好的 Okay
大家好 Hi all
现在有一个... That's a really hard act too fa..
你们听得到吗 Can you guys hear me
很好 Okay alright awesome
刚才的表现太好了 我大概赶不上他 And that's really hard act to follow
我希望能占用你们几分钟的时间 But basically I would just like you all to take a minute
想想看你们在八岁的时候 And think about what you were doing
过着怎样的生活 When you were eight years old
八岁的时候你在做什么 Were you doing when you are eight years old
我上学 I was going to school
课余时间踢足球 I had soccer practice
花一点点时间想想这个问题 Just take a moment to think about it
还有你觉得 And what do you think it is
八岁的小孩应该过着怎样的生活 That every eight-year-old deserves to have in their life
应该有什么？ What
教育？ Education
食物？ Is it food
又或是安全的栖身之处？ Is it a place to go home that's safe
我问你们这个问题 And the reason I'm asking you these questions
是因为今晚八点 Is because there's going to be a documentary screening tonight
我们将放映一部纪录片 At 8 p.m.
这部纪录片叫Invisible Children And this documentary called Invisible Children
这部纪录片在讲述北乌干达的情况 And it talks about the situation in northern Uganda
及现况 And what's going on there
在当地有一支反叛军 Is that there's a rebel army
他们绑架5至13岁的孩童 That kidnaps children between the ages of 5 and 13
他们性侵女童 And the girls are usually raped
并将男孩训练成杀手 And the boys are forced to kill
想象一下如果你现在八岁 And so imaging being eight years old
并身处在如此环境下 And being in that kind of situation where
你被带离家园 You were taken from your home
被强迫做着 And you're forced to do things
你未曾想象过的事 That you didn't even imagine that you could do
你可以在今晚播映的这部电影里找寻答案 And so there's going to be a screening for this movie tonight
电影名称为Invisible Children It's called Invisible Children
如果想要了解更多的资讯请上invisiblechildren.com You can also go to invisiblechildren.com to learn more
播映时间为今晚八点 And screening's tonight 8 p.m.
于Esteves楼209教室 Esteves hall 209
而这部纪录片的制作团队 And actually the people who made the documents
今晚将登上奥普拉脱口秀 Are gonna be on Oprah tonight
下午4点钟 Today at 4 p.m.
如果你有兴趣了解更多的话 可以收看 If you're interested in learning more
谢谢大家 Thank you for your time
好的 Okay
我们今天有一位, 也可以说是多位 So we have a guest today
来自宾夕法尼亚大学的嘉宾 Or guests today from U Penn
现在他们知道我们在哈佛的实际情况了 And now they know what we actually do here at Harvard
今天的主讲者是 The speaker for today
James Pawelski博士 Who I introduced and in last lecture
我曾在上一节课介绍过他 Is Dr. James Pawelski
他教授MAPP课程 And he is from the MAPP program
也就是应用积极心理学的硕士课程 And which is the master of applied positive psychology
他今天将讲解的是 Today he is gonna talk to us
如何将它应用在 About the application of this program
领导的领域 To leadership
肯定会有一些想法 Certainly a lot of overlap
与我之前提出的观点重复 Sometimes I bring ideas that match
同时我们都认为 And we certainly think
这是一个值得探讨的议题 It's an important topic to discuss
Pawelski博士是位哲学家 Dr. Pawelski is a philosopher
因此开头会比较哲学 So the beginning will be philosophical
我十分期待这次演讲 And I'm certainly very much looking forward to the presentation
另外 In addition
对这个项目有兴趣的同学 Those you're interested in the program
这里有一些修这门课的学生 There are a few students from the program
将在课后留下 Here in this room who are gonna stay after
James和Debby和其他的一些 Also James and Debby are going to be
学生会留下 And some of the students as well
并前往William James大楼二楼的用餐区 Are going to be in William James hall second floor cafeteria
它就在电梯出来的左手边 So as you come out the elevator on your left
两点半至五点之间 At between 2:30 and 5 p.m.
他们都会在那回答你们的疑问 To answer any questions that you may have about this
无论是否关于这次演讲还是别的 The lecture or anything else
废话不多说 So without further ado
谢谢 Thank you
非常感谢Tal的前言 Thank you so much Tal
很开心今天能与你们一同度过 It's great to be with you guys today
如Tal所说我是个哲学家 As Tal said I'm a philosopher
这意味着我大多数时间 That means I spend most of my time
都在思考我存在与否 Trying to figure out whether or not I exist
我认为我是存在着的 I think I do
因为有些人笑了 Because couple of you laughed
请保持你们的笑声 So please continue to laugh
让我知道今天的我确实存在着 To help me remember that I do in fact exist today
Tal曾经告诉你们 Tal has been emphasizing to you
这个课程不是肤浅地教授领导学 That this is a course not just on leadership
而是深入地了解领导学 But a course in leadership
而这也是对于这个学院 And this is certainly something that a philosopher
十分重要的哲学家 Who is very important to this institution
William James会认可的 William James would have approved of
William James认为 William James is someone who argued that it's very important
智商方面的学习, 智慧 Not only to focus on intellectual learning, intellectual knowledge
和运用这些智商及智慧去实践 But also to take that learning, take that knowledge
是同等重要的 To the experiential level
我今天将讲述另一个 I'd like to talk about another topic today
William James也会认同的议题 That william James would have approved of
也就是积极心理学 Namely positive psychology
但在我开始之前 But before I turn to that topic
我想要告诉你们 I'd like to tell you a little bit about
为什么我要这样开场 Why I would like to begin
为什么我要提到william james Why I beginning with william james today
一部分是因为 James对这所学院的重要性 In part it's because James is so important to this institution
如你们所知 James is so important as you know
他在心理学学科的地位 To the discipline of psychology
他从科学的观点理解心理学 Understanding psychology from a scientific standpoint
同时William James对于 And William James is also very important
我个人的哲学发展也是极其重要的 In my own philosophical development
我的论文题材即是William James I wrote my dissertation on William James
而他让我着迷的是 And one other thing that were really struck me about james
他对于 Was his emphasis
学术学习知识 Both on intellectual learning, intellectual knowledge
及应用与实务的注重 And on the application to experience
一百年前的今天 One hundred years ago today
William James是美国哲学协会的会长 William James was the president of the American philosophical association
在他就职演说的那一年 And in his presidential address
他讲述了人的能力 That year he titled the energies of men
他认为了解如何优化 He argued that it's very important
人类的能力是十分重要的 To try to understand optimal human functioning
他用的大概不是这些词 He didn't use those words
但这是他所讲述的要点 But that's basically what he meant
他指出我们每一个人都有仍潜伏着的潜力 He pointed out that we all have energies sleeping within us
只有在必要时刻才会使出它们 That are only typically brought out at times of great need
而他对于如何了解更多 And he was interested in finding more out
关于这些潜能的事 About these energies
以及我们如何在不同的时间点利用它们 And how they can be tapped by us
感到好奇 At various points in our lives
一百年前他遗憾地感叹道 He lamented that a hundred years ago
专注于这个领域的人基本上 Basically the people who were focusing in this area
都是自助者 Were the self-help people
这个论述也同样不是他当时提出的 Again he didn't use that term
不过是当时的自助者注意到这个领域 But it was the self-help people of a hundred years ago
当时James提出 And James argued
我们需要严谨地采纳科学的做法 拓展心理学的领域 We really need to have a rigorous empirical scientific branch of psychology
以便加深对于优化自身能力的认识 To study optimal human functioning
因此我认为William James So I think William James
会认同积极心理学的观点 Would certainly approve of positive psychology
因为我认为积极心理学就是 Because I see positive psychology as being an answer
William James百年前所提出问题的解答 To this call that James made a hundred years ago
接下来让我来说明一下今天的课程安排 So here's how I suggest we spend our time together today
首先我想给你们对于积极心理学 I'd like to give you a philosophical introduction
一个哲学面的引导 To positive psychology
和一些心理学方面的介绍 Then a bit of a psychological introduction
最后我们会提到 And finally we'll talk about
如何将积极心理学运用在领导上 The application of positive psychology to leadership
尤其是在教育 商业 法律及医药领域上的运用 Particularly in the areas of education, business, law and medicine
因此我想从一个 So I would like to begin
非常重要的哲学问题开始今天的课程 With a very important philosophical question
这个杯子是半满的还是空了一半 Is the glass half full or half empty?
