现在我们进行第二部分 Here we are doing part two
我们之前说过了希伯来圣经 So we spoke about the Hebrew Bible
还有圣经的解读 Then we speak about Biblical interpretation
实际上 我周一曾经讲过 And in effect, what I said on Monday is
圣经之所以为圣经 就是因为解读 What makes Bible the Bible is the interpretation
也就是说 从古代 中世纪 That is to say, ancient, medieval
直到今天的一些犹太人和基督教徒 and for some Jews and Christians to this very day
解读圣经的方式不太一样 The Bible is read differently
与其他的书不同 from the way any other book is read
因为读者在阅读圣经的时候 Because the reader brings with him/her to the book
会带有一系列的假设 a whole set of assumptions
而这些假设 that are very different from
与我们读其他书时的假设 the assumptions that we bring to bear
非常不同 when we read any other book
实际上也正是这些 And that in fact is those assumptions
读者阅读时所作的假设 that the reader brings to the text
才使圣经成为圣经 are what make Bible the Bible
如果去掉这些假设 You strip those assumptions away
圣经就和荷马的伊利亚特一样 the Bible turns out to be just like Homer's Iliad
或者跟其他一些著作一样 Or for that matter, just like, I don't know
比如莎士比亚的戏剧或者其他的文学著作 Play of Shakespeare or any other literary artifact
不论你喜欢还是不喜欢 which whether you like, you don't like
欣赏还是不欣赏 you appreciate, you don't appreciate
相信还是不相信 you believe, you don't believe
都会做出客观的评价 But you access it like anything else
圣经之所以成为圣经 What makes the Bible the Bible are
实际上就是因为这些假设 in fact, these assumptions
这些基本的假设 Those fundamental assumptions
犹太人和基督教徒都是认同的 are shared by Jews and Christians
但是当然 他们的表现方式不同 But of course, they manifest themselves
他们最后所走的道路 though they wind up, in result, as a consequence
是非常不同的 in very different places
其中一支演变成了犹太教 Because one of them wind up in Judaism
另一支演变成了基督教 One of them winds up in Christianity
而我们已经说过 And as we've already discussed
两者是不一样的 they are not the same
我们上节课讲到了这里 Okay, that's where we were, right?
今天我们将要讲的是基督教的解读 So today we are doing the Christian side of the equation
但是为了类比方便 But to make sure we'll compare like with like
我也会经常回到犹太教解读 We are constantly referring back to Judaism
大家的课堂笔记中也都有写到 And your lecture notes do that too
所以我不用一一重复了 So I don't have to repeat everything
因为我为大家写在课堂笔记里了 cos I write them in the lecture notes
好的 我们现在开始 Okay, so, let's get started
我们上节课说到了四大假设 So we have those big four assumptions
我当时是这样说的 This is the way I phrase it
在阅读材料中 Stern给出了另一种说法 Stern, in you reading has in fact a different formulation
他其实遵循的是Kugel的理论 And he gets, in turn, from Kugel
使用的另一种表达方式 designed a different formulation
但是其实这都无关紧要 But that doesn't really matter, right
因此对于这些读者而言 So we said the Bible for these readers
也就是那些认为圣经 who approached Bible as Bible
是永恒的真理 永远重要 The Bible is eternally true, omnisigificant
受上帝启示 revealed by god
讲述我们自己 and speaking to about us
这就是四大圣经解读假设 These are the four exegetical assumptions
我们周一已经讲过 that we spoke about on Monday
我给了大家一些犹太教方面的例子 I gave you examples of that on the Jewish side
最后给大家讲了出埃及记注释的例子 We concluded with some examples from the Mekhilta
我们马上就会讲到这个问题 On Exodus, we'll come back to that shortly
所以在基督教方面 So on the Christian side
我也提出了这些假设 I had these assumptions work
之前我们说过 一边苹果一边桔子 Well, as before, it's an apple and an orange
一边苹果一边香蕉 半斤八两 Or, it's an apple and a banana, alright
犹太人和基督教徒假设并无大异 The Jews and Christians have the same assumptions
但是他们的表现方式有所不同 But they manifest themselves differently
他们用不同的方式解读 得出不同的结果 They work out differently with different results
犹太人和基督教徒都认为 So, Jews and Christians alike believe
圣经是永恒的真理 对吗 the Bible is eternally true, right?
