今天的课程是关于格劳孔所提出的盖吉斯之戒的故事 PROFESSOR: So today's lecture is about the question of the
今天的课程是关于格劳孔所提出的盖吉斯之戒的故事 challenge that Glaucon posed in the story of the ring of Gyges.
问题是 我们有怎样的动机按道德行事 The question is: what sort of motivations do we have for acting morally,
以及对周围的人是否会按道德行事 我们应该有些什么预期 and what expectations should we have with respect to those around us
以及对周围的人是否会按道德行事 我们应该有些什么预期 about whether they act in that way,
这些人按道德行事 可能是因为道德动机本身 for reasons intrinsic to moral motivation,
也可能是因为仅仅想要表现为某种特定方式 or simply because they wish to appear a particular way?
首先我要简单介绍一下 So what I want to start by doing, is tell you a little bit
《理想国》这部经典对话录的作者 伟大的柏拉图 about the extraordinary person whose dialogue, The
《理想国》这部经典对话录的作者 伟大的柏拉图 Republic, we read excerpts from today.
柏拉图在西方知识界的影响怎么说都不为过 It's hard to overestimate the influence of Plato on the Western intellectual tradition.
过去2500年间 西方世界受过教育的人 There is no educated person in the Western world in the last 2500 years
无不受过柏拉图的影响 who wasn't influenced in some way or another
柏拉图2500年前留下的思想和知识框架对后世影响深远 by the thought and by the framework of understanding
柏拉图2500年前留下的思想和知识框架对后世影响深远 that Plato provided for us some 2500 years ago.
柏拉图是一个非常有趣的人物 Plato was an extremely interesting figure.
他生于雅典贵族家庭 He was born into an aristocratic family in Athens.
有人认为他的祖先曾是雅典国王 Some think that he was descended from one of the Athenian kings,
这虽然无从考证 but regardless, it's clear that
但至少他的家族在雅典政治界声名显赫是肯定的 the family of which he was a part were among the leaders of Athenian political society.
柏拉图的几个叔伯在他成年前甚至发动过政变 Several of his uncles had been part of a coup in the
柏拉图的几个叔伯在他成年前甚至发动过政变 government that took place several years before Plato came to maturity.
柏拉图也被寄予厚望 人们希望他能进入政坛 And the expectation of people like Plato was that they would go into civics or government.
参与公共领导 Public leadership.
他就像是肯尼迪 布什或克林顿家族成员 It was as if he were a Kennedy or a Bush or a Clinton.
他的家族有悠久的政治参与历史 He came from a family with a long history of political engagement.
人们认为他也应该涉足到政治中去 And the assumption was that he would become politically engaged, himself.
但是 由于某些仍未明了的原因 But interestingly, for reasons about there are great
柏拉图受到了一个比他大30岁的人的影响 speculations, Plato came under the influence of a man about
这个人也就是苏格拉底 thirty years his elder named Socrates, who, in the
苏格拉底的雕像同柏拉图倒是蛮像的 portraits that we have of him, looked remarkably like Plato himself.
苏格拉底是个令人讨厌的人 Socrates was a gadfly.
他在雅典游荡 要求人们思考他们自己的义务 He wandered around Athens and asked people to reflect on their commitments.
要人们思考一些基本事物的本性 Asked people to think about what the nature of fundamental
如正义 真理 现实 友谊 爱情 诚实等 things like justice, and truth, and reality, and friendship, and love, and honesty were.
他要求人们思考一些普遍观念 He asked people to reflect on common opinion, and to ask
要人们思考 哪些他们坚信的观点具有充分依据 themselves what, of the things that they believed, were well-grounded,
哪些他们坚信的观点 只不过是从别人那里接受来的偏见 and what, of the things that they believed, were simply matters of received opinion.
部分是由于挑衅 苏格拉底于公元前399年被判死刑 And in part because of his provocation, Socrates was
部分是由于挑衅 苏格拉底于公元前399年被判死刑 sentenced to death in 399, before the Common Era.
当时柏拉图大概30岁 When Plato was roughly thirty years old,
柏拉图见证了自己伟大老师的死 Plato attended the death of his great teacher.
根据柏拉图的《申辩篇》 And he describes the story of the trial at which Socrates
苏格拉底被以腐蚀雅典青年思想之罪判处死刑 was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens in an
苏格拉底被以腐蚀雅典青年思想之罪判处死刑 extraordinary dialogue known as The Apology.
《申辩篇》所留下的遗产 And the legacy that The Apology provides is something
类似于《福音书》对耶稣生平所留下的遗产 like the legacy that the Gospel provides for the life of Jesus.
讲的都是一个人为了后世步入西方文明而牺牲的故事 It's a story of a person willing to die for the sake of
讲的都是一个人为了后世步入西方文明而牺牲的故事 principle in a way that became a trope for Western civilization.
这是藏于纽约市大都会博物馆的非凡画作 So in an extraordinary painting, which you can see if
这是藏于纽约市大都会博物馆的非凡画作 you go to the Metropolitan Museum in New York City,
它描绘的是苏格拉底之死 there is a depiction of the death of Socrates.
这是苏格拉底 饮下毒堇汁而死 And here is Socrates, drinking from the chalice of hemlock, which is to put him to death.
这些是他的门徒 包括柏拉图 平静处在床的末端 Here are his disciples, including Plato, calmly at the end of the bed,
克力同握住苏格拉底的腿 and Crito, holding his leg.
台阶上你们可能看不见 是一些正在离去的人物 Up the stairs here, which you can't see, are some other figures leaving.