有多少人第一反应 How many would say honestly
就自然地认为它是半满的 That you tend naturally to be half fall types
举起你们的手 Let me see your hand
很好 Okay great
那有多少人 How many would say honestly
一开始就认为它是半空的 I tend to be a half empty type
一个人 Of person
很好 Okay great
谢谢你们的诚实及勇于作答 Thank you for that honesty and bravery
乐观在心理学里有多种意义 Optimism in psychology can mean a number of things
它可以是专注于好的事物 It can mean focusing on good things
对于未来的美好向往 It can be expected good things in the future
也可以是一种特定的讲述风格 It can also mean a particular explanatory style
乐观在哲学上的解释则有些许不同 Optimism in philosophy means something a little different
事实上乐观第一次在 In fact the term optimism was first coined
哲学领域被提出是来自 In reference to the philosophical views
一位思想家 Of a particular thinker
有人想猜猜是谁吗 Anybody guess who that would be
我相信你们脑中 I'm sure you're all guessing in your mind
都浮现出了正确答案 With the right answer
没错就是 I'll channel that and say you're right
Leibniz It is Leibniz
Leibniz最著名的论述 Leibniz is famous for having argued
即是我们所身处的世界 That this is the best of all possible worlds
是所有可能世界中最好的一个 That is to say this world in which we live
这意味着这个世界并非完美 Isn't necessarily perfect
但却是所有可能中 But it's the best
最好的一个 That could possibly be
如果你以政治的观点来看待的话 If you think a bit from the standpoint of politics
你可能更能理解他的观点 Maybe this will help make the point clearer
政治家通常希望他们 Politicians often find themselves in a situation where
能更好地帮助他人 There they want to help people more
因此他们想在社保上投入更多的资金 So they want to have more funding for social programming
也就是说他们想要使世界变得更美好 So they want to make the world a better place
他们发现 为了有更多的资金 What they find though in order to get that money
他们需要提高 Is they have to raise what
税额 Taxes
但是如果赋税太重 And what happens when taxes go too high
反而会使大家缺乏能够投入 There's not enough money around
到社会政策的资金 For everybody to do the social program
但增进社会福利的同时他们也想减轻赋税额 On the other hand you want to lower taxes
这就是一个取舍的问题 So it's kind of give-and-take balance here
也就是说如果我们想在某方面使世界变得更好 And so if we think we're gonna improve the world in one way
我们可能在另一个层面让这个世界变得更糟 We may actually be making it worse in another way
因此Leibniz所提出的 So Leibniz argued
乐观论即是我们所身处的世界 His optimism is this world in which we find ourselves
是所有可能世界中 Is the best of all the possible worlds
最好的一个 There might be
在此同时有一个学校 Now I should mention to you that
对于Leibniz的乐观论有不同的诠释 There is a little-known alternative interprets school interpreting Leibniz
他们认为 And according to this school
Leibniz被误解了 Leibniz was profoundly misunderstood
他们认为当时Leibniz Actually they argued that Leibniz gave this quotation
讲述这句话时 Said these words
他正从理发店离开 As he was leaving his hair dressers
因此他说的应该是这是所有卷中最好的一个 And he actually said this is the best of all possible curls
确有可能 Be that as it may
现在我们用Leibniz的观点 Taking Leibniz's view
来看待我前面所提出的水杯问题 Now back to the glass half full or half empty
Leibniz不会单纯的认为这个杯子是半满的 Leibniz wouldn't just say that the glass is half full
他会说 He would say what
这个杯子已经处于它最可能满的状态了 The glass is as full as it could possibly get
如果你尝试倒进更多水 You try putting more in that glass
你反倒有可能会导致 And you're actually gonna wind up
里面的水溢出来 Emptying it out some
因此对于Leibniz来说这杯水已处于它最可能满的情况下 So for Leibniz the glass is as fall as it can get
可以称之为相对乐观 Let's call this relative optimism
最美好的可能世界 The best of all possible worlds
相对于乐观论 Contrasted with optimism
有一位名叫Schopenhauer的哲学家 Is a man by the name of Schopenhauer
他大概是哲学史上最著名的悲观论者 Who is perhaps the most famous pessimist in philosophy
他最著名的言论指出 He is famous as having argued
这可能是最糟糕的卷 That this is the worst of all possible curls
不好意思，是世界的 Sorry worlds but bad hair days
但是我想头发不整可能跟你的哲学观点有一定关系 could have something to do with your philosophical view I think
无论如何，Schopenhauer的观点恰恰和Nietzsche的相反 In any case Schopenhauer's view was just the opposite of Nietzsche
Schopenhauer认为 And he argued that
世界已经是最更糟糕的状态了 This world is as bad as it could possibly get
世界正处于非常不稳定的平衡中 The world is so precariously balanced
但是假如再糟糕一点 But if it got any worse
也许世界就不存在了 It would simply cease to exist as a world
所以玻璃杯已经不能够更空了 So the glass is as empty as it can possibly get
这种观点叫做相对悲观主义 And let's call this view relative pessimism
一些新的思想观点 或者说东方观点 Some new thought perspectives, or Eastern views
认为根本没有邪恶这一回事儿 Would argue that actually there's no such thing as evil
你们可能会觉得 Then you may say
这个观点真是荒谬可笑 Well this is a ridiculous view
因为我生活中确实经历过邪恶的事情 Because I've certainly experienced evil in my own life
但是这些人大概会说 But these folks might say that
不管罪恶是否真正存在 为了理解它的本真 In order to understand the true nature of evil whether or not exist
你必须理解视角转换 You have to understand the perspective shift
那我问你们一个问题 So let me ask you a question
在你们当中有没有任何一个人 Are there any of you here today
在生活中曾经历过这样的事 Who have experienced something in your life
当它发生时 你就知道它是不幸的 不好的事情 When it happened you knew it was evil, it was a bad thing
是不应该发生的 Shouldn't happen
是糟糕的，可怕的，恐怖的 It was terrible, awful, horrible
然而当你回想那件事 Yet now looking back on that event
你其实会很庆幸它发生了？ You actually glad it happened?
有人经历过吗？ Anybody like that?
好，所以你们大概比你们想象的更赞同这个观点 Okay, so you folks may belong actually more to this view than you think
这个观点认为 This view would say that
我们需要视角转换 There is a perspective shift needed to understand
才能理解玻璃杯是完全满的 Perhaps that the glass is completely full
那么根据我开始时给的照片 So given the picture I began with
我们怎样能理解玻璃杯是完全装满的呢 How could we understand the glasses being completely full
杯子装满了？ It's completely full of
装满了？ It's completely full of
水和空气 是吧？ Water and air, right?
你会说 这不公平 So you say, well, that's not fair
因为... 但这是一种视角转换 Because... well, it's a perspective shift
如果把空气算作能填满杯子的东西的话 The glass is completely full
那么这个玻璃杯就是完全装满的 if you allow air as being something that can fill a glass
那么这个观点认为 我们称为绝对乐观主义 So on this view let's call this absolute optimism
那些似乎真真切切地正在发生的事情 That really the things that seem to be happening to us
看上去是坏的 不幸的事 在视角转换之后 That seemed to be bad, seemed to be evil really with the perspective shift
都变得不那么糟糕 Are seen as not being
当人们处于极度沮丧的状态下 When folks are in a state of severe depression
人们可能会往正好相反的方向想 They may believe exactly the opposite
觉得世界上没有好事 That there's actually no such thing as good
我知道有时候马上要考试的大学生们 And I know sometimes college students around exam times
就会这样想 have been known to will believe this
但是希望你们已经对考试免疫了 But hopefully you are immune from that
这样看来 玻璃杯就是完全空的 On this view the glass would be completely empty
我们把这种观点就叫作绝对悲观主义 And we might call this view absolute pessimism
所以我问你们一个问题 So I've got a question for you
哪一项是最正确的选择？ Who's right?
是半满的玻璃杯？是半空的玻璃杯？ Is the glass half full? Is it half empty?
是装满的极限状态？ Is it as full as it can possibly be
还是空着的极限状态？ Is it as empty as it can possibly be
是完全装满的？ Is it completely fall
还是完全空着的？ Is it completely empty
谁会在乎？ Well, who cares?
我的意思是 I mean
不是为了打击哲学家和关心世界观的人等等 Not to dis philosophers and people who care about world views and so forth
但是当你在一家咖啡厅用玻璃杯喝咖啡时 But when you encounter a glass in the cafeteria
当你在宿舍用玻璃杯时 When you encounter glass in your dorm room
日常生活中 你会停下来 然后说 In your everyday life do you sit back and say
这杯子到底是半满的还是半空的？ I wonder if that glass is half full or half empty
或者去想尽管Nietzsche头发很奇怪 他说的会是对的么？ Or could Nietzsche be right in spite of his weird hair
不会 你会说 这取决于当时的情况 No, what you say is it depends on the context
有时候你希望杯子更满些 Sometimes you want to get more in the glass
例如你觉得很渴 If for example you're thirsty
但是杯子里只有半杯水 And it's only half full of water
你可能会想 我怎样才能让杯子里的水更多呢？ You may say how can I get more in this glass?
