 柏拉图所讲的"理性" So it looks like at least one of the places where what Plato would call reason
至少有一部分位于脑的这个特定区域 seats itself is in this particular part of the brain.
实际上 有很好的证据显示 And, in fact, there is reasonably good evidence that
比如患有注意力不足过动症(ADHD)的个体 individuals can suffer, for example, from attention hyperactivity deficit disorder, ADHD,
比不患此病者具有更低的前额皮层功能 have lower prefrontal cortex function than those who do not.
海特于是将脑分为旧脑和新脑 So when Haidt speaks of old brain--a part of the brain
旧脑是同动物共有的按本能行事的脑 that we share with beings who act on instinct,
新脑则是皮层 and new brain--cortex,
特别是 人类中进化最高级的皮层部分 and in particular, the parts of the cortex that are especially well-developed in human
如前额皮层(PFC) beings, like PFC--
他讲的其中一点就是自律能力 one of the things that he is talking about is this capacity for self-regulation.
大概五堂课后讲意志薄弱时我会讲到 And when we talk about weakness of the will in roughly five classes,
有时我们可以利用 复杂人脑 we'll talk about some of the ways in which we can exploit the fact that we have these complex
同时具有旧系统和新系统学习模式这一事实 brains capable of learning patterns both through our old system and through our new one.
我们也能按照猫狗的方式进行自律 So we are capable of regulation both in the way that dogs and cats are.
如果你想训练猫不上沙发 If you want to train your cat not to go on the couch,
跟它说"请别上沙发 你的毛落在上面 我姨妈会过敏" saying, "Please don't go on the couch, you'll leave fur there, and my aunt is allergic,"
根本不会有效 is in fact not an effective way to train your cat not to go on the couch.
要想训练猫不上沙发 To train your cat not to go on the couch you need to do
你可以在沙发上铺一些起皱的纸 something like put a crinkly piece of paper there that
每次它上去时都会发出刺耳的声音 makes an ugly noise every time she sits down.
或者 每次它上沙发时 往它身上喷一点水 Or perhaps spray her gently with a water bottle whenever she goes on the couch.
这样做能让它在上沙发和不良后果之间建立关联 In so doing, you set up associations between being on the couch and a negative outcome,
这样做能让它在上沙发和不良后果之间建立关联 and change her associations with it.
而思考性自律对于猫是行不通的 But you don't do it in a way that engages reflective self-regulation.
我们人类具有旧脑和新脑 We as human beings with both old brain and new can regulate
既能按照训练动物那样 ourselves in the way that we regulate and train animals
将特定行为同正面后果关联起来 through associating certain activities with positive
将其它行为同负面后果关联起来 things and other activities with negative ones.
也能使用思考和自律来形成自我控制 But we can also do so making use of a kind of reflection
也能使用思考和自律来形成自我控制 and self-regulation that involves a certain kind of self-control.
这在后面课程中还会更详细讨论到 And we'll talk about that more in later lectures.
这里 我首先展示了一些文学作品 So what I want to do now, having given you first some literary texts
明确表达了灵魂划分的思想 in which we have articulated the idea of the soul being divided,
然后快速分析了今天阅读材料中的各种划分法 and then quickly run through the various divisions that we read about today, is to--
抱歉 乔纳森•海特还有第四例 Oh, sorry! There's a fourth example from Jonathan Haidt.
我还要讲受控处理和自动处理 What I want to do, really, is to tell you about controlled and automatic processing,
然后才是刚才的总结词 and then do what I said I would just do.
这堂课结束后 你们有些人 So some of you, at the conclusion of this class, are
可能会从教室出去 乘坐电梯 going to walk from this room, perhaps by taking an elevator,
到WLH楼另一间教室上约翰•巴奇的课 over to a lecture in another part of WLH that is taught by John Bargh.
现在我要讲一项研究 And what I want to describe for you here is a study that
大概在15年前由约翰•巴奇完成 John Bargh did roughly fifteen years ago, that brings out the
引出了受控和自动处理之间的关系 relation between controlled and automatic processing.
巴奇将实验对象带到实验室 So Bargh brought subjects into his laboratory,
让他们进行句子重连 and had them engage in what's called a scrambled sentence task.
也就是给他们一系列单词 比如5个单词 The scrambled sentence task is a task where you're given a list of words, say, five words.
他 美丽 门口 相关的 周四 He, beautiful, doorway, relevant, Thursday.