这幅画的非凡之处在于 But what's extraordinary about this picture is that it was
它是1787年由一位参与法国大革命的画家所画 painted in 1787 by one of the artists involved in the French revolution.
它被展示给托马斯·杰斐逊 杰斐逊赞口不绝 It was, in fact, displayed to Thomas Jefferson, who admired it greatly.
而且其构图上让人想起来了 And one of the striking things about its composition, is that
莱昂纳多·达芬奇的名画《最后晚餐》 in some ways, it echoes Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting of The Last Supper,
你们可能很熟悉那幅画 where those of you who are familiar with the painting know,
耶稣坐在餐桌中央 门徒围在四周 Jesus sits at the center of the table, surrounded by disciples.
《最后晚餐》描述的是为信仰而死 Whereas that is a story of death for the sake of faith,
而苏格拉底则是为理而死 Socrates's story is a story of death for the sake of reason.
这种在原则基础上的生活 And the idea that a life lived on the basis of principle,
由门徒记录 能解释这种生活的动机 recorded by disciples, who can explain the motivation for that life,
能影响到数千年的历史 the idea that that can influence thousands of years of history
能激发出政治变革和有原则的献身 and can inspire political change and principled commitment,
这是柏拉图留给我们的一项遗产 is one of the legacies that Plato left us.
苏格拉底死后 柏拉图投身于学术生涯 After Socrates's death, Plato devoted himself to a life of
公元前385年 他开设了西方世界的第一所大学 或者说学院 learning, in 385 before the Common Era, started what many
公元前385年 他开设了西方世界的第一所大学 或者说学院 call the first university, or academy, in the Western world.
学院中 柏拉图训练出了很多古代雅典思想家 At that academy, Plato trained many of the thinkers of ancient Athens,
包括下周我们将要谈到的亚里士多德 including Aristotle, whose work we'll be reading next week.
这种背景下 柏拉图写出了很多不朽的著作 While there, Plato composed a number of works that have endured.
包括今天我们摘录所在的《理想国》 Among them is The Republic, which we read excerpts from for today.
这是精美的三世纪《理想国》手稿 And here's a particularly beautiful third century manuscript of The Republic,
这是约一个世纪前发现于埃及俄克喜林库斯的 one of the tens of thousands of documents discovered at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt,
上万文档之一 roughly a century ago.
这里我把名字拼写了出来 有兴趣的同学 And I've put the spelling up there, so that those of you who are intrigued
可以自行查阅俄克喜林库斯莎草纸古文书 can go and read about the story of the Oxyrhynchus papyri,
这里发现有难以置信的大量古代文档 which is one of the most incredible detective stories of discovery of a huge trove of documents.
我说过 这是一个世纪前 As I said again, only a century ago,
很多在第一次世界大战之中和之后才被找到 many of them retrieved only during and after the First World War.
《理想国》是柏拉图大约三十部对话录中的一部 So Plato's Republic, as I mentioned, is one of roughly
《理想国》是柏拉图大约三十部对话录中的一部 thirty dialogues that Plato composed.
你们可能在阅读中已经注意到 这不是论述形式 You might have noticed in the course of reading it, as the
你们可能在阅读中已经注意到 这不是论述形式 reading guide indicated, that it's not written as a treatise.
而是对话形式 It's written in the form of a conversation.
除了一些信件之外 柏拉图的所有作品 几乎都是对话形式 And except for some letters that we have of Plato, nearly
除了一些信件之外 柏拉图的所有作品 几乎都是对话形式 all of the work of his that we have comes in the form of dialogue.
几乎涵盖了任何可以想到的哲学主题 And they address almost every philosophical topic imaginable.
知识的本性 真理的本性 爱的本性 友谊的本性等等 The nature of knowledge, the nature of truth, the nature of
知识的本性 真理的本性 爱的本性 友谊的本性等等 love, the nature of friendship, and so on.
《理想国》主要关注于一个特定问题 The Republic, in particular, is focused on the question of
即社会应如何构建 才能让人类繁荣 how society ought to be structured to allow human beings to flourish.
我们继承到的作品分为十卷 And the work, as we've inherited it, is structured into ten books,
这门课中的选段来自第二卷和第十卷 of which we will read in this class excerpts from the second book and most of the tenth.
我们选读的这部分 是三个角色之间的对话 In the particular part that we're reading, we overhear a conversation among three characters.
一是柏拉图的老师苏格拉底 One of them is Plato's teacher Socrates,
也就是之前幻灯片中那个长有朝天鼻的人 the fellow with the snub nose that I showed you the slide of earlier.
另外两个是柏拉图的两个哥哥 格劳孔和阿德曼图 And the other two are Plato's brothers, Glaucon and Adeimantus.
对话首先在苏格拉底和格劳孔之间展开 And the conversation that we hear takes place first between Socrates and Glaucon,
然后在苏格拉底和阿德曼图之间展开 and then between Socrates and Adeimantus.
显然 我们不用去读俄克喜林库斯莎草纸古文书 But we're, of course, not reading off the Oxyrhynchus papyrus.
我们也不像某些耶鲁学生那样 阅读希腊文原文 We're not even reading, as some students at Yale are this
我们也不像某些耶鲁学生那样 阅读希腊文原文 semester, the text in the original Greek.
我们系有一门柏拉图《理想国》的研讨课 There's a seminar being offered in my department on Plato's Republic,
整个学期 大家读的都是古希腊文文本 a whole semester, during which they are reading the text in ancient Greek.
