假如你正开车行驶在路上 surpose you're driving along
这时你发现一个人 and there is a guy
躺在路边上 by the side of the road
并且流着鲜血 who is bleeding
你把车停下来 you pull over
他对你说 请帮帮我 and he says, please, help me!
我徒步旅行的过程中发生了意外 I had an accident while I was hiking
我已经失血较多 有些害怕了 I've lost a lot of blood and I'm afraid
如果现在不去医院的话 if I don't' go to the hospital soon
可能我就要失去我的双腿 I'm gonna lose my leg
他说 沿着这条路下去有家医院 and he says, there is a hospital down the road
你可以顺路带我去吗 could you take me there
这时你想了想 说到 and you think for a second and you say
我真的挺想帮着家伙的 well, I really like to help this guy
但我刚刚才为我的车买了新的皮坐垫 but I just had new leather pastry put in my car
如果搭他一程 血会流的到处都是 he's gonna bleed all over the place
然后皮坐垫可能会被弄脏 and ruin it completely
所以帮忙事还是算了吧 maybe I'll let him go
或许其他人可以载它一程 maybe someone else will pick him up
请大家举下手 多少人会 how many of you would say, raise your hand
你会感到在良心上过不去 you'll be morally monstrous to
如果让这位伤者继续在路边上流血而不顾 let the person bleed by the side of road
仅仅因为你在考虑你的皮椅 cause you are thinking about your leather seats
我看到大部分人都举手了 I see most of your hands going up
考虑另外一种情形 consider a different case
有一天你在家收到 you are home one day when mail arrives
一封来自某组织的邮件 you get a letter from an organization
譬如Alkspan和Uinsafd like Alkspan or Uinsafd says that
信中提到地球另一端的人 people on the other side of the world
急需食品和药物 who are desperately need food and medicine
然后 and guess what?
你又有这个能力去帮助这些人 you have the power to help these people
你能够救这些人的命 you can save these people's lives
需要你去做的只是 all you need to do is
去做一些力所能及的捐助 to make a relatively modest donation
只是你年薪的一小部分 a small portion of your annul income
你对自己说 and you say to yourself
我挺想帮助这些人的 well, I'd like to help these people
但我想 but I was thinking of
为我的车换一个新的皮坐垫 putting new leather postray in my car
所以我该节省下来这笔钱 so I'm gonna save this money for that
而不是去帮助这些人 instead of using them to save these people
你们当中会有多少人 how many of you will think
因为做了这件事而内心过不去的？ you're moral monster if you do that?
恩, 我看看 I see. maybe a couple of
只是一部分人举了手 但不是很多了 or a lot of hands going on, but not very many
大约30年以前 so little over thirty years ago
哲学家彼得·辛格 the philosopher Peter Singer
为富人阶级提出了 posted the dilemma like this
同样的困难选择 to the affluent world
他提出为什么这两种情况会如此的不相同 he said why is this so different from this?
为什么我们 why is it that we feel we have
会感到有如此强力的责任 a strong moral obligation to help the person
去帮助路边流血的伤者 who is bleeding by the side of the road
却没有 but not keep on the other side of the world
因为想去救助或改善地球 whose lives we can save or dramatically improve
另外一边的人民的生活通做一些牺牲 by making relatively modest sacrifices?
同样的 我们来探讨一下摄影 hold that thought, let's talk about photography
尤其是业余摄影 amateur photography in particular
这台照相机是 so this is the camera that I got
我前几年收到的生日礼物 from my birthday a few years ago
我想他是一台好相机 It's a nice camera
尤其对于我这样的一个业余爱好者来说 and it's good for an amateur like me
因为他有一个这样的自动设置 because it has this nice little automatic settings
有风景模式 here is your landscape mode
和人物肖像模式 here is your portrait mode
这些设置的作用是 and it's great about the settings is that
让相机变成一个傻瓜相机 there is point and shoot
只需要将其放在风景模式 just put it in landscape mode and
设置好光圈值 config the F stop and everything you need
接下来所有要做的就只是 Is to take a decent picture of mountain
选取大白天下远处山峰的美景 in broad daylight from far away
抑或在室内光照下 or person who is upclosing ordinary indoor
3,4英尺外的一个人 lighting from about three of four feet away
这的确很有用 they're useful
有时候我想尝试一些 now occasionally I'm getting ambitious
更加有趣的一些新的方式, I want to try something funky
比如将人像放在上部, 旁边 someone upclose, off to the side
不对焦的模糊效果 out of focus
以及在光线较暗的地方之类的 very low light or something like that
如果我需要这样做 If I'm gonna do that
我会将相机调制手动模式 then I'll put the camera in Manual mode
这样的话 when I put the camera in Manual mode