如果杯子里都是你的室友昨天早上剩下没喝完的咖啡 If the glass is filled with your roommates coffee left over from yesterday morning
你可能会想倒掉咖啡 You're probably gonna wanna dump out the glass
想让杯子空一些 And actually get less in the glass
这样你才可以把杯子洗干净 然后再用 So that you can move forward and wash the glass and use it again
所以我想说的是 So I want to suggest
要理解乐观主义和悲观主义 一些传统的方法可能还不足够 That the traditional ways of understanding optimism and pessimism may not be enough
他们倾向于注重对世界的外在的观察 They tend to focus on an external mere observation of the world
我想说的 And I want to suggest
也就是William James的观点 Actually want to follow William James
认为有第三种方法来处理玻璃杯的问题 In suggesting that there may be a third way of approaching a glass
可能这第三种方法能讲得通一些 That may actually make a little more sense
我们来看看一些词源的线索 So let's take a look at some etymological clues
众所周知 As you know
“乐观主义”一词源于拉丁语中的 “optimus” 意思是“最好的” Optimism comes from the Latin optimus meaning best
“悲观主义”一词源于 “pessimus” 意思是“最差劲的” Pessimism pessimus meaning worst
那么在这二种观点之间 And in between these two views
还有“社会向善论” We can talk about Meliorism
“社会向善论”一词源于拉丁语 “melior” 意思是“更好的” Meliorism is a term from Latin melior meaning better
所以乐观主义基本上就是最好的主义 悲观主义是最糟糕的主义 So optimism is basically best ism, pessimism worst ism
社会向善主义的观点认为世界可以变得更好 Meliorism is the view that the world can actually be made better
根据牛津英语词典 According to the Oxford English Dictionary
社会向善论认为 通过人类的努力 It's the doctrine that the world or society may be improved
世界或社会可以变得更好 痛苦也会减轻 And suffering alleviated through rightly directed human effort
William James认为 William James observed that
在乐观主义者看来 拯救世界是不可避免的 For optimists, the salvation of the world is inevitable
但在悲观主义者眼里 拯救世界是不可能的 For pessimists, its no way
是绝对不可能的 Totally impossible
对于社会向善论 James认为 Meliorism, James says
拯救既不是不可避免的也不是完全不可能的 Treats salvation is neither inevitable nor impossible
社会向善论把拯救当做一种可能性 而且这种可能性会变得越来越大 It treats it as a possibility, which becomes more and more of a probability
只要拯救世界的条件越来越多 The more numerous the actual conditions of salvation become
而且James认为这些条件都是取决于我们 And these conditions James argues depend on us
所以我们为改变世界的处境做得的越多 So the more we work to try to change the situation of the world
或者是玻璃杯的案例 再或是我们在具体的经历中任何一种特定的情况下 Or the glass or any particular situation in our concrete experience that we encounter
我们为改变做得越多 The more we work to change that
我们能把世界变得更好的可能性就更大 The more we may be able to help make the world a better place
你们能跟上吗 Okay so far so good
我又开始怀疑我的存在了 I'm starting to doubt my existence again
可以吗 So far so good
很好 谢谢 那我们继续 Beautiful, all right thank you, there we go
那我们继续讲这个 So lets move on then building on this
社会向善论的概念是1877年George Eliot 首次提出的 Notion of Meliorism was actually introduced in 1877 by George Eliot
并且由James 等人继承 Taken up by James and others
我想基于“社会向善论”这一概念 And I'd like to build on this notion of Meliorism
说说我觉得我们可以怎样去发展它 And suggest how we can develop it further
让它成为对我们有用的东西 In ways that I think will be helpful for us
我想说的是社会向善论不仅仅只有一种方式 So I want to suggest that actually Meliorism doesn't just come in one flavor
其实有二种社会向善论 There are actually two kinds of Meliorism
想想刚刚玻璃杯的例子 Think about our example with the glass
之前我们提到了二种可能采取的行动 We mentioned two different actions we might take
如果杯子里是我不喜欢的 If something is in the glass we don't want
我们可以少花一些功夫来减少杯子里的不喜欢的东西 We can get less work to get less of what we don't want in the glass
或者还有一个选择 我们可以主动地去加一些喜欢的到杯子里 Or alternatively we can work to get more what we do want in the glass
我们把这第一种社会向善论 So let's call the first kind of Meliorism
当我们想摆脱杯子里的或者是生活的事时 When we're trying to get rid of something in the glass or in our lives
我们把它叫作缓和型社会向善论 Let's call it Mitigative Meliorism
这种类型主要强调减少我们不想要的 And this Meliorism is focused on getting less of what we don't want
例如你得了阑尾炎 For example, you got appendicitis
摆脱阑尾炎变得异常重要 It's important to focus on getting rid of the appendicitis
那么你会怎么做? So what do you do?
去看医生 看一个外科医生 Go to a doctor go see a surgeon
可能需要做阑尾切除术 Perhaps have an appendectomy
这可以让世界 至少是你的世界 变得更好的重要方式之一 That's a very crucial way of making the world at least your world a better place
我们来对比一下缓和型社会向善论和建设型社会向善论 Let's contrast Mitigative Meliorism then with Constructive Meliorism
后者主要是指得到更多我们想得到的 Which focuses on getting more of what we do want
比如说身体健壮 Let's say for example physical fitness
所以如果你想要身体健壮 So if physical fitness is something that you want
去健身房 吃好睡好就很重要 It's important to go to the gym, eat well, sleep well
从而变得更健壮 And increase that area of your life
我想说的是 这两种方法是不同的 These two approaches I want to suggest are different
如果你想象 有这么一个人 So if you imagine somebody
他得了阑尾炎 同时也想变得健壮 Who has appendicitis and the desire to get physically fit
这时他需要进行两种不同的行为 Those are two different kinds of actions that need to be taken there
如果进行阑尾切除手术 If you get your appendix taken out
这并不能让你自然变得健壮 That doesn't automatically make you physically fit
去健身房锻炼身体也不能自动解决阑尾炎的问题 Go to gym and work out that doesn't automatically take care the appendix problem
是吧 Right?
所以它们是不同的处理方式 So they're different approaches.
但是它们还是有一定的联系 On the other hand, they're related approaches
所以如果你切除了阑尾 So if you have your appendix taken out
你身体恢复了 那么你就能去健身房锻炼身材了 Once you get better then you can go to the gym and get physically fit
还有如果去看外科医生时你身体健壮的话 Also if you're physically fit when you go in for the surgery
做完阑尾切除手术后 你可能恢复得更快 You're likely to get better more quickly to recover more quickly from the appendectomy
好了，缓和型社会向善论和建设型社会向善论 Okay, Mitigative Meliorism, Constructive Meliorism
把世界变得更好的两种不同的方法 Two different approaches to making the world a better place
接下来有一个问题 So here's my next question for you
哪一种更好？ Which is better?
你们觉得哪一种能更有力量更有效地改变世界？ Which do you think would be a more powerful more effective way of working in the world?
作为一名缓和型社会向善主义者 To be a Mitigative Meliorist
你能够通过摆脱一些对我们自身或者别人不好的事物 Where you're able to make the world better by getting rid of
让世界变得更好 Things that aren't good for us are good for others
还是作为一名建设型社会向善主义者 Or to be a Constructive Meliorist
你能够走遍世界 You're able to go around the world
做些事情来增加世界上我们想要的 Doing things that actually increase what we actually want in the world
好了 你们现在应该知道我是一名哲学家了 Okay, so you know by now that I'm a philosopher
哲学家所做的事情就是做思维实验 What the things philosophers do is that they conduct thought experiments
准备好今天和我一起做思维实验了么？ Ready to conduct a thought experiment with me today
很好 很棒 Beautiful, okay great
所以你们要带点娱乐的心态来做这个实验 So you have to be a little bit playful on this one too
我会有点激动 但是希望你们原谅我 I got a little bit carried away, but you'll forgive me I hope
我会有点激动 但是希望你们原谅我 So my question for you is
你会选择哪一种 Which would you choose
这是思维实验 And here's a thought experiment
想象有人联系你 告诉你 Imagine that you have been contacted and have been told
你是一个非常了不起的人类 You are such an amazing human being
你有机会成为超人 You are going to get the chance to become a superhero
超人 你马上会成为一名超人 A superhero, you're gonna get to become a superhero
不过你只有一个选择 You have one choice to make though
你会选择哪一种颜色的斗篷 And that is what color do you want your cape to be
在超人世界斗篷是很重要的 This is a very important thing in the superhero world
所以认真地选 So choose carefully
一方面你可以选择红色斗篷 You can choose on the one hand to have a red cape
红色斗篷意味着你将会成为缓和型社会向善主义的超人 And the red cape means you're going to be a superhero of Mitigative Meliorism
这可能对于电视节目有点难 This can be kind of tough for the TV show
大概我得改改上面的一些措辞 Perhaps I'll have to change the wording on that a little bit
但是基本上你可以得到一件红色斗篷 But basically you are gonna have a red cape
你将能够走遍世界 You're gonna be able to go around
可以阻止世界上一些不应该发生的事情 And put a stop to things that shouldn't be happening in the world
战争 贫穷和饥荒 War, poverty, famine
所有的这些事情 All these kinds of things
不公平 Injustice
你能够阻止这些事情 You're gonna be able to put a stop to these things
这是选项A That's Selection A
或者你可以选择拥有一件绿色的斗篷 Or you can choose to have a green cape
如果你得到了绿色的斗篷 你就会成为建设型社会向善主义者 And if you have a green cape, you get to be a Constructive Meliorism
那意味着你能够走遍世界 That means you get to go around the world
帮助人们获得更多他们想到的 Helping people to get more of what they want
帮助人们增强力量 Helping to grow strengths
帮助人们过上和平安定的生活 Helping people to have peace in their lives
帮助他们拥有爱 关联以及成长 等等 Helping to have love, connection, growth, et cetera
那么问题来了 So here's the question
如果要你们选择 You've got to choose,
你们会选择哪一个？ Which would you choose?
