周一我们主要讲了利未记第11章 On Monday, we've looked primarily at Leviticus:11
只是简单地回顾下 Just to be a brief refresher
利未记第11章是希伯来圣经中 Leviticus:11, which is the classic, the main text
经典的 主要的 about the food taboos
关于食物禁忌的章节 the food laws in the Hebrew Scriptures, right?
我们在课堂上讨论了两个主题 And I discussed in class two things
其中之一是 One is part and part so of
洁净与不洁净体系 神圣与不神圣体系 a purity-impurity system, holiness-not holy system
这是利未记中的世界观 which is part and part so of Leviticus's world view
神龛 上帝的存在 with the tabernacle, the presence of God
露营和族群 and the camp and the community
不洁净的东西必须远离神圣的东西 And impurity must be kept away from the holy
也就是上帝的所在 which is where God is
另外一点利未记第11章 Other point was that Leviticus:11 is
是非常庞杂的一章 an enormously complicated chapter
把动物分了类别 It dividing animals by type
分类并分了等级 and then dividing and classifying
一级又一级 it classifying and classifying
用个华丽的词说就是分类学 Fancy schmancy word is TAXONOMY
利未记第11章整个都是分类学 Leviticus:11 is all about taxonomy, right?
把生物分成级别 the dividing creatures into classes
这些级别是洁净的 可以吃 These classes are pure, may be eaten
这些是不洁净的 不能吃 These are not, may not be eaten
这些是我们周一讲的 That's what we've spoken about on Monday
好了 现在咱们继续往下讲 Okay, now let's go right ahead
接下来的下一个重点 Next big point coming up
而在这个 Above and beyond and aside
洁净体系之上 from this impurity system
上帝和神圣之外 God and holiness and all that
是利未记第11章的文风 which is the rhetoric of Leviticus:11
对于食物律法的写作风格 The rhetoric of the food laws
很明显食物律法 It is obvious that the food laws
还有其他功效 also are doing something
是在那些遵从食物律法 Right, they are erecting social barriers
和不遵从的人之间 between those who maintain them
建立起了社会屏障 and those who do not, right?
非常有名 So famously, right?
如果你请犹太人 So it's a problem if you invite a Jew
去你家吃饭 这是个问题 over to your house to eat, right?
我们要给他们吃什么 What are you gonna serve them
要怎么做 What are you gonna do
用什么样的盘子 什么样的银器 What about dishes, and silverware
而且你需要各种特殊的食物 and, you know, you need all the special food
如果客人是一个遵循律法的犹太人 Right, if you have a law ritually observant Jew
食物律法属于社交礼仪的范畴之内 the food laws inhabit social intercourse
在遵循律法的犹太人和 between that ritually observant Jew
其他人之间 and anyone else
并不一定要是非犹太异教徒 Not just necessarily only gentiles
不遵循律法的犹太人 对吧 Non-ritually-observant Jews, right?
这是Torah中的一个律法 So this is one of the rituals in the Torah
那些遵循社会屏障的人 whose observance erects social barriers
那些遵循社会界限的人 whose observance erects social boundaries
现在可以问一个有趣的问题 Now one can ask the interesting question
这是无意识的人造产物吗 Is this an unintended artifact?
或者也许是有意识的人类产物 Or is this perhaps an intended artifact
换句话说 在圣经和洁净 Namely, all above and beyond this
的说法之外 holiness and impurity rhetoric, right
重点在于把以色列人 the point of these things is to keep the Israelites
和之后的犹太人分离出来 and then after them, Jews, separate
如果你要问从哪里分离 Separate from whom, you ask
从其他人那分离出来 Separate from everybody else
这就是我们在周一简要讲过的 And that is where some of the language in Leviticus
利未记的一部分内容 which we saw briefly on Monday
我们还会讲到 we are gonna see that again
利未记中的一些章节 There are some verses in Leviticus
在这种情况下 in this context
会支持这种观点 which would support such a reading
虽然食物律法由 So even if the food laws began as
建立一个神圣和洁净体系开始 coming out of a holiness and purity system, mindset
但是在历史上的某个时刻 At some point in their history
还是成为了在犹太人 they turn into a vehicle for erecting
和非犹太人之间建立社会隔阂的工具 social barriers between Jews and non-Jews
这可能是好事 也可能是坏事 That's either a good thing, or a bad thing
我不会回答这个问题 I would not answer that question, right
在这个问题上你可以有自己的观点 You are free to have your opinion on that subject
但是这之间肯定是有关联的 Right? But there surely is a consequence
更进一步 把问题说清楚 Furthermore, make this point clear
虽然神庙被摧毁了 Even when the Temple is destroyed
犹太人的洁净仪式系统消失了 And the Jewish ritual purity system disappears
因为再也没有了神圣 because there is no more holy
再也没有了神庙 there is no more Temple
再也没有祭祀 there are no more priests serving
为神圣而服务 献上贡品 in the sacred priesting, bringing sacrificial offerings
这些都没了 All that is gone
所以整个国家的洁净和不洁净 So the whole notion of purity and impurity
都没有了意义 sort of loses sense
就算发生了这一切 Even after that happens
食物律法还是流传下来了 the food laws will endure
因为食物律法还有其自身的功能 because the food laws would still serve this function
可以维系犹太人和非犹太人 of maintaining social barrier
之间的社会屏障 between Jews and non-Jews
如果你赞同拉比对圣经的解释 Now if you are a rabbinic Jew
你当然认为这是好事 that of course you think is a good thing
社会屏障 远离非犹太异教徒 social barriers, stay away from gentiles
你会认为这是好事 You think that's a good thing
我也说过 你也可以不同意 As I said, you are free to disagree
但是按照传统的拉比圣经解读 But the perspective of our classical rabbinic text
我们可以知道事实上 is we are very much aware of the fact
食物律法的结果是导致了 that the consequences of the food laws
社会的隔阂 is social separation
如果你不喜欢犹太人 So if you don't like Jews
可以用这种社会隔阂来反对他们 use social separation as an argument against them
犹太人很排外 他们总是结伙 Jews are very clannish, Jews stick together
犹太人不和世界上的其他人交流 Jews don't associate with the rest of the world
犹太人感觉优越 Jews feel superior
可以使用所有这些说法 You can use all kinds of rhetoric
但是如果你是遵循律法的犹太人 你会说 But if you are a law-observance Jew, then you say
这些方法中有一层含义是 These are the ways, one of them means
我们犹太人可以 by which we Jews are able to
保持我们的身份 maintain our identity
以我们想要崇拜上帝的方式去崇拜他 and focus on the worship of the Lord the way we want to
这里有希伯来圣经中的 So here are two very rich passages
两个大的段落 from rabbinic text
反应了犹太人的想法 which reflect the rabbinic perspective on things
但是也同样反应了拉比们知道 But they show that the rabbis are aware
食物律法有很强的社会支持 that the food laws have a powerful social component
我们可以花很多时间 So we can spend lots of time
读这两个段落 我不会这样 on these two passages, I won't
但是这些都很值得细读 But they are worth chewing on, as it were
首先是 利未记中的西非拉 First of all, Sifra on Leviticus
其中一个是西非拉 One of it is Sifra
是利未记中的一个老拉比的评论 is an old rabbinic commentary on Leviticus
只需要知道这些 It's all you need to know
Eleazar ben Azariah说 Eleazar ben Azariah said
任何人都不应该说 A person should not say
我不渴望穿shaatnez I have no desire to wear shaatnez
(shaatnez 一种包含羊毛和亚麻的织物) Look at the footnote
如果想知道 you're gonna know what that is
是什么意思 看看注释 I have no desire to eat pork
我不渴望吃猪肉 I have no desire to have forbidden sex
我不渴望禁忌的性爱 That's not what a person is supposed to say
任何人都不应该这样说 A person should not say
任何都不应该说 My passions, my lusts are dead
我的激情 我的性欲死亡了 It's not true
这不是真的 I have passions and lusts
我有激情和性欲 Rather, a person should say
所以与此相反 应该说 I would like to
我想要 I would love to wear shaatnez
我想要穿shaatnez I would love to have forbidden sex
我想要禁忌的性爱 I know they are not the same
我知道这些不是一回事儿 I know that, but okay
我知道 不过没关系 I would like to, but what can I do?
我想要 不过我能做什么 My father in heaven has decreed that
天上的父命令说 that such behavior is forbidden for me
这些行为对我来说都是禁忌 What is the scriptural basis for this?
这些圣经段落基于什么 This Scripture says
圣经说 I have separated you from the nations
我已将你和其他国家分离 that you should be mine
你应属于我 That's the verse I was referring to
我引用的段落 Leviticus itself says that
利未记中说要 separation of Israelites from the nations
将以色列人与别国人区别开来 and by extension Jews from the nations
进而将犹太人与别国区分开来 That's what God wants
这就是上帝想要的 And these laws, among them the food laws
这些律法 其中的食物律法 have accomplished this
做到了这一点 So we have the overlap between
在这里我们看到了一些重合 the avoidance of forbidden food
避免禁忌的食物和 with the avoidance of forbidden sex
避免禁忌的性爱其实是有所重叠的 And as anybody takes Anthropology 101 knows
所有学过人类学的同学都知道 Food equals sex
食物等同于性 You understand what I'm saying
明白我说的是什么吗 when culture set up social systems
当文化形成社会系统的时候 symbolic systems, etc.
