威尔森博士:史蒂夫 在下面的几讲中 Dr. Wilson: Stephen, for the next few sessions
我们要讨论的是《以赛亚书第二》 we're gonna be talking about the Second Isaiah
这是整部《以赛亚书》中的一部分 which is a part of a larger book Isaiah itself
想要了解《以赛亚书第二》首先要做的就是 So maybe the best way to begin to think about the Second Isaiah
纵观全书 尝试着找出其特点 is to look at the whole book and to try to characterize it in some way
这本书与众不同在何处？ What is special and different about this book?
《以赛亚书》最让我印象深刻的就是 The first thing it always strikes me when I'm looking at Isaiah
这本书的章节长度 is simply the physical length of this book
要明显长于《圣经》其它书 It's longer in terms of chapters than any other biblical book
唯一的例外可能只是《诗歌智慧书》 with possible the exception of the Book of Songs
你认为这本书为什么有这样的特点？ Why do you think it has this particular character?
库克博士:是的 这是一本非常出色的书 Dr. Cook: Yeah, it's very very, it's a very neat book
具有非常大的影响力 um, and the book that obviously has had tremendous impact
在《圣经选文集》中 If you look at the Lectionary
《以赛亚书》预言出现的次数 the Prophecies of Isaiah occur
相当于其它经书的总和 as often as all the other prophetic books combined
如果我们只来考察一下经书诠释的历史 If you look at just the history of interpretation
《死海古卷》里有(听不清)的引用 the use of (INAUDIBLE) in the Dead Sea Scrolls
《新约》里也有 the use in New Testament
《以赛亚书》是最脍炙人口的经书之一 It was one of the favorite books
书中蕴藏了巨大的深度与能量 The depth and power of this book is incredible
说到长度呢 章节的长度是一方面 As to the length, just the physical length is something
我认为经书中时间的跨度 But the expanse of time
涉及的历史也很精彩 of history that's covered is, to me, remarkable
这种情况 We're not talking about the same sort of situation
与《保罗致罗马人书》 say, a letter of Paul to Romans
跟写给马太福音教徒 or even a Gospel written to a Matthew community
和马可福音教徒的福音书也不同 or a Mark community
没有特定的受众 也没有特定的年代 where you've got one fixed audience at a particular time
《以赛亚书》的时间跨度长达几百年 But you're really talking about hundreds of years
成书于耶路撒冷的以赛亚书原篇 The initial Isaiah that was working in Jerusalem
可以追溯到公元前8世纪 was way back in the 8th century
而后面的40章到55章 And by the time you get to some of these material in chapters 40-55
即被学者们传统上称作《以赛亚书第二》的内容里 that scholars have traditionally called Second Isaiah
时间已经跨到了几百年之后 you're way up hundreds of years later
已经是公元前586年的流亡之后 After the Exile of 586
和公元前540年波斯居鲁士大帝暴乱 into the riots of the Persian king Cyrus surround 540
几十年 甚至几百年来 There's many audiences in the ongoing engagement
有无数的受众感受到了书中所传达的 with this powerful Word of God over decades, even centuries
上帝的有力的话语 that's represented in this book
这本书真是十分特别 So it's really a very special book
与人们读的其它先知书 in probably quite different from other prophetic books that people read
甚至是圣经所包含的其它经书都是不同的 or even any other book in the Bible as a whole that people might read
仅从(听不清)来看就非常吸引人 So it's a fascinating book just from the (inaudible)
威尔森博士:是的 Dr. Wilson: Well, the fact that
这本书的撰写时间跨度很大 it's created over a long period of time
受众很广 and seem to involve a number of audiences
而且似乎作者也并非只有一人 and in that layer a different number of writers
这与书中包含的 would that be related then to the fact
极为丰富的文学形式会不会有关系呢？ that it also has a fairly wide range of literary forms in the book?
因此这本书并不容易读 It not an easy book to read for that reason
由于当中出现了很多种类的神谕 because the different kinds of oracles that appear
书的结构也很特别 the shaping of the book, a very so quickly, so often
你认为这些 Is that, do you think, related to the
与书中所包含的庞杂的历史会不会有关系呢？ this overall compositional history the book seem to have had?
