不再多说 without further do
下面让我们欢迎 let's welcome the author of the
联系：社会网络的 Connected: The surprising Power of
神奇力量 Our Social Networks
与塑造力的作者 and How They Shape Our Lives
Nicholas Christakis教授 Prof. Nicholas Christakis
非常感谢您的介绍 so thank you very much for that introduction
我感到十分荣幸 I'm very warm welcomed
能够站在这里向你们讲述 I'm interested in speaking to you today
社会网络的各种类型 about the kinds of social networks
以及人类社会是如何 that we human beings have been
经过数千年发展至今的 making for tens of thousands of years
自从我们的研究团队 ever since actually we emerged
来到非洲热带大草原 onto the Africa savanna
而不仅是最近 and not just the recent online variety
实际上 在此之前 I've actually spent last
我已经用了近两年的时间研究社会网络 two years researching social networks
研究社会上的人是如何以及为何 and how and why we human beings
投身于这些网络之中 assemble ourselves into these networks?
那么 社会网络是如何影响着我们的生活 and how they affect our lives
健康和愿望 our health, our desires
感情 思想以及我们的行为呢？ our feelings, our thoughts and our actions?
这就是社会网络的样子 and here is what they look like
每一个点都对应于一个人 every dot is a person
他们之间的线 every line between them is
代表了两者之间的联系 relationship between two people
这些结构是不是很漂亮？ isn't these intra things beauty
它们是如此地精巧又复杂 they are so elaborate and so complex
而这些无处不在的影响 and so ubiquitous effect that
让我们不禁深思 you have to ask yourself
我们何以制造出这样的网络？ why do we do this?
是什么推动我们构建这些网络？ why do we make these networks?
这些网络能够起到什么作用？ what purpose do they serve?
能够带给我们什么？ what do they offer us?
而我们又是为何植根于其中？ why are we embedded in them?
因而引出这样的问题：社会网络是如何形成的？ so the questions become how do they form?
它们如何运作？ how do they work?
以及它们如何影响着我们？ and how do they affect us?
实际上 这种影响正是通过将我们置于 so what they affect us is by exposing us to
社会网络中环绕的现象之上而发生作用的 phenomena that are spreading within them
从初生到思想与情感 from germs, to ideas, to emotions
我们都期待着自己的人生 and that depends what expect our own lives
能够与周围的人们 on what's happening in the lives
所经历的事件有关 people around us
与相互之间联系着的人们相关 the people to whom we are connected
而这正是我们对于 and this is the one of
社会网络进行的 the first images we made to
最初设想 study this type of thing
这个网络是人类情感的第一个网络图 it's the first network map of human emotion
每个点都代表一个人 every dot is a person
每条线都连接着 every line between them is
端点的两个人 the relationship between two people
这里 我们将人们的快乐程度 and here we colored the dots
用颜色进行标记 according to how happy people are
黄色点代表快乐的人 so yellow dots are happy people
而蓝色的点代表悲伤的人 and blue dots are sad people
绿色的点处于两者之间 and green dots are in between
如果你们细心看这幅图 and if you look at this image
就会发现网络中存在一些 you probably can see there are clusters
快乐与不快乐人群的聚类 of happy and unhappy people in the network
同时 这些聚类能够以 and these clusters turns out to spread to
三度的距离进行传播 about three degrees of separation
例如 特定个体 such as the happiness of vary in
的快乐与 individual is associated with
他所关联的人 the happiness of people to
的快乐有关 whom they are connected
他们的朋友，他们的朋友的朋友 their friends, their friends' friends
以及他们的朋友的朋友的朋友 and their friends' friends' friends
而这些聚类的产生 and these clusters can arise
可以有几种原因 for several kinds of reasons
第一个 也是最为明显的一个 first, most obviously, from kinds of
物以类聚 人以群分 birds feather flop together phenomenon
相似的人们总聚在一起 panoply are lovable alike
这种有偏好的联系 the preferential attachment
使得快乐的人在一处 to happy people to happy people
不快乐的人又在另一处 and perhaps unhappy people to unhappy people
第二种方式是 a second way is through
传播或诱导效应 a kind of contagion or induction affect
正如 我的快乐影响到 such as my happiness affects other people
与我关联的人们 to whom I'm connected
而第三种机制就是在同一聚类中的所有人 and the third mechanism is that all of the people in the cluster
都同时不可避免地经受着 are spontaneously exposed to something
使得他们快乐 that makes them all happy
抑或悲伤的事件 or all unhappy at the same time
数学分析表明 the mathematical analysis suggest that
这三种现象 all the three phenomena
都存在于社会系统中 are in present in social systems
但其关键点是 but the key point is that
自身的快乐并不仅仅决定于 your happiness doesn't just depend
例如 for example