符号系统之类的 Food often represents sex
食物常常代表性爱 And sex is often described, or referred to
而性爱常常被描述成 in terms of food
指代成食物 Okay, I guess you understand what you are doing
我想大家都明白约会的时候 when you get on a date?
要做什么 First you need to do is you eat
首先要做的是吃饭 Okay, just may explain that to you
这样大家可能比较好理解 Okay, the result is that he separates from sin
结果是他从罪孽中脱身 and accepts upon himself the kingdom of heaven
得到了天国的接纳 Okay, I'm not quite sure how that last line
最后一句我不太确定 fits with what came before
不太符合整个语境 But okay, so point No.1 in this first passage is
不过没关系 第一段的重点是 We are aware of the separation
我们知道了有分别 And that's precisely the point
而这正是重点 That's part and part so of holiness
这也是神圣的一部分 Right, we want to be like everybody else
我们想和其他人一样 We want to have forbidden sex
我们想要禁忌的性爱 eat pork and wear shaatnez
吃猪肉 穿shaatnez like the gentiles do
就像非犹太异教徒那样 But what can I do
但是我天上的父 when my father in heaven has prohibited it
禁止我做 我又能做什么呢 Story No.2, from Avot de Rabbi Nathan
第二个故事 来自Avot de Rabbi Nathan That's another ancient rabbinic book
这是另外一本古希伯来书 That's what we need to know
知道这个就行了 When R. Aqiva went to Rome
当R. Aqiva来到罗马 he was slandered before a certain official
他被某一个官员诽谤 I don't know what that sentence is doing there
我不知道这句是什么意思 as I say it in the footnote
就像在注释中说的 So let's just move right along
咱们直接往下讲 Rabbi Aqiva was the big name
拉比Aqiva是犹太法师中 in the rabbinic literature, right?
一个非常重要的人物 He's remembered as the smartest
他被称为最聪明的 the brightest, the biggest, the best
最睿智的 最伟大的 最好的 the most penetrating, the most learned
最有洞察力的 最博学的 of all the rabbis
一个拉比 That's Rabbi Aqiva
这就是Aqiva拉比 So when he went to Rome
当他来到罗马 So, he, some Roman official
有一个罗马官员 sent him two beautiful women to him
给了他两个美女 I guess it's part of hospitality
我想这是好客的表现吧 They were bathed and anointed
他们沐浴 化妆 and outfitted like brides
打扮的像是新娘 And all night they kept descending upon him
整晚她们都对着他 this one saying, turn to me
这个说 看我 and this one saying, turn to me
另外一个说 看我 But he sat between them and spat
但是他坐在两个女人中间吐着口水 and did not face them
看都没看一眼 In the morning they went off
一大早两个女人 and complained to the official and said to him
到官员那里抱怨说 We would rather die than be given to this man
我们就算死也比给他好 or perhaps a man like this
或者也许是这样的男人 The official sent for him and asked
给她女人的官员问到 Why did you not do with these women
你为什么不碰这些女人 as men generally do with women?
就想正常人对女人那样 Are they not beautiful?
她们不漂亮吗 Are they not human beings like you?
她们不是和你一样的人类吗 Did not He who created them create you?
创造她们的和创造你的不是一个上帝吗 Whoop, this Roman official knows
哇 这个罗马官员 how to really turn up the theological flame, right?
真懂得如何利用神学的力量 对吧 He also, he's claiming to be reading Scripture
他还声称自己读过圣经 including Malachi and other things
包括玛拉基书还有其他的 So in other words, this is a rabbinic story
换句话说 这只是个拉比的故事 So the rabbis get to tell this story
是拉比在讲故事 So Roman official says
罗马官员说 What's wrong with the official saying?
罗马官员说得有什么错 Roman officials questioning separation
罗马官员在质问分别 Why are you Jews separate?
为什么你们犹太人有分别 Why don't you mingle with gentiles?
为什么你们不和非犹太交合 Aren't gentiles the product of the same god
难道非犹太异教徒不是和你一样 who created you?
同一个上帝创造的吗 This is a rabbinic text in Hebrew
这是希伯来的故事 So this is a text in which we rabbis
所以这个故事是拉比们 we rabbinic Jews
犹太拉比们 are reflecting to ourselves about ourselves
在自我反省 We put this critique in the mouth of an outsider
我们让质问从一个非犹太人口中说出 What does R. Aqiva say in reply?
R. Aqiva又是如何回应的呢 What's his response?
他是什么反应 What could I do? R. Aquiva said
我能做什么呢 R. Aquiv回答 I was overcome by their breath of carrion
她们呼吸中的腐肉让我却步 pork and other forbidden meats
猪肉和其他禁忌食物的味道 As I join there to kiss them
当我过去亲她们的时候 I can smell the pork on their breath
我能闻到她们呼吸中的猪肉味 And I was merely turned off
我就失去了兴趣 Once again, this story, we see clearly
这个故事再一次清楚地表明 food equals sex
食物等同于性 avoidance of prohibited food means
避免食用禁忌的食物意味着 avoidance of prohibited sex
避免禁忌的性爱 Which is another way of saying
另外一种说法是 Separation from the gentiles
和非犹太异教徒区分开 And we know that there is a theological problem
我们知道这里有个关于区分 involved in the separation
的逻辑问题 Because after all, that is not the same God
因为毕竟上帝都是同一个 who created them and created you?
创造了她们也创造了你 Are they not human beings like yourselves?
她们不是和你一样的人吗 Are they not beautiful?
她们不漂亮吗 On the contrary, gentile women are very beautiful
正好相反 异教徒的女人非常漂亮 They are very desirable
非常吸引人 But, go back to the language of the first story
回到第一个故事的话 What can I do? My father has prohibited
我能做什么 我的天父禁止我这样做 Or language of this story
或者故事里面说的 What can I do?
我能做什么 I smell the forbidden food on their breath
我在她们的呼吸里闻到了禁忌食物的味道 So the food law, summarize
所以总结一下食物律法 The food laws have served
食物律法对于那些 and for traditional Jews
传统的犹太人和 Jewish ritually observant people
遵循犹太律法的人来说 Right, to continue to serve
直到现在仍是如此 as a powerful barrier
是一道强大屏障 a powerful boundary marker
在遵循食物律法的犹太人 between those who observe them
和其他人 其他那些 ritually observant Jews and everybody else
不遵循食物律法的人之间的 Non-ritually observant Jews
一条强大的界线标记 and of course, perforce, gentiles
当然包括非犹太异教徒 In the eyes of these text, that's a good thing
在故事的作者看来 这是好事儿 This is how we Jews show our devotion to God
这是犹太人表示对上帝忠诚的方法 This is how we show our devotion to the Torah
这是我们表示对Torah忠诚的方法 In the eyes of outsiders
而在非犹太人眼中 It's problematic
这很有问题 as the Roman official says
就像罗马官员说的 Are we not human beings like yourselves?
我们不是和你一样的人类吗 And Rabbis know that
拉比知道这点 Okay, I'm gonna serve you
好了 我会从这里 right from here to early Christianity
讲到早期的基督教 Questions?
有问题吗 Anybody has any insights into these two stories?
有人想对这两个故事发表见解吗 which are both terrific, I think
我认为这两个故事都好极了 Especially the second one is a terrific story
特别是第二个 非常好的故事 Questions? Observations? Yoni
问题 结论 Yoni Why doesn't Rabbi Aqiva just
为什么拉比Aqiva come straight out and say
不直接说 It's just forbidden for me to lie with
和异族的女人睡觉是 the foreign woman
被禁止的 Or perhaps he was married
或许他已经结婚了 Why does?
为什么 Why does he say this?
为什么他要这样说 He's seemingly saying that, sort of the
他似乎是在说 external circumstance that turns him off
外部条件才是他会拒绝的原因 But perhaps in the normal circumstance?
但是也许在正常情况下 He would have yielded?
他会屈服 No, surely all gentiles have the breath
不 毫无疑问所有的异教徒 of carrion, and pork and forbidden meat
在呼吸中都会有腐肉 猪肉和 smell in their breath
禁忌的肉的味道 Cos gentiles eat the stuff all the time
因为异教徒一直都在吃这些东西 as they are allowed to do
因为他们可以吃 And had they brushed their teeth?
他们难道不刷牙吗 Had they brushed their teeth, and mouth washed
他们不刷牙吗 不用漱口吗 take Listerine and so, you know
用高级漱口水 whatever Rabbi Aqiva then have yielded?