耶鲁和伦敦展开了十年的非凡合作 And there's an extraordinary Yale-London collaboration of a decade
每年都有一周 during which one week each year,
耶鲁教授和伦敦教授聚集一堂 professors from Yale and professors from London get together and read
读一卷《理想国》 one book of Plato's Republic.
这本书在这里很受重视 So this is a book that is read seriously here.
很幸运的是 我们只用读这个编辑版 We, however, are fortunate enough to be reading an edition,
我要求你们所有人都去购买 它是这样的 which I've asked all of you to purchase, which looks like this.
我想解释一下 And I want to explain to you why I've asked you to buy a
网上有十九世纪末本杰明·乔伊特的《理想国》译本 book given that, as many of you might have noticed, the translation of the Republic,
为什么我还要你们花钱去购买这个版本 a late nineteenth century translation by Benjamin Jowett, is available, on the internet.
我想解释一下这种专为学生编写的版本 And I just want to say a few words about what value there is in getting
对学生理解内容方面有什么好处 editions of books which are designed to help students engage seriously with the material.
我要求买的《理想国》版本中 So in the copy of The Republic that I've asked you to
具有大量介绍性材料 purchase, there are extensive introductory materials.
有很多有用的注释 There are extraordinarily helpful footnotes.
还有一些预备材料的资料目录告诉你们 There's an annotated bibliography in the preparatory material
如果对柏拉图感兴趣 应该去看什么书 that tells you what books to look at if you're interested in Plato.
它具有非常有价值的索引 There's an incredibly valuable index.
而且页边空白还有斯特方页码 And in the margins are what I've told you are called Stephanus numbers,
这让你们能够同其它译本进行对照 which allow you to make reference to any other translation.
下面进入我们今天阅读内容的正题 So let's now move to the substance of the material that we read for today.
柏拉图的哥哥格劳孔想在对话中 What is it that Glaucon, Plato's brother, is seeking to
向苏格拉底表达什么 do in the course of his conversation with Socrates?
格劳孔希望回答三个问题 There are three questions that Glaucon wants to answer.
首先 他想解释正义的本性和起源 The first is that he wants to say something about the nature and origin of justice.
人们如何会有合作行为 How is it that people come to behave in cooperative ways,
正义规范说的又是什么 and what is it that we speak of when we talk about the norms of justice?
讲到霍布斯时 我们还会讨论这个主题 This is a topic that we'll discuss when we get to Hobbes,
因此我今天不打算就格劳孔的这些论述讲太多 and so I'm not going to say more today about the
因此我今天不打算就格劳孔的这些论述讲太多 particular argument that Glaucon offers there.
今天我想关注两点 What I want to focus on, instead, are two things:
格劳孔的第二和第三个问题 Glaucon's second and third question.
首先 格劳孔认为 人们的行为是不情愿的 The first is Glaucon's claim that people act justly unwillingly.
人们之所以遵守道德法则 That the only reason people act and conform with the laws of morality
是为了获得好的声誉 is because they will gain good reputation thereby.
然后 格劳孔认为人们这样做是对的 And the second is Glaucon's claim that they are right to do so.
这段文字以一个根本的差异开始 So the text begins with a fundamental contrast. One that
这不只在格劳孔对正义的讨论中有用 is useful, not only in the context of Glaucon's discussion of justice,
还是贯穿柏拉图作品的根本思想 but one that is fundamental throughout Plato's work.
也就是事物显示出来的表象和事物本质之间的差异 And that's the contrast between the way things seem and the way things are.
意识到表象和本质的不同 是非常关键的见地 And it's a crucial insight to recognize that seeming and being can come apart,
有些时候 我们关心的是事物表现形式 and that in some cases, our concern is with the way things appear,
而有些时候 我们则关心事物的本来面貌 and in other cases, our concern is with the way things are.
文字一开始 格劳孔对苏格拉底提出问题 So the text actually begins with a challenge that Glaucon raises to Socrates.
他说 你是希望看似说服了我们 正义比不正义好 He says: do you want to seem to have persuaded us that it is better to be just than unjust,
还是希望真正说服了我们 or do you want truly to have persuaded us?
苏格拉底的目标显然是后者 And clearly, Socrates's goal is the latter.
他希望的是真正说服 He wants to engage in true persuasion.
表象相对本质的主题由格劳孔提出 This theme of seeming versus being is then taken up by Glaucon,
他问苏格拉底 正义中具有本质价值 who asks Socrates the question, whether there's value in being just
还是仅仅看起来具有价值 or whether the value of justice comes merely from appearing to be that way.
一开始我们就从这种反差中 So we find a contrast in the opening pages
看到了事物的三种价值形式 between three kinds of values that things can have.
事物可以具有内在价值 Things can be intrinsically valuable,
即本身作为目的 本身具有价值 valuable as ends in themselves, valuable for what they are.
苏格拉底给出的例子有愉悦 无害的快乐 Socrates gives the example here of things like joy, and harmless pleasure.
这些价值无需额外事物就能实现 These are things we value not because of what they provide in addition,
事物本身就具有价值 but things that we value as ends in themselves.
相比之下 还有些事物只具有工具价值 There are, by contrast, things that are merely instrumentally valuable.
其价值体现在手段上 Things that are valuable as means.
其价值体现在让我们能干别的 Things that are valuable in enabling us to do something else,
或者看似呈现特殊状态 or in seeming to be a particular way.
这一类中包括钱 And into this category fall things like money, which is
其本身并没有价值 valuable, let me remind you, not as an end in itself,
只有用掉它才有价值 but as a means to other ends.
再比如 显得危险也是这样 And, for example, things like seeming dangerous.