我可以自由的设置所有的模式 I can adjust all the settings myself
这样便可以使相片 and do exactly what I need in order to
达到我所需要的艺术效果 respond to reminds me of my artistic ambitions
这项设计是如此的方便, what's nice about this kind of design
有自动设置以及人工设置 having automatic settings and having manual mode
这就方便业余爱好者 is that they allow amateur photographer like me
甚至专业的摄影师 even professional photographer
在效率和方便之间 to navigate ubiquitous trade off
方便的切换权衡 between efficiency and flexibility
自动模式非常的方便 your automatic settings are wonderfully efficient
对准照相就可以了 point and shoot
大多数情况下能达到满意的拍摄效果 and most of the time they get the right answer
但是另一方面 on the other hand
自动模式的选择余地并不大 they are not very flexible
如果你想拍出极佳的效果 If you try to do something fancy
你就不能使用傻瓜模式 you can't use the point and shoot settings
同时 at the same time
手动模式给予你最大的自由选择余地 the Manual mode is maximally flexible
你可以设置你想要的参数等 you can do anything you want
但是却并不方便 but it's not very efficient
因为这需要花费时间 It takes time
如果你不知道如何设置相机 If you don't know what you were doing
甚至即使你知道 or even if you do know what you were doing
你也很可能会犯错误 you're likely to make a mistake
但是拥有两种模式的好处就是 but the nice thing to having both modes is that
你可以方便的在两种模式之间切换 you can toggle back and forth
假如你在一个正常的摄影环境 If you in a standard photograph situation
你就可以 you can put it in
设置成自动模式 you can use automatic settings
当你看重拍摄效果 and you can use Manual mode
手动模式就能派上用场 when you want to do something fancy
人的大脑也有类似于 well it turns out that human brain
傻瓜相机的地方 has the same basic design
如在一些情况下 as..as demonstrated in the situation people
人们如何来对及时的奖励 were choosing between immediate reward
和之后获得的奖励进行权衡 and delaying reward
当对某人进行脑部扫描的同时问他 so you put someone in brain scanner and say
现在给你2美元怎么样 How would you like to have 2$ right now
你可以发现大脑中一个被称作 you see increasing activities in this brain regions
大脑正中前额叶皮层的地方会增强活动 called Ventro*strait and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
并会作出反应 which are essentially saying
马上给我2美元吗? 那块给我吧 2$ now? Give me! Give me! Give me!
我喜欢的东西 比如说食物 性以及金钱, the reward I like, whether its food, sex, money
无论它是什么 whatever it is, that's good
我们最好马上拥有一些 let's have some of it right now
但这并不一定总是正确的 now that's not always the best thing to do
有时 我们会获得更多 sometimes we are better off
依靠大脑的手动模式 not using automatic settings
而不是自动模式 and instead putting ourselves in Manual mode
也许等待一周后 perhaps you can have 4$
你将有4美元 if you're willing to wait a week
当人们原以为了一个更大的收益 and when people are willing to wait that extra time
而去等待一周时 for the larger reward
你可以观察到脑前额皮质背外侧 you'll see increasing activities in the part of brain
会有增强的活动 called Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
这就是所谓的 which is essentially the seed
认知控制 what we call cognitive control
去选择更强抵抗的能力 the ability to take path of greater resistance
就如同相机一样 so just like the camera
我们可以选择自动设置 we can go with automatic settings
大多数情况下能得到不错的照片 that gets the answer right most of the time
我们也会选择手动挡设置 or we can use our Manual mode to take path
当情况需要我们做必要的抵抗时 of greater resistance when the situation calls for
我们现在来讨论道德 now morality
你在哈佛一定听过 you can't get out of Harvard without hearing
有关“电车难题”的哲学问题 dilemmas in which people get run over by trolley
假如你没有听过的话 稍做介绍 here is the initiation if you haven't heard this before
电车沿着轨道向前 the trolley headed down the track
而此时轨道上站着5个人 towards these five people
你可以控制轨道开关使电车 and you can hit the switch so the trolley would
转向另一条只有一个人的轨道 run away from the five and run to the one
大部分人会认为这种选择是正确的 and most people would say that's OK
另一个情形是 next case
电车依然沿着轨道驶向5个人 the trolley headed towards these five people
但此时唯一的解救办法是 and this time the only way you can see is
从一坐列车经过的天桥上推下一个胖子 to push this large guy off footbridge
电车撞死他后能停下来 so you can use him as a trolley stopper
以救那5个人的命 to save the five
当然, 前提是你不能从电车上跳下来 assume you can't jump off and
