那么 应该盼着体面的女孩子长大以后干什么呢 So, what is any respectably girl brought up to do
如果不是满足有钱男人的幻想 but to catch some rich man's fantasy
并通过嫁给这个男人以获取他的钱财 and get the benefit of his money by marrying him
好像结婚典礼会使这种做法 as if a marriage ceremony made any difference
更加合理化 in the right or the wrong of the thing
啊 这伪善的世界让我恶心 Ah, the hypocrisy of the world makes me sick
以上这出自肖伯纳1893的戏剧 That's Mrs. Warren from Shaw's 1893 play
《华伦夫人的职业》中华伦夫人之口 Mrs. Warren's profession
华伦夫人曾是个妓女并拥有一家妓院 She's an ex-prostitute and brothel keeper
她那牛津大学毕业的女儿 and when her Girton educated daughter finds out
发现这一事实后非常震惊 and is horrified by this
华伦夫人便对她女儿讲目前妇女们的工资 she confronts her with the below living standard wages
不足以维持最低生活水平且工作条件凶险 and atrocious working conditions, that women face
那么 社会唯一允许妇女从事的交易 and says, so the only trade in effect that society allows to women
就是附属于一个男人 取悦男人并用他的钱过活 is being kept by a man, pleasing a man and living of his money
这项交易是否通过婚姻达成 And whether that's inside or outside of marriage
都没有任何关系 she says, makes no difference at all
这一观点后来成为19世纪末 20世纪初 That argument became a central tenet of feminist campaigns
女权运动 and suffrage campaigns through the end of the 19th
和参政权权运动的核心原则 beginning of the 20th centuries
例如20世纪初的妇女参政论者西塞莉•汉密尔顿 So for example Cicely Hamilton a leading suffragist
1909年在她的 beginning of the 20th century wrote in her polemic
《婚姻即交易》一书中说 Marriage as a Trade in 1909
对一名女子来说 她远不像男人那样 For a woman, who has always been far more completely excluded
可以直接获取生活必需品 than man from direct access to the necessities of life
她要获取财产的行为 who has often been barred both by law
为法律和世俗所禁止 and custom from the possession of property
因此 她有且仅有一种获得报偿的方式 one form of payment was demanded and one only
那就是她应该激起并满足男人的愿望 It was demanded of her, that she should enkindle and satisfy the desire
这样男人才会承认她可以获得他的部分财产 of the male, who would thereupon admit her such share of the property
或收入 而这对他似乎也有益处 he possessed or earned as should seem good to him
换句话说 她通过出卖身体所有权的普通过程 In other words, she exchanged by the ordinary process of barter
获取生存的方式 possession of her body for the means of existence
所以汉密尔顿说 As Hamilton says
在这种情况下卖淫是合乎逻辑的结果 prostitution is thus only the logical conclusion of this state of affairs
她进一步警告说 男人们认为 and she further warns, that while men think
妇女是为了成为妻子 伙伴和母亲而存在 that women only exist to become wives and partners and mothers
因此当谈及浪漫爱情的时候 他们猛然觉醒 they have a rude awakening, when it comes to romance
因此汉密尔顿指出 有一天男人会发现 as she puts it, someday he will discover
女人活着不是为了嫁人 that a woman does not support life only in order to obtain a husband
相反 事实是她们嫁人是为了活下去 but frequently obtains a husband only in order to support life
这个论点很快就引起了大范围的争论 Now, makes a good polemical argument
但是在剧场里演出的效果并不好 but hardly makes a particular good theatre
有很多关于这个论点的小册子 so there are a lot of pamphlets written on this form
也有很多萧伯纳的沃伦夫人的职业似的的戏剧 and there are a number like Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession of plays
当时正是20世纪初 written around at the beginning of the 20th century in which
很多女人靠卖淫养活自己和家人 women turned to prostitution to support themselves
很多女人靠卖淫养活自己和家人 and support their families
这些戏剧的问题在于 它们不但票房不好 problem with these, not only they didn't make terrible good box office
连公开演出的许可都拿不到 but also they didn't get a license for public performance
因此 我想给介绍一个戏剧 So, what I want to offer you is one play
它成功地将这一论点结合 which manages to take this argument and put it together with
它将自己称之为浪漫喜剧 well, it was subtitled a romantic comedy
这就是西塞莉•汉密尔顿的《多布森家的戴安娜》 with Cicely Hamilton's play Diana of Dobson's
当时这幕剧的票房很好 and it was really good box office
它于1908年2月 It opened in February 1908
在莉娜•阿什维尔的京士威剧场第一次公演 at Lena Ashville's Kingsway Theatre
一直连续演出了143场才有所间断 ran for a 143 performances straight off and was only taken off
因为在巡回演出之前阿什维尔需要休息一下 so that Ashwell could have a rest, before taking it on tour
此后它不断重演 1917年被拍成电影 It was frequently revived and in 1917 it was made into a film
阿什维尔是怎么做到的? So how did Ashwell do it?