这让你保持创新改革 It's what you're trying to do in an evolutionary sense,
或者作为国家 避免其他人攻击你 or as a nation, is to prevent others from attacking you,
你是不是危险并不重要 it doesn't matter whether you are dangerous.
关键在于你显得危险 What matters is that you seem dangerous.
当然 还有两种价值均有的事物 And there are, of course, things that are valuable for both of these.
根据苏格拉底 比如视力 这些东西既能 Things like, Socrates says, sight, which we value both
让我们做别的事 本身也能带来快乐 because it enables us to do things, and because it brings pleasure in itself.
或健康 Or health.
或学问 Or learning.
或知识 Or knowledge.
格劳孔和苏格拉底争论的是 And the question which Glaucon and Socrates are disputing is,
正义属于哪一类 into which category justice falls.
如果有点击器的话 我会让你们每个人用点击器 Now, if we had our clickers, this would be a chance for me to reengage all of you
告诉我格劳孔认为正义属于哪一类 by asking you into which category Glaucon thinks justice falls,
然后苏格拉底认为正义属于哪一类 and into which category Socrates thinks justice falls.
不过在这低科技的最后一天 我只能让你们举手 But in our last low-tech day, I will instead ask you to raise your hands.
格劳孔认为正义具有内在价值 工具价值 还是两者皆有 Into which of the categories, intrinsically valuable,
格劳孔认为正义具有内在价值 工具价值 还是两者皆有 instrumentally valuable, or both, does Glaucon think justice falls?
有多少人认为 他认为正义只有内在价值 How many think he thinks justice is merely intrinsically valuable?
有多少人认为 他认为只有工具价值 How many think he thinks it's merely instrumentally valuable?
有多少人认为 他认为两者皆有 And how many think he thinks it's both?
再看苏格拉底 By contrast, Socrates.
只具有内在价值 Intrinsically valuable.
只具有工具价值 Instrumentally valuable.
两者皆有 Both.
他们之间存在争论 So it's a dispute between them.
两人都赞同正义表象上的价值 Both of them expect that there is value to seeming just, but
但关于正义本质上的价值 两人则产生了分歧 the dispute between them is about whether, in addition, there is value to being just.
按照正义方式行事 同表面上按照正义方式行事 有差别吗 Does it matter that you actually act in a just way,
按照正义方式行事 同表面上按照正义方式行事 有差别吗 or does it matter only that you seem to act in a just way?
为了回答这个问题 Now, in order to answer this question,
格劳孔 作为《理想国》中的角色 Glaucon, as a character in Plato's Republic,
使用了一种技巧 makes use of a technique that
这种技巧是而且已经成为 哲学思考中的基本技巧之一 is and has become one of the fundamental techniques in philosophical thought.
这是一种应用于某种观点的科学方法 It's basically an application of scientific method to our idea.
如果想知道什么让种子发芽 If you're trying to figure out what makes a seed grow,
是否需要土壤 是否需要水 是否需要阳光 does it require soil, does it require water, does it require light,
是否需要空气 是否需要你每天唱歌它听 does it require air, does it require you to sing sweetly as you walk past it?
你需要开展对照实验 What you do is, you conduct a controlled experiment, and you
看种子在有水但没土壤时能否发芽 look and see: If you have the seed with water but no soil, does it grow?
种子有空气但没有音乐 它能否发芽 If you have a seed with air but no singing, does it grow?
同这种方法类似 格劳孔开展了一些想象实验 In this way, Glaucon engages in a number of imaginative exercises
考虑如果正义行为同一般后果相分离 人们会怎么做 to ask what people would do if just behavior were divorced from its typical consequences.
他让我们假想某人以正义或非正义方式行事 So he asks us to imagine somebody who acts either in a just or an unjust way.
考虑后果是某种特定情况时 此人的动机会是怎样 And to think about what their motivations would be if the
考虑后果是某种特定情况时 此人的动机会是怎样 consequences were one of a certain kind.
普通情况下 按道德行事 你会被看成按道德行事 So in ordinary cases, if you act morally, you are perceived as acting morally,
如果不按道德行事 你会被看成不按道德行事 and if you act immorally, you are perceived as acting immorally.
他在盖吉斯之戒中让我们考虑的问题是 The question that he asks us to consider in the story of the ring of Gyges,
盖吉斯之戒上一讲我提过 which I related last lecture, is how
即不管你怎么行事 都会被认为在按道德行事 people would act if they were perceived identically,
即不管你怎么行事 都会被认为在按道德行事 regardless of how it is that they genuinely behave. If your
不道德的行为对世界是隐形的 act of immorality were invisible to the world, if you
如果你可以不按道德行事 同时没人能看到 could behave immorally and nobody would see you, so that
你不会名誉扫地 此时你会怎么行为 your reputation remained unscathed, how is it that you would behave?
格劳孔从盖吉斯之戒故事中总结认为 Glaucon's suggestion with the story of the ring of Gyges is
在这种情况下 你会按照不正义的方式行事 that under those circumstances, you would behave as the unjust one does.
如果盖吉斯之戒的故事还不能让你信服 他又举了一个例子 But in case you aren't convinced by that story,
如果盖吉斯之戒的故事还不能让你信服 他又举了一个例子 he tells a second story after the ring of Gyges.
也就是反过来的故事 他这样说 It's the story of the inversion, and he says this.
假设正义行事的人 被所有人认为是不正义的 Suppose the person who acts justly is perceived by everyone as acting unjustly,
而不正义行事的人 被认为是正义的 and the person who acts unjustly is perceived as acting justly.