那么拉比Aqiva就会屈服 I assume this is a metaphysical breath
我假设他说的口气是形而上学的 that he's smelling on their breath
他闻到的口气 Not the actual breath, right?
不是真正的口气 This is surely meant to be
这其实是在说 He smells their gentile-ness
他闻到了异教徒的味道 which is represented here by the forbidden food
在这里表示禁忌的食物 And he knows he can't
他知道他不能 He want to, he may want to, but he can't
他想要 可能想要 但是不能 Yes, David?
David请说 There is a little bit tension
这两个故事之间 between these two passages
有些冲突 Yes, yes, good
是的 很好 Because in the first, there's the sort of
因为在第一个故事里面有些 uninformed desire for forbidden things
未被知晓的对于禁忌的渴望 which the law then prevents this person from go into it
然后是律法阻止了这个人的堕落 Okay
好的 The second, the law has been internalized in such a way
第二个故事 律法被以某种方式内部化了 that this other passion is involved
涉及到了另外一种激情 which creates repugnant towards the thing forbidden
创造了一种对禁忌食物的矛盾 Well, that's not contradictions
这不是矛盾 But they are not quite the same either, right?
但是也不太一样 对吧 if that's what you are suggesting, right
你是这个意思 对吧 Well, so in the first, the desire is
在第一个故事里面 渴望的是 the tension is between the law and the desire
冲突是在律法和渴望之间 Right
没错 The second, there's this other desire
第二个故事 有其他的渴望 which is consistent from law
是和律法一致的 That's true, yes, good point, right
没错 是的 很好的观点 So that has been internalized, yes
所以被内部化了 没错 That's very good, right
这非常好 Good, so I guess the result of successfully
很好 我想第一个故事所造成的影响 applying passage No.1 would be passage No.2
最成功的体现 就是第二个故事 Right, which one has repressed
故事的主人公很努力 one's own desire to this extent
去压制自己内心的欲望 Which would be consistent with Aristotle
这种情况下和亚里斯多德的 in such benefits
观点一致 Ah, that I don't know
这个我不知道 In ten seconds realize, what is that
简单说一下 是什么 Aristotle says that the good person is the one
亚里斯多德说 什么样的人是好人呢 who wants to do habitually
就是那些习惯性地去做 was good for that person
对自己有益之事的人 So the law has been internalized
所以律法被内部化了 Well, that's nice
非常不错 Okay, ready to go down to Christianity
好了 可以开始讲基督教了 Now, so to summarize what I said on Monday
总结一下我周一讲的内容 and to summarize what I just said now
总结一下我前面刚刚讲的 The logic of the food laws is
食物律法的逻辑是 God makes distinctions, right?
上帝创造了分别 对吧 Within the creation, God created everything
在创世纪的过程中 上帝创造了一切 Cos God is the universal God
因为上帝是所有人的上帝 God is universal creator
上帝是所有人的造物主 All the world and all that is therein
整个世界和世界中的一切 comes from God
都是上帝创造的 That comes straight out of the Book of Genesis
这些都是创世纪中直接给出的 However, within that creation, right
但是在创造的过程中 God makes distinctions
上帝创造了分别 Not everybody, not everything
不是所有人 所有东西 not every animal is the same
所有动物都是一样的 That's the message that the rabbis at least took
这些段落拉比从创世纪中 from the Book of Genesis
从利未记中 took from the Book of Leviticus
都提取了出来 and then applied
并加以实施 The logic of Christianity, of course, is
基督教的逻辑当然是 God does not make distinctions
上帝不会创造分别 Cos all are one alike in Christ Jesus
因为在基督耶稣眼中均为一体 There is no longer Jew or Greek
在基督里面不分犹太人希腊人 male or female, slave or free in Christ
男人或者女人 为奴的或者自主的 Cos you are all one
因为你们都已成为一了 So the whole point of Christianity is to say that
所以基督教可以概括成 this ethnic logic of Judaism
犹太教的民族逻辑 has been replaced
已经被取代了 has been superseded
被超越 by the new logic in which
被上帝不创造分别的 God does not make distinction
新逻辑所取代了 That's a quote from Paul
这是保罗的原话 Right, there is no favoritism
再也没有了偏袒 or showing favor in God's eyes
或者在上帝眼中更加喜爱 Cos all alike are equal
因为所有皆为平等 Therefore, I understand completely the Christian logic
因此我已经完全明白了基督教的逻辑 What the Christian logic, ccording to the Christian logic
根据基督教的逻辑 we are going to do away with the food laws
我们要抛弃食物律法 we are going to do away with circumcision
我们要远离割礼 And as we'll see next week
下周会讲到 We are going to do away with the Sabbath
我们要远离安息日 Well, Sabbath is trickier
安息日有些麻烦 Cos it accomplish some equivalent of their own
因为安息日达成了内在的平衡 But okay, let's leave the Sabbath aside for a moment
但是没关系 安息日先放到一边 But when we get rid of the food laws
我们要抛开食物律法 We get rid of the circumcision
我们要抛开割礼 Because those are signs, again, of distinction
因为这些都是分别的记号 These are things that make Jews separate, different
这些东西让犹太人有了分别 不同 And the whole point in the new dispensation
而新的分配法则的重点 is that God shows no favor
是上帝没有喜好 Okay? That's the big point
这是关键点 Anybody wanna argue with me about that?
有人想和我争论一下吗 No, okay
没有 好吧 Oh, yes, and argument taker!
好的 有人要挑战了 Yes, hi
请说 嗨 I don't have an argument, just clarification
我不是想争论 只是澄清一点 But in modern statement, there is always
当代学者的观点都认为 There wouldn't be distinction
如果每个人都接受 so long as an individual accepted
基督是救世主 Christ as a savior
就不会有分别 Right, so, right, exactly
是的 没错 正是如此 So the language of Paul, of course
所以保罗所说的 You are all one in Christ Jesus
你们在基督耶稣里都成为一了 which is Galatians:3
加拉太书第3章 Right, so that of course assumes that
这样说当然是假设 You are all one because you are all in Christ Jesus
你们在基督耶稣里面都成为一了 i.e., you are accepting Christ
你们接受了基督 So the point of Paul would be that
所以保罗的观点是 the belief in Christ trumps any ethnic distraction
对基督的信仰战胜了其他任何民族分别 ethnic derivation or social station, right
种族来源或者社会状态 Slave, free, Jew, gentile, male, female
为奴的 自主的 犹太人 异教徒 男人 女人 Right, these distinctions endure in the real world
这些区别在现实世界中仍然存在 on the street, right, in the house
在大街上 在家里面 right, in the market place, they endure
在市场上 都还存在 But in the kingdom of heaven
但是在天国王朝 they don't mean anything
没有任何意义 If that works, everybody out there
如果这点成立 那么说所有人 is gonna have faith in Jesus
都会信仰耶稣 It turns out that everybody
结果就是 out there have faith in Jesus
所有人都信仰耶稣 not just those precinct Jews who don't go along
并不是只是辖区里面那些反对的犹太人 but a lot of gentiles out there
有很多异教徒 it takes a long time to get them to convert to Jesus
花了很长时间才被说服信仰耶稣 So how about them?
这些人怎么样 Well, okay, then needing more complicated theology
这需要更加复杂一些的宗教体系解释 But at least Paul of this early stage of Christianity
不过至少早期基督教的保罗 It's all simple
非常简单 So at least, theoretically at least
至少在理论上说 We are trumping these old distinctions
我们战胜了那些旧的 that were maintain by Judaism, right
犹太教保持的与其他人的分别 These distinctions are all going to be
这些分别都会被 torn down and replaced
废弃并取代 Do you accept that?
你同意这些吗 Yep
是的 Okay
好吧 That's good enough
足够好了 Okay, other questions or observations?
还有问题或者结论吗 Okay, this is very deep waters we are assuming it
我们假设这些都是很深奥的内容 I hope you understand, right?
你希望你们明白这点 At least there are things that
至少花点时间 one needs to think about
去仔细想一想 Okay, let's go back to where we are
好了 回到我们讲的 Let's see how this works out in the case of the
来看看这些理论怎么样 the case of the food laws
用在食物律法上的 So circumcision we dealt with already
我们已经解决了割礼的问题 Circumcision is just replaced, right
割礼被取代了 对吧 Christianity says God never really wanted
基督徒说上帝从来不想要 physical circumcision
对身体的割礼 Or maybe God did want briefly with Abraham, right?
或者上帝只想要亚伯拉罕对身体行割礼 But after that that's not what God really want
但是在那之后就不是上帝想要的了 So that's, but whatever
但是不管怎么样 We'll see we've already seen that kind of rhetoric
我们已经看到了这种说法 Now we find the same thing
在处理食物律法的时候 in question with the food laws
我们遇到了同样的情况 So Justin of course has the same old theory
犹斯丁当然有同样的理论 that we've already seen, right?