自身经历的事件 on what's happening in your own body
自身的生理机能 on your own physiology
或者自身的选择与行为 or on your own choices and actions
而是在一定程度上取决于 but can come to depend on physiology
自身所联系的 and choices and actions
人们的相应的环境 of other people to whom you are connected
甚至是一些不认识的人群 and even people you don't know
比如说朋友的朋友 such as your friends'friends
或者朋友的朋友的朋友 or your friends'friends'friends
通过这一惩罚机制 through a kind of castigate effect
传播于整个网络 through the network
当你再仔细看这幅图时 also you might notice if you
可能也会注意到 look at this imagery
蓝色的点 that blue dots more likely
能易于处在 to be located at the
网络的外围 peripheries of the network
从结构上来看 它们更多地处于边缘 they are structurally more at the margins
网络影响我们的 another way that network
另一种方式是 can affect us is however
它不仅能够提供一种 not just by providing a mechanism
传播并影响我们的机制 by which things can spread and reach us
同时有着其独特的结构 but also by their very structure
这些是来自Northwest University的 this is some work done by
Brian Uzzi教授的一些工作 Brian Uzzi at Northwest University
他对百老汇音乐家 he became very interested in
如何成功十分感兴趣 how Broadway musicals are successful
这包括了商业层面上的成功 in the commercial success
以及这些音乐家 and in the critical acclaim
所获得的评论界的赞赏 of Broadway musicals
因而 他将相关的制作关系网绘制出来 so he mapped networks of production companies
有制片 导演 演员等 the directors, the producers, the actors and so forth
他通过计算发现密度这一关键因素 and he computes something noticing the density
最左边 on the far left
是代表了五个人的草图 you see little cartoon of five people
他们来自同一制片公司 in the production company
以及他们之前认识的人 and who they know from before
从中间那个点可以看出这个人 in the middle you see one person
正与5个人 you see five people to whom
相互联系着 this person is connected
也就是5乘以4除以2 and there're five times four divided by two
因而这些人之间有10条可能的纽带 ten possible ties among these people
最左边的图中 in the far left
这些纽带一个都不存在 因而密度为零 none of them exists, so zero percent density
向右的第二图 in the next cartoon over to the right
十条纽带中存在着四条 four of the ten ties exist
因而密度为40% so forty percent density
再往右的第三个图 in the next cartoon over again
十条纽带全部存在 all ten ties exist
因而密度为百分之一百 so 100 percent density
在最右边 X轴 on the far right he plotted on the X-axis
标示出制片公司的密度 the density of production company
而Y轴代表着 and on the Y-axis
经济上的成功与评论界的赞誉 the financial success and critical acclaim
Brian发现 and he found this shape
图上的这一形状 that showing on the graph
也即是两者之间以前从不相识 that if no body know each other from before
而且密度为零 and there is zero percent density
那么 演出就会失败 the show is a flop
如果所有人之前 and if every body knew each other from before
都互相认识对方 on the other end
演出同样也会失败 the show is a flop
而能够获得最好的演出是 and the optimal performance was achieved
在有一个 when you have
适当的密度值时出现 middling density in the situation
所以人们可以 so people can be organized
以一种特殊的方式联系组织起来 and connected in particular ways
而这种方式能够 and this itself can affect
影响我们所能做的事情 what we are able to do
我刚才所说我们人类 and what I said that we human
社会创造出这种社会网络 have been making social network
已经有将近几万年的时间 for tens of thousands of years
我并没有开玩笑 I actually wasn't kidding
最近我们绘制出来 we recently map
哈德扎部落的社会网络图 the social network of the Hadza
哈德扎部落是一个狩猎文化区 Hadza is a hunter-gatherer population
目前 地球上 and only about a thousand
仅存大约1000人 of them left in the planet
他们中间5%以下的人 less than 5 hundred of them
生活方式十分传统 live in a tradional way
居住在坦桑尼亚Yaci湖周围 around Lake Yaci in Tanzania
他们盘旋于这个地方 and they rumar around this place
寻找收集食物 hunting and gathering for their food
他们没有明显的目的或方向 they have no significant precessions
他们睡于星空之下 they sleep under the stars
他们的生活方式和我们可以想象的 and they live as near as we can tell
我们几万年前的 the way we human lived
那种生活方式一样 tens of thousands of years ago
我们对哈德扎部落进行拍摄 And we took a photograph set of Hadza
制作出哈德扎部落的 脸谱 we made a kind of Hadza facebook
我们带着这个照片集 and we took posters of
进入到他们的领地 this facebook into the field
询问所有的哈德扎人哪些人 and we asked all the Hadzas to tell us
算是他们某种程度上的朋友 who were their friends in a number of ways