圣经中的真理并不受时间所限 The Bible's truth is not historically conditioned
并不是说仅在一个特定的社会环境下 Right? It's not anchored in a certain societal context
不是说当时是真理 对他们是真理 If it's true then, it's true for them
而对我们就不是真理 以后就不是真理了 But it's not true for us, or it's not true later
不是这样的 基督教徒不这样认为 No no no, you don't think that way
如果是真理 那就是真理 If it's true, it's true, period
永恒的真理 It's eternally true
不会改变的真理 These truths endure
这方面我应该是给了 So this for you I thought we saw
大家一些犹太教的例子 some examples of that on the Jewish side
而在基督教这方面 On the Christian side
也有很多例子 well, there's a number of examples
基督教徒认为圣经的真理如同上帝一样 Christians will think that Biblical truth just like God himself
是永恒的 永远不改变的 It's eternal, so the truths endure
而我们也讲了几个 And we see some of that, several examples
现代基督教徒的例子 on modern day Christian
这也就是圣经 Don't just jump ahead
成文后的几百年中 a few millennia from where we were
今天的犹太教和基督教徒 大部分基督教徒 Modern Jews and Christians, mostly Christians
我也让大家去读利未记18章和20章 I basiclly assigned you Leviticus 18 and 20
以论证这个观点 to justify the position
男性同性性交是罪孽的 that male homosexual intercourse is sinful
大家如果有兴趣的话可以写相关的论文 We can write about this in your paper, if you want
男性同性性交是罪孽的 Right, male homosexual intercourse is sinful
为什么呢 因为利未记18章和20章都有此言 Why? Because Leviticus 18 and Leviticus 20 said so
你可能会回应 You might say in reply
利未记18章和20章 Leviticus 18 and 20, well, you know
这都好久以前写的了 they were written long time ago
当时的社会环境不同 in different social circumstances
那时的人类社会也和今天不同 when the human society was different
他们不了解性 they don't understand sexuality
他们不了解同性恋 they don't understand homosexuality
当时的家庭结构都是不同的 等等等等 the families were in different structure, blablabla
因此 这些律法可能 Consequently, those laws might
当时是有意义的 have made some sense then
但是现在却说不通了 But they don't make any sense now
你可能这样辩驳 You might argue
而犹太教和基督教的信徒 to which a believer in Jewish and Christianity
则会回复说 不是的 in reply would say, no
当时是真理 永远都是真理 They were true then, they are always true
因为他们认为圣经是永恒的真理 Right? The idea is that it's eternally true
同样的 基督教和犹太教徒 Similarly, some Christians and Jews
反对进化论 oppose the belief in evolution
因为他们认为 on the grounds they think
进化论和创世纪第1章相悖 evolution contradict Genesis 1
进化论是真是假谁也说不准 which maybe it does, maybe it doesn't
但是这就不是我们讨论的范围了 But that's a different discussion
就假设说进化论是成立的 Ah, let's say it does, right?
你也可以回答说 So you could say in reply
创世纪第1章 Well, Genesis 1
也就是希伯来圣经的第1个章节 the very first Chapter in the Hebrew Bible
是当时的以色列人尽最大的努力 represents some ancient Israelites' best efforts
去了解世界如何形成的结果 to understand how the world came to be
他们已经相当不错了 You know, it's pretty good
我们已经知道他们 You know, it's something we already know
给出了合理的解释 they did pretty well
很让人信服 You know, it's very convincing
还有些哲理 几许诗意的 It's sort of philosophical, it's sort of poetic
非常不错 It's very nice
但是毕竟这也是古代人写的 But you know, hey, it's written by a guy long time ago
我们现在对世界的了解要更进一步 We know a lot more than we did then
那么如果说我们 So what's the surprise that
不比当时的人知道更多才不对呢 we know no things that they didn't know
但是你不能这么说 No, you can't say that
如果你认为圣经是永恒的真理 If you believe the Bible is eternally true
如果当时是真理 那现在也是真理 Well, then, it was true then, it's true now
所以如果圣经和真理有冲突 So when it conflicts the truth
圣经才是正确的 the Bible's gonna win out
前提是你假设 If, that's the assumption
圣经是永恒的真理 you bring to bear on the text
这就是我所发现的 There's something I find out
不仅当代的一些犹太教和基督教徒如此 both for some modern Jews and Christians
前现代的犹太教和 and for virtually all pre-modern
圣经教徒几乎都是如此 Jews and Christians alike
圣经是永恒的真理 The Bible is eternally true
真正的难题是破解圣经中的意思 The trick, of course, is to figure out what it means
这就没那么容易了 That's not so simple
但这就是最基本的真理 Okay, but that fundamental truth
犹太人和基督教徒都认同 is shared by Jews and Christians alike
接下来 Next, omni
前面这部分有问题吗 Okay, questions on this?
这里我也给了大家 Okay, here I gave you some ideas
一些论文选题 对吧 to talk about your paper, right?
