主持人:罗伯托·昂格教授 Host: Professor Roberto Unger
是哈佛大学法学院的 is the Roscoe Pound Professor of Law
罗斯科·庞德法学教授 at Harvard Law School
他同时也是一位哲学家 He is also a philosopher
以及社会学与法学理论家 and a social and legal theorist
他为本科生们开授若干课程 He teaches several courses open to undergraduates
包括 政府1092 渐进替代品 including Government 1092. Progressive Alternatives
他的著作跨越多个学科 His work spans many disciplines
旨在寻找用以确立有关社会 and emphasizes the search for alternatives
以及人类本性思考方式的 to establish ways of thinking
各种替代方案 about society and human nature
让我们一同欢迎罗伯托·昂格教授 Please join us in welcoming Professor Roberto Unger
昂格教授:没有人必须去做 Professor: No one should have to do work
那些可以被机器完成的工作 that can be done by a machine
我们所学的一切用来重复的事物 Everything that we have learned how to repeat
都可以用一个公式 规则或算法来表述 we can express in a formula, in a rule, in an algorithm
而所有这些可以用规则来表述的事物 And everything that we can express in a rule
都能被具化成一个物理装置 一部机器 we can embody in a physical contraption, a machine
机器存在的意义即是: The point of a machine should be
帮助我们去做那些 to do for us
我们已经知道如何重复的事情 what we have already learned how to repeat
这样我们就能将自己最宝贵的资源 时间 so that we can preserve our supreme resource - time
用来探索那些 for that which
我们尚未知晓如何去重复的事情 we have not yet learned how to repeat
然而在大部分历史时期 In the established forms of economic organization
业已确立的经济组织形式中 throughout much of history
人们被迫像机器一样工作 people have been compelled to act as if they were machines
这样一来 机器真正的潜能 In this way the true potential of the machine
—解放人类 就被浪费了 for the liberation of humanity is wasted
没有什么 Nothing is more powerful than
比人与机器的组合更强大了 this combination of the person and the machine
人总是比机器先行一步 The person always one step ahead of the machine
进入那些未知领域 into the unknown
探索那些尚无法重复的事物 the not yet repeatable
而这些实际吗? But is it practical?
目前 在全世界范围 There now begins to emerge
正浮现一种新的生产模式 all over the world a new form of production
它的特征并不仅仅局限于 It is characterized not simply by the accumulation
资本 技术及知识的积累 of capital, technology and knowledge
同时还在于一系列超前实验性的尝试 but also by a set of advanced experimental practices
它会缩小管理与执行间的距离 It attenuates the contrast between supervision and execution
使得生产计划在其实施过程中 so that the plan of production is revised
被不断修订 in the process of being implemented
它使所有特殊的工作角色变得相对化 It relativizes all specialized work roles
它将同一领域中的合作与竞争变得混淆 It mixes cooperation and competition in the same domains
它将传统的生产活动转变为 It transforms productive activity
一种持久的 into a practice of permanent
创新与变革 innovation and revolution
并且为人与机器的这种高级关联 And it sets the stage for this higher relation
创造了条件 of the person to the machine
而现在 对于这个方案 Now, there are two objections
存在着2种异议 to this project
其一是:它将破坏工作机会 The first objection is that is would destroy jobs
它会使一大群人丢掉饭碗 It would leave much of humanity without employment
事实是 基本上 The truth is that in principle
在破坏部分工作机会的同时 as it destroys some jobs
它也能创造很多其它的工作机会 it can create many others
究竟是失去的工作机会多 Whether in the aggregate it destroys more jobs
还是创造的工作机会多 than it creates
这取决于经济组织的形式 depends on the form of economic organization
有更多的工作机会流失属于一种特殊情况 The situation in which more jobs are destroyed is a special case
而其它情况下的特征是怎样的呢? What are some of the characteristics of the other case?