要求选择其中4个组成句子 And you're asked to put four of them into a sentence.
要做好 必须同这些词汇的意思打交道 In so doing, you're forced to engage with the meanings of the words.
句子重连任务就是为了让实验对象考虑这些词汇 The only idea of the scrambled sentence task is to get you thinking about various words.
这个研究中的研究对象 So subjects in this study
所面对的词汇要么是一系列无特定指向的词汇 were presented either with a set of words that were just a wide range of words,
要么其中包含一部分同老年人相关的词汇 or with a set of words, a portion of which had terms specifically associated with the elderly.
比如 "有皱纹的" "宾果" "佛罗里达" Words like wrinkly, and bingo, and Florida.
面对含有老年人相关词汇的研究对象 Those subjects who unscrambled the sentences that had words associated with the elderly
脑中会先入为主地认为句子同老年人有关 presumably had primed in their minds the idea of old persons.
然后巴奇衡量的因变量(DV)是 And then the dependent variable, DV, which Bargh measured,
看研究对象离开实验室后需要多久到达电梯 was how long it took the people, when they left the study, to walk to the elevator.
进行一般句子重连的研究对象 The subject who had engaged in the typical scrambled sentence task
很快就到达了电梯 walked quite quickly to the elevator.
而句子重连中具有老年人相关词汇的研究对象 走得很慢 But those who had been given words associated with the elderly went very slow.
研究结果显示 一般句子重连条件下的研究对象 Indeed, subjects who were in the ordinary condition
只花了7秒钟就到达电梯 took just over seven seconds to get to the elevator,
而句子重连中具有老年人相关词汇的研究对象 whereas subjects who had been primed with words associated with the elderly
到达电梯比前一组慢1.5秒 took more than a second and a half longer to get there.
这倒不是因为他们在有意识地思考 Now, presumably this was not because they were consciously thinking,
"哦 我要去玩宾果游戏" oh, I've got to get to my bingo game.
而是因为 某些图景在他们脑中被无意识地唤起 It was because an image of something had been evoked in their minds unconsciously,
在意识水平之下 beneath the level of awareness,
并最终影响到行为 and had ended up affecting their behavior.
巴奇在之后一直做的一系列研究 And in a series of studies that Bargh went on to do over the next few years,
包括现在所做的研究中 一次又一次发现这个现象 and which he continues to do now, he found this effect over and over again.
比如 有些实验对象脑中被植入礼貌相关的词汇 So for example, some subjects were primed with terms that had to do with politeness,
另一些则被植入无礼相关的词汇 others with terms that had to do with rudeness,
而实验衡量的因变量是 and the dependent variable, the thing which he was measuring,
当他们需要从实验员那里获得信息时 was how likely they were to interrupt the experimenter
会等多久才打断实验员 when they needed to get information from the experimenter.
被植入礼貌相关词汇的人等了接近15分钟 Those primed with words associated with politeness waited almost fifteen minutes,
而被植入无礼相关词汇的人 几乎马上就打断了实验员 whereas those primed with words associated with rudeness went up right away,
而被植入无礼相关词汇的人 几乎马上就打断了实验员 and interrupted the experimenter.
最近 在具身认知领域 他开始研究 More recently, in the domain of embodied cognition, he's been looking at things like,
评估简历时 手握一杯暖咖啡或冷咖啡时情况会如何 what happens if you hold a warm or a cold coffee cup before you evaluate a resume,
实验员让实验对象帮忙拿一下杯子 and subjects who have, in the elevator, helped the experimenter by
实验员让实验对象帮忙拿一下杯子 ("could you just hold my mug, please")
拿暖杯子的实验对象要比拿冷杯子的 holding a warm mug, as opposed to ("could you just hold my mug, please") holding a cold mug,
更有可能对简历做出正面评价 were more likely to evaluate the resume positively.
也就是一个领域的温暖感带来了另一个领域的温暖感 That is, a sense of warmth in one domain brings with it a sense of warmth in the other.
这是第四种划分 So that's the fourth division.
这一讲的最后十分钟时间 OK. So what I want to do in the last ten minutes of lecture is
我将讲到我尚未讨论的两段文字 to talk about the two texts that I haven't discussed already.
一是柏拉图的理性 精神 欲望划分 First, Plato's division into reason, spirit, and appetite,
二是双重处理方面的内容 and secondly, the material on dual processing.