所以 就这样 So, I know, okay
大家要明白这不是偶然 Know it's not accidental
接下来 永远重要 Okay, omnisiginicant, right?
每一个细节都有含义 对吗 Every last little detail means something, right?
所有的字眼都有意义 Everything means something
Omin就是所有的意思 永远重要 Omni, everything, significant
这一点之前简单提到过 Okay, this I've already spoken about briefly
在基督教的圣经解读中没有特别重视 This stance is not as significant in Christian exegesis
至少在我看来是 as far as I could see
可能因为基督教徒读的是翻译版圣经 Perhaps because Christians read the Bible in translation
但是基督教的圣经解读者 But Christian exegetes, too
同样也是希望 and they want to
能够抓住文章中的每个微小的细节 can seize upon any little detail in the text
说这告诉我们关于基督教的什么什么 and say, this teaches us something about Christianity
告诉我们关于基督 关于上帝 teaches us something about the Christ, about God
所以可以看到 基督教徒也非常厉害 And we'll see that, that Christians are quite capable too
能够对圣经文本做出非常深刻的解读 of very close readings of Biblical text
他们也是认为每个字眼 in which individual words and phrases are
每个字眼都有其含义的 meaning extracted from individual words and phrases
他们可能相比我们的拉比朋友 So they don't go to the same extreme, perhaps
没有那么极端 as our friend the rabbis do
但是他们也是非常厉害的 But they are quite capable of something similar
接下来这个学期我们会看到很多这样的例子 We'll see examples of that in the course of our term
好了 这就是永远重要 Okay, that was omnisiginicant
接下来 受到上帝的启示 Then was revealed by God
我曾经告诉过大家 Right, here I spoke about the fact that
上帝的话可不是普通人的讲话 It's, divine speech is not human speech
上帝的话需要区别于我们说话的方式 Divine speech needs to be read in different ways
以不同的方式解读 from the way you and I speak, you and I write
于是我们的解读方式就有所不同 Consequently, we read it differently
理解也不一样 we understand it differently
这里有一种说话 and there's a whole notion of
一方面圣经需要解读 It needs interpretation on the one hand
另一方面 圣经的文本又有许多意义 On the other hand, it is charged with meanings
许多层面的意义 Right, with layers and layers of meaning
如果你我写一本书 When you and I write a book, of course
我们可能一层意思都说不清楚 we barely get away with one meaning
要是走运的时候 可能能说明白一层意思 If we are lucky, we may get one meaning clear
而上帝一开口 就会有 when God speaks of course, there are
我想说 有无穷的意义 I tempted to say, infinite meanings
这些我们周一时都已经讲过 Okay, that's what we saw on Monday
而在基督教徒这方面 Here on the Christian side
他们也认为圣经 Christians will say the Bible also
他们和犹太教解读者一样 they would agree with Jewish readers
认为圣经有多层含义 that the Bible has levels of meanings
我们马上就会讲到这个问题 We'll come to this in just a moment
后面我们会讲寓意和预表 when we talk about allegory and typology
基督教徒同样会认为 So Christians, too, would agree
圣经是神圣的言辞 the Bible is a book of divine speech
而神圣的言辞需要被解读 Divine speech needs to be interpreted
而不是随随便便地去读 not just read casually
而是需要被解读 needs to be interpreted
而圣经中也是有很多意义 And it is charged with meaning, full of meaning
接下来 他们认为圣经是多义性的 They get on to take the idea POLYSEMY
这一点和拉比是相同的 to the same extent as rabbis do
拉比会给你一层解读 where rabbis will give you another interpretation
再一层解读 再一层解读 another interpretation, another interpretation
再一层解读 another interpretation
而他们从来不去操心 But that never bother to argue
哪一层是正确的 哪一层是错误的 one is right and one is wrong
因为它们都是正确的 cos they are all true
在我看来 基督教徒 Right, Christians I think
也许并不像犹太教徒那样走极端 don't go to that sort of extent extreme, perhaps
但是他们的出发点是一样的 But they have the same idea, though
认为圣经中有多层含义 that there are multiple layers of meanings in a text
我们还会讲到这点 We'll come to that
最后一点 也是最重要的 Last but not least, the most important thing is
是对我们讲述我们自己 speaking to and about us
再次强调 圣经不受历史所限 Once again, the Bible is not historically conditioned
它出现在一定的时间地点 It is anchored in time and space
主要是因为写作时要有时间地点 mainly because it came from a certain time and space
但是其中的时间地点 But that time and space are irrelevant
对于我们理解圣经并不构成障碍 understanding what the Bible says
比如说 如果你是一名基督教徒 So, for example, if you are a Christian, right
你就会相信耶路撒冷的以赛亚 Then, of course, you believe that Isaiah of Jerusalem
也就是公元前八世纪的一名先知 a prophet of the second half of the 8th century BCE, right
他预言了基督 prophesied about Christ
预言了基督的降临 about Christ coming into the world
基督的死亡 about Christ's death
耶稣受难为整个世界赎罪 His passion of Christ being redemption to the world
而自己遭受磨难 through the suffering
这都写在以赛亚书第53章中了 对吗 This all comes out from Isaiah 53, right?