选红色斗篷的请举手 Red cape people raise your hands
有很多人选红色斗篷 Alright, lots of red cape people
选择绿色斗篷的请举手 Green cape people, let me see your hands
好的 大约是一半一半 Alright it's about 50/50.
这个问题很有趣 Very interesting question
但是 好消息在于你们无需选择 Well the good news is we don't have to choose,
所以 谁在乎啊 So who cares right? Very good okay
现在我知道我存在了 你们也存在 I know I exist now and I know you exist
所以谢谢你们 So thank you for that
总之 我们不需要选择 So we don't have to choose and
我想说的是 我们需要一个均衡的改善论 What I want to argue is that we really need to have a balanced meliorism
我认为那应该是我们的目标 I think that's where we should aim to be and
很多情况下 You know most many situations
很多复杂的情况 大概是在一条坐标轴上的 Complex situations probably are on a continuum
这些情况大概同时需要缓和和建设性的方法 They may require both a mitigate approach and a constructive approach
有时 保持这个改善论坐标轴上的 Sometimes it may be important to maintain balance
均衡是很重要的 on this meliorism, a continuum
有可能要向红色斗篷的那边移动 It may be important to shift more toward the red cape side
所以John Dewey认为 So John Dewey argues that when there are
在非法权利的情况下 cases of propaganda, illegitimate power
那些权利在握的人们希望你怎么思考 What do the people in power want you to think
他们希望你觉得一切都很好 They want you to think that everything is going fine
一切都很好 经济在增长 This is great. The economy is surging
一切都没有问题 Everything is
或许这时我们得持怀疑态度 And maybe at that point we need to be skeptics and
我们得说 慢点 We need to say, hold on
我认为不是这样的 I don't think that's right
我们应该看到可能出错的一面 Let's look for things that might be wrong
看到事情的本来面目 And let's see what's really going on
有时候 我们需要向另一方向移动 So sometimes we may need to shift toward,
在思考时 我们也许需要向红色移动 We may need to have a red shift right in our thinking
但是我怀疑 更多时候 More often though I suspect
为了维持平衡 That what we need to have to maintain balance
我们需要朝着绿色的 建设性的改善论移动 Is a green shift, moving toward constructive meliorism
很多时候 好像去发现需要关注 It seems like many times it's just easier to find problems
需要移除的问题会比较容易 to focus on, to try to get rid of
然后就需要抓住可以利用的最佳时机 Then it is to find opportunities to try to take advantage up
所以 我要给你们简要讲一下两个例子 So I wanna just give you briefly examples two examples
一个与政治有关 一个与心理学有关 One from politics and one from psychology
和你们猜的一样 我们会花多一点的时间 We will spend a little more time
在心理学的案例上 As you can guess on the one from psychology
你们有多人听说过建立和平部门这个主张？ How many here have heard the initiative to establish a department of peace
有些同学听说过 Some of you have
很好 Okay great
和平部门是由Dennis Kucinich Walter Cronkite So Department of Peace is Dennis Kucinich Walter Cronkite and
以及其他几个人提出的 Others are on board
他们正在国会两院面前就这个问题进行投票 There are actually bills before both houses of Congress right now
是否成立和平部 To establish a Department of Peace
也就是成立一个内阁级别的和平秘书 The idea is that there will be a cabinet-level secretary of peace
在我们的国家及全世界推行和平 To promote peace in our homes, in our nation, around the world
有多少人想当和平秘书的？ How many would like to be the secretary of peace
这可能是一个有趣的职务 May be an interesting job
你每天醒来后就说 今天 You wake up every day and you say well how we're going to
我们要怎么样让世界拥有更多和平呢 Have more peace in the world today
但是 我们今天有的只是一个国防部 Now what we do have at the moment is a defense department
1948年前 它叫做“战争部” Until 1948 it was called the War Department right
1948年后我们就不这么叫了 So 1948 we went from having a War Department
现在我们成立了国防部 Now we have a Defense Department
那么 在国防部在履行职责时 什么事情会发生呢 And what happens when the defense department does its work
当然有很多好事 Lots of good things happen
但是很多时候 我们只是在往回退 There are also times when it seems like we wind up going backwards
比如反恐战争 Right, so for example in the war on terror
你们是否有注意 在战时状态里 Have you noticed that sometimes in this war
有时候我们越是看起来成功 It seems like the more successful we are
就越不成功 The more unsuccessful we are.
我们越是寻找恐怖分子并且铲除他们 The more we wind up hunting down terrorists and getting rid of them,
就有越多的恐怖分子待我们去发现 The more terrorists there are to be hunted down.
所以我觉得在这种情况下 So sometimes I think in this case
政治就是一个很好的例子 A politics is an example
在我们专注于发现问题并且消灭问题的时候 Sometimes when we focus on trying to identify and eliminate problems,
问题变得更嚣张 Problems propagate
所以设立和平秘书以及和平部门 So wouldn't be interesting on this political view to have a secretary of peace,
这个政治观点是不是很有趣 To have a Department of peace
但这并不意味着 Now this wouldn't mean that we could simply
我们要解散国防部 get rid of the department, the Defense Department
但可能意味着国防部的工作会减少很多 But it might mean that the defense department would have less to do.
我认为，这可能是能让世界更美好 And I think that would be one important step
的重要的一步 Toward making the world a better place
接下来说说心理学 Let's talk about psychology next
你们所了解的主流心理学 And Mainstream psychology as I'm sure you know has
很大程度上是着重于红色斗篷，也就是缓和的改善论 To a large extent focused on the red cape side on mitigated meliorism
我们如何鉴别、治疗、或者看待精神病 How can we identify and cure or at least treat psychopathologies
帮助我们减少我们不想要的东西 Focusing on helping us get less what we don't want
这真的很重要吗？ Is that an important thing?