该剧在管吃住的系统中运作 Well, the play opens in the living-in system
一个宿舍 所以大部分的工人工资 A dormitory, so that a large part of the worker's wages
都用来支付食宿了 are paid in board and lodging
第一幕里大型布料公司的工人精疲力竭 and the first act has the exhausted workers
她们回到宿舍 准备休息了 in a large drapery firm coming in and getting ready for bed
这基本上是把灰姑娘的故事反过来了 and it's kind of reversed Cinderella
女店员们看上去年轻漂亮 年龄正好适宜结婚 So they come in looking like attractive beautiful young nubile shop girls
打扮正好适宜推销她们的商品 especially designed to market the goods
她们摘下假发 假卷发 缎带 领子 袖口 and they take off the false hair, the false curls, the ribbons, the collars
脱下所有装备 穿上她们那毫无吸引力的睡衣 the cuffs, all the rest of it and get into their very unattractive nighties
一丝不挂 正如所有的评论家 All without, as the critics, all the critics
男性评论家都抱怨 the male critics complained about
这幕剧的特质耸人听闻 the sensational nature of this scene
还有人抱怨 都没看见露肉的 and also complained, that no flesh was seen
一个评论家说 and as one critic put it
脱衣过程演得不漂亮 the various stages of undress are not made pretty
他明显对此很失望 看不出这有什么用 He's clearly quite disappointed by this, failing to see the point of it
《多布森家的戴安娜》中的一个工人 and one particular worker, Diana of Dobson's
对她们贫困纷扰的生活充满愤怒 rages against the impoverishment of their life
因为她们每天工作14个小时 The fact that their meager wages buy them for 14 hours work a day
一星期微薄的工资只有5先令 一年还不到14英镑 for 5 Shillings a week, is less than 14 Pounds a year
造成她们没有自己的生活 which leaves them in effect no life
她们的全部 包括身体 她们的一切 Their entire, their bodies, everything else
实际上是公司买来帮助销售商品的 are in effect bought by the firm to help sell their goods
在这时候 圣母显灵了 At this point the fairy godmother intervenes
戴安娜收到了一封信 and Diana receives a letter informing her
被告知她从远房亲戚那儿继承了300英镑 she's inherited 300 pounds from some distant relative
她宣布说 与其谨慎地花费这些钱 and she announces, rather than invest it sensibly
适度贴补她那微薄的工资 and supplement her meager wages to a very small extent
她宁愿一口气把钱花光 she intents to blow the whole lot
一小时之内把钱花光 让自己的人生充满光辉 in what she calls one crowded hour of glorious life
这下她要真真切切活一回 She's gonna really live for this time
因此 下一幕就是灰姑娘参加舞会 So, next act Cinderella goes to the ball
地点是瑞士的豪华旅馆 Posh hotel in Switzerland
她身着巴黎长袍 虽然在我看来那衣服丑陋至极 She's wearing Paris gowns, extraordinary ugly in my view
但那却是当时最新潮的高级女士时装 but the very latest thing in haute couture
而且她不是有一套 而是两套 and she has not one, but two suitors
一套是从百万富翁贾巴茨•格林雷那儿买来的 one of whom is Sir Jabbats Grinley, millionaire
她以前在他的店里工作过 owner of the drapery store she used to work in
他还拥有好几家商店 and several other stores
他肆无忌惮地承认 who freely admits
他的钱都是靠自己的努力挣的 that he has made all his money, he's a self-made man
他通过在竞争中获胜 取得了自身的成功 He's made it all, by just undercutting the competition
但是戴安娜指出他其实是靠付给工人 As Diana points out by
低于基本工资的费用成功的 她自己就是受害者 paying starvation wages to workers like herself
他向她求婚 她拒绝了他 He proposes and she rejects him
在某种程度上他认为 她其实是他买来的 In extent to which he thinks, he's kind of bought her
有一个小细节 在舞台上有种指示 if there is a tiny detail, a tiny stage direction
当他和她说话的时候 a point when he's talking to her, he
没有多想 他便用手指触摸她袖口织物的质地 without really thinking starts fingering the fabric of her sleeve
他是熟悉布料的 这是在查看货色呢 it's the drapery man, he's sizing up the goods
她轻轻地把自己的袖子从他的手里抽出来 and she quietly removes her sleeve from his hand
但是黛安娜又收到了另一个求婚 But Diana receives another proposal
这次是维克多•维克多•布雷瑟顿队长 from Victor, Captain Victor Bretherton
作为前近卫兵队员 他可以说是近卫兵的楷模 He's a fantastically idol ex-guardsman
年收入有600英镑 on an income of 600 pounds a year
这一点足以使他位列中产阶级的上层 which places him in the very top of the upper middle classes at that point
但这点钱不够他用 他生活得实在太奢侈了 and he can't live on it, he's far too extravagant for that