这张图的右下角 so there's Lockpoie my poster staff
是参与访问的Lockpoie in the lower right
哈德扎部落的人员的头像 showing a Hadza person the photograph
列出了他们与哪些人有联系 and listing who their contacts are
并绘制出网络图 and when we mapped these networks
我们发现一些 we discovered something that to
让人惊喜的事实 us is very amazing
那就是 无论从个体观察 Namely that on both individual inspection
和数学统计分析来说 and mathematical analysis
这个网络正如我们的社会网络一样 this network looks just like ours
这个社会网络 the structure of this
的结构很难同 social network was indistinguishable
现代社会网络的 from structure of network
结构区分开来 seen in modernized settings
而当我们在哈德扎部落时 and while we were there in the Hadza
我们同样也调查了另一重要的属性 we also measured another important property
当然也是工作内容之一 that's part of the story
人们与他人 namely their tendency to
合作的倾向性 cooperate with each other
在这幅图中 and now on this graph
我运用形状和颜色进行区分 I show the shape and color
不同大小和颜色的点代表了 the size and color of the dots indicates
这些个体的合作意向性 how cooperative these individuals are
形状更大的点代表的个体更愿意与他人合作 bigger dots are more cooperative people
黄色的点代表那些合作性最高的人群 and yellow dots are the most cooperative
其次是橙色的点 最后是红色的点 then the orange dots, then the red dots
同样 如果大家仔细看这幅图 and if you look at this image
就能够在网络中发现 you can see perhaps
一些合作意向性高 there are clusters of cooperative
与合作意向性低 and uncooperative individuals
的个体的聚类 within the network
愿意合作的人倾向于 cooperators tend to clusters
与那些同样愿意合作的人 with other cooperators
聚在一起 together within this social fabric
人们似乎形成了一个个的集合 people seem to assemble in social networks
这样以来他们之间产生一定的 so they are connected to others
互惠互利的关系 who reciprocate to the kindness
而这能够使得他们 and this allow them to be better off
处于更有利的地位 than the otherwise would be
同时 我们的其他 and still other work of ours
工作也证实了 have demonstrated that
社会网络结构这一现象 there are partially genetic basis
存在着基因因素 to human social network structure
因而 我们对合作的 and we begin to imagine a kind of
最终形式进行设想 collaborative final type
这不仅局限于 that we evince
个体的最终形式 not just individual final types
那么 互有联系的意义是什么呢？ still, what's the point of connected lives?
这一属性是如何 How did they help us
作用于个体以及种群的呢？ as individuals and as species?
结果表明 It turns out that
网络资源是所有我们能够应用的资源 network are resources that we all use
这是一种社会资本 they are kind of social capital
然而 当大多数的人想到资本时 and most people when they think about capital
自然而然就想到金钱 think about money
但是 真正的资本是任何投资资源 but really capital is any stock resources
是能够用于再生产性使用的 that can be put productive use
为了进一步理解资本的含义 and to further settle ideas about capital
并获取资本 and in order to acquire capital
就必须了解事件并付诸行动 you have to know something and do something
其次 需要在 and second, that you have to
这个世界上进行实践 work upon the world
同时 想要对这个物质世界进行转变 and transform the material world
必须将改变融入到实体中 you have to introduce changes into subsistence
使其能够创造出 to make it yield to higher rate
更高的回报率 of return than it otherwise would
例如 农田就是一种投资资本 so for example a farm is a stock of capital
通过投资技能和人力 by investing skill and labor
来扫清障碍 to clear the woods
这样才能够使土地更为多产 one make the lands more productive
至少粮食 蔬菜产量 at least foods and vegetables and grains
能得以提高 than it otherwise would be
因而 土地尤其是改良后的土地 so land, especially improved land
作为一种资本 is a form of capital
必须先对其进行了解然后付诸实践 you've known something and done something
因而 必须先投资而后有所作为 you've invested and acted upon the world
既然已经对世界进行了改造 you've transformed the world
就必须知道哪些东西是有价值的 and now you have something that's valuable
举例来说 一棵树 or take this example, you can take a tree
投入技能 付出努力 and invest skill and effort
就能够得到原木 and convert it to lumber
这就是一种树木本身 which is a stock of capital
不能够获得的使用资本 that be used in ways that tree can not
又比如说 such as, for example
原木是一种财富 the lumber is now res of our wealth
可以用其制作出新东西 and you can use it to do new things
比如小提琴 like, make a violin
当然需要投入更多的功夫 by investing still more skill effort
而小提琴就能做一些原木不能做的事 and this violin can do things that
比如奏出美妙的音乐 lumber cannot, like make music
因而资本是一种改变 so capital is a change that