它能够让世界变得更美好吗？ Is that a great way of helping make the world a better place
答案是肯定的，这很重要 Absolutely. It's very important
但是积极心理学认为 And positive psychology argues there's another side
也就是从不能被忽视的角度出发 That must not be left out of account
也就是我要讲的建设性的角度 This I want to say is the constructive side
它关注的是帮助人们得到我们想要的 It's focusing us on helping to get more of what we do want
因此，从这一角度出发 So from this perspective then let me
让我来介绍一下积极心理学 Shift to a bit of a psychological introduction to positive psychology
记住，我想做的是探索 Keeping in mind that what I'm really wanting to do is to explore the ramifications
缓和改善论与建设性改善论的影响 Of this mitigated verses constructive meliorism approach
或者你们也可以说红披风思维与绿披风思维的影响 Or if you will the red cape versus the green cape thinking
你们当中有多少人 How many of you by the way,
在上 或者已经上过Tal的积极心理学课程了 Are in Tal's course on positive psychology or have taken it already
请举手 好 有很多人已经上过了 Let me see your hands. Okay, great a lot of you have
有多少人会说 How many would say
我没有上过这门课 但是我跟朋友聊过 No I haven't taken a course but I've talked with friends who have
我觉得我对积极心理学很了解 I feel like i know a lot about positive psychology at this point
有没有人觉得 Okay are there any of you who say
我不了解积极心理学 I really don't know a positive psychology is
我根本不知道它讲的是什么 And I don't know what the fuss is all about
有没有这样的人？ 好的 很好 Anybody like that. Okay great, good okay
上过这门课的同学当做是回顾 So for some of you and I'll talk about will be review
对于其他人而言 你们可以把这看作 For others of you, maybe it will be on an invitation
邀请你们多了解关于积极心理学的内容 To learn a little bit more about positive psychology
积极心理学是由Martin Seligman在1998年率先提出的 Positive psychology was spearheaded by Martin Seligman in 1998
当时 他任美国心理学协会主席 When he was president of the American psychological association
那年 在他对美国心理学协会的演讲当中 In his address to the for the APA that year
他认为心理学还不成熟 He argued that psychology is basically half-baked
心理学在关注与鉴别、质量病理学方面 That it's done a great job of focusing on the identification
有了很大的进步 And treatment of psychopathology
但是在认清与培养能力这个方面 And not such a great job at all
心理学还有很大的进步空间 On the identification and cultivation of strength
自此之后，全球数百位研究者 Since that time hundreds of researchers around the world
开始与积极心理学挂钩 Have either aligned themselves in some way with positive psychology
或者在他们的研究项目中更多地利用积极心理学方法 Or begun shifting their research programs over toward a more positive psychology approach
关于积极心理学的文学作品开始涌现 There is a burgeoning literature on this
还有相关的国际研究会 There are international conferences
从事积极心理学的缺点之一就在于 One of the downside to being in positive psychology is
你有时候得参加这类国际会议 That you sometimes have to attend these international conferences
两三年前，我到意大利参加会议 So a couple of years ago I actually had to go to Italy for one
今年夏天，我又要去葡萄牙 This summer I have to go to Portugal
所以，如果你们要从事积极心理学 So keep that in mind if you're thinking about
这一点你们要记住 Being involved in positive psychology
你们也知道，教育 You may also know that education now
不仅只有研究，积极心理学方面的教育也在进步 Not just research but also education in positive psychology is advancing
事实上，哈佛大学这学期最大的课程 In fact you may know that the largest course at Harvard this term
就是积极心理学 Is on positive psychology
从Tal的介绍你们知道 You also now know at least from Tal's introduction
今年会有积极心理学硕士项目 这是有史以来第一个 That there is a master's program, the first degree program ever
积极心理学的硕士学位 Are now being offered in positive psychology
今年是积极心理学硕士项目的第一年 This is the first year the program
是在宾州大学 It's offered at the University of Pennsylvania where Martin Seligman
Martin Seligman长期在宾大任心理学教授 Has long been professor psychology
该学位是为期一年的全日制学位 And the degree is a one-year full time degree
是一个专业学位 It's a professional degree
因此，该学位招收已经拥有专业证书 So the idea is to welcome persons who have their professional credentials
从事律师、教师 Are working as lawyers or teachers
医生、商人、生活教练等职业的人士 Or physicians, business people, life executive coaches and so forth
帮助他们学习更多的积极心理学理论和应用 To help them learn more about the theory and application of positive psychology
在他们返回职场 So that they can go back to their careers
回到工作中的时候 Back to their professions
让他们能够放大绿披风思维 并且运用到他们各自的领域 And help to augment the green cape thinking in those domains
再说一遍 这是一年制的项目 It's again as I mention it's a one year program
该学位不仅招收那些已经拥有专业证书的人 It's also though for not just for people who already have their credentials
也欢迎那些希望在得到专业证书之前 It's also for people who want to immerse themselves in positive psychology
了解积极心理学研究的人 Before they go on to get their professional credentials
所以，我们大约有三分之一的学生是刚毕业的本科学生 So about a third of our students are recent college grads
他们在继续深造、应用积极心理学之前加入了这个项目 Who are in the program before they want to go on and apply this
这个项目的另一特点是 One other thing about the program is we offer it on
我们提供混合的应用教学模式 A hybrid executive education model
也就是不论是哪里的学生 Which means that students come in from where they're living to Penn.
他们只需每个月有2-3天时间待在宾州 About once a month for two or three days
参与面对面的在校课程 Intense face to face on-site classes
在中间阶段我们有远程教学 And then we have a distance learning modules in the intervening periods
这样就允许这些专业人士继续住在本来的地方 So this allows professionals to continue to live where they were living
继续全职工作 Continued to work full time with what they're doing
并且将他们所学运用到现有的职位当中 And apply what they're learning in their current positions
而且时不时地到宾州来 While still coming to Penn.
我们也有学生每个月往返于宾州与佛罗里达 旧金山之间 We've got students come in every month from Florida from California
还有两名学生在欧洲和美国之间往返 We've had two students who commute in from Europe
路途遥远 但他们确实这样做了 At the bit of a commute but they do that
有两名亚洲学生甚至搬到宾州来 Our two Asian students actually moved to Philadelphia
因为每个月从马来西亚飞到宾州确实有点远 Cuz I guess flying in from Malaysia every month might be a little far
你们下次在哈佛校园漫步时 To keep in mind that commute when you're
不要忘记这些路途遥远的学生 Walking across a Harvard yard next time
如果你们对这个项目感兴趣，我们可以 If you're interested in in this program, we'll talk more about that
在明天Tal的积极心理学课上做一个简短的演讲 Tomorrow in positive psychology, Tal's positive psychology class
给你们提供更多信息 Will be giving a brief presentation
直截了当地介绍这个项目 More directly focused on that on that program
现在继续介绍积极心理学 So continuing with an introduction to positive psychology
Seligman写了一本书，叫《真实的幸福》 Seligman has written a book Authentic Happiness
在这书中他写道，通往幸福之路有三条 In which he argues that there are three different pathways to happiness
第一条是愉快的生活 And the first pathway is the pleasant life
愉快的生活注重积极主观的体验 The pleasant life focuses on positive subjective experience
也就是你内心的真实相法 What is it like to be you on the inside
在这一领域做出的著名研究有 And one of the significant areas of research in this domain
Bob Frederickson Is being conducted by Bob Frederickson
Freduckson认为 And Freduckson argues that
我们对于情绪的认知可能并不准确 our typical understanding of emotions may not be accurate,
我们一般认为积极情绪是从努力工作 Don't we typically think of positive emotions as being effects of hard work,
或是成功中获得的 Or effects of success,
是锦上添花的事情 Sort of like the tail on the dog or the icing on the cake,
如果你努力工作 取得了成功 If you work really hard and you succeed
你会感觉良好 Then you feel good about something,
Freduckson提出 而且她的研究也支持这一观点： And Freduckson is suggesting and her research supports the notion that
积极情绪实际上也有可能是原因 Positive emotions actually may be causal,
而不仅是成功的人生的结果 Not just effects of success of life flourishing,
积极情绪也有可能是人生走向成功的重要原因 But they may be important as causes for life flourishing,
她提出了所谓的拓展与构建模型 She has what she calls the broaden -and-build model,
我来简单地解释一下她的模型 Just a brief illustration of what she means by this,
想象一下你在一家餐厅 Imagine that you're in the cafeteria,
你准备去餐厅吃午饭 You are going to cafeteria to have lunch,
餐厅里有一些桌子 And there are tables,
有一半的桌子已经有人占用了 There are about half the tables have people sitting at them,
这些人你都不认识 People you don't know,
另外一半的桌子是空的 The other half of the tables are empty,
你走进了这家餐厅，而你今天心情不怎么好 Let's say you walk in the cafeteria and today you are not doing well,
你都不记得你上次心情好的时候是什么时候的事了 You can't remember the last time you had a positive emotion, right?
当你走进这家餐厅 你更愿意坐在哪里 You walk in what are you, where are you more likely to sit?
和陌生人一起坐还是一个人单独坐 With strangers or by yourself?
一个人单独坐，是吧？是我也会这么选择 By yourself, right? That's what I would do too, right?
然后你吃完就离开了餐厅 And so you stew and then you leave,
那么如果你今天感觉非常棒呢 And what happens though if this is a really nice day,
你的心情如蓝天般明媚， You're feeling about the way the blue sky looks
所有事情都很顺利 and things are looking up for you,
你高兴地走进了这家餐厅，你这时会坐在哪里 You are excited and you walk in and where would you sit then,
你可能会和这些你并不认识的人坐在一起 You might sit with some people you don't know, right?
你会介绍你自己 和他们说话 Introduce yourself talk with them,
你可能会发现， You might find out that
你刚认识的这人其实是电脑专家 the person you meet is actually an expert in computers,
你可能会问他们是做什么的等等 You would ask about what they do and ect. Ect
最后离开 And you go your way,
如此一来 当你走进这家餐厅的时候 So as you've gone into the cafeteria,
你的注意力变得开阔 Your attention has been broad
你开始扩大交际圈 You begun to expand your social circle
可能过一个星期 你的电脑出问题了 And so next week you may find you have computer problems,
你可能会想起那天你遇见的那个人 And you may remember the person that you met,
你们在餐厅的时候认识了 You networked with in the cafeteria,
当时你心情很好。于是你可能会打电话给那个人 When you're feeling good. You may call that person,
你可能会得到帮助 或者相反 And potentially get some help or the other way around
你可能会在他们遇到问题时给予他们帮助 You may be able to help that person of something they're working on.
Freduckson 认为 即使积极情绪只持续5分钟 So positive emotions even if they only last for five minutes, Freduckson argues,
它同样能帮助我们开拓视角 Can help us to broaden our perspective,
展开我们的注意力 构建我们的资源 Broaden our attention and build our resources,
构建我们的社交资源， Build our social resources,
我们的心理资源， our psychological resources,
我们的智力资源 our intellectual resources.
积极情绪并不仅仅是关于你现在拥有好的心情 Now positive emotions aren't just about you know feeling good
也不仅是指随时随地热舞一番 尽情欢乐 Right now in the moment, kicking up your heels enjoy dancing a jig.
实际上人们对积极心理学最容易产生的误解是 In fact, one easy way of misunderstanding positive psychology is
将积极心理学与金色大笑脸划等号 To equate positive psychology with a big gold smiley face, right?