这当然有效 this will definitely work that someone thought for
但是这种方式大部分人却不能接受 nevertheless most people say it's not OK
这是一个有趣的道德困境 this is interesting a pair of moral dilemmas
问题就是为什么我们会认为 there is a question about why should we say its OK to push
第一种情形下以一命换五命是合适的 to trade one life for five in the first case
但却不能接受第二种情形呢? but not in the second case
我想尽量从心理学 I want to focus on psychological
和神经科学的角度去解释 and nerveral scientific question
为什么这样的困境会发生 why does this actually happen
为什么相比后者,第一种更能被人们所接受 why do we say it's OK in the first case but not here
理论是这样的 and the theory goes like this
它跟照相机 the theory is based on
的原理基本相同 the same principle as the camera
在第一种开关的情况下 so we get the switch case
我们利用了手动设置 you got the Manual mode
我们会想着 一个换五个 that says five lives for one
挺好的啊 that sounds pretty good
但是这种情况下 and in the case, in the switch case there is
这并不是一个情绪反应 not much of emotional response
选择这个放弃 to the fault of running this guy over
这个人的生命来换取其他五个 for whatever reason
我们都会说 这是可取的 and we say OK, that's all right
当换到人行桥的情形时 you get the footbridge case
手动模式告诉我们以一换五 Manual mode says five lives for one
这听上去是一个好主意 that's sounds like a pretty good deal
但是我们脑中的自动模式 but our automatic settings
以另外一种方式对待这种情形 react to this situation in different way
这种方式在你的脑中占据主要地位 and that automatic settings seems to dominate
当然只是大部分人, 而并不是所有的 and as result, most people, not everybody
经济学家也许会说牺牲胖子是可取的 economists sometimes say that it's ok to do this here
但普通人就会觉得不可取 but most people would say that's not OK
现在我们来测试一下这个理论? now can we test the theory?
我们确实能 indeed we can
有一个很有名的神经病人 there is a famous neurological patient
叫Finees Gage named Finees Gage
故事是这样的 and the short story is that
有一天他在铁路上工作 he was working on the railroad one day
一颗铁钉扎入了他的头部 he got this iron spike through his head
之后 and as result he went from
他从一个正常人 being an upstanding man of great character
变成了一个无法无天的游荡者 to be a kind of lawless wander
有趣的是 the interesting thing about Gage is that
Gage的智力水平没有受到破坏 his intellectual faculty seem to remaining intact
也就是说 In other words
他大脑的手动模式还是正常的 his Manual modes was just fine
但是他对发生的事的情绪反应 but his emotional responses to things
以及他做决定的能力 his ability to make decision
受到了极大的损伤 was dramatically impaired
假如我们把“电车难题”丢给 so what will happen if we give this trolley dilemmas
像Finees Gage 这样 to people like Finees Gage who will turns out
大脑正中前额叶皮层受损伤的人 their patience like him
去做的话 who have damage to Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
那么大脑的这一区域就会持续的说 one of those brain regions that's involved in saying
给我 现在就给我 Give me! Give me now!
当有一个直接的奖励出现时 where there is immediate reward available
类似的故事就又会发生 and the story looks like this again
大脑的手动模式会告诉我们 manual mode says
让我们做一些 Hey, let's go with numbers
功利性的选择吧 Let's make utilitarian response
你的自动设置会告诉你 your automatic settings
至少其中的一种会告诉你 one of them at least says
不 那不是你应该做的 No, that does not sound good
如果我们因为 If we get rid of automatic settings by
一颗钉子损失了自动设置 driving a spike through whatever it may take
那么做出的判断就会变 then the judgment changes
当受过这种脑损伤的人 indeed patient with this kind of brain damage
遇见类似“人行桥”的情形 encounter the footbridge case or cases like it
那么他们比常人 they are two to five times more likely to
会有两至五倍的可能性 ordinary people to say it's OK to harm
认为以一换五是正确的选择 one person in order to save several others
手动设置以及自动设置 Manual mode, automatically settings
我们又可以观察到 and again we see the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
脑前额皮质背外侧会出现活动 lighting up when ordinary people say
当普通的人说我们来选择的功力一些 let's go with the numbers
我们究竟对什么做出这样的反应? now what exactly are we responding to?
这是否是我们应该信任的情绪反应? Is this emotional response we want to trust?
这种情绪反应是否 Is this emotional response that seems
被其它的人忽略掉了? to be missing in other people?