而他的姨妈也厌倦了对他提供财务资助 and his aunt who's tired of bankrolling him
因此鼓励他向被认为富有的戴安娜求婚 encourages him to propose to the supposedly rich Diana
然后戴安娜告诉了他真相 She then tells him the truth
他明白了她就那么一点钱 and he becomes that she doesn't have any more money
她在一个月里就花光了仅有的300英镑 that she has blown her entire 300 pounds in this month
现在她不得不回到一家商店工作 and she now has to go back work in a shop
他因此而管她叫女投机家 and he calls her an adventuress
她回击他说 And she throws it back at him and says
是你想靠我的钱过日子 Well, you're the one who was looking to live on my money
但是 你凭什么瞧不起我 but also, em, how dare you look down on me
我自己努力养活自己 I support myself through my own effort
不靠关系 不靠亲戚 谁都不靠 with no help from connection or family or anything else
要是这样 你自己连半年都撑不下去 and you couldn't survive 6 months doing that
下一幕 他接受了这个挑战 Next act, he's taken up the challenge
说到底他就是这种性格 That's him in the end
不出所料 Sure enough
他想靠自己的头脑和双手支撑6个月 he tried to survive on his own wits and his own work for 6 months
但3个月后他就无家可归了 在河堤上饥肠辘辘 and 3 months later he's homeless and starving on embankment
这时候他碰到了戴安娜 她刚从瑞士回来 at which point he meets Diana, who's come back from Switzerland
她生了场病 把所有的钱都花光了 fell ill, lost all her money
结果她也饥肠辘辘 无家可归 and she is too starving and homeless
他这时又向她求婚 直到现在他才意识到 and he proposes to her to which having now realized
一年600英镑不但他自己用绰绰有余 that 600 pounds a year is ample not just for himself
其实都够养活他们俩了 but for both of them
戴安娜做出如下回应 她说 and Diana responses as follows
布雷瑟顿船长 我无家可归又身无分文 Captain Bretherton, I'm homeless and penniless
到现在已经有将近12个小时粒米未进 I haven't tasted food for nearly 12 hours
这些天我一直没吃饱过 I've been starved for days
而现在 如果我理解没错的话 and now, if I understand you right
你提出要我做你妻子 you offer to make me your wife
在这种情况下 你不觉得 Under the circumstances, don't you think
我如果想做出不偏不倚的选择 压力很大吗 you're putting too great a strain on my disinterestedness
而且 提醒大家一下 有个小细节 And just in case of forgetting, there's a little detail
在他坐到长凳上之前 那儿已经有个女人 the woman between them on the bench, just before he's sitting there
她坐在他俩中间 她最后走开了 between them, she finally moves off
这样他才得以向戴安娜求婚 so he can propose to her, propose to Diana
这个女人长期以来一直无家可归 而且有可能 She's a long term homeless woman and there's a sense
倘若戴安娜不接受求婚 she's what Diana could become
最终就会变得跟这个女人一样 if she doesn't accept him
在演出的最后 她接受了求婚 and at the end of the play, she does accept him
交易达成的标志不是俩人互相亲吻 and the bargain is sealed not with a kiss
取而代之的是咖啡和面包 售价一先令 but with cups of coffee and dulsteps of bread
从小贩手里买来的 with a borrowed Shilling from a caliph
在1908年 这待遇就相当于河岸对面 that's like the equivalent of, the 1908 equivalent of
摆的流动烧烤摊 a Kebab-Van on the other side of embankment
这就是灰姑娘的故事 这个故事的重要之处在于 So it's Cinderella. It's Cinderella, but where the important bit is
王子打扮成工人去工作 where the prince dresses up as working man
并发现了钱和工作的真正价值 and finds out the real value of money and the real value of work
这算是罗曼史吗?这就是我要问的问题 But is it a romance? That's the question
我在剧院工作 这就是我喜欢剧院的原因 This is where I love, I work on theatre and it's what I love about theatre
所以 最终不管它是否是浪漫故事 So ultimately whether it's a romance or not
不管大家是否把它当做浪漫剧来演 whether it's played as a romance
从剧本里是看不出来的 it can't tell from the script alone
剧本可能是个完全愤世嫉俗的便宜货 could be an entirely cynical bargain from the script
取决于表演时细小的手势 It depends really on tiny gestures
外表 说话的语调 on looks, on the tone of voice as performed
或者最后是把注意力放在 on whether the attention at the very end
面包和咖啡上 is more on the hunks of bread and the coffee
还是这个剧中的两个人物身上 or on each other at that point in the play
所以你如何决定它是否作为一场罗曼史上映呢？ So how do you determine whether it played as a romance or not?