如果得到的声誉相反 你还会按照道德标准行事吗 Would you continue to behave in accord with the standards
如果得到的声誉相反 你还会按照道德标准行事吗 of morality if the opposite reputation attached to you?
这个关于道德的问题可以同两个明显例子进行对比 Now, we can contrast this question about morality with two cases
第一个例子中 事物价值只体现在工具性能上 where it seems clear in the first that we value something merely instrumentally,
而第二个例子中 事物既有内在价值 又有工具价值 and where it seems clear in the second that we value
而第二个例子中 事物既有内在价值 又有工具价值 something both intrinsically and instrumentally.
假设所进行的行为是服用一种令人厌恶的药物 So if the act that you are engaged in is one of taking a repulsive medicine,
正常情况下 如果服药 你会好转 and if under normal circumstances when you take the medicine, you get better,
如果不服药 你会一直病着 and when you don't take the medicine, you stay ill, then you will
想要好转的人肯定会选择服药 presumably, if you want to get better, take the medicine.
在盖吉斯的情况中 服不服药都会好转 In a Gyges scenario, where regardless of whether you take the medicine, you get better,
你显然不会愿意服药 you won't be inclined to take the medicine.
而在相反的情况下 服药反而病着 And certainly in an inverted scenario, where if you take the medicine, you'd stay ill,
不服药反而会好转 and if you don't take it, you get better,
这时你肯定不会选择服药 you won't be inclined to take the medicine.
当事物只有工具价值时 When things are of merely instrumental value,
我们可以从后果中知道动机 we can read the motivation off the consequences.
问题是这样的 The question is this.
正义是像服药这样 Is justice just like taking a medicine,
价值仅体现在用途上 something that we value because of an end that it produces,
而不体现在本身 but not because of the medicine itself,
还是更像视力的情况那样 or is it more like sight?
还是假设在正常情况下 Suppose that, as is the case in normal circumstances, when
能看到时 你能从视觉上感受到世界 you see, you have visual experience of the world, and
而且移动时 你不会撞到东西 when you engage in motor activity, you don't bump into things.
我可以看到讲台 Because I can see this podium,
我可以调控我的身体 不让身体撞上它 I'm able to regulate my body in such a way that I don't bump into it.
在盖吉斯之戒的情况下 In a ring of Gyges scenario,
我无需看到 就能避免撞到讲台 I wouldn't need to see to be able to avoid bumping into the podium.
不过此时 显然我更倾向于拥有视力 It seems to me clear that in that case, I would nonetheless prefer to have vision,
即便我拥有具有视力时的效果 even if I could get the consequences of seeing without having vision.
而相反的情况中 And the question of what I would do in the inverted case,
有视力时 不能避免撞到物体 where I could have either sight and the ability to avoid objects,
而能避免撞到物体时 没有视力 or the ability to avoid objects and not sight,
这种情况下 我不知道如何作答 is one where I don't know how to answer.
格劳孔提出的问题就是这样 So the challenge that Glaucon poses to you is the following.
道德对你而言 只是像服药这样 Is morality, for you, something merely like taking medicine?
按道德行事是为了拥有声誉 Do you behave morally so that you have the reputation of behaving morally,
还是说按道德行事像视力这样 or do you behave morally because morality, like being able to see,
本身对你具有价值 is something that's valuable in itself to you,
同时其产生的效果对你也有价值 and valuable to you because of the consequences that it produces?
这就是《理想国》的问题 That's the challenge of Plato's Republic.
下周和下下周的课程中 And in next week's class, and the week after that, we'll
关于格劳孔的问题 我们会听到一些答案 hear some of answers that are offered to Glaucon's challenge.
下面我将进入今天的第二部分文字资料 What I want to move to now is the second text that we read for today,
来自当代心理学家丹尼尔·巴特森 a text by the contemporary psychologist Daniel Batson,
他从实证心理学视角审视了道德正直和道德伪善的问题 which addresses the question of moral integrity and moral hypocrisy
他从实证心理学视角审视了道德正直和道德伪善的问题 from an empirical psychological perspective.
巴特森的问题是这样的 Batson's question is this.
人们的目标是道德 Is it the aim of people to be moral,
还是仅仅是看起来道德 or is it the aim of people merely to appear to be so?
巴特森同柏拉图和苏格拉底不一样 Baston looks somewhat unlike Plato and Socrates.
他是活着的人 He's a living man.
在堪萨斯大学教书 还有一个电脑打印机 Teaches at the University of Kansas. He even has a computer printer.
在这次我们所阅读的作品中 And in the work that we read for today,
巴特森告诉我们 实证研究中 we get a description of empirical studies that Batson did on the
在认为自己没被察觉的情况下 人们会怎么行为 question of how people behave when they think they are not being observed.
他们如何向自己解释这些行为 How do they construe their actions to themselves,
什么因素会让他们以更诚实的方式行为 and what factors, if any, lead them to behave in more honest ways?
巴特森为研究对象提供了很简单的实验场景 So Batson presents subjects with a very simple experimental scenario.
参加实验的人 进入他的实验室 People who participate in his experiment come into his laboratory,
他们被告知 自己要做的是选择两个任务中的一个 and they're told that their job is to decide which of two tasks they are assigned to,
并为另一个他们不会碰面的人 选择两个任务中的另一个 and which of two tasks a second person, whom they won't be meeting, will be assigned to.
其中一个任务轻松有趣 One of the tasks is fun and interesting,
而且每个正确答案 可以为你赢得一张彩票 and each correct answer that you give provides you with a lottery ticket for
彩票可能为你赢取一定量的钱 a lottery in which you'll win a certain amount of money.