同样 以赛亚还预言了未来的神 辉煌和和平 As well as prophecies of future divine, glory and peace
而这一点就是基督降临之时 when Christ's name will become manifest
如果你是基督教徒 就会相信这一点 That you'll believe that as a Christian
因为耶路撒冷的以赛亚是一位真正的先知 Because Isaiah of Jerusalem is a true prophet
如果你回答说 And if you say in reply
但是耶路撒冷的以赛亚是生活在公元前八世纪啊 But Isaiah Jerusalem lived in the 8th century BCE
这根本没有道理 it doesn't make any sense
生活在公元前八世纪的人 How does a guy living in the 8th century BCE
怎么能够谈论公元一世纪 gonna talk about the Christian message
基督教的讯息呢 from the 1st century CE
而且还预言的更远 and then to prophet on the further
你们基督教徒还在说 you, the Christian reader, say
是在预言关于我 关于我们 it's talking about me, talking about us
关于我的罪孽 我的赎罪的事情 talking about my sin, talking about my redemption
这根本说不通 That doesn't make any sense
如果我是基督教徒 我会回答说 To which I would reply on behalf of Christians
是啊 这是没道理 Well, yeah, it doesn't make any sense
如果你以为以赛亚就是一个平常人 if you thin Isaiah Jerusalem is just another guy
如果你认为以赛亚书就是 And the book that he wrote, the Book of Isaiah
一本普通的书 is just another book
然后你就会说 Then you would say
这书是在公元前八世纪写成的 yeah, you wrote in the 8th century BCE
写的很好 特别感谢作者 It was very nice, thank you very much
但是这都是陈芝麻烂谷子了 But that's, you know that's all ancient history now
不过不是 But no
耶路撒冷的以赛亚是上帝的使者 是先知 Isaiah Jerusalem is a man of God, he's a prophet
以赛亚书是圣经的一部分 and his book is part of the Bible
是来自上帝的 which comes from God
这么说来一切都不足为奇 So why is it so surprising or weird to imagine
生活在八世纪的人 that a man living in the 8th century BCE
可以预言八个世纪之后 spoke about eight centuries hence?
也能知道八世纪后的事会发生在我身上 And knows that eight centuries hence apply to me
会发生在基督教徒身上 apply to us, Christians
这是一个很好的例子 This is a great example
所以基督教徒看来 以赛亚书属于基督教 So for Christians, the Book of Isaiah is a Christian book
如果你想说 And if you want to argue
嘿 画又不是真的 Gee, painting ain't realistic
画又不是历史依据 Painting ain't historical reading
有点不靠谱 That's sort of absurd
那你就去哥特教堂看以赛亚的画像 Go to Gothic Cathedrals and see portraits of Isaiah
画在染色玻璃中 背着十字架 in stain glass, carrying a cross
其实根本不荒谬 It's not absurd at all
大家要完全理解这个问题 Understand that completely
真理就是永恒的真理 If it's true, it's true
是关于我们的 It's talking about us
关于基督教徒的 Talking about us Christians
关于基督教的 Talking about Christianity
这是一个比较普遍的态度 This is a common attitude that
犹太人和基督教徒都接受 both Jews and Christians alike
因此犹太人会读Torah So Jews will read the Torah
认为摩西是拉比 and think that Moses is a rabbi
基督教徒则会读以赛亚书 Christians will read the Book of Isaiah
认为以赛亚是基督教徒 and think Isaiah is a Christian
所以圣经被现实化 Right? The text is actualized
内容是关于我们 关于人类 关于人民 It's speaking about us, our kind, our people
我们的团体 教堂 等等 our communities, our church, our synagogue, etc.
这就是四大重点 Okay, those are the four big points
大家有问题吗 或者感想 评论 Questions? Observations? Comments?
有什么想说的吗 Maybe you wanna say anything?