我们已经见识过了 His favorite theory to explain all these
这是他最喜欢使用的 ritual laws of the Hebrew Bible, right
希伯来圣经中仪式律的理论 Where Justin says
犹斯丁说 these ritual laws were given by God
这些仪式律法是上帝制定的 to the Jews, for the Jews
针对犹太人 只对犹太人 not for humanity at large
不是对其他人 And it's given to the Jews
而且只是针对犹太人 because the Jews need these
因为犹太人需要这些 Well, that's a different way of explaining it
这是一种不同的解释方法 The Jews ought to be punished
犹太人应该被惩罚 because they are sinful
因为他们有罪 and/or b, the Jews need constant reminder
或者换种解释 犹太人需要一直被提醒 as to worship God
要崇拜上帝 Cos without these constant reminders
因为如果没有不停的提醒 every ten seconds, they'd be running off in rebellion
一转眼的功夫他们就会反抗 Right, so how do you keep them
怎么样能让他们 off streets and out of trouble?
不要上街远离麻烦 Give them lots of homework
给他们大量的工作去做 Just pile of work
做不完的工作 It doesn't make any sense
不需要有任何道理 It doesn't mean anything
不需要有任何意义 In itself it means nothing
本身没有任何意义 The point is simply, is to keep these
作用很简单 让这些 meaningless commands upon them
无意义的命令缠住他们 So they'll be so busy doing them
他们会一直忙于执行 that this way they won't rebel
所以他们就不会反抗 That's version b of the same basic explanation
这是同一个解释的另一个版本 In other words, the ritual commands
换句话说 仪式戒律本身 are not what God really wants
不是上帝真正想要的 Since we Christians understand this
因为我们基督徒明白这点 Therefore we Christians don't observe these things
所以我们基督徒不需要遵守这些 Okay, that's Justin
这就是犹斯丁 That's his big theory
和他的长篇大论 So onto circumcision
曾经是对割礼 we see it now in the case of food laws
现在是对食物律法 and we'll see it again next week
我们下周还会见到 in connection with the Sabbath
用在安息日上面 Okay, constant reminders of the divine presence
一直在提醒犹太人神圣的存在 Okay, there's the passage in Chapter 20
这是第20章的段落 Skip the next bullet point, which is quite interesting
下一个要点跳过 非常有趣 But I'm not, I'm gonna move along
不过我就不讲了 It's remarkable how little
特别值得一提的是 Justin says about the food laws
犹斯丁对食物律法所言甚少 This I don't clearly understand
我不太明白 Justin has tons of stuff about circumcision
犹斯丁说了很多关于割礼的东西 There must be a dozen paragraphs about circumcision
有很多关于割礼的段落 He has a fair amount about the Sabbath
也说了不少关于安息日的东西 as we'll see from a number of references about Sabbath
我们会看到有很多关于安息日的引用 And I would have expected him to talk
我很期待他大讲特讲 grand, eloquently about the food laws
口若悬河地说说食物律法 But he doesn't
但是他没有 He has one paragraph or two
他只说了一两段 sentences or two
一两句 I don't really understands that
我不太明白 If any of you have bright explanation
如果你们谁有聪明的解释 bright idea to explain why Justin
有趣的观点 解释下为什么 does not make much of the Jewish food laws
犹斯丁不太提到犹太的食物律法 whereas he makes much of circumcision
而却谈了很多关于割礼的 and makes much of Sabbath
还有安息日的内容 If you have any bright ideas to explain that
如果你能够对此作出解释 I would be happy to hear them
我洗耳恭听 Maybe you will get a PhD, too
也许你会得到博士学位 But that's why I asked you to
这也是为什么我要求大家 read the passage in Barnabas
去读巴纳巴斯的文章 A, because it's inherently fascinating
第一 因为本身写的非常好 and B, it gives you a little more
第二 可以看到更多的 Christian perspective on the food laws
基督徒对于食物律法的看法 So Barnabas, so just briefly about Barnabas, right
巴纳巴斯 简单介绍下巴纳巴斯 This is an, usually called an epistle of Barnabas
一般会称为巴纳巴斯的使徒书 Probably not a letter, it's probably a sermon
也许不是书信 也许是布道 Some early Christian text
一些早期基督徒的文章 Barnabas appears in the Book of Acts
巴纳巴斯出现在使徒行传里面 as the travelling companion of Paul
作为保罗的旅伴 So it's not really by Barnabas
不是巴纳巴斯本人写的 At the same name
只是名字相同 This would presumably be some anonymous text
可能是一些匿名的作者 that's attributed to Barnabas to
归在巴纳巴斯的头上 the travelling companion of Paul
保罗的旅伴 Anyway, so early Christian text
不管怎么样 这些早期基督徒的文章 probably around the year 130
大概是在公元130年 Again, we think that Justin is around year 160
我们认为犹斯丁生活在公元160年 maybe then later, around 160s
也许会晚一些 公元160年左右 This is probably a generation before Justin
也许是在犹斯丁之前的一代 That's epistle of Barnabas
这就是巴纳巴斯的使徒书 Epistle of Barnabas is also interested in
巴纳巴斯的使徒书和 the same themes with
殉道士犹斯丁 Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho
与特来弗的对话一书关注相同的主题 He's interested in rebutting Jewish claims
他感兴趣的是辩驳犹太人的观点 He's interested in rebutting Jewish readings of Scripture
他感兴趣的是辩驳犹太人对圣经的解读 in order to promote Christian readings of Scripture
以宣扬基督徒对圣经的解读 So except that Justin is much longer
但是犹斯丁写得更多 and laid up much more fully, easier to follow
写得更完整 更容易读 That's why we are reading more Justin than Barnabas
所以我们读犹斯丁比读巴纳巴斯要多 But here on the food laws
但是关于食物律法 Barnabas has this one really spectacular chapter
巴纳巴斯有非常波澜壮阔的一章 which sort of makes up for
这个段落多少就补充了 Justin's silence on the subject
犹斯丁在此话题上的沉默 So what do we see in Barnabas?
那么我们怎么看待巴纳巴斯 Barnabas is the classic example of
巴纳巴斯是基督徒寓言式 Christian's allegorizing of the laws
解读律法的典型例子 And this I mentioned briefly on Monday
我在周一简单提到过 Now I'll explain a little more fully
现在我完整讲讲 Right, the laws are allegorized
对我们来说 这些律法 by which we mean
是有寓意的 That the laws that were stated in Scripture
这些在圣经中的律法 have their true meaning
有它们真正的含义 not in their literal observance
不是字面的意思 But rather, the laws represent, right, moral truths
更进一步 这些律法代表着道德真理 that we Christians are to extract from Scripture
这是需要我们基督徒从圣经中解读的 And having extracted
一旦我们从圣经中 these moral truths from Scripture
解读出了这些道德真理 We don't need to observe the actual literal law
我们就不需要遵从那些律法的字面意思 Cos the literalness of the laws
因为这些律法的字面意思 has been exhausted by its moral teaching
已经被那些道德教学 道德含义 its moral meanings
都概括了 This is not what Justin is doing on the ritual laws
这不是犹斯丁对仪式律法的看法 for the most part
大部分不是这样的 Right, he says the ritual laws are literal
他是这些仪式律法是字面意思的 But God gave them just to the Israelites
上帝只是用这些来 to punish them
惩罚以色列人 Or to keep burdens of commandments upon them
或者用戒律给他们负担 Cos God doesn't like them
因为上帝不喜欢他们 God wants to punish them
上帝想要惩罚他们 So they are very literal, Justin says
所以犹斯丁说这些是字面意思的 They ends up in the same place
不过得出的结论是一样的 We Christians don't have to observe them
我们基督徒不需要遵从 But his reading of Scripture is very different
但是巴纳巴斯对圣经的解读非常不同 This reading says, no
他的解读说 不 They are not literal
这些不是字面意思的 And the Jews mistake Scripture
犹太人对圣经解读错了 miscomprehends Scripture
理解错了 when they think, don't eat pork means
他们以为不要吃猪肉的意思 don't eat pork
就是不要吃猪肉 Because what Scripture really means
因为圣经真正的含义 is the moral truth
是道德真理 expressed in this language of food prohibitions
表达着对食物的禁忌 Then Barnabas then gives you a long list
巴纳巴斯给了我们一个很长的列表 you know, explaining to you what are these
向我们解释什么才是 negative moral qualities
不好的 我们基督徒 that we Christians are to avoid
应该避免的品德 that Scripture is trying to teach us
圣经告诉我们的 we Christians are to avoid
我们基督徒应该避免的 So he explains that some of these animals
他解释说有一些动物 represent different moral qualities
代表着不同的品德 or some of these animals represent
或者说有一些动物代表着 different kinds of people
不同的人 All of whom have these negative qualities
那些有不好的品德的人 that we Christians are to avoid
我们基督徒应该避免 Okay, and some of them are quite interesting
其中有些非常有意思 which I won't repeat here now
我在这里就不重复了 I wish you go read them
我希望你们自己读一读 Cos some them deal of course with
因为其中一些涉及了 his notions of sexual habits of animals
他对动物性行为观点 which represents sexual habits
代表着那些我们应该避免的 that we human should avoid
不好的性行为 Where he gets this information about animals
他从哪里得到那些动物的信息的 and their sexual habits is quite fascinating
那些动物的性行为非常有趣 I don't know
我不知道他从哪儿知道的 But anyway, so he thinks some of these animals
不过不管怎么说 他认为一些动物 represent certain kinds of sexual acts
代表着一些我们应该 that we human should avoid and any
避免的性行为 avoid people alike who do these things
也要避免和有这种行为的人接触 Anyway, that's not sedition tiltation
但是这也不算什么违法乱纪 you get to read the passage of Barnabas
大家看看巴纳巴斯怎么说吧 我也不清楚 I don't know what it is
那我也不知道是什么了 Okay, so that's Barnabas, so
好了 这就是巴纳巴斯 And it is allegorical
以及他的寓言式解读 In other words, the Jews think
也就是说 犹太人以为 Don't eat pork means don't eat port
不要吃猪肉就是不要吃猪肉的意思 But we Christians know that's not
但是我们基督徒知道 what the passage really means
真正的含义是什么 Yes
请问 If God really meant that
如果上帝真的是这个意思 the Jews shouldn't associate with
你们犹太人不要和那些人 people like that
混在一起 Why didn't he just say it?