每次媒体谈论积极心理学的时候 So Martin Seligman is not necessarily pleased when it seems like
他们都会放一个笑脸在那 Everytime positive psychology is discussed in the press,
Martin Seligman大概会对此感到失望 They've got to put a smiley face there,
那就是造成对积极心理学产生误解的重要原因 That's a great way of misunderstanding a positive psychology is about.
是的，心情好很重要是 Yes, it's important to feel good,
的，有时候跳舞很重要， Yes, it's important at times to dance Jigs I suppose
如果你擅长跳舞的话 if you're a good dancer,
如果你跳得不好，也可以尽情享受 And if not, enjoy that.
记住积极情绪还包括传递， And it's also important to remember that
这同样非常重要 positive emotions can be about the pass
例如,感激和原谅 For example, gratitude and forgiveness,
这些情绪并不因为愉快而兴起 These may not be leaping for joy kinds of emotions
但是他们可以让人专注当下，赏味当下 They can be about the present mindfulness, savoring,
活在当下而且享受美好的一天 Being present and really enjoying a beautiful day
比如春天里 百花盛开的今天 like today where the springtime flowers.
比如说 积极情绪可以是关于未来， Positive emotions can be about the future,
希望和乐观的 hope and optimism for example,
享受美好生活是一种让我们的生活更加快乐的途径 So the pleasant life, one path way toward making our lives happier.
第二种途径就是充实的生活 A second possibility is the engaged life
这种生活注重积极的个性特征 And this life has to do with focusing on positive individual traits
我知道Tal向你们提及过 I know that Tal has mentioned to you,
你们在这学期对于领导能力的学习 That leadership as you are thinking about this semester
很多是关于个性的发展 Has a lot to do with character develop, right?
领导者的培养 The development of the leader,
个性的培养 Of the character of the leader,
所以这就是充实的生活范畴 So this realm, the engaged life
我认为这一概念对于这门课程尤为适当 I think is particularly apropos for this course,
还有你们现在所学习的积极个人特征 And what you're doing here, positive individual traits
以及性格优点 Positive character traits as well
你们当中有多少人知道 So how many of you have known about
美国精神病协会诊断和统计学手册，又名DSM， the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, the DSM?
所有精神障碍病症的官方名录，医生们可以用依照它来诊断精神类疾病 Okay great, so here's an intervention for you,
DSM诊断与统计手册 I would suggest if any of you one day find yourself feeling too happy,
好的，非常好，我有一个提议 Go and get a copy of the DSM and just start leafing through it,
如果你们某天发现自己状态实在太好了 And reading all the ways in which
去复印一份诊断与统计学手册然后浏览 the human mind can horribly mess-up, right?
完整地读一遍关于 That'll help to moderate your mood,
人类的大脑能变得混乱的所有方式 Positive psychologists look at the diagnostic and statistical manual,
这可以帮助你平缓情绪 And this is, of course, a very important part of the red cape,
积极心理学家对诊断与统计手册上的内容进行研究 mitigative psychology,
这当然也是“红披肩”, Treating and curing psychopathology,
也就是缓和心理学的重要部分 But they looked at the DSM,
也是治疗和治愈精神病理学的重要部分 Where's the good news, where is the strength?
但是积极心理学家看着DSM Where is the things that we want to cultivate,
他们想问 好事和力量都去哪了 And so positive psychologists, Seligman, and Chris Petersen
我们希望去培养的那些东西呢 Is actually the researcher who has taken the lead on this
积极心理学家Seligman和Chris Peterson Have published a complementary list to the DSM
实际上是这个领域上研究的领头羊 It's called the values in action,
他们针对DSM出版了一套补充列表 classification of strengths and virtues or the VIA,
它被命名为行动价值观: And what they did is they took a literature review,
品质与美德的分类 简称“VIA” Or maybe it would be better to call it a cultural review,
他们所做的是 对DSM进行文献综述 Looking at various cultures across time across place,
或称之为文化论述可能会更加恰当 Not just Western, Eastern, Ancient, Contemporary.
对不同的文化跨时空地进行思考 And to try to find what virtues and what character strengths,
不仅仅限于西方的，东方的，古代的，现代的 Seem to be ubiquitously valued,
去发现什么样的美德，什么样的性格品质 seem to be pervasively valued across these various cultural domains,
在这些不同的文化领域 And what they've come up with is a list here,
看似是具有普遍价值的 Is the VIA classification character strengths,
他们所得出的结论如列表所示 And you'll see that the orange items there,
也就是行为价值观: 性格品质的分类 Wisdom, Courage, Love, Justice, Temperance and Transcendence,
你们所看到的橙色字体 They understand these as being that they call these the virtues,
智慧，勇气，博爱，正义，温和，卓越 And then under these virtues there are various strength,
他们将这些词语理解为，称之为美德 Various ways of instantiating that virtue,
他们又把这些美德展开为不同的品质 So if you look under courage for example,
各种不同的形容方式来例化这种美德 The classical example of courage is what?
比如说，在勇气的下面 你可以看到 It's bravery, on the battlefield
勇气的典型例子是什么? and that certainly is important example of courage,
勇敢，在战场上的英勇 But there are other ways being courageous as well.
当然是彰显勇气的重要例子了 If you have authenticity at a difficult time,
但也还有一些其他的方式来表现勇气 Stand up for what you truly believe in,
如果你在艰难时期仍然保持真实 It may not be fighting on the battlefield
仍坚持你的信仰 but it takes a lot of courage,
或许你并没有驰骋沙场， Furthermore, the hypothesis is that
但是这也需要很大的勇气 On these strengths there are certain ones,
另外一种研究假设 That you may be just naturally good at,
对于这些品质，在某些方面 And these would be your signature strengths,
你可能天生就具有 So for example one of the strengths there under love is kindness,
这就是你的标志性品质 How many of you know somebody who is just really kind?
举个例子，善良是彰显博爱的品质之一 They are just really kind,
你们多少人有认识一些特别善良的人？ I hope all of us know at least one person like that
他们就是特别地善良， And what happens when this person is taken advantage of,
我希望我们最起码都认识一位那样的人 What will they do?
当他们被人利用了，他们会怎么样？ They keep being kind right?
他们会怎么做? You say to them look, you being taken advantage of,
他们还是会善待他人，是么？ And they say well, you know,
你告诉他们说，你看，你被人利用了 And they keep being kind,
他们会说，好吧 Because it's something that's just sort of right there
之后他们还是会与人为善 and a part of them,
因为他们天生就是这么善良， It's a signature strength,
他就是这样的一个人 If you look under temperance,
这就是标志性品质 another one of the strengths is humility.
如果往温和的下面看， Is anybody here who has the strength of humility?
彰显温和的品质之一是谦卑 Trick question, very good nobody failed it,
在座的是否有人具备这种谦卑的品质？ Excellent, okay, well,
这是个陷阱，非常好，没人答错 One of my top strengths is not humor as you have known
很好，好吧 So I move right along.
正如你们了解的一样 幽默并不是我的长处之一 The hypothesis is also that
所以我还是放弃吧 if we identify what our signature strengths are
另外一种研究假设是 what we're naturally good at,
如果我们发现自身的个性品质 And we do those more in our lives,
我们天生就具备的 we may experience more flow,
在生活中更多地去表现这些品质， You guys have heard of flow, my checks on the highs work,
我们就会得到更多的流畅感 Investigating what happens in those moments
你们听说过它吧 如果我的调查没错的话 when we were completely immersed in an activity,
当我们完全沉浸于一项活动当中， For some others that may be playing a sport,
这时会发生什么？ We just completely immersed in, trying to figure out
对于一些人来可以是体育运动 How to work with the team to get the ball down the field,
我们会完全沉浸于其中 试图想出 For some of you it may be in music as you're performing,
如何团队协作才能向前传球 For others it may be in theater
对于你们有些人来说可以是音乐，当你们在演奏的时候 or maybe is your writing a paper,
对于其他的一些人来说可能是电影 You just kinda get lost in it and time stops,
或者是写论文的时候 And you totally immersed what's going on, totally focused,
你就像是沉迷进去了，时间都停止了 And so the hypothesis is that if we identify what, for kind people,
你完全沉醉于所进行的事情中，注意力完全放在上面了 When they're being kind they may tend to go into a flow state.
因此假设研究表明如果我们发现，对于善良的人来说 Okay so we've talked about the pleasant life,
当他们善良的时候 他们会更容易感受到流畅 the engaged life,
好的，我们已经说过了快乐的人生， Now the meaningful life,
充实的人生 The meaningful life is about positive institutions,
现在来讲有意义的人生 Things like, things like democracy and those kinds of institutions,
有意义的人生是与积极的制度有关的 Also institutions as in organizations,
比如说民主，以及类似的制度 This is using your signature strengths in the service of something
也包括那些在组织中的制度 Larger than yourself,
这种制度是运用你的个性品质来造福 Like your community, your school, church, nation or the world.
大于你个人的事物 Is it possible to increase our levels of happiness in these various lives.