为什么说以赛亚能够 Why exactly is it does not make sense
预言几个世纪以后的事情 that Isaiah may have prophesied about
没有道理呢 like centuries later, something
说它没有道理 Well, it doesn't make sense
是因为你理解圣经的方式 if you are approaching the text
是从现代的西方历史主义角度 from a modern western historicistic perspective
你认为所有的文本都是特定环境的产物 where you assume that any text is part of a context
最有效的方式去理解 Right? You would assume that the best way
耶路撒冷的以赛亚 to understand Isaiah of Jerusalem
就是要去了解公元前八世纪 is to understand the 8th century BCE
了解当时的国际政局 犹大王国和叙利亚王国 and international politics, and Judah and Syria
北国以色列 the Northern Kingdom and
埃及 军队 等等 Egypt and armies and, you know
犹太人认为要了解 that's what Jews thinking
以赛亚需要知道这些 you need to understanding Isaiah
而基督教徒则会说 whereas Christians will say
根本不需要什么储备知识去了解 以赛亚 No, you don't need anything to understand Isaiah
你只需知道 which, you know
以赛亚是基督的生死 understand Isaiah is a life, death of Christ
就了解了以赛亚其人 You understand that, you understand Isaiah
有些人可能会说 Now, somebody might say
这不科学啊 That makes no sense
如果不相信这些假设 就不会买账 If you don't share these assumptions
如果是以历史学的角度读圣经 If you are historically minded
是现代圣经学者 If you are a modern Bible scholar
你会说 这是很有意思 You would say, that's very interesting
但是没有道理 Whereas it doesn't make any sense
我不相信这就是以赛亚的真实意图 I can't believe that's what Isaiah really meant
而基督教徒则会回答 不 To which the Christians will respond, no
这就是以赛亚的意思 It's what Isaiah meant
基督教徒回答的方式 Well, there's different ways that
肯定有很多种 Christians will respond to that
但是最基本的层面 基督教徒会说 But, the simplest level, indeed, the Christian will say
这就是以赛亚的意思 Yeah, that's what Isaiah meant
基督教徒还有一种更纠结的回答 Much trickier way for Christians to speak will be to say
这就是以赛亚的意思 This is what Isaiah means
因为我们看到了 Because we understand
他的预言得以实现 how the words have been fulfilled
但是可能以赛亚自己也不知道 But maybe Isaiah didn't really understand himself
自己在说什么 what he was saying
其实大家 Right, if you are
也可以回答得更高深些 There can be some more sophisticated reply
这时你可以说 where you would say, just as we would say
正如作者未必完全理解自己的作品 the author doesn't fully understand his own work
以赛亚也不见得 You said, Isaiah doesn't
真正理解自己的预言 fully understand his own prophecy
只有在到达了基督这个层面 It's only at the level of Christ that became clear
这些话的真实意义才有所显现 what these words meant
但是以赛亚就是说了一些他自己 But Isaiah said things that himself realize
也不是特别理解的话 he didn't fully understand
也挺有意思的 Hmm, interesting
好的 Okay
我们不久后就会讲到这个问题 We'll come back on that in one second, okay?
对你的问题有帮助吗 Help answer your question?
还有其他问题吗 Other questions please?
好的 我们继续 Good, then let's move along
基督教徒如何使圣经内容讨论自己 So how do the Christians make the Bible apply to us
也就是说 基督教徒如何将圣经 Namely, how do Christians turn the Bible
打造成一本基督教读本 into a Christian book?
这里我给了大家一篇很好的文章 And here I gave you a very nice essay to read
作者是冈萨雷斯 by Justo Gonzalez
关于这个人大家可能知道得不多 about whom you might know a little
尽管他的姓氏很有西班牙风格 expect that despite his Hispanic surname
但他是一名新教徒 he seems to be a protestant
关于冈萨雷斯我知道得就这么多 That's about all I know about Justo Gonzalez
因为他曾经在新教的出版社出版过一些文章 Cos he's published a protestant publishing house context
所以我能告诉大家的是 So, that for which I can do
他反正是一名新教徒 He's a protestant for one flavor or another
具体哪个教派我记不清了 I don't remember which
但除此之外 别无所有 But otherwise, nothing about him
除了他成就颇丰 Except he is a very accomplished fella
我也非常喜欢他的文章 and I like his essay every much
好的 这就是 So, there you are
我能够告诉大家关于冈萨雷斯的就这么多 That's all I can tell you about Justo Gonzalez
作为一名真正的基督教徒 你肯定会说 And of course, as a true Christian you would say
语境什么的根本没有意义啊 Context is meaningless anyway, right?