而另一个任务很无聊 And the other task is described as kind of dull, and
而且正确答案无法赢得彩票 each correct answer that you give will not result in your being entered in the lottery.
实验对象被告知 你可以给自己选择 So people are told, you can decide to assign yourself to
有彩票且轻松有趣的任务 the fun, interesting lottery-chance task and the
给别人选择无彩票且无趣的任务 other person to the boring, no lottery task,
或者给别人选择有彩票且轻松有趣的任务 or you can decide to assign the other person to the fun, interesting task,
给自己选择无彩票且无趣的任务 and yourself to the boring, no lottery task.
心理学中需要考虑DV 即因变量 Now, what psychologists call the DV, or dependent variable,
基于因变量 巴特森需要衡量差异 the thing with respect to which Batson is looking for differences,
这里因变量是 is the percentage of times
分配给自己积极工作且分配给他人中性工作的人数百分比 people assign themselves to the positive task, and the other person to the neutral task.
如果只是随机事件 如果只是抛硬币 So if we were just doing it by chance, if you were literally just flipping a coin,
人们有多少可能性会给自己选择积极任务 what percent of the time would the self-positive task be assigned?
多少人会给自己分配有趣且有好处的任务 What percent of the time would the person assign themselves to the positive task?
用手指数乘以10 这就是随机情况时的百分比 Hold up the number of fingers times 10, such that it would be that percent of the time.
一只手 50% You've got them on one hand: 50%.
如果只是抛硬币 So if you were just merely flipping a coin,
50%可能性你会得到积极任务 50% of the time you would end up with the positive task,
50%可能性他人得到积极任务 50% of the time, the other person would end up with the positive task.
这是巴特森在研究中衡量的一个变量 So that's one of the things that Batson is measuring in his study.
另外 巴特森在研究中还衡量了另一个变量 And the other thing that Batson is measuring is in his study is
也就是人们认为自己行为有多道德的自评分值 the point value that people assign to themselves with respect to how moral their action was.
如果他们认为自己的分配行为完全道德 If they think their action was perfectly moral in making the
他们可以给自己打9分 assignment, then they give themselves a nine.
如果他们认为自己的分配行为完全不道德 If they think the action was perfectly immoral in making the assignments,
他们可以给自己打1分 they give themselves a one.
这就是巴特森所衡量的 So those are the things that Batson is measuring.
这是心理学术语一 So that's psychology term number one.
因变量 Dependent variable.
通过因变量 可以衡量结果的差异 That at which you're looking to see differences among in your study.
选修过心理学课程的同学 Now, those of you who have taken psychology courses,
有室友选修过心理学课程的同学 who have had roommates who have taken psychology courses,
知道心理学研究进行时 know that when psychology studies are conducted,
研究对象会处在一定"条件"中 subjects are presented with what are called conditions.
他们进来时 处在一种条件下 或另一种条件下 That is, when they come in, one thing happens to them or another thing happens to them.
我之前讲到的种子发芽科学研究中 The bean that I described in the science study might be in
条件可能是有土壤 有水 没空气 the condition where it has soil plus water and no air, or
条件也可能是有土壤 有音乐 没有水 it might be in the condition where it has soil plus singing and no water.
类似地 对于巴特森的实验对象 Likewise, subjects in Batson's experiment
进来时他们可能被告知有两种可能性 might be in a case where they just have come in, and they're
进来时他们可能被告知有两种可能性 told there are these two possibilities.
可以分配积极任务给自己 消极任务给别人 You can assign yourself positive or this other person negative,
或者告诉他们 他们处在某种情景 or they're told that they're in some sort of scenario
可以使用几率来做决定 where they can use chance to make the decision.
我在阅读指南中要求你们 Now, I asked you in the reading guide to try to
理解巴特森表示结果所用的图表 understand the chart in which Batson presents his results.
我在下面几分钟课程中 And what I want to do in the next few minutes of lecture,
将解释他得到的有趣结论具有什么意义 is to explain to you what the extraordinarily interesting results that he came up with mean.
第一种条件下 研究对象进入实验室 So in the first condition, when subjects just come in,
被告知可以按照自己想的那样进行分配 and are told they can make the assignment however they want,
80%的实验对象 10个中有8个 给自己分配积极任务 80% of subjects, 8 out of 10, assign themselves to the positive condition
并将消极任务分配给他人 and assign the other character to the negative condition.
80%的人都做了这种自私的事 So 80% of people do the selfish thing,
同时 他们不认为自己做的事足够慷慨 but they don't consider themselves to have done something particularly generous.
1到9的分值中 他们给自己的道德性打了4分 They rate themselves at four on a scale of one to nine, with respect to morality.
而把积极工作分配给他人的人 And those who assign the other person to the positive
对自己的评分非常高 condition rate themselves extraordinarily highly.
他们认为自己做了正确的事情 They think they have done the right thing.
下面这种情况下 你告诉实验对象 Now, if you bring subjects into a room, and you tell
他们可以抛硬币 但这不是必须的 them, they can flip a coin, but they don't have to,
大概有一半人 不会抛硬币 roughly half of them don't flip the coin.
在这一半人中 90%将积极工作分配给自己 And among those half, 90% of them still assign themselves to the positive condition.
这里没有什么好惊奇的 No surprise there.
下一个数字将给出令人惊奇的结果 The next number is the one that gives us the surprising results.