为什么他不直接说 Oh, what a wonderful question
多好的问题啊 If God wants to say
如果上帝想说 avoid people who are piggish
不要和有猪的品行的人接触 avoid people who are aggressive
不要和那些好斗的人接触 or avoid people who have, are sexually loose
或者不要和那些淫乱的人接触 Then why doesn't God just say that?
为什么上帝不直接说呢 It's foreshadowing Jesus
这是在为耶稣会用隐喻 is gonna speak in parables?
的方式表达做铺垫吗 Yes, the whole logic here
是的 这里的逻辑是 that God does not say, speak plainly
上帝不会直接说出自己的意思 Something like casting pearl before swine, right?
有点像是对牛弹琴 The message is semi-concealed
信息是半隐匿式的 The message needs to be revealed
信息需要被解读 Perhaps it's a symbol for
可能这是一个 it's a metaphor for Jesus himself, right
对耶稣自己的寓意的符号 to come to has to be reveal
这些圣经的救世主 thus divine Messiah
需要被解读 Similarly, the truths of the Scripture
类似地圣经文本的真正含义 aren't lying on the ground
也不是直接说出来的 They needs to be excavated from Scripture
而是需要被发掘出来 Yes, this is part of divine mystery of
这是上帝神秘的行事方式的 how God works
一部分 Yes, David?
David请说 From a rabbinic perspective
从犹太法师的观点看来 you say God is a protestant
你说上帝是个新教徒 You know that he just tells people to do something
如果他就是让大家做什么 They may not actually do it
大家可能不会去做 If he gives them this whole
如果他只是给出 complicated sort of guidelines
那些复杂的指示 they'll do a lot better
反而会比直接给出 than if he just gives them a single command?
那些简单的命令效果更好 Well, it's kind of a psychological analysis
这有点儿心理分析的意思 You think that works?
你以为这会管用 The message is morally effective because
命令被执行得更有效率 precisely because it's not clear
恰恰因为命令不清不楚 precisely because it's not on the surface
恰恰因为不是直接说出来的 precisely because you have to work at it
恰恰因为需要花时间去解读 Does that makes the message, therefore
而这些让信息本身更加 more convincing, more value-laden
有说服力 更加充满价值 Great question
很好的问题 I guess maybe if God
我想如果上帝 If you spoke in the way we thought he should
如果他以我们想象中的方式 and what's relevant for him, I don't know
说出和他相关的东西 有点儿 Yes, that's another excellent questions given, right
是的 又一个非常好的问题 You know, God is gonna like
如果上帝是 You got a beer, you take a beer, a bar
你去喝啤酒 去酒吧喝啤酒 There was God
上帝也在那 I was watching prohibition
我把禁令完全 out there out of my mind
抛之脑后 Right, so you got to a Saloon
如果你去了酒吧 and are you drinking beer
在那喝啤酒 Does God just, you know, such, chatting?
上帝怎么着 聊天吗 No, that's not the way God talks
不 上帝不会这个样子 Although according to rabbinic, one rabbinic view
但是有一个犹太法师说 God speaks in the manner in which man speaks
上帝说话的方式和普通人是一样的 Yeah, right, so of course sometimes
是的 没错 有些时候上帝 God does talk that way in Scripture
在圣经里面确实是这样说话的 That's how we deal with problematic passages
这就是我们处理那些有疑问段落的方法 where the language seems a little to coarse
有些语言看起来太粗俗了 Or the theological conception
或者从神学上的理解 seems a little too friendly?
有点太过于友善了 For what we imagined God to be like
因为我们想象中的上帝是另外的样子 Yes, so it's a complicated question
是的 这是个很复杂的问题 But it's all about the divine speech
因为这些都是神的话 That fundamentally is the answer
这基本上就是答案 Right, divine speech is not the same
神的话和常人的 as human speech
说的话不同 And divine speech requires extra interpretation
神的话需要额外的解读 The way you and I don't
而我们常人的话 require extra interpretation
不需要额外的解读 Because, a, we are just blokes, human blokes
因为我们只是常人 普通人 Second, well, we don't deserve it
另外 我们也担当不起 But God, you have to work at it
但是上帝的话 就必须努力解读 Okay, great question
很好的问题 I give you, as we read
大家已经读过了 this very nice article by Peter Tomson
我给大家的Peter Tomson的好文 A Dutch scholar, right
他是一位荷兰学者 who is interested in, what we call
专注于我们所说的 community discourse, right
话语共同体 How the language of impure and pure foods
在早期的基督教文本中如何 works in early Christian text
界定洁净和不洁净的食物 He goes over all the main Christian text
他提及了所有早期基督教的文本 So I don't need to spend too much time doing them
所以我不需要花太多时间说这个 But let's briefly look at two of the main ones
我们简单看下主要的两章 which is Mark:7 and Acts:10
马可福音第7章和使徒行传第10章 These are get undiscussed by Tomson
这两章Tomson没有论述过 so I just want to bring that to your attention
所以我想让大家把注意力放到这两章上 So the two main early Christian passages
早期基督教的在福音书中 from the Gospels about the food laws are these two
关于食物律法的两个主要章节 Mark:7 and Acts:10
马可福音第7章和使徒行传第10章 We now are gotta focus on the main point
我们主要看重点部分 So quickly, let's look at Mark:7
快速浏览下马可福音第7章 Now in the Pharisees and some of the scribes
有法利赛人和几个文士 who had come from Jerusalem
从耶路撒冷来 gathered around him, or around Jesus
在耶稣那里聚集 They noticed that some of his disciples
他们看见有几个文士 were eating with defiled hands
用俗手 也就是 that is, without washing them
没洗过的手吃饭 Right, as you know, ritually observant Jews
遵守仪式的犹太人在当时 to this day will wash their hands ritually
都会把在吃饭之前洗手 before eating bread
当成仪式 Cos bread is how you announce it's a meal
因为面包是被当做正餐的 Not a snack, but a meal, okay
不是零食 是正餐 For the Pharisees, and all the Jews
法利赛人和犹太人 do not eat unless they thoroughly wash their hands
都遵守古人的遗传 若不仔细洗手 thus observing the tradition of the elders
就不会吃饭 Okay, an important phrase
一个重要的短语 Tradition of the elders
古人的遗传 Pharisees uphold tradition
法利赛人遵循传统 Is it say anywhere in the Scripture
在圣经里面哪里说过 that you need to wash your hands before you eat
吃饭之前需要洗手 I'll give you a hint
我给大家一个提示 Does it say anywhere in the Scripture
在圣经里面哪里说过 you need to wash your hand before you eat?
吃饭之前需要洗手 No
没有 No
没有 I'm not talking about what your mother told you
我说的不是你妈妈告诉你 Your hand is dirty, go wash them
你的手脏了 坐在饭桌之前 before you sit down at the table
先去洗洗手 I won't talk about that
我说的不是这个 talking about a ritual washing
我说的是仪式上的洗手 Something do with impurity and purity
有关不洁净和洁净的 Is that found anywhere in the Scripture
在圣经里面有提到过吗 the answer is no
答案是否定的 But then nonetheless this is a custom
但是尽管如此还是有一个习俗 You say, tradition of the elders
古人的遗传 Upheld by the Pharisees and all the Jews
法利赛人和犹太人都在遵守 A very odd phrase, right?