是真是假都没有意义 either it's true or it's not
这你就自作聪明了 Alright, that's a little to-be-clever, okay
那我们回到刚才的话题 So let's go back to where we are
我们总结一下冈萨雷斯文章中的重点 So briefly hit the main points from Gonzalez's essay
我认为这篇文章非常好 But I think it's a very nice essay
材料组织的很有条理 And it sets out material very well
而且语言明晰 and very very clearly
他认为 So, he argues that
基督教徒将希伯来圣经 Christians turned the Bible, the Hebrew Bible
塑造成了一本基督读物 into a Christian text
以赛亚成了一本基督教书 Isaiah becomes a Christian book
诗篇成了一部基督教读物 等等 The Psalms becomes a Christian book, etc., etc
主要通过三种形式的解读 Right? Through fundamentally three modes of reading
第一种是 预言解经 And he, firstly the prophetic
另外还有 寓言解经和预表解经 the allegorical and typological
我们在未来的几个星期中 We are gonna come back to these again and again
将会经常遇到这几个词 over the next several weeks
所以要确保大家明白 So it's worth making sure we understand
这些词在理论上都是什么意思 these in theory, what these things mean
所以如果遇到 So we'll recognize them
大家可以认识这些表达 when we see them on the ground
预言解经 So prophetic
这个概念我们已经有所讨论 We've already touched on prophetic
基督教徒认为 The Christians will argue that
耶稣的生死 复活 Jesus's life, and death, resurrection
履行了 大家记住这个词 fulfill, that's the word
履行了预言 fulfill the prophetic prophecies
解释一下比较棘手的一点是 Now as I explain, the tricky thing is
以赛亚可能自己不完全明白 It's possible that Isaiah himself did not fully understand
自己预言的全部意义 the full meaning of his prophecies
但我们知道 But we do
现在我们可以一手拿起以赛亚书 Now that we can take the Book of Isaiah over here
一手拿起福音书 and we can take the Gospels over here
并排放在一起 and bring them together
以赛亚的意思是多么的明显啊 It's obvious what Isaiah means
可也是马太福音主要的母题之一 This is one of main motifs in the Gospel of Matthew
马太福音中 Right, Gospel of Matthew
读者们马上就可以注意到 as any reader will notice in ten seconds
马太福音一遍又一遍地 Gospel of Matthew is interested again and again
提到耶稣的时刻 耶稣的生 in showing how Jesus's moments, Jesus's life
耶稣生死中的关键时刻 key moments in his life, and also in his death
履行了 这是他的原话 fulfill, that's the word he uses
履行了圣经的意义 fulfill the meaning of Scripture
耶稣做了某件事 是因为先知说 Jesus did X is because Prophet said
这是履行预言的 this fulfills the prophet
这就是预言解经 So it's the prophetic reading
可能以赛亚早先就知道这些 Maybe Isaiah knew this in advance
也可能他并不知道 Maybe Isaiah did not know this in advance
但是以赛亚总是正确的 But Isaiah were standing eternally true
而现在回想一下 And now, in retrospect
我们也了解了他的意图 we understand what is he talking about
这就是预言解经 Okay, so we have the prophetic
我们还会讲到犹斯丁 We'll see our friend Justin Martyr
两个星期之后我们会读 from whom we'll be doing some reading
他的一些文章 starting in two weeks, right?
他就非常喜欢引用预言 He used to love to quote prophets
他喜欢引用预言 Right? He love to quote the prophets
来为大家展示 to show that the prophecy
这些晦涩不清的预言 these dark, obscure words of the prophets
虽然我们不知道是在说什么 whose meaning is not at all clear
但是一旦你将它 They become very clear once you
和耶稣的生死对照 just oppose it to the life, death of Christ
和基督教理论对照 Christian theology
就一目了然了 That all becomes very clear
我所讲的内容就显而易见了 That's clear what I'm talking about
这就是预言解经 That's we have by the prophetic, right?
我们会认为预言中的言辞 Our arguing that the words of the prophets
会在耶稣的生死中得以履行 will see their fulfillments in the life death of Christ
有时也在教会的生死中得以履行 when sometimes in the life of the Church
但是一般情况还是基督 but usually in life and death of the Christ
这就是预言解经 Okay, that's prophetic
这是非常直白的一部分 That's pretty straight-forward
我说它直白 Straight-forward, I mean
是因为与寓言解经 预表解经作比较 that compared with allegory and typology
这些都更复杂 which are more complicated
好的 我们继续往下讲 So, these are the next one
寓言和预表 Allegory and typology
是什么意思呢 What do we mean by that?
寓言 寓言解经 Allegory, allegorical mode of reading
将圣经视为道德与 treat the text as metaphors
哲学真理的比喻 for moral and philosophic truths
换言之 如果圣经说X In other words, the text says X
那寓言的真正含义就是Y But the allegorical meaning says it really means Y
我知道他说的是X I know it says X
我也知道字面看来也不是Y I know that X is not on the surface appear to me Y
但是寓言解经者会说 你要相信我 But trust me on this, the allegorist will say
X真正的含义是Y X really means Y
Y又是什么呢 And what is the Y?