实验对象进入实验室时被告知 What happens when subjects come into the room, are told
他们可以抛硬币 然后在硬币结果的基础上 that they can flip a coin, flip a coin, and on the basis
给自己分配其中一种任务 of that coin flip, assign themselves to one condition,
给他人分配另一种 and the other person to the other?
结果在抛硬币的基础上 What happens is that upon flipping the coin,
90%的实验对象 90% of them
都为自己分配了积极任务 assign themselves to the positive condition.
抛硬币本来是50%的几率 Now, we all just held up five fingers of one hand.
这里是怎么回事 So what's going on here?
想想抛硬币时得到正面你会怎么想 Well, why don't you think about what would happen if you
想想抛硬币时得到正面你会怎么想 flipped the coin, and it he came up heads?
正面表示什么 What does heads mean?
啊 正面 Ah, heads!
正面意味着我给自己分配积极任务 Heads must mean I assign myself to the positive condition,
给对手分配消极任务 and I assign my opponent to the negative condition.
得到反面呢 Comes up tails.
反面 哈 反面 Tails. Hah. Tails!
这意味着我给自己分配积极任务 That means I assign myself to the positive condition, I
给对手分配消极任务 assign my opponent to the negative condition.
这就得到了惊人结果 But here's what's striking.
90%的人投硬币后 为自己分配了积极任务 90% of the people flipped the coin, assigned themselves to the positive condition,
而且在评分时 还认为自己非常道德 and rate themselves as having acted in an extraordinarily moral way.
总分9分 他们给自己的行为打了7分 Seven on a scale of nine, with respect to how morally they behave.
而抛硬币后把积极任务分配给别人的人 给自己打了9分 And the one guy who actually did follow the coin flip, gives himself a nine.
巴特森对此很担忧 于是他对自己说 All right. So Batson's worried about this, and so he says, OK.
看看我能否加以控制 不再让硬币是正反两面 Let me see whether I can control for that by actually not making the coins say heads or tails.
而是在一面写 积极任务给自己 I'll make the coins say, on one side, self to positive,
另一面写 积极工作给对方 and I'll make it say on the other side, opponent to negative.
此时会如何 What happens in that case?
结果86%的抛硬币者将积极工作分配给自己 What happens in that case is that 86% of the people who
抛到积极工作给对方时 人们会怎么做 flip up the coin when it says, opponent to negative, do what?
你会怎么做 What would you do?
再抛一次 跟自己说"这次不算数" You flip it again, until it comes up--"That's not the one that counts!
"算数的应该是 哦 哦 第14次才算数" The one that counts is--oh, oh, it must be the fourteenth flip that actually determines."
而且 这些人给自己评分时 And those people, again, rate themselves as having
仍然认为自己的行为非常道德 acted in an incredibly morally appropriate way.
巴特森后来还给硬币标了颜色 Even when Batson labels it with colors, so that he can
以此观察谁抛了很多次硬币 see through the window who is doing what, he gets the same
结果仍然是那个非常惊人的结果 extraordinary, astounding pattern of results.
八成到九成的人都会为自己考虑 In eight out of ten, nine out of ten cases, people, given
有机会的话 他们会认为自己表现得有道德 the chance to represent to themselves that they have behaved morally, will do that
虽然他们一直是在利用某种模糊的情景 even if what they've really done is taking advantage of an ambiguous situation.
巴特森在这个的基础上表示 It appears, says Batson on the basis of this, that what
这些人关心的似乎只是对自己表现出道德 people care about is seeming moral to themselves, and not,
而不是按照公平的方式行事 in fact, about acting in a way that's fair.
怎么做能促使人们的利社会道德行为呢 But what can one do to induce in people prosocial moral behaviors?
这是巴特森做的另外一个漂亮研究 Here's the extraordinary next study that Batson did.
他让实验对象同相同实验设计打交道 He put the subjects, who are engaged in the same experimental design,
让他们到一个有镜子的房间 in a room with a mirror.
当镜子不面对这些实验对象时 Now, if the mirror is facing away from the subject so that
不会反射有他们的样子 结果同上次一样 there's no reflection of them in it, you get exactly the same results as last time.
大约85%的人给自己分配了积极任务 Roughly 85% of people assign themselves to the positive condition.
但如果镜子对着他们 再让他们抛硬币 But if the mirror is facing towards them, so that the
但如果镜子对着他们 再让他们抛硬币 subject is facing the mirror and flips the coin,
就只有62%的人给自己分配积极任务 only 62% of them assign themselves to the positive condition.
错了 抱歉 照着镜子时 哪怕不抛硬币 And sorry, if the mirror's facing them, even when they don't flip the coin,
62%的人给自己分配积极任务 62% of them assign themselves to the positive condition,
他们的行为基本公平 that is, that they're behaving almost completely fairly.
如果面对镜子 还投硬币的话 And if they are facing the mirror and flipping the coin,
50%的人给自己分配积极任务 同随机事件概率一样 they behave 50% exactly as chance would predict.
这里到底发生了什么 What's going on here?
结果显示 只要感觉到有人注视着自己 It looks like the simple act of feeling as if one is
哪怕注视着自己的是自己本人 observed, even when one is observed by oneself, is
就足以唤起利社会行为 sufficient to provoke prosocial behavior.
五年前在英格兰开展的研究证实了这一点 And an extraordinary study, carried out about five years ago in England, bears that out.
研究中 有一个诚信系统 So in this study, there was an honor system about putting
喝了咖啡的人需要自觉将钱放在装钱罐里 money into a cup if you drank coffee in the department.
有几周 咖啡机上粘贴有花的图像 And some weeks, taped above the cup of the coffee machine were pictures of flowers.