非常奇怪的短语 对吧 We wash before we eat
吃饭之前要洗手 But they noticed that Jesus' disciples
但是他们注意到耶稣的门徒 were not doing it
不会这样做 They were eating with common hands
他们用俗手吃饭 Hands that have not been washed
也就是没有洗过的手 So I'll skip the next verse, to verse 5
跳过下一节 直接到第5节 The Pharisees and the scribes asked him
法利赛人和文士问他 Why do your disciples not live
你们门徒为什么 according to the tradition of the elders?
不照古人的遗传 Eat with defiled hands?
用俗手吃饭呢 Why don't they observe the tradition?
为什么他们不遵循传统 After all, we are all Jews, right?
毕竟他们都是犹太人 对吧 This remind you that back
这是在提醒你 Yes, of course
是的 当然是 So why didn't they observe the Jews' tradition?
那么为什么他们不遵循犹太的传统呢 So then there's a complicated set of passages
接下来是非常复杂的一段 which I'm skipping here a little bit
我跳过一部分 Then he called the crowd again to him
耶稣又叫众人来 and he said to them
对他们说 Listen to me, all of you, and understand
你们要听我的话 也要明白 There is nothing outside a person
从外面进去的 that by going in can defile
不能污秽人 but the things that come out are what defile
惟有从里面出来的才能污秽人 which in context would seem to me
这一段从上下文看似乎在说 They don't need to wash their hands
他们不需要洗手 because that would suggest that
因为这其实是在说 we are trying to avoid defiling ourselves
我们在试图避免从外面 by bringing something into the body
进到身体的东西污秽自己 I'm not quite sure if
我不太确定 Jesus understands washing hands
耶稣是不是明白什么是洗手 But okay, that's a very complicated discussion, right
但是这是个非常复杂的问题 对吧 Which he is suggesting if we washing our hands
因为他的意思是如果我们洗手了 that we did not defile ourselves
就没有污秽到自己 make ourselves impure
让自己不洁净 by ingesting, by having your hands
通过用手拿起食物吞咽 cause these what come into us to be impure
而导致进入身体的东西不洁净 Judge Jesus says that it doesn't work
耶稣判定这些都不算数 you don't have to worry about that
不需要担心这些 Rather, things that come out are what defile
惟有从里面出来的 才能污秽人 What does that mean?
这是什么意思 When he had left the crowd and entered the house
耶稣离开众人 进了屋子 his disciples asked him about parable
门徒就问他这比喻的意思 He said to them
耶稣对他们说 Then do you also fail to understand?
你们也是这样不明白吗 Do you not see that whatever goes into
岂不晓得凡从外面进入的 a person from outside, food, cannot defile?
也就是食物 不能污秽人 Since it enters not the heart but the stomach
因为不是入他的心 乃是入他的肚腹 and goes out into the sewer
又落到茅厕里 Right, remains of your food
食物没消化的部分 wind up in the toilet
都到茅厕去了 So clearly, that does not defile
所以很明显 这没有污秽人 make impure
造成不洁净 Thus he declared all foods clean
所以他宣布所有的食物都是洁净的 I'll come back to that in one second
这个马上回来再讲 And he said, it is what comes out
他又说 从人里面出来的 of a person that defiles
那才能污秽人 Not the food that's going in
不是吃进去的那些 that have to worry about
不需要担心这个 which we spend by washing of hands
就是我们洗手所去除的 Rather, that's what comes
而是那些从人里面出来的 out of the person that defiles
才会污秽人 makes you impure
造成不洁净 What does that mean?
这是什么意思 What comes out of a person?
什么是从人里面出来的 Is that referring to poop?
是在说粪便吗 He's referring to, as he explains now in one second
他说的是 接下来就做出了解释 Right? For it is from within
因为从里面 from human heart, evil intentions come
就是从人心里面发出的恶念 fornication, theft, murder, adultery
苟合 偷盗 凶杀 奸淫 avarice, wickedness, deceit
贪婪 邪恶 诡诈 licentiousness, envy, slander, pride, folly
淫荡 基督 诽谤 骄傲 狂妄 All these evil things come from within
这一切的恶都是从里面出来 and they defile a person
且能污秽人 So we Christians do not need to wash the hands
所以我们基督徒不需要洗手 to observe the tradition of the elders
不需要遵循古人的遗传 because the washing of the hands
因为洗手只是为了 is to prevent our defilement by eating food
防止吃的食物被污秽 We Christians don't have to worry about that
我们基督徒不需要担心这个 The defilement that we Christians
而我们基督徒需要担心的 have to worry about
那些会污秽人的 He gets on speaking
他接下来的口气 as if Jesus is talking about Christians
似乎耶稣是在说基督徒 Of course I know Christian said it at his time
但是我知道基督徒说过 I remember that from my lecture
我记得两周之前 from two weeks ago
我讲过的 Right, Jesus is just Jews
耶稣是犹太人 But we'll be looking at the long-term view
但是我们现在就是把之后的话提前说 that's where are we going with this
把后来的观点融入进来 Right, Christians don't have to worry about
基督徒不需要担心 defile themselves by eating food, by ingesting food
吃食物消化食物会污秽到他们自己 They have to worry about defile themselves
他们只需要关心不要被 by speech, by action
语言 行为 by intentions, by thoughts
意图 想法 污秽到 If that, of course, washing hands is irrelevant
如果是这样话 当然洗手是不相干的 Okay, this is a very very complicated chapter
这是个很复杂的章节 Mark:7, I don't have time to deal with it now
马可福音第7章 我没有时间详细讲 Tomson discusses some of the problems with it
Tomson讨论了其中一些问题 He seems to be stitching together
他似乎把所有章节 all these various pieces
都联系起来了 But one of these little pieces is the passage
但是其中的一小段 at the end of verse 19
是在19节最后一句 Thus he declared all foods clean
耶稣说所有食物都是洁净的 Yes
请问 So is it probable that Jesus
所以很可能耶稣自己 didn't keep the kosher law himself?
没有遵循食物禁忌 Another great question
又一个好问题 I would argue, of course he
我会争论说 当然他 kept the kosher laws
要遵循食物禁忌了 If you mean that Jesus and his disciples
如果你的意思是耶稣和他的门徒 went after they have multiplied the loafs
吃了很多面包 multiplied the wine
喝了很多酒 they sit down and have, you know, shrimp salad
然后坐那开始吃鲜虾色拉 I would say, probably not
我要说 应该不会 Probably not
不会这样 Do they sit down and have
他们会坐在那 you know, ham and egg for breakfast?
吃火腿鸡蛋当早餐吗 Probably not
应该不会 Because he's a Jew
因为耶稣是犹太人 And there's no passage in Scripture
而且在圣经里面 Sorry, in the New Testament
抱歉 应该是在新约里面 which clearly, unambiguously says
很清楚明白地说 that Jesus violated, well actually, any law
耶稣违反过什么戒律 We'll see Sabbath is a tricky closest one
在安息日上是只差了一点点 we'll see that next week
我们下周会讲到 So, I also have a question of that
我还有个问题 So when he sitting around for the last supper
耶稣在最后的晚餐上 he passed his cup and he said drink my blood
他递给别人自己的杯子说 饮我的血 Do you think anybody went, gross
你认为会有人觉得 恶心 Well, he should have done that
如果他是真正的犹太人 If he had been real Jews
他应该会这样 What he have said
他应该这样说 that we'll discuss when we get there
我们讲到的时候会讨论 Right, gross, we Jews don't drink blood
恶心 我们犹太人不喝血 I'll come back to that in one second
这一点很快会讲到 That's on the last page of my note
在我的笔记的最后一页 I got to keep on the clock
我得抓紧时间 Right, right
好吧 We Jews don't eat blood
我们犹太人不吃血 What are we talking about?
我们说的是什么 Presuming that is meant to be metaphorical
大家就假设这是隐喻性的 or some weird verbal, we'll discuss that
或者是奇怪的口语表达 我们会讨论这个 Okay?
好吧 A blood, as Tomson discusses
血 Tomson论述过 The prohibition of eating blood is something
早期的基督教是有过 early Christian did adopt
禁止吃血的禁令 They would not eat blood
不可以吃血 What does not-eat-blood mean?
吃血是什么意思 Now I'm running ahead of myself
我讲到后面的要点上去了 But I'll prepare another time, so just as well
但是我准备要讲这个的 所以没关系 What does it mean when a Christian say
当基督徒说不要吃血 do not eat blood?
是什么意思 Are they the same as drink cups of blood?
是说用杯子喝血吗 No, we are talking about slaughtering animal
不 我们说的是屠杀动物 and draining blood from the animals
喝动物的血 which is what Jews do, to this day
犹太人到现在还会这样做 Right, in order to drain the blood from the meat
是为了把肉里面的血排出去 So that was something that early Christians
早期的基督徒也这样做了 did also for quite some time
很长一段时间 And yet they still have this mysterious ritual
到现在还会有这种神秘的仪式 Which we'll discuss in a few weeks
后面几周会讲到 Okay, so back to where we are
好了 言归正传 Thus he declared all foods clean
耶稣又说食物都是洁净的 which I think in context
所以我认为这段 surely means
肯定是在说 Remember SURELY, what does SURELY mean?