Y是某些 用我刚才引用的话 The Y is some kind of, as I quote it here
道德和哲学真理 moral and philosophical truth
也就是说 寓言解经 In other words, an allegorical reading
忽略事实 undoes the reality
忽略肉体 physicality
忽略词语本身的字面意思 the plain simple meaning of the terms
我们来举个例子 Let's have an example, right?
冈萨雷斯的文章中有一些例子 Gonzalez gives you some discussion
但是几个星期后 But here is an example
我会再次提到这个例子 I'll come up in a few weeks' time
圣经中摩西说 Moses says in the Bible
在利未记和申命记中都有记载 Both in Leviticus and Deuteronomy
不能吃猪肉 You may not eat pork
你不可以吃 Alright, you may not eat any animal
蹄分两瓣的动物 that has cloven foot
蹄分两瓣 还会倒嚼 cloven hooves and chew his cud, right?
猪并不符合条件 Pigs don't qualify
两条中一条都不满足 Don't only have one out of the two
所以不要吃猪 Don't eat pig
这说的非常清楚 It says pretty clearly and unambiguously
在利未记第11章和申命记第14章中都有写到 both in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14
我们几个星期之后会作讨论 And we'll discuss this in a few weeks' time
如果你是寓言解读者 不对 Now if you are an allegorist, sorry
如果你就是一名阅读圣经的犹太人 If you are a simple modern Jew reading the text
你会说这个的意思是 You would say this means this
摩西告诉我们不能吃猪肉 Moses says you shouldn't eat pork
摩西为什么说我们不能吃猪肉呢 Why did Moses say you should need pork?
我也不清楚 I don't know exactly
他也没给出具体的原因 That's not very clear, there's no reason given
但是他就是这么说了 But, that's what it says
可能他们认为猪是天赐的食物 Maybe they believe it comes from God
是来自摩西 Torah 或者其他 Moses, the Torah, or not
但是圣经中就是这么说的 But that's what it says in the text
而犹太人也会这样去做 不吃猪肉 and that's what we Jews do, we don't eat pork
如果你是寓言解读者 If you are an allegorist
也许是犹太预言解读者 perhaps a Jewish allegorist
或者是基督教寓言解读者 certainly a Christian allegorist
你可能会这样说 Then you would say as follows
摩西说不能吃猪肉是什么意思呢 What does it mean when Moses says not to eat pork?
你可能会说 是不吃肉还是不吃猪肉 As you might say, shouldn't eat meat or should eat pork?
我知道大家会这样说 I know it's what you might say
但是肯定这不是他的真正意图 But clearly it's not what it really means
因为很明显猪肉代表着什么 Cos clearly pork represents something
代表一些负面的道德品质 Represents something, some negative moral quality
我们需要避免 that we are to avoid
或者是某些 Or certain kinds of people
我们不要去交往的人群 with whom we are not to associate
一些我们需要避开的习惯 certain kinds of behavior that we must eschew
是什么呢 What is that?
好 那我来告诉你 Well, I'll tell you what it is
猪代表着 A pork, swine represents
我们想点什么出来 Well, let's come out with something
猪一样的品性 Swinish behavior
猪就是猪一样的人 Right? A pig is a pig
所以摩西说 不要吃猪肉 So when Moses says, don't eat pork
他的真正意思是说 What Moses really means is
不要和举止像猪一样的人交往 do not associate with humans who behave like pigs
不要养成猪一样的品性 do not engage in swinish behavior
我知道书上说的是不要吃猪肉 I know it says do not eat pork
但是真正的意思是 but what it means is
不要结交品性如同猪的人 do not associate with human beings
道德品质败坏的人 who have negative moral values
这就是猪所代表的 which can be represented by a pig
这是个圣经寓言解读 That will be a classic, simple example of
经典的例子 an allegorical reading of the text
而这里的重点是在说 Now the key, the key thing here of course is that
寓言能够 或者有这种潜质 allegory does, or certainly has the potential
忽略事实 to undo the text
那么现在我 So now that I've discovered
明白了摩西说 what Moses really meant
不能吃猪肉的真正含义 in his probation of eating pork
是不是就是说 Does that mean I can go home
我能回家吃培根了 and have some bacon?
我只要不跟 As long as I don't hang out
品性如猪的人结交 with swinish and piggish people?
不养成猪一样的习惯就好 So long as I don't engage in piggish behavior
我就可以 It's okay to have
享用我的百吉饼牛肉鲑鱼沙拉了 perfectly fine to have my bagel bites salmon salad?