比如说你的团体，你的学校，教派，国家或者世界 By the way Seligman doesn't want to set up a hierarchy
在这些不同的人生类型中我们能提高幸福指数吗？ Between the pleasant life, the engage like and meaningful life,
另外Seligman不想在 But argues that they're each important in their own right,
快乐的人生，充实的人生和有意义的人生之间设定等级 And that best of all is to have the full life,
反而他认为它们本身就很重要 Which is composed of all three.
而最理想的是拥有 Is it possible to cultivate more happiness?
这三种人生组成的完整人生 If so how might we do it?
我们可以创造出更多的快乐吗？ I'll just give you a couple different examples quickly,
如果可以 我们应该怎么做 In the interest of time,
我来给你们一些不同的简单例子 3 blessings exercise,
为了节约时间 This is a very complicated exercise,
3个感恩练习 So please take notes carefully,
这是一个非常复杂的练习 When you at night before you go to bed,
所以请认真做好笔记 Write down three good things that happened and why,
当你在晚上睡觉之前 Do that for a week, that's the three blessings exercise,
写下今天发生的三件令你快乐的事情以及理由 What's interesting is that oftentimes if you are like me,
连续这样做一个星期，这就是3个感恩练习 You are getting ready to go to bed what do you think about?
有趣的是，通常，如果你和我一样 Three things that didn't go well and why,
当你准备上床睡觉的时候，你会想些什么？ Actually more like 30 things didn't go well,
我通常会想到三件不愉快的事情以及原因 Need to be done yet what and why didn't I get them done today,
实际上更有可能是30件不顺利的事情 Etcetera
还有一些尚未完成的事情，以及我今天为什么没做完 3 blessings exercise actually quite simple, gratitude visit,
等等一些 Think of somebody who has been a mentor to you,
3个感恩练习其实很简单 Who has been kind to you,
想想谁曾经一直像导师一样教诲你 Who has helped you in some way,
谁一直对你非常地好 And you've never actually adequately thank that person,
谁曾经帮助过你 So you write a letter
而你却从未真正地充分感谢过那个人 not just dashing off two lines email message,
你可以写一份信， But you really take time to write a letter and polish it
不要只是三行两语敷衍的电子邮件 And you call up that person and ideally meet with them face to face
你真的花时间去写，花时间润色的那种 Are you available next Tuesday for lunch. Meet for lunch
然后你给那个人打电话，或者最好是面对面地问： You read that person the letter as a way of expressing to them specifically
下周二有时间一起去吃午饭吗？于是你们见面吃饭 Concrete detail
这时你把你写的信读给对方听，详细告诉他们 What they've done for you and how that how that has helped you
具体的细节 If you try this exercise I recommend taking Kleenex is a longer sometimes
他们为你做了些什么，那是如何帮到了你 It can be quite a moving experience
要是你尝试这种做法的话，我建议你带些纸巾 Identifying your signature strengths and
这可能会让你感动到哭 Using them in a new way is another way, of course
找出你的标志性能力 Attempting to increase engagement in engaged life
并且用新的方式去利用它，当然 To these work one of the things that positive psychology emphasizes
也是让你更加投入的另一种方法 Is it's an empirical science so we want to study to see
对于这些，积极心理学强调的一点是 What positive interventions work and which ones don't
这是一种经验主义的科学。因此，我们想要通过研究 So here's just a brief sample of some data collected
来了解哪些积极干预是有效的，哪些是无效的 By Seligman et al. And published last summer in American Psychologist
这里是通过Seligman等收集到的数据做出的一份简短样本 You see here a study where there is a placebo,
去年夏天被发表在《美国心理学家》这本杂志上 Control of "thinking about a childhood memory"
在这份研究里 有安慰剂组 And by the way these participants were gathered from the web
控制变量是“想想有关你童年的回忆” You go to one of Seligman's web sites
顺便提一下，这些数据来源于网上参与者 Are you interested in helping to test out certain positive interventions, yes or no
你进入Seligman的一个网站 Yes then you are randomly assigned to one of these conditions
被询问你是否对参与测试一些积极干预感兴趣 是或者否 So memory every day for a week, think about your childhood memories
回答“是”，你就会被随机分配到其中的一种情况中 So you can see that on the Steen happiness index is a measure of people's happiness
比如说记忆，在一周中每天都回忆一下你的童年记忆 There is no change or from pre to post one week, one month, six months out
你会看到，Steen幸福指数是检测人们幸福程度的一个指标 3 blessings exercise pre/post one week, no change but one month
一周前，一周后，一个月，六个月后，指数都没有变化 And six months out, people were significantly happier
在连续一周每天三个祝福练习后，幸福指数还没有变化 Than the folks who are doing the placebo control. Gratitude
但一个月后以及六个月后，人们明显变得更开心了 Post, look at this jump, immediately afterward. There is this great jump in how people
比那些用安慰剂的人们开心多了。感激 The happiest people felt, it lasted for a week and a month
之后，看看这个飞跃，人们的幸福感得到了巨大的提升 And then after six months people were basically back to their baseline.
而且他们的幸福感维持了一周、一个月 Strength, identify your strength, signature strengths
只是在过了六个月以后，幸福指数又回到了基本水平 And use them in a new way every day for a week
优势，找到你的标示性优势 And notice that there's a bit of a lag time
并且在一周内每天都用到他们 but after 1 week one month six months out
并且注意 虽然在时间上有一点滞后性 The happiness continues to be there.
但是在一周、一个月、六个月之后 So it's interesting to see that different positive interventions
幸福感还是没有消退。 Have different effects. And of course, this is the beginning of this kind of research.
因此，很有趣的是 我们发现不同的积极干预 We need to have an awful lot more of it
有不同的效果。当然，这只是此类研究的开始 So positive psychology and leadership,
我们还需要大量这样的研究 how does this apply to what you're doing
那么，回到积极心理学和领导力 I'm just gonna mention a couple very brief things in the interest of time
怎么将这些运用到你所做的事情中呢？ But if we think about, if you think about leadership as
由于时间关系，我只简单提几件 Again I mention that Tal has been talking with you about in terms of self-development
但当我们想到领导力时， Positive psychology I think can be very helpful for leaders in their own
正如Tal经常提到的自我发展一样 Processes of self-development to cultivate
我认为积极心理学对领导者是十分有帮助的 Subjective well-being, their strengths and meaning and purpose
它在领导者的自身发展中 Leaders can also be helpful in helping others
在培养其主观健康、优势、意义以及目的方面很有帮助 To cultivate those things.
领导者们也能帮助到他人 So other individuals or other persons in the organizations within which they're working
帮助他们培养上面所说的那些方面， I once had a student
这样，其他人或者是组织中的其他成员也能获益 Whose leadership style you may be able to identify with
我曾教过一个学生 He was a student who happened to have been very successful and so his leadership
他的领导风格你们可能会认同 His leadership authority basically came from the fact
他恰好是一个十分成功的学生， That he was the best at what he did
因此，他的领导力的威信基本来源于一个事实 so among his peers, he's the best
那就是他是最优秀的 Right and this kind of leadership style you might think of it in terms of sports teams
在同辈中，他是最优秀的一个 Usually the sports captain is the person who is the most valuable player
而这种领导风格，你们在体育团队里会见到 Right? So he was the best at what he did
通常，体育队里的队长就是最有价值球员 So that meant he was the leader.
对吧？也就是说他是自己领域里最好的 This is a tough leadership style because that
这就意味着他将成为团队的领导者。 Means that you have to believe that if there's anything
这是一种很难的领导风格。 That needs to be done, well, you're the one who has to do it
因为这意味着你必须相信，如果有什么 And he was kind of running himself ragged
要完成的事的话，只能由你去完成 So when he took a positive psychology course that I taught, over the course of the semester
因此他把自己累坏了 He began to see that there may be other ways of thinking about leadership
当他上了我教的积极心理学课程之后，从那个学期 Not just so much I'm a leader because I'm the best but rather
他开始发现 关于领导力 还有其他的思维方式 I'm the leader because I can help other people
不仅仅是说，我是领导者 因为我是最优秀的 see what's best in them
而应该是，我是领导者 因为我能帮助其他人 And imagine now, a leader of an organization where the focus is
看见他们身上的闪光点 Helping everyone to find their strengths and
想象一下，作为一个组织的领导者 这个组织的重心在 To be able to use them more along the way every day
帮助每个人发现自己的长处 So now I have a question for you: we've talked about this
并在平时生活中更加充分地发挥这些长处 Red cape versus green cape thinking and I want you to just take
那么现在，我想问你们一个问题：我们已经讨论过了 About a minute, just to begin to think about green cape thinking
红色披风与绿色披风这两种思维方式，我想让你们 Think about your particular career path
花大约一分钟 开始思考下绿色披风的思维方式 What is your intended career? Is it laws? Is it medicine? Education?
思考一下你们自己的个人职业规划 How can you apply positive psychology perspectives in your career?
你想从事的事业是什么？是法律，医学，还是教育？ How can you apply green cape thinking in your career?