这种花 这种花 这种花 There's the flowers, there's the flowers, there's the flowers.
这些周 几乎没人把钱自觉放进装钱罐里 And those weeks, almost nobody put money into the pot.
另外一半的时间 咖啡机上贴有一对眼睛 The other half of the week taped above the pot were pairs of eyes.
这些周 实验对象自觉放了大量的钱到装钱罐里 And those weeks, subject donated large amounts of money into the pot.
作为社会性存在 被注视的感觉会 There is something about us as social beings that encourages us to behave in moral ways
驱使我们有意无意地按道德行事 when activated within us, consciously or unconsciously, is the scent of being observed.
如果你希望没有拖延地完成作业 If you want to complete your assignment without procrastinating,
你可以在电脑上放一对眼睛 或者桌子上放一面镜子 put a pair of eyes on your computer and a mirror behind your desk.
这不是开玩笑 I kid you not.
《理想国》中格劳孔的盖吉斯故事提供了意义深远的惊人见解 The profound and shocking insight of Glaucon's story of Gyges in Plato's Republic
又经过了当代研究的验证 非常让人敬畏 is, in light of this contemporary research, almost chilling.
从这个故事里我们了解到 That he would tell the story of how it is that we can
感觉未被察觉时 人们预计会按照什么方式行事 expect somebody to behave if he conceives of himself as unobserved--
牧羊人的故事 他找到了隐身之戒 the story of our shepherd, who finds the ring of invisibility,
他用魔戒夺取了王国 and when he gets it takes over the kingdom--
这个故事也正是巴特森的研究所证实的 is the story that Batson's research tells us
人类确实具有这样的倾向性 about an inclination on the part of human beings.
至少这些故事中的人物 体现出了一种让人担忧的倾向性 There is a worrisome tendency on the part of at least those about whom these stories are told.
也就是说 古希腊文明感觉可能是如此 That is, ancient Greek civilization seemed to feel that this rings true.
而堪萨斯的当代美国大学生又证实了这一点 Contemporary American college students in Kansas seem to bear that out.
认为自己没被注视到时 When we think of ourselves as unobserved,
我们很难遵循道德准则 it is difficult to act in conformity with moral codes.
本学期将不断重现一个问题 And the question which will reoccur throughout this
不管是在道德部分还是在政治哲学部分中 semester--both in the unit on morality and in the unit on political philosophy--
也就是社会如何构建 is the question of how society can be structured in such a way
才能形成电脑上的眼睛或桌面上的镜子的等价物 that there are the equivalent of eyes above our computers and mirrors in our room
让我们能按照社会规则的标准行事 so that we can act in keeping with rules that allow societies to
为社会提供稳定性 进而促进人类繁荣 provide the kind of stability that allows human beings to flourish.
还剩下少数几分钟时间 So we have a couple of minutes left,
看看你们关于今天的课 有什么问题没有 and let me just ask what questions you have about today's lecture.
有问题 Questions?
很好 问题是 我讲道德的后果时 PROFESSOR: Good. So the question is, when I talk about the consequences of morality,
只讨论了对你的后果 比如你的声誉 I've restricted discussion's consequences for you, things like your reputation.
问题是 其它类型的后果呢 And the question is, what about other sorts of consequences?
不道德行为给他人造成伤害时如何解释 What about when acting in immoral ways brings harm to others?
下周以及正义方面的讨论课中 我们要讨论的一个内容 One of the things that we'll talk about next week, and again is the section on justice,
也就是人类的同理心和同情心 is human beings' capacity for empathy and sympathy,
这些能够被用于帮助我们做到 and the ways in which those features might be leveraged
镜子和眼睛所能做到的利社会作用 to help do some of the prosocial work that mirrors and eyes do.
问得很好 So excellent question.
问题是 格劳孔讲故事时 PROFESSOR: So the question is, when Glaucon is talking about
只是讲声誉的问题吗 it, is he only talking about issues of reputation?
《理想国》第二卷中发生了很有趣的事情 So there's a very interesting thing going on in Book 2 of The Republic.
格劳孔和阿德曼图的对话延续了 Glaucon and Adeimantus are taking on a conversation that
苏格拉底和色拉西马库斯在第一卷中关于声誉的对话 Socrates has been having with Thrasymachus in book one about reputation.
因此这被当作一个理由 So that's part of why that's being invoked as a reason.
不过还有其它理由 苏格拉底给出答案时 But there are also, you'll hear, when Socrates gives his answer,
认为道德或不道德行为关系到行为人的完整性 it's about the integrity of the person who acts in moral or immoral ways.
苏格拉底想要说的是 And what Socrates is basically going to go on to say is, it
可能看起来 你所关心的是其他人看到了什么 may seem to you like all you care about is what you appear to be to others.
但实际上 当你的灵魂失去秩序 But as a matter of fact, when you let your soul get out of order,
当你的行为方式变得感情用事 变得不顾及他人需求 when you behave in ways that are impulsive, that are insensitive to the needs of others,
你本人将无法繁荣 you, yourself will be unable to flourish.
这就是我们要探索的答案 And that's the answer we're going to be exploring
格劳孔没有将此以问题形式提出 Glaucon hasn't raised that as a question yet.
苏格拉底将会把这引入到对话中 Socrates is going to introduce it into the conversation.
很好 Good.
已经11:20了 It is 11:20.
但愿今天这堂课的密度没把你们吓到 I hope that the density of today's lecture doesn't scare off too many of you.
后面会越来越有趣 It gets more more fun after this.
我很期待下周看到同样多的人 And I look forward to seeing many of you next week.