我们继续那个电车难题 well we can play around with this trolley dilemma
这里有一部驶向5个人的电车 so here is the trolley towards the five
现在 here you are
你可以把这个人推下去 you can push this guy now
他背了包 可以去救轨道上的人 he has got a big backpack, and save them
大多数人会说 most people say, as I said
不能这样做 that shouldn't be done. That's not OK
31%的人会说这是可行的 31% said it's OK
我现在明白了 now I got it right. Never mind
我们可以做这样一个实验 We can play with this
现在我们换一种方式 now instead of having the guy
我们将胖子放在铁路的旁边 you're pushing the guy there
你可以按动一个开关 you can drop in though this trapped door
使人从一个陷阱中掉下去 by hitting this switch
如此你可以救这5个人 now you can save the five
当你向另外一批人 when you get a separate group
询问他们遇到此种情形时的选择时 of people this kind of dilemma
绝大多数人会觉得可取 most people said it's OK
这的确很有趣 something kind of funny going on
有可能我们的自动设置 perhaps our automatic settings
告诉我们做出这样选择 are leading us straight
让我们回到Peter Singer的 let's go back to the Peter Singer problem
有关地球上另一边人们的问题 of people on the other side of the world
这也是Jam Merson this is the research Jam Mereson
为他的论文所做的一些研究 one of you undergraduate did for his thesis
让我们来看看是什么让 looking at what it is makes us think
我们觉得有义务去帮助绝望中的人们 we have obligation to help desperate people
所以我们去访问不同的人 so we ask people
我们给这些人描述一个具体情境 we give people a situation
比如当你是在某一国家旅游 we said you're vacationing in this country
不巧此国家正被台风肆掠中 that is hit by a devastating typhoon
那儿的贫困人民 there're poor people badly
急需药品和食物 in need of medicine and food
你可以向那儿的救援组织 and you can help them by donating to
捐赠以帮助他们 the relieve faculties while you were there
你觉得有义务做此事吗? Do you have more obligation to do this?
大部分人会说有责任 and most said you have a obligation
去给予他们足够的捐助 to make a substantial donation
现在我们将情形稍微改一点 and then we just modify the case a little bit
此时 你的朋友恰好在这个国家旅游 now it's your friend travelling in other, this country
他通过 but he is telling you what's going on
智能手机 by phoning you with his smart phone
告诉你他的所见所闻 letting you know all the details about
一切有关灾难的细节 what is taking place
你所了解到的信息亦足够多 you have same information as you do here
只不过你不在现场 you're just farther away
但是此种情况下大部分人却会说 and now most people said you don't have
他们没有义务去帮助灾民 obligation to help these other people
这是为什么呢? so what's going on in these cases?
当我们在道德上觉得 when we have the sense that we have
有必要帮助一个躺在路边 the moral obligation to help the bleeding guy
受伤流血的人时 by the side of the road
否则, 你就没有人性 you're moral monster if you don't do that
但是当情形是你是否该救助 but when it comes to saving the lives
地球另外一边的灾民时 on the other side of the world
你却不是一个没有人性的人了 you are not a monster
你只是一个普通的人罢了 you are just an ordinary person
也许不是圣人 may be not saint
如果你觉得将钱花在 that if you decide to spend money
皮坐垫上是合适的 on things like leather postery
也许这只是一个道德上的觉悟 maybe that's moral insight
或许我们只是在第一种情形下 maybe we really have a deep moral obligation
会有强烈道德上的责任感 of the first case
而第二种情况下却会减弱很多 maybe not so much in the second case
另一方面 on the other hand
使用发展的观点去看待这个问题时 think about this from evolutionary perspective
我们所存在的这个世界中 we involved in a world in which there're
有时你会需要别人的帮助 people in front of you who would help
即当你受伤时 who could help you perhaps
你也可能接受到其他人的帮助 sometimes down the road
我们所在的世界 we indeed not involve in the world in which
也许并不是我们做一些物质上的牺牲 there strangers on the other side of the world
就能立马的挽救地球上 whose lives we can save
另一边的人的生命 by making modest material sacrifices
所以这可能是一种道德上的觉醒 so perhaps it's moral insight
抑或是一种类似于傻瓜相机的道德反应 or perhaps it's just our point and shoot morality
这种自动的反应 perhaps it's just our automatic responses
引导了我们的判断 guiding our judgment
告诉我们在某种情况下有义务 telling us you have obligations here but not here
利用我们的自动设置 and using our automatic settings
当我们处在一个没有自动设置 and when we're actually in the world for which
的世界中时 those automatic settings were never designed
也许当我们的道德观是与生俱来的 so perhaps while our moral emotions are instincts
它在大多数情况下会 and guide reactions may get the right answer
帮助我们做出正确的判断 most of the time
但当我们处理 when we're dealing with
一些复杂的问题时 complex modern problems
比如说我们祖先从未遇见过的 the kind our ancestors never faced
全球变暖 from global warming
与地球另一边的敌人发生战争 to fighting an enemy on the other side of world
随意轰炸平民 when is it ok to bombs civilians
生物技术研究所引发道德问题 is it OK to harm standard for medical research
等等 so and so forth
也许我们是时候将 maybe it's time for us to put ourselves
自己的大脑调整到手动模式 put moral brains in manual mode
并停止过度纠结于 and stop relying so much
尖锐的道德问题 on pointed issue morality
谢谢 Thanks