库克博士:是的 书中素材之丰富的确令人赞叹 Dr. Cook: Yeah, the book is remarkable for its variety of material
我认为第一次读这本书的人 I think to people who are reading it
一定会觉得有难度 for the first time it can be somewhat challenging
即使读过其它先知书的人 It can be challenging even if
也不会觉得容易 you are used to reading other prophetic books
想想看 阿摩司或者何西阿那样的先知 You think of prophets like Amos or Hosea
都惯于把上帝的神圣话语传达 They are used to delivering
或说传递给特定的受众 or channeling the divine Word of God to a target audience
然而在《以赛亚书》中 But in Isaiah
上帝的话语几乎是一种力量 you've got a Word of God that is almost a force
贯穿历史的实实在在的力量 physical force moving through history
远远超出了公元前8世纪在耶路撒冷 well beyond just its initial figure of the prophet Isaiah
最初出现的先知以赛亚 of Jerusalem of the 8th century
如果通读全书 So to try to read through the book
就能够深切感受到上帝之言的力量 to understand the movement of the physical force of God's Word
及其在人类生活中产生的 and it's impact time and time again in human lives
一次又一次的影响 is very very engaging
书中的诗篇也是极为丰富深刻 The poetry of the book is also incredibly deep and rich
在我们谈论书中章节的同时 And I think as we go through some of the sections of the book
也应该看看这些发人深省 we wanna look at some of this beautiful poetry
感人肺腑的美丽诗篇 that's so inspiring and engaging
威尔森博士:书里面诗歌种类也很多 Dr. Wilson: There's also a variety of poetry in the book
多数集中在第一部分的 The Oracles of Isaiah that seem mostly
以赛亚神谕 to be concentrated in the first part of the book
经常具有谜样的风格 often are very enigmatic
这类经文非常难以读懂 It's one of those difficult kinds of Scriptures to read
因为怎么看它都是非线性叙事的 because it doesn't seem to be linear in anyway
神谕似乎没有遵循明显的安排结构 The Oracles don't seem to have any obvious form of arrangement
形式松散 They don't fit any pattern
相互之间没有紧密联系 They seem to drift from one thing to another
并且预言本身通常都是在应该出现高潮的时候 And often the Oracles themselves eventually almost dissolve at the end
最终却不了了之 just when you are looking for some kind of climactic statement
这些预言基本到后来都会烟消云散 The Oracles almost disintegrated into nothing
因此结尾通常显得很晦涩 that the ends are often totally obscure
从某方面来看 这样也鼓励了经书的诠释 which in a way encourages the interpretation of these things
这些预言如此晦涩 They remain so difficult
所以必须有人诠释 that they almost demand some kind of interpretation
或者有人了解其背景 or to know something about them
在我看来 这也体现了 It seems to me probably also here is involved
以赛亚传统中对什么是预言有着不同的理解 a different notion of what prophecy is in the Isaiah tradition
为了弄清楚这一点 And that... uh... in order to understand that
你一定得明白 you really have to understand
在古以色列预言的含义是什么 what prophecy was in ancient Israel
以及后来预言的含义发生了什么样的转变 and how it was understood somewhat later
库克博士:关于这点再多解释一下吧 Dr. Cook: Do you want to say a few words about that?
我觉得会很有帮助 I think that would be actually very helpful
威尔森博士:我来......好的 Dr. Wilson: Let me... yeah
我先来总体上描述一下预言 let me simply characterize prophecy generally first
然后再说说从其背后隐含的同样前提来看 and then indicate how the Isaiah prophecy are somewhat different
以赛亚预言不同在哪里 in the way they operated in the assumptions behind them
一般来说 预言出现在古以色列 Prophecy just generically occurred in ancient Israel
有人认为自己被上帝的圣灵附体 when individuals felt themselves possessed by the spirit of God
这种情况下 上帝会借此人之口传达神意 And when that happen God spoke through individual
整个社会的和先知本人都相信 And the assumption of the society and the prophets themselves
这就是直接来自于上帝的言语 was that the direct Word of God
经由先知转达 was coming through individual
无论预言是关于哪个方面的 without respect to what the words might be
先知的职责就是将预言传达出来 but the prophet's job was simply to transmit those words
多数预言都表述明确 但据我们所知 Ah... mostly they were fairly clear in contrast of what we know
有些预言 比如说 德尔菲神谕的语言 say about Rick prophecy of the Oracle at Delphi, for example
确实以晦涩难懂而知名 which specialized in being obscure
而在古以色列 据我们所知 Whereas in ancient Israel as much as we can tell
多数预言都是能够看懂的 the prophecies were mostly intelligible
并且预言通常都是 And they were often directed to
关于人们生活的某个具体情况 a specific situation in the life of the people
当上帝向人类传达神意时 so when God want to communicate with people
就会关于某个具体的情形 there would be this direct communication