能够使物质以新的方式存在的改变 allows subsistence to act in new ways
同样 也是使得 and that is part of what makes
财富与 a store of wealth
资源更有效用的力量 and source productive power
社会科学的关键性改革 now key innovation in social sciences
发生在 in thinking social sciences
20世纪60年代 took place in the 1960s
从这一时期开始 我们将人员 and we began to see people
技能以及天赋 and their skill and talents
作为一种人力资本看待 as a form of human capital
这一事实的首要例证就是教育 and a chief example of this is education
最左边的图是一个以前没有 so you can take a disallude former
接受过教育的学生 graduate student on the far left
一个酗酒者 who is drunker
你可以帮助他 and you can clean them up
戒掉啤酒和牙签 get rid of the beer and toothpick
进而进入到中间状态 into the middle
还可以投入技术和精力 and you can invest skill and effort and
而他就能够转变为一个全新的人 he became more productive than he was before
或者 对他投入 or you can invest still
更多的技术和精力 more skill and effort in him
给予他教育 and give him education
就能够改变他的思想 you can change his mind
就能够对他的大脑物质 you can work upon the material
组成产生作用 of subsistence of his brain
能够让他信心倍增 you can rewire his nerve and fashion
使得他成为一个前所未有 that makes him still more productive
的富有创造力的人 than he was before
因而使得他成为一种人力资本 and this makes him a stock of human capital
而不仅仅是像物质资本那样通过简单地 now just like physical capital is created by
改变物质世界 changing material world
人力资本正在不断地改变着 and human capital is changing persons
在组织 团体中 social capital, in organizations
甚至是在整个社会的社会资本 in communities
社会资本正不断 or in the whole of society is
地改变着人们之间的各种联系 changing the relations among persons
这一改变 能够促使 a changing that renders
整个团体更有创造力 the group more productive
能够做以前 and capable of doing things
无法完成的工作 it was previously not able to do
而且 我认为我们每个人都参与了 and I in fact think we have involved
创造这一社会资本的活动中 to create this kind of social capital
从而使得我们进入到这一网络中 to assemble us into kinds of networks that
使得社会资本 maximally create particular
得以最大化发展 kinds of social capital
最后 我想以 so let me close by
这一说明作为结尾 illustrating with this point
想一下这两个事物 他们都是 think of these two objects, they are both
由碳组成 正如大家所了解的 as you all know, made of carbon
而两者的不同在于 and the difference between these
碳的同素异形体 two allotropes of carbon
也就是碳原子之间 is that the way carbon atoms
连接的方式的不同 are connected with each other
左边的是石墨 on the left we have graphite
它质软色黑 which is soft and dark
右边的是钻石 and on the right we have diamond
它坚硬闪亮 which is hard and clear
因而出现了两个关键点 and there are two key ideas here
首先 这些质软 first, these properties of softness
色黑 and darkness
坚硬 闪亮的特性 and hardness and clearness
都不存在于碳原子上 do not adhere in carbon atoms
都不是碳原子的特性 they are not properties of carbon atoms
而是碳原子集合在一起的特性 they are properties of collective
其次 物质其具有的特性 and second, which property you get
取决于碳原子是如何集合的 depends on how you assemble carbon atoms
碳原子是如何与其它的碳原子进行连接的 how you connect to each other
相似地 similarly, the pattern of
我们人群中的连接模式 our connections among ourselves
影响着社会团体的属性 affects the properties of our social groups
正是这种连接 it is the ties between people
使得整个团体大于 make the whole greater than
每个部分的总和 the sum of its parts
新的特性 new properties, like social capital
例如社会资本 but not limited to it
正是因为这种连接 emerge because of the connection
这种人与人之间的纽带而出现 because the ties between people
同样也不仅仅 and not necessarily because
是人们自身的关系 of people themselves
我们对于这个社会的理解依赖于 our experience of the world depends on
我们周围的 近的 远的各种 the actual structure of
真实结构的纽带 ties around us, near and far
我们让这些纽带以特定方式出现 and we make these ties in particular ways
我相信，其原因就是我们从中获益 because they benefit us and because, I believe
我们参与到其中 we've envolved to do so
整体来说我们每个人 in fact, overall, I believed
都参与了构建这一社会网络 we'd involved to form social networks
尤其是某些特定的社会网络 and particular kinds of social networks
其原因就是这种被联系着 because of the benefits of connected
的生活方式其成本与效益相当 life are weighed the costs
而且这正在成为事实 and this is being true
至少以我 in the way that blows my mind
阅尽千帆后的理解来看是如此 at least for tens of thousands of years
谢谢大家 thank you