由于下一讲明确是关于双重处理 Though since this next lecture is explicitly about dual processing,
如果这节课讲不完这个内容 我将在下节课接着讲 if we don't get all the way through that material, I'll begin next lecture with it.
我布置阅读的这部分柏拉图作品有一点淫秽 So in the somewhat salacious material from Plato that I had you read today--
但愿你们读了 它生动而有趣 I hope you read it: It's really racy and really fun.
其中柏拉图… So in it, Plato--
这张精彩描绘来自现居新加坡的哲学家John Holbo here's a wonderful depiction of it by a philosopher named John Holbo who lives in Singapore.
柏拉图描述了人类灵魂的三个部分 Plato describes the three parts of the human soul.
第一个是"理性" 也就是logos The first is what he calls reason, or logos;
在这里表示为驭夫 This is represented here by the charioteer.
第二个是"精神" 有时也译作"荣誉" thumos The second, spirit, sometimes translated as honor, or thumos.
第三个是"欲望" 也就是epithumos And the third, appetite, or epithumos
柏拉图进行了很多比喻以帮助理解 Now Plato presents a number of metaphors by which we can understand this.
《理想国》下周初我们要读的选段中 In the Republic, in a passage which we're reading for early next week,
他将理性描述为人类 精神描述为狮子 he describes reason as a human being, spirit as a lion,
而欲望描述为多头怪兽 and appetite as a multiheaded beast.
而在我们这次所读的《斐德罗篇》选段中 And in the passage that we read for today, from the Phaedrus, he
他将理性描述为"驭夫" describes reason as "a charioteer,"
精神则是"一匹良马" spirit as "a good horse,
"血统高贵 身材匀称 昂首阔步 庄重肃穆" noble in frame, well-jointed, with a high neck and regal bearing.
"外表洁白 用语言就能驾驭" His coat is white and he is controllable by word alone."
而欲望在柏拉图的描述中则相反 Appetite, by contrast, on the Platonic picture,
是"一匹劣马 四肢弯曲混乱 短粗脖子 扁平鼻子" is "a great crooked jumble of limbs with a short bull neck, a pug nose,
"暗淡肤色 眼中充血 自傲无礼" dark skin, bloodshot white eyes, companion to wild boasts and indecency,
"耳边杂毛丛生 不听指挥" shaggy around the ears, deaf as a post,
"只有通过鞭打和驱赶才能勉强驾驭" barely yielding to the horsewhip and the goad combined."
柏拉图在我们这次读的选段中 描述了一件刺激的事件 And Plato goes on to describe in the passage that we read today a rather exciting event,
一个雅典男子爱上了一个年轻男孩 where a man of Athens has fallen in love with a young boy,
他体内的劣马 他的欲望 and the brown horse within him, his appetites,
准备着手一些落入弗洛伊德本我范围内的活动 are ready to engage in those activities which
准备着手一些落入弗洛伊德本我范围内的活动 fell into the category of things that Freud talked about in the id,
我说的可不是同男孩共进晚餐这种事 and I don't mean that he wanted to eat lunch with the young boy.
精神被吸引 但意识到社会规范的存在 Whereas spirit is attracted, but recognizes the ways in which there are social norms,
而驭夫试图让它们不要越轨 and the charioteer is involved in trying to keep them in line.
苏格拉底描述出了这个过程 So Socrates writes of the process by which the
驭夫试图控制住劣马 charioteer tries to bring the dark horse into line, as the
不让劣马径直奔向男子心爱的男孩 dark horse basically tries to get the man to embrace his young beloved.
他说 "约好的时间到了" So he says: "the promised time arrives,
"两匹马却假装忘记了驭夫的指令" the horses pretend to have forgotten what they were told by the charioteer.
"它提醒它们" It reminds them.
"马挣扎着 嘶叫着 拉着往前" The horse struggles. It neighs. It pulls them forward.
"强迫它们接近男孩像原来那样去求欢" It forces them to approach the boy again with the same proposition,
"靠近以后 它低着头 挺直尾巴" and as soon as they are near, it drops its head, straightens its tail,
"咬紧嚼子 使劲向前拖 丝毫没有感觉到羞愧" bites the bit, and pulls towards the boy without any shame at all."
驭夫 也就是理性 自律 The charioteer--that is reason, self-regulation, the
超我 前额皮层 superego, the prefrontal cortex--
感触到原来相同的感觉 is struck with the same feelings as before, where he feels
认为这不是应该干的事情 like this is not activity that he wants to engage in.