你要如何将积极心理学的视角运用到自己的事业中去呢？ More broadly, how can you use constructive meliorism
你要如何将绿色披风的思维方式运用到自己的事业中去？ or green cape thinking
更广泛的是 你要如何运用建设性社会向善主义 To transform your profession?
或者说绿色披风思维方式 I encourage you to think about these questions
来提升自己的职业生涯？ later on in the day when you have more time
我鼓励你们，有时间的话 These are questions that our students in the Master of Applied Positive Psychology program
在今天迟些时候思考下这些问题 Are thinking about and I just wanna just
这些问题是攻读积极心理学硕士学位的学生们 Very briefly tell you about some of their work as we finish up here
正在思考的问题。而我只想 So education
在结束之前 简短地跟你们说一下他们的工作 How many of you are considering a career in education, let me see your hands
那么，教育 Ok. Great! John Yeager has a Doctor of Education degree.
你们中有多少人以后想从事教育的，请举手 He's one of our students.
好的。John Yeager有教育专业的博士学位 He's the director of character excellence at the Culver Academies
他是我们的一名学生 He's been working on developing character education programs
他是Culver Academies的杰出个性部门的主管 That's one of the core missions of the Culver Academies.
他一直在从事开发个性教育的项目 By the way, is anybody here from Culver, happen to be
那一直是我们在Culver Academies.的核心任务 I know that some of their students come to Harvard.
顺便一提，这里有谁刚好是从Culver来的吗？ I knew that somebody might be in this class
我知道Culver的有些学生会到哈佛来 So how can we develop, how can we use positive psychology
我知道大概有学生就在这个班里 as a means of character education, character development.
那么我们该如何运用积极心理学 Typically, character development programs have been in the past sort of here's the character.
从而将其作为一种性格教育和发展的手段 Here's the virtue of the week and memorize it
通常，性格开发项目在过去似乎是，这是性格分析 and put it into a good effect in your life.
这是这一周的要点，把这些记下来 John is excited because
然后将其有效地运用到你的生活中去 Positive psychology is strength-based approach to character development
John很兴奋，因为 Allows him to work with the students to find out what their strengths are
积极心理学是基于优点的性格开发方式 To help enable them learn more about themselves
让他有机会和同学们一起发现他们的优势所在 And to have an asset-based approach
帮助学生更多地了解自己 Positive psychology I think can also be incredibly important for education at the college level
拥有一种基于优势资本的思考方式 Thinking about philosophy, we've talked about constructed meliorism
积极心理学，我认为对大学层次的教育也有惊人的重要作用 Literature, history, religious studies
我们想到哲学，谈到建设性社会向善论 What would happen if we thought about
想到文学、历史、宗教研究 These various disciplines from a constructive militarism perspective
如果我们从建设性社会向善论的角度出发去思考这些学科的话 Business, how many of you thinking about a business career
又会发生什么呢？ Great！Giselle Nicholson is somebody was a recent graduate
商业，你们中有多少人以后想从商？ She's actually here today
好极了！Giselle Nicholson是一名刚毕业的毕业生 And she is a full-time MAP student.
实际上，今天她也在现场 She's very much interested in micro-finance, you guys have heard of micro-finance?
她是一名全日制MAP的学生 Right. Some folks in the developing world, poor labors in the developing world
她对微观金融学很感兴趣 你们应该听说过微观金融学吧？ Have then thought of as very poor credit risks. They have no collateral
是的。发展中国家的一些民众，发展中国家贫穷的劳动力 They can't pay high interest rate.
他们被认为信用度很低。他们没有可以抵押的东西 But what happens if you actually give them micro-credit
他们付不起高额的利息 You actually loan them a hundred dollars that they can
但当他们有了小额信贷后，会发生什么呢？ Build their own business, build their own company
你借给他们一百美元之后，于是他们可以 Have their own autonomy that they create
建立自己的小企业，开自己的公司 Turns out that this is an incredibly successful field-burgeoning a field at this point
有自己的可以创造财富的自主性 What happens to those folks psychologically though
结果证明这是一个十分成功的正在发展中的领域 We may think that economic success automatically means psychological success
这对那些民众的心理会产生什么影响呢？ But that's not necessarily the case
尽管我们可能会想，经济学上的成功自然也是心理学上的成功 You may know that in the United States, over the last 50 years,
然而事实并非如此 We've had increasing economic success
你们可能知道，在美国过去五十年里 But our life satisfaction has remained basically flat
我们曾经有过经济飞速增长的成功 So Giselle was interested in studying
但我们的生活满意度基本上没有变化 What happened psychologically in these cases of micro-finance
所以Giselle感兴趣的是研究 You've talked about appreciative inquiry
在这些微观金融学的案例中，人们的心理层面上发生了什么呢 You've done something about the Gallup organization as well.
你们曾讨论过增值询问 Law, anybody here think you're going into law?
也研究过Gallup集团 Great
法律，这里有想以后从事法律的吗？ Dave Sharon is one of our students.
很好 He's the executive director
Dave Sharon 是我们的一个学生 of the Tennessee Commission of Continuing Legal Education and Specialization
他是田纳西法律教育 And what he finds is that law school is depressing.
及专攻委员会的执行总裁 And in fact studies indicate that law schools are depressing.
他发现法学院让人抑郁 Students start out basically like everybody else
事实上，研究表明 法律学校的确让人抑郁 After a year or two
学生开始的时候和大家都一样 After just a year actually, they tend to have lower subjective well-being scores
但在里面待了一两年以后 They tend to have lower life satisfaction scores
只要一年，他们的主观健康指数就会下降 And they're more, have higher anxiety and so forth
而且生活满意度也会变低 Sharon is interested in trying to see how we can use green cape thinking
他们会变得更加不安焦躁等等 Not only at the level of law school but also at the level of practicing lawyers as well.
Sharon对如何运用绿色披风思维方式很感兴趣 Medicine. Anybody here going into medicine?
不只是在法律学校的层面上，还包括在律师实践方面 Excellent. Peter Minage is one of our students.
医学，这里有谁想从医的吗？ He is the founder of the center for clinician leadership
很好。Peter Minage是我们的一个学生 And he's working on using green cape thinking training
他创建了临床医生领导中心 Physicians to be leaders so that they can go into hospitals
他正在研究如何用绿色披风思维来训练 And not just get a sense of helplessness because the HMO is being sort of in control
外科医生成为领导者，这样他们就能够在医院里 But how can we use positive psychology,
不会仅仅因为HMO的控制而感到无力 How can we use the kind of leadership skills you're learning here to train physicians
还要研究如何运用积极心理学 Okay just before I make my last point, just want you to know about
如何运用我们在这里学的领导力技能来培训医师 Some more information if you're interested in an introduction of positive psychology
在我说最后一点之前，我想让你们知道的是 I recommend Seligman's book
如果你想了解更多信息，如果你想对积极心理学有兴趣的话 Here's how you can find more information about the positive psychology center
我向你们推荐Seligman的书 If you wanna take your signature strengths survey
这是关于如何找到更多有关积极心理学中心的信息 If you wanna find out more about the Applied Positive Psychology program
如果你想要参与有关标志优势的调查的话 I will be, as as Tal mentioned, will be available.
如果你们想了解更多应用积极心理学的项目的话 And the associate director, Debbie Swick
正如Tal 提到的那样 我会在这里。我是 Debbie is the associate director of Education of the Positive Psychology Center
而且副主管，Debbie Swick 也在这里 And will be available at William James Hall this afternoon
她是积极心理学教育中心的副主管 Also there are some MAP students here, some students from the program
而且她今天下午会在William James Hall If you want to understand, you want to get a student's perspective
还有一些MAP的学生在这 Will those students please stand quickly?
如果你想听听学生的看法的话 These are students from the MAP program.
可以请你们站起来一下吗 If you'd like to talk with them, feel free to said to do so
他们就是MAP项目的学生 Finally, if you want if you'd like to email us with any questions about this
如果你想和他们聊聊的话，请随意 Or you wanna tell me I actually don't exist that we find you
最后，如果你想通过邮件向我们提任何相关的问题 Can email me here
或者说你想告诉我 我实际上并不存在的话 Final piece of advice for you as you're leaving
请通过屏幕上的方式给我发送邮件 Remember as you go out from Harvard to be leaders in your various domains
在你们走之前 给你们的最后一条建议: Remember William James, remember that your job isn't just to make the decision
记住，当你从哈佛走出去成为各个领域的领导者时 The judgment whether life is great, optimistic or pessimistic
记住William James, 记住你们的工作不只是做决定 But it's your job to help make the world better
不只是评判人生是否美好，是乐观的还是悲观的 And you can do this not just by getting rid of things that you don't want
你们的任务还包括如何让世界变得更美好 But by getting things, helping us to find more things that we do want
你能做到这些 不仅因为你能消灭那些你不想要的 In short, remember your green cape.
还因为你能帮助大家得到我们需要的 Thank you very much!
总之，请你记住：你有绿色披风
谢谢大家