百吉饼不是用猪肉做的 Bagels aren't made of
是啊 现在百吉饼 Yes, now that bagels
是不用培根做了 are not made of bacons any more
但是以前的百吉饼 But in the good old days
还是培根做的呢 when bagel bites were still bacon
现在都成了 Now it was just
烟熏水解盐蛋白了 是吧 smoke hydrolyzed salt protein, right
好的 Right, okay
谢谢你这么细心的观察 Thank you for that observation, yes, right
那早上吃火腿鸡蛋可以吗 Is it okay to have ham and eggs in the morning?
谁说不可以 No, who said no?
为什么不可以 Why do you say no?
因为都是真理 It's all true
都是真理 It's all true?
这就对了 That's the point
这都取决于解读 Right? It all depends upon interpretation
如果你是一名寓言解经者 你就会说 If you are an allegorist, you would say
这根本没道理 上帝为什么要管 There is no logical reason why God should care
我早饭吃不吃火腿鸡蛋啊 If I eat ham and eggs for breakfast or not
你来说说这怎么就罪孽深重了 Tell me what on earth can possibly sinful
早饭吃个火腿鸡蛋怎么了 about eating ham and eggs for breakfast
我不明白 根本就没有道理 I don't understand, doesn't make any sense at all
要是一个人吃了一片培根什么的 If one has a slice of bacon or what something
能怎么样 what's all terrible?
上帝为什么要管这个 Why should God care?
这有什么分别啊 What difference does it possibly make?
根本没道理 It makes no sense
这不可能是上帝想说的 That can't be what God really wants
上帝真正希望的当然是 What God really wants, of course, is
让我言行得体 I should behave properly
我应该像摩西说的一样 I should be like as Moses used to say
做一个正直的人 I should be a mensch
对吗 做一个好人 Right? Behave like a good human being
不要做猪 Don't be a pig
不要和猪一样的人结交 And don't hang out with pigs
显然这才像样 Clearly that is something which is appropriate
这才像上帝指令我去做 去期望的东西 for God to command me to do, or to aspire
这才是摩西的真正意思 That, surely, is what Moses must have meant
所以 我想吃多少猪肉 Consequently, I can eat as much pig and pork
培根 就吃多少 bacon, swine, as much as I like
这样做也不是违反律法 And doing so is not a violation of the law
因为律法其实是说的是 because what the law is really about
这层寓言解读 对吗 is this allegorical meaning, right?
律法于是被解读成 The law has now been turned into
道德的训诫 a piece of moral preaching
大家会发现 这是一个很好的 We will find this is a good example of
简单寓言案例 a simple kind of allegory
而寓言之所以成为寓言 是因为 But what makes allegory allegory is the fact
其中有一种对立的关系 that you have this opposition between
也就是文字简单的表面意义 the plain simple surface meaning of the text
我们通常说 这是文字的主体 Often language used to be, this is the body
而寓言则是文字的灵魂 the allegorical meaning is the soul
是表面意义和本质意义 This is external, this is internal
是字面意义和精神意义 This is the letter, this is the spirit
是底层意义和高层意义 This is lower, this is higher
寓意几乎通常是 Right? Allegorical meaning almost always
和自我意识相伴存在的 accompanied by a self-consciousness
是对自己行为的意识 a realization of what we are doing
而不是表面的 普通的 is not in fact the plain, simple
外层的 字面的意义 outer, literal meaning of the text
我们坚持认为 一段文字 That we, in fact, are insisting a text
一定有其另外的意义 has to mean something different
用我们的分类方式来说 是更高一层的 Which in our taxonomy, is higher
因为这是道德 哲学和神学的真理 Cos it's a moral, philosophical, theological truth
寓言不一定要抛弃文本 An allegory doesn't have to undo the text
但是大家相信我 也必须抛弃文本 But trust me on this, it does
你可能会说 Right, you could say in reply
那如果有两层意思呢 Well, what's wrong with both meanings?
摩西说你不能吃猪肉 Moses meant, you shouldn't eat pork
同时也是在说 and he also meant
你不能和猪一样的人结交 you shouldn't hang out with piggish people
为什么两者不能同时正确呢 Why can't you say they are both true?
为什么不能字面和精神兼有 内外兼修呢 The letter and the spirit, the inner and the outer
这倒是没问题 但是寓言解经者总是会 You could, but allegorist just by nature things
正如我所言 always favor the, as I said
偏爱道德哲学意义 the moral philosophical meaning
而忽视字面意义 over with the literal one
结果就是 寓言解读总是会抛弃 And the result is, allegory tends to undo
文本所指的事实 the reality of the text to which it refers
不管是法律 比如刚才我们提到的 Be it a legal case, such as this one