"劣马像刚出发的赛马那样飞奔出去" "Only worse, and he's falling back as he would from a starting gate.
"驭夫向后猛拉 将嚼子从劣马口中拉出" He violently yanks the bit back out of the teeth of the insolent horse,
"这次更猛 使得那匹劣马口破血流" harder this time, so that he bloodies its foul-speaking tongue and jaws,
"它的腰腿重重栽倒在地 疼痛不已 这才停下" sets its legs and haunches firmly on the ground, and causes it to stop."
这种观念认为 将特定活动同负面后果关联起来 Now this idea that one of the ways in which we learn to control our passions
通过像训练野兽那样训练我们自己 is by training ourselves as we would train a wild animal
我们人类也是能够控制情感的 through the creation of negative associations with certain sorts of activities is, in
这种观念为人类如何自律提供了基础见解 fact, a fundamental insight about how human self-regulation takes place.
对于非常强烈的情感 特别是性欲 And with respect to truly forceful passions, sexual appetites in particular,
具有同等对抗效力的自律是非常关键的 a kind of self-regulation that involves an equally forceful antidote is crucial.
柏拉图认为 秩序井然的灵魂中 Plato's picture is that in the well-ordered soul,
理性 驭夫具有统治作用 reason, the charioteer, does the ruling,
而精神和欲望 通过自律过程被驯服 and that spirit and appetite are, through a process of self-regulation, tamed and trained.
《理想国》中我们所阅读的选段所描述的 So what the Republic, the book from which we've been reading excerpts, describes,
是一种人的理性部分能控制精神和欲望的过程 is a process by which the rational part of ourselves
是一种人的理性部分能控制精神和欲望的过程 can come to be in control of our spirits and our appetites.
柏拉图就控制这方面还进行了一个比喻 Plato actually tells the story by means of a controlling metaphor,
他将人类灵魂的结构同城市结构进行对比 which is that he compares the structure of the human soul to the structure of a city.
就像人类灵魂中具有理性 精神和欲望一样 And he says that just as in the human soul, there is
就像人类灵魂中具有理性 精神和欲望一样 reason, there is spirit, and there is appetite, so, too, in
结构良好的城市拥有守护者 由理性支配 a well-structured city, there are guardians, those governed by reason,
辅助人员 大致是士兵 由荣誉支配 auxiliaries, roughly soldiers, those governed by honor,
还有一种工人 由欲望支配 and a kind of worker, who is governed by appetite.
在个人和社会之间来回考虑 And moving back and forth between the individual and the society,
柏拉图描述了一系列过程 Plato goes on to describe a series of processes
通过这些过程 一方面是辅助人员和工人的意志 欲望 冲动 through which the wills and desires and impulses of, on the one hand,
通过这些过程 一方面是辅助人员和工人的意志 欲望 冲动 the auxiliaries and the workers, and,
另一方面是精神和欲望 on the other hand, spirit and appetite,
能同理性所决定的事物实现和谐一致 can be brought into harmony with what reason dictates.
实际上 我们在后面三讲中会发现 And it will turn out, we'll find out in three lectures,
这种和谐正是 that this kind of harmony is the answer that he's going to
按道德行事为什么具有内在价值这一问题上 offer to Glaucon's question about why it is intrinsically valuable
他为格劳孔给出的答案 to act in a moral way.
这就是对柏拉图灵魂三分概念的总结 So that concludes the presentation of Plato's tripartite soul.
下一讲我们将讨论到双重处理的概念 What we will do next lecture is to talk about the discussion of dual processing accounts
涉及到两段相关阅读材料 in the context of the two pieces that we're reading for next class.
第一段你们可能知道或看过 The first, as you may know, or may have seen,
也就是丹尼尔•卡内曼的诺贝尔奖获奖发言 is Daniel Kahneman's Nobel Prize acceptance speech, and you
你们既可以选择听取演讲 have your choice of either listening to the speech or
也可以选择去阅读更详细的文字资料 reading a somewhat more detailed article in which we describes its content.
第二段是我写的关于alief概念的内容 And the second is a piece that I've written on a notion that I call alief,
这会将我们今天讲的一些概念综合起来 which tries to bring together some of the ideas that we have today.
周四我们再见 So I hope to see many of you back on Thursday.