直接传达 that's spoke to a particular situation
当然预言也有关于未来的 They also would speak about the future
因为那些在当时是真实的事情 because often what was true in the present
以及人们基于 and decisions people made
上帝与以色列之间的交流所作出的判定 about the communication between God and Israel
会影响到未来所发生的事 that would determine what future event might take place
因此预言既是关于现在也是关于未来 so these prophecies often speak both the present and future
互相依附 非此即彼 both together, one or the other
有很多种情况 There was a fair amount of variety there
一旦预言应验了 Once the prophecies were fulfilled
人们就会将其与其应验记录 often people then simply recorded them
保存下来 and their fulfillment and archive them
变成文本 and they come into our text
然而以赛亚的传统似乎并不是这样 That doesn't seem to have happened with the Isaiah tradition
我们可以看出该传统确实与众不同 and that says the Isaiah tradition is somewhat different
以赛亚似乎是认为先知这个身份 Ah... Isaiah seems to have thought it was a position
可以由最初被选作先知的那个人接受 accepted by the prophet himself, the original prophet
也可以被先知的门徒所接受 but also by his disciples
第8章第16节很明确地提到了这些门徒 who are explicitly mentioned in Chapter 8 Verse 16
经书中写道 There's a reference there to the disciples
门徒可以保管神谕 having custody of the oracles
由此我们可以看出其隐藏的含义是指 and lying behind this seems to be the notion
真正的预言 一旦传达出来 that a true prophecy, once given
能够一次又一次应验 is capable of being fulfilled over and over again
并非一次应验后就失去作用 And it was not exhausted in a single fulfillment
所以依照传统 门徒认为 And therefore the tradition assumed and the disciples assumed
先知本人也这样认为 and the prophet himself assumed that
预言可以一再被诠释 one could continue to interpret these prophecies
库克博士:是的 我觉得这种看法非常有洞察力 Dr. Cook: Yeah, I think that whole notion, such a powerful insight
然而却几乎都被现代学者忽视了 was largely lost in the modern scholarship
看看现代的注经 大多数是关于圣经的 If you pick up most commentaries, most study bibles
都试图将以赛亚书分成几部分 They will try to take Isaiah and divide it into parts
让每部分都对应着具体的时间段 and locate each part in one specific time frame
具体的受众 以及具体的作者 one specific audience, one specific author
就好像其它《圣经》章节的 and captured by the tale in that way
处理方式一样 like most other biblical books are treated
并且我们最初就是 And that's really
这样阐释《以赛亚书第二》的 where we got this language of this second Isaiah in the first place
现代学者将《以赛亚书》第40章到第55章 Modern scholarship discern that Isaiah, chapter 40-55
看做是流亡中的先知的作品 was the product of a prophet in the exile
受众是特定的流亡群体 and was directed to a specific exilic audience
已经迁移到新月沃土的另一边 that have been moved way over to the other side of Fertile Crescent
此前 公元前586年 after Babylonians
巴比伦人摧毁了耶路撒冷 destroyed Jerusalem in 586
整本《以赛亚书》都是这么分割的 And the whole book of Isaiah was partitioned off
因此中间这部分《以赛亚书第二》 so this middle section, second Isaiah
只写了那一件事情 was just about that one situation
但是我认为随着现代学者们的进一步研究 But I think now as scholars have continued to work on this book
情况会变得有所不同 It appears far different than that
在第一部里出现的预言 You've got this prophetic word in initial chapters
一直都带有这种力量 that keeps on going with this power
这种生命力 这种锋芒 and this vitality, and this cutting-edge
第40章之后的《以赛亚书第二》 And material in the chapters 40 following second Isaiah
很明显也是与其相呼应 is clearly in conversation with that
以新的方式与最初的预言一同发展 it's moving forward with that Word in a new way
所以我认为我们应该 So I think we have to
从与其它现代学者不同的角度 begin talking about second Isaiah differently
来讨论《以赛亚书第二》 than many modern contemporary scholars do
威尔森博士:是的 现在看来 Dr. Wilson: Yes. What seems to have happened
以赛亚的门徒以及日后的以赛亚传统 was the Isaiah disciples and the Isaiah tradition later on
似乎多少是按照先知本人的授意 continues this process of interpretation
来继续诠释这些预言 which more or less authorized by the prophet himself
我们能看到耶路撒冷最早的以赛亚书中 And we see the process of reinterpretation
那些已经应验的预言 or continued interpretation of the fulfilled oracles within the work
后来一再被重新阐释的过程 of the earliest layers of the work of Isaiah of Jerusalem
库克博士:鲍勃 你觉得我们是不是可以找一章...... Dr. Cook: Do you think, Bob, maybe we could... in chapter...
威尔森博士:我们 我们看一下...... Dr. Wilson: Let's, let's look at...
库克博士:第7章或者第8章 举个例子? Dr. Cook: 7 and 8, just give an example?