它的票房超好 而且罗曼史很叫座 Well, it made big box office and romance sells
从这点也许我们可以了解一些东西 so maybe that tells us something
当然那也不是绝对的 But even that can't tell you absolutely
大家可以看到这部剧几年以后 and you can shift Shaw famously
萧伯纳有个出名的戏剧 on only a couple of years after this play
《卖花女》以杜立德的谎言结束 Pygmalion ends with the lies of Doolittle
从某种程度上提出了工人阶级的生活 kind of taken out to the working class
讲到卖花女怎样谋生 and the problem how she's going to earn a living now
后来她又变成中产阶级等等 she's become middle class and so on
这出戏首次演出时 And when that play was first performed
赫伯特•波本崔饰演亨利•希金斯 Herbert Berbontree playing Henry Higgins
把《卖花女》演成了《窈窕淑女》的效果 turned the play in effect into My Fair Lady
在演出的结尾 他让扮演伊丽莎的演员 So he ended the play by presenting the actress playing Eliza
抱着一大束鲜花 他仰慕地看着她 with a large bouquet of flowers and looking adoringly at her
当萧伯纳走到剧场看到这个结尾时 and Shaw, when he came on and saw this
这出戏演出了上百场 萧伯纳看到其中的一场 came in the hundreds performance and saw it
他勃然大怒使得赫伯特•波本崔很伤心 was outraged and Herbert Berbontree was rather upset
他说我这个结局能赚钱 你应该感激我才对 He said, but my ending makes money, you ought to be grateful
但是肖伯纳说 你那个该死的结局 你应该被枪毙 Your ending is damnable said Shaw You ought to be shot
所以在某种意义上 你可以对整场戏剧不满 So there is a sense where you can rage the whole play around
只是通过那些未在剧本中描写的微小的手势 right by exactly just by those kind of unscripted tiny gestures
在这部戏剧的结尾 at the end of the play
可以确定整场戏的基调 could undercut the whole politics of the play
那么到底这场戏结尾怎样呢？ So how was it played at the end?
我们仅能从剧评中试图对此作出判断 All we've got really to try and determine that are reviews of the play
有意思的是 剧评的观点基本是一半一半 and interestingly critics are pretty much split 50/50 from the reviews
当时 有的是说这是个不折不扣的浪漫结局 of the time and whether they saw it as a wholehearted romantic ending
有的说这场戏让人看起来很不安 or whether they saw it as something more uneasy
例如 有一位批评家指出 So one critic for example picked upon
该戏第3幕结尾 戴安娜的声音稍微停顿了一下 there's a tiny break in Diana's voice at the end of act 3
当她在某种程度上拒绝布雷瑟顿队长的求婚时 when she gives Captain Bretherton his dismissal in a kind of sense
其实使她伤心欲绝 and they made that heartbreak
也就是说 她真心爱他 that meant, she was really in love with him
而另一个评论家则抱怨说 局势可以简化 whereas another critic complained that the position would be simplified
如果戏中明说 戴安娜和布雷瑟顿相爱 if it had been brought out, that Diana is in love with Bretherton
所以各种观点充斥其中 There's a kind of unease going on
那么到底哪个对呢？ So which was it?
还有一些评论家 一些现代的批评家认为 And some critics, modern critics looking at the play have decided
它要么是个浪漫史 that either it's a romance
要么很明显具有愤世嫉俗的观点 or that it's very clearly a kind of cynical point
取决于她到底有多聪明 at how far she's at her wits end
具体来说就是她是否准备结婚 at this point and ready to settle for marriage
而我所喜欢的 就是这种模棱两可的感觉 What I like rather is that, the idea that this very ambiguity
我们不必去理清这种模棱两可 we don't have to try and sort out through this ambiguity
我们实际上应该拥抱它 接受它 we should actually embrace it and accept it
正是戏剧的这种不确定性 举例来说 Exactly that uncertainty so that the play, like for example
夏洛蒂•勃朗特的《维莱特》 Charlotte Bronte's Villette
有一个开放的不确定的结局 which ends with a kind of very open uncertain ending
给观众留下想象的空间 which leaves some to the imagination's hope
它很明显地表示 如果你是个浪漫的人 Very overtly it says if you're a romantic
你可以把结局按你自己的喜好设定 write in what you want to at this point
至于《多布森家的戴安娜》的结局 我想说 At the end of Diana of Dobson's I'd say
它实际上是故意含糊不清 it's actually quite deliberately left ambiguous
在这一点上 首先 这出戏实际上是说 And that that point above all, that what the play is in effect saying
不给妇女工作的工资 therefore is don't offer women a working wage
不给她们提供体面的职业和法律权利以及机会 don't offer them decent professional and legal rights and opportunities
你怎么能确定 and how can you ever be sure
她嫁给你是因为爱你 而不是因为钱？ that she married you for love, not money?