其中一个特征是: One characteristic is that the market economy not be pinned down
市场经济没有被迫变成它自身的单一版本 to a single version of itself
于是我们可以实验一些替代方案 That we be able to experiment with alternative ways of organizing
来组织分散的经济主动权 decentralized economic initiative
使之与规模经济相协调 and reconciling it with economies of scale
以便在同一市场经济下 so that alternative regimes of private and social property
个人与社会产权的各种替代制度 would come to coexist experimentally
能够在实验上共存 within the same market economy
这种高级的特例的另一特征是: Another characteristic of this superior special case
在经济上 依赖性的雇佣劳动 is that economically dependant wage labour
将不再是自由劳动的主导形式 would no longer be the predominant form of free labour
19世纪的自由主义者及社会主义者们 In the 19th Century the liberals and the socialists alike
包括亚伯拉罕·林肯 including people like Abraham Lincoln
同样地受到奴隶制与农奴制部分特性的影响 regarded wage labour as a compromise
都把雇佣劳动看作是自由劳动的 and transitory form of free labour
一种临时的和折衷的形式 tainted by some of the attributes of slavery and serfdom
而人与机器间的高级关联 The higher relation of the person to the machine
只有当雇佣劳动 is only likely to flourish
逐渐被自由劳动的更高形式 when wage labour gives way gradually
自我经营与合作所取代时 to the higher forms of free labour
才会兴盛起来 which are self-employment and cooperation
第二种异议是: The second objection to this project
人类的优势尚未形成 is that the preponderance of humanity
尚未培育出这种优势 has not been formed, it has not been educated
以形成这种人与机器的关联 to have such a relation to the machine
的确 and indeed
这个方案需要一场教育的变革 this project requires a revolution in education
教育不仅要能够 It is not enough that education enable us to master
使我们通过解决问题而掌握分析能力 analytic capabilities through problem solving
它还应当 It is necessary that it privilege cooperation
使教学中的合作 in teaching and in learning
能够凌驾于那些正在主导课堂的 over the combination of individualism and authoritarianism
个人主义及权威主义之上 that still characterizes the classroom
最重要的是 And above all it is necessary
教育应当是辩证的 that education be dialectical
也就是说 that is to say
每一个主题都应该 that every subject be taught from
从至少2个相对的观点来进行教导 at least two contrasting points of view
这样人们就会养成习惯 Then people will be formed so that
将它们全部的精力 the whole of their activity can be devoted
致力于研究那些不可重复的事物 to the not yet repeatable
蕴含在这个方案之下的 Underlying this project
是一种大脑的概念 is a conception of the mind
和一种存在的理念 and an ideal of existence
这种大脑的概念: The conception of the mind
我们的大脑即是一部机器 同时也是反机器 The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine
一方面大脑像机器一样 In one respect the mind is like a machine
具备模块化和公式化 it is modular and formulaic
由各种扮演固定角色的特殊部件组成 it is composed of specialized pieces with fixed roles
而另一方面 大脑又是反机器的 In another respect however, the mind is an anti-machine
它并不只是模块化 It is not modular
或者公式化 It is not formulaic
它具有结合世间万物的能力 It has the capacity to combine everything with everthing else
我们将之称为无穷递归 which we call recursive infinity
同时它能通过推翻预测 And it enjoys the power to achieve insight
以及否定自我的方式 by transgressing its own presuppositions
来获取更深刻的见解 and defying its own methods
它具备诗人们所描述的那种 It has the power that the poet described
否定的能力 as negative capability
在这第二个方面 In this second respect
我们称其为想象力 the mind is what we call the imagination
而我之前所描述的 The relation between the person and the machine
人与机器间的关联 that I described
即是一种将实践活动 is one way in which we can turn our practical activity in the world
转变成想象力的具体体现 into a tangible embodiment of the imagination
以及存在的理念 the ideal of existance
当我们逐渐变老 As we grow older
开始妥协 a carapace of compromise
在沉默中屈服 of silent surrenders
我们每个人都开始 and self-inflicted belittlement
自我贬低 begins to form around each of us
像木乃伊一样一次又一次地死去 A mummy in which we die many deaths
要想拥有完整的人生 To come into the fuller possession of life
我们的最高目的 our supreme good
我们必须从木乃伊中挣脱 we must break out of this mummy
直到我们做到这点 Until we do that
我们将这一最高目的 we project the good
设计在一个我们无法企及的 onto a historical or providential future
历史的或者天赐的未来 that we cannot reach
"将来你会成为国王" "Though shalt be king hereafter!"
女巫对麦克白喊道 cries the witch to Macbeth
将来从未到来 hereafter is never
真正有意义的只有现在 the real thing is now
当没有人必须去做 When no one has to do work
那些可以被机器完成的工作 that can be done by a machine
我们将会更加接近 我们每个人所渴望的 we shall be closer to achieving what we should all desire
人生只此一次 which is to die only once