还记得肯定吗 肯定是什么意思 Surely means I'm not at all sure
肯定的意思是我完全不肯定 Okay, back to where I am
言归正传 So surely this parenthetical remark means
所以这段话肯定是在说 that he declares all foods clean
他声明了所有食物都是洁净的 that you can have shrimp salad
你可以吃鲜虾色拉 that you can eat ham and eggs
可以吃火腿鸡蛋 This is how all the earliest Christian readers
这就是早期基督徒对于马可福音 of that line in Mark understood
这一段落的理解 And Tomson argues that originally in context
Tomson争论说原文的语境里面 what he meant was nothing more than
耶稣只是在说 you don't have to worry about the purity laws
吃食物的时候 when you are eating your food
不要担心洁净律法 You don't have to worry about washing your hands
不需要担心洗没洗手 or the worry about those purity-impurity things
或者那些洁净和不洁净的事情 In the Book of Leviticus
在利未记里面 you don't have to worry about those things
你不需要担心这些事情 Only the pieties, super-pious types, Pharisees
只有那些最虔诚的 超级虔诚的信徒 法利塞人 They worry about those purity rules
他们才需要担心洁净法则 But you, regular Jews like you and me
但是像你我一样的普通犹太人 we can eat without washing hands
我们可以不洗手就吃东西 cos we don't have to worry about
因为我们不用担心 the purity in the food
食物的洁净与否 Just eat it
吃就是了 That's what Tomson argues
这就是Tomson的观点 So I would say, well, yeah
我想说的是 but then narrative context may be
那些文段可能说的 that's what it means, may be, I'm not sure
是这个意思 可能是 我不确定 I'm not sure whether somebody
我不确定是不是有人 is sticking a line like that
抓住这句不放 That's all I means
我就是这个意思 SURELY it means you can have shrimp
肯定是在说你可以吃虾 Not to mention cheeseburgers
更不要说芝士汉堡了 But okay, so that's how
但是古代的基督徒 ancient Christians read that line
就是这样理解这段的 And saw in this story
他们认为故事里面 the locus, classics, the classic passage to show
的这个地方 这个的经典文段来看 That Jesus is setting aside the Biblical food laws
从利未记看来 耶稣是无视 from the Book of Leviticus
圣经中的食物律法的 Read Tomson on that
读读Tomson的文章 The other main passage in the New Testament
这个主题在新约中另外一个主要段落 on the subject is Acts:10
是在使徒行传第10章 So remember the Book of Acts
使徒行传讲的是 gives a story of the apostles
耶稣复活之后 after the resurrection of Jesus
他的使徒的故事 That's how it starts
在一开头 With their vision of recent Jesus, in Acts:1
使徒行传第1章 他们看到了耶稣显现 which parallels to the last piece of Gospels
和上一个福音书是衔接的 Right, and then Acts takes story afterwards
然后使徒行传开始讲后面的事情 Right, what happens among the apostles
这些使徒 这些门徒 the disciples, what happens then
发生了什么事情 And beginning with
在中间的部分 the middle of the book to the end
开始一直到最后 Paul emerges as the main character
保罗开始成为使徒行传 in the Book of Acts
的主要角色 Okay, Acts:10 is about Peter
使徒行传第10章是关于彼得 Right, it's a remarkable story
这是个非常好的故事 I don't have time to read the whole thing
我没有时间整个读一遍 Again, this is discussed by Tomson
Tomson也对此进行了讨论 So you can read it there, so
大家可以读一读 That's we have here briefly the excerpts
我们简要说下这段节选 About noon the next day
第二天中午的时候 Peter went up on the roof to pray
彼得到房顶上去祈祷 Peter of course was one of the apostles
彼得当然是使徒之一 One of disciples of Jesus
耶稣的门徒之一 He became hungry, wanted something to eat
他饿了 想要吃东西 While it was being prepared
正准备饭的时候 he fell into a trance
彼得魂游象外 he saw the heaven opened and
看到天开了 something like a large sheet coming down
有一物降下来 好像一块大布 Perhaps a table cloth, we would say
可以猜测 可能是一块桌布 Coming down, being lowered to the ground
从天上降下 系着四角 by its four corners
缒在地上 In it were all kinds of four-footed creatures
里面有地上各样四足的走兽和昆虫 and reptiles and birds of the air
并天上的飞鸟 Then he heard a voice saying
又有声音向他说 Get up, Peter, kill and eat
起来 彼得 宰了吃 But Peter said, Lord
但是彼得却说 主啊 By no means, for I have never
这是不可的 凡俗物 eaten anything that is profane
和不洁净的物 我从来没有吃过 common, unclean, defile
俗物 不洁净 污秽的 It's not kosher food
如果用之后的说法 to use the later language
这不是洁食 I can't do this, it's not kosher
我不能吃 这不是洁食 I can't eat these food, animals like this
我不能吃这些食物 这样的动物 The voice said to him again
有声音第二次向他说 a second time, and a third time
然后又是第三次 What God has made clean
神所洁净的 you must not call profane
你不可当作俗物 Then the next paragraph, the story proceeds
接下来的一段 故事继续 Peter understands what it means
当他被邀请 when he's invited to go to
去一个百夫长家 the house of a Roman centurion
彼得明白了上帝的意思 And Peter says, you know
彼得说 你知道的 He tells when he is back into the house
他到了百夫长家里面说 I never would come into a house
我从来不会进你家 cos we Jews don't associate with gentiles
因为犹太人不和异教徒来往 See, food laws keeps you away from gentiles
看到了吧 食物律法让你远离异教徒 Right, I would never go anywhere
我不应该接近任何 near the food of gentiles
异教徒的食物 go into the house of gentiles
异教徒的房子 But now we have this vision from God
但是我现在看到了上帝的异象 I understand what God means
我明白了上帝的意思 I should not call a profane, defiled, unholy
我不应该把上帝所洁净的东西 that which God has made
称为俗物 污秽 不神圣 Same little motif you saw in rabbinic story
和之前的犹太法师的故事是一个母题 Right, God does not make distinctions
对吧 上帝不创造分别 Right, all alike are the children of God
所有人都是上帝的子民 So that's the message
这就是故事里面 from that the story Peter says
彼得说要传达的信息 That's why I'm going into your house
这就是为什么我去了他家 and Cornelius now gets converted to something
哥尼流也变成了 like we might wanna call Christianity
如果不太准确的说 speaking inaccurately
就是基督教 Okay, the main question then discussed by Tomson
Tomson对于这个故事 of course in the story is
讨论主要问题是 So the vision, up Peter kill and eat
异象让彼得杀掉动物并且吃掉 So that vision tells Peter he should go
异象告诉彼得去和 associate with Cornelius
哥尼流接触 Because we Christians are gonna associate with
因为我们基督徒要和异教徒以那些 gentiles in a way that old-fashion Jews never did
守旧的犹太人不会采取的方法接触 Right, the distinction between Jew and gentile
犹太人和异教徒直接的区别 as in the case of Paul
就像故事中的保罗 has been supplanted, has been replaced
已经被废除了 被取代了 But then when Peter sits down
但是当彼得坐下和哥尼流 and eat with Cornelius, here is my question
一起吃饭的时候 我的问题来了 What is Peter going to eat with Cornelius?
彼得要和哥尼流吃什么呢 Is he gonna sit there and take out
他会坐下然后拿出 his little double-wrapped luminous foil
两层锡纸包着的 owe-you-approved lunch meal?
需要你看看是不是允许才能吃的食物吗 Which he'll eat with plastic utensils
然后用塑料餐具和 and a paper cup?
纸杯来吃吗 Right, eating on a separate little towel?
还是要用另外一块毛巾 Or is he gonna dig into the shrimp diablo
或者他还是要把勺子伸进鲜虾大拼盘里面 Right, I never had such things, I don't know
我从来没吃过 我不知道 But you know, you understand
但是你们明白 Will he dig into the seafood salad?
他会喜欢吃海鲜色拉吗 Right, follow by honey-laced ham?