威尔森博士:举个简单点的例子 Dr. Wilson: A quick example of this
其实这种情况有很多 We're gonna see a lot of those
但是最明显的一个例子 But certainly one of the easy places to see it
是在第7章第14节 is the famous Oracle about Emmanuel
著名的关于以马内利的预言 that occurs in Chapter 7 Verse 14
背景是对公元前735-732一场危机的回应 The setting is a response to a crisis that occurred in 735-32
当时以法莲王朝北部 where there was an effort by the northern kingdom of Ephraim
想再次攻占耶路撒冷 to recapture Jerusalem
结束大卫王朝的统治 and to end the control of the Davidic Dynasty there
作为回应 In response to that
以赛亚向亚哈斯王显了一个神兆 to guarantee an Oracle of the Salvation of the City
预言这座城市一定会获得拯救 Isaiah gave a sign to the King Ahaz
这个神兆即是圣婴降临 And the sign was the famous Birth of the Child
一个年轻的女人怀有身孕 会生下一个儿子 A young woman is now pregnant and is about to bear a son
并为他起名叫做以马内利 and shall name him Emmanuel
在希伯来语中 So Emmanuel is
以马内利的意思是上帝与我们同在 in Hebrew, is God is with us
在这件事的背景下 So the context of that event
对于国王和整个城市来说 预言都是正面的 this was a positive Oracle for the king and for the city as a whole
但是在第8章第8节它又再次出现 But it occurs again in Chapter 8 Verse 8
国王不信服于上帝 招来了制裁 The disbelief of the King calls for a future judgment
以赛亚明确告诉人们 and the future judgment, Isaiah clearly tells us
制裁是即将到来的亚述军队 is going to be the coming of the Assyrian Army
军队会侵略并占领整个城市 and the army is going to invade and besiege the city
这件事是发生在公元前701年 This is a reference to an event occurred in 701
因此30年后预言又再次应验了 so almost 30 years later this Oracle seem to be fulfilled
以马内利在第8章又出现了一次 Emmanuel shows up again in Verse 8
经书上说道 and it is said that
亚述军队必将冲入犹太 涨溢泛滥 the Assyrians are going to Sweep in to Judah like a flood, pouring over
直到颈项 It will reach the neck
以马内利啊 他展开翅膀 遍满你的地 And its outspread wings will fill the breath of your land. Oh, Emmanuel
这种情况下 上帝的神迹明显是制裁 The coming of God now in this situation
而不是承诺 is an act of Judgment, not a promise
所以同一预言 既有可能是制裁 So this kind of alternation between judgment and promise
也有可能是承诺的情况 referring to the same original prophecy
说明了传统变化的方向 is an example of the way in which the tradition moved
库克博士:最初以马内利是一个孩子 Dr. Cook: You know originally Emmanuel was a child
成年以后就能解决 who settled the crisis of this coalition from the North
北方合并所面临的危机 would be over by the time he's old enough
威尔森博士:成年以后 是的 Dr. Wilson: He's old enough, right
库克博士:而35年以后呢 Dr. Cook: And now, over 35 years later
以马内利指代的却是另外一回事 变成了危机 Emmanuel is being applied to a whole new crisis
威尔森博士:此时指代的不再是人 而是一座城市 Dr. Wilson: And it's a whole new thing, it's now the city
这座城市传达着信息 上帝与我们同在 And it's the city that has the message that God's with us
但是在之前 这意味着好消息 But whereas before, it's good news
现在却是坏消息了 Now it's not good news
我们会看到很多类似的情况 We're gonna see a lot of that in the material
反复出现在后面的单元里10-12 we're gonna look at next, in the next unit in 10-12
库克博士:是的 我认为事实正是如此 Dr. Cook: Yes, I think that's, that's exactly right
最早出现的预言一直带着这种生命力 These initial prophecies keep going with this vitality and life
当以赛亚群体对其进行反思的时候 and in some ways it became more clear as the community
这种力量更加明显 eventually the second Isaiah community reflects on them
最初他只是个名字与众不同的孩子 Initially he was just a child with a special name
但是到了第8章第8节 but by Verse 8 of Chapter 8
以马内利似乎成了一个拥有土地的人 this Emmanuel seems to be somebody who has a land
以马内利啊 亚述人将会遍满你的地 the Assyrians are going to fill up the breath of your land. Oh Emmanuel
听起来以马内利十分像是个国王 That awfully much sounds like Emmanuel was a king
统治着一片土地 who's presiding over a land
他更像是位弥赛亚式的人物了 It gets to look more like messianic figure
起码对某些人来说 at least to some people at this point
接着在几节之后 第10章末尾处 And then just a few verses later, at the end of Chapter 10
希伯来语的以马内利又出现了 you get the term in Hebrew Emmanuel again
多数英文版本都译作上帝与我们同在 Many English translation just says God is with us
然而希伯来语的以马内利 but in Hebrew Emmanuel...
威尔森博士:又是这种类似的情况 Dr. Wilson: It's the, the same
库克博士:应该是同一预言的第三种诠释 Dr. Cook: A third reinterpretation
或是预言的第三次实现 or a third impact of an initial prophecy
不可能与公元前735最早出现时是同样的意思 It just can't be tied down to its initial dating in 735
威尔森:这种模式在后面的材料 Dr. Wilson: That will be the pattern
会再次出现 we're going to see in the rest of the material