然后吃蜂蜜火腿 Later Christians of course understood the latter
后期的基督徒当然明白后者是什么 As if once you break these barriers
一旦你打破了隔阂 once you get rid of the food laws
一旦你抛弃了食物律法 as he is metaphorically doing in the story
就像他在故事中的象征做法的那样 That means no food laws
这意味再也没有和 no social barriers with gentiles
异教徒相关的食物律法 They go together
都没有了 They are both being supplanted
都被废弃了 That's how later Christians read that story
晚期基督徒这样看待这个故事 And at some point, I have to say
我必须说在某种程度上 That's the truth of the story
从基督教的历史来看 from a point of view of Christian history
这就是故事的真正含义 And the narrative context
而从故事背景说 I'm not 100% sure if Peter really is digging
我不能完全确定彼得 into that shrimp or not
是不是把勺子伸进了虾中 He associated with gentiles
他和异教徒接触 He has perhaps some kind of
在故事里他可能 residual transition time here in the story
还会有一些残存的传统 Anyway, read the story
不管怎么说 看看这个故事 It's one of the whole story extend
这是Tomson讨论的其中一个 discussed by Tomson
故事的引申含义 Okay, if any of you have any quick observations
好了 对于这两个故事 on either of those two great stories
大家有什么想问的吗 You have four great stories today
今天讲了个四个很棒的故事 Mark, Acts, and two rabbinic ones
马可福音 使徒行传 还有两个犹太故事 I think they are all terrific texts
我觉得这些都是非常棒的段落 Okay, we have like five minutes, so
我们还有五分钟时间 Let's get to the last page
开始讲最后一页 There are other food prohibitions besides
还有其他的食物禁忌 So Christianity of course, sooner or later
所以基督教当然或早或晚 one way or another
都会以某种形式 does get rid of the food laws
抛弃了食物律法 Right, arguing that God does not make
因为上帝不会创造 the old distinctions that Judaism upholds
犹太教坚守的那种分别 have been replaced
已经被取代了 So food laws go
所以食物律法被废除了 distinctions between Jews and gentiles
犹太人和异教徒之间的区别 these go, out
没有了 消亡了 What's interesting is that
比较有趣的是 some food prohibitions do endure
在早期基督教有些食物禁忌 in early Christianity
流传了下来 Spotted what I just said?
听懂我说的意思了吗 So while they busy munching away on shrimp
虽然他们在那用力地嚼着虾 on honey-laced ham
吃着蜂蜜火腿 Nonetheless there are food prohibitions
还是有一些食物禁忌 The first and main one is not to eat blood
第一个而且是主要的一个就是不要吃血 which I've already mentioned briefly
我已经简单说过了 This is a piece of lecture I didn't get to on Monday
这段我周一没有来得及讲 So go back to the lecture notes
所以如果愿意可以 from Monday if you want
回头看看周一的讲义 But not now, the lecture is almost done, right
现在已经基本上讲完了 Do not eat blood
不要吃血 Do not eat blood is the most repeated
不要吃血是Torah里面 prohibition in the Torah
重复最多次的禁忌 Repeated more often than, don't murder
比不要谋杀 不要偷盗 don't steal, right?
重复的次数还多 The prohibition do not eat blood
不要吃血的禁忌 occurs at least half a dozen times
至少出现过六次以上 Which the legislator repeats over and over
立法者一遍一遍地重复 You Israelites do not eat blood
以色列人不可以吃血 You need to slaughter the animal
你需要屠宰动物 and drain the blood
然后把血放出来 Right, no details are given about ritual slaughter
在圣经里面没有提到关于 in the Biblical text
屠宰的细节 You have to wait again to the tradition of the elders
必须要等到更晚一些的传统 Later tradition understand
更晚一些的传统才提到 how Jews slaughter animals
犹太人如何屠宰动物 The Scripture is pretty sound on the subject
圣经基本上没有提到过这个主题 But the prohibition of eating blood, consuming blood
但是对于吃血 使用血的禁忌 endures within the history of Judaism
一直在犹太人的历史中存在 That's the point of Jewish kosher slaughter
犹太教洁食屠宰方式的关键 Kosher slaughter to this day
一直到今天的洁食屠宰法 the point is to slaughter animal
洁食屠宰法重点在于 in such a way so as to
找到一种方法 drain as much blood as possible
尽可能多地把血排出去 as quickly as possible
尽快地把血排出去 Alright, so the exact opposite
所以和犹太洁食屠宰法 to Jewish kosher slaughter would be
完全相反的方法就是 to take a hammer and stunt at the animal
拿起锤子打死动物 smash animal with the head
打头打死 Which all the blood remains inside the animal
这样的话所有的血都会在动物体内 Kosher slaughter is the opposite
洁食屠宰法正好相反 slip the neck so as to drain the blood
切开喉咙把血排出去 Okay, so that goes back to
回到前面的两个 these two rabbinic antiquity
犹太教的传统 So it seems that some Christians
看起来似乎 again, who follow Scripture
遵循圣经 读圣经的 who read the Bible
那些基督徒 And you can read in Genesis:9
可以读读创世纪第9章 that God tells Noah, not to eat the blood
上帝告诉挪亚 不要吃血 Right, they thought this meant including us
他们以为这包括我们自己 Cos where does Jesus ever say to eat blood?
因为耶稣从来没有说过可以吃血 Except those own blood at the ritual of Euphrates
除了那些幼发拉底河仪式里面吃自己的血 which we'll come back to, right
我们后面会讲到 Where does he ever say to eat blood?
耶稣从来没说过可以吃血 Of course not, he never did anything
但是他也从来没有 to supplant, to replace this prohibition
代替 取代这条禁忌 So for centuries, the prohibition of blood
所以几个世纪以来 对于血的禁忌 which fundamentally meant
基本上可以说 Christians are following Jewish ritual slaughter
基督教一直在遵从犹太教的屠宰仪式 They'll slaughter animals to drain the blood
屠宰动物以后把血放出去 So it's not to violate the prohibition
这也才不会违反在圣经中 the Scriptural prohibition of eating blood
的那些关于不要吃血的禁忌 This endures for centuries in early Christianity
这在早期基督教中存在了上百年 Cos Christian said
因为基督徒会说 This is not just found in Leviticus
这不仅在利未记中出现了 It's also found in the Book of Genesis
而且在创世纪中出现了 God speaking to Noah
上帝对挪亚说 And Noah of course represents humanity
挪亚当然代表着全人类 Not just Jews
不仅仅是犹太人 The other prohibition that Christian
另外一个基督徒 comes up with and develops is
发展出来的禁忌是 food, meat sacrificed to idols
对偶像献祭的食物和肉 While it's true the food laws has been replaced
没错 食物律法被代替了 But we Christians, just like we Jews, right
但是我们基督徒 像犹太人一样 need to be aware of idolatry
需要注意偶像崇拜 Right, the worship of false god
对假神的崇拜 the worship of images
对肖像的崇拜 These are prohibited, us Christians know
这些禁忌我们基督徒知道 thus they are prohibited to Jews
对于犹太人也是禁忌 To just as Judaism
对于犹太教徒来说 we'll work out in rabbinic literature
我们在希伯来著作中 a whole series of prohibitions
解读出一系列禁忌 to make sure that we Jews do nothing
来确保我们犹太人不会 to contribute to, or derive benefit from idolatry
从偶像崇拜那里获益 Similarly, early Christians worked out
类似地基督徒也解读出 a series of prohibitions to make sure
一系列的禁忌确保 that we Christians do not
我们基督徒不会 A, abet benefit from, derive pleasure
首先 不会从偶像崇拜中 from idolatry, idols
获益 得到快乐 Consequently if there is meat sacrificed to idols
结果就是如果是献祭给偶像的食物 And actually in antiquity
实际上 古代的时候 That's when you get to getting most of
你能得到的大部分的肉食都是 your meat at festival times
在这样的节日里面获得的 When you have festivals
过节的时候 animals are slaughtered and roasted
动物会被屠宰烤熟 and meat is sold, meat is contributed
肉会被贩卖 被献祭 That's the meat that we Christians
这些都是我们基督徒 need to avoid eating
避免要吃的食物 because it has been sacrificed to idols
因为这些是献祭给偶像 This is a prohibition that
这种禁忌在 has a long history in Christianity
基督教历史上存在了很久 The main text for us is 1 Corinthians:8
主要出自哥林多前书第8章 which Paul will discuss this point back and forth
保罗反复论证了这个观点 in which Paul says
保罗说 In theory, since we Christians know
理论上说 我们基督徒都知道 idols don't exist
偶像是不存在的 It's just frequents the imagination
只是时常在想象 There's only one God
只有一个上帝 So in theory of course
所以理论上说 you shouldn't be offering them anything
大家也不应该献祭给他们任何事物 Cos even food sacrifice to idols
因为就算食物献祭给偶像 is not really prohibited
不是被禁止的 Cos idols don't exist
因为偶像不存在 Nonetheless, some strong-minded
尽管如此如果看到有人吃祭品 Christian brothers will be upset
一些有主见的 if they saw us eating this food
基督徒也会不高兴 So we shouldn't eat it
所以我们不应该吃 Other Christians were much more pointed
另外一些基督徒更加直接了当 No, don't eat it, prohibited
不要吃 这是禁止的 Don't eat meat sacrificed to idols
不要吃献祭给偶像的肉 Anyway, conclusion
不管怎么样 结论是 Even when Christianity
就算基督教 which replaces, gets rid of
取代了 抛弃了 the Jewish food taboos, right
犹太教的食物禁忌 Some food taboos endure
一些食物禁忌还是流传下来了 And will endure for centuries
还要流传几个世纪 Okay everybody, have a great weekend
好了 同学们 祝周末愉快 Hope to see you [Rhine & trismile Production]
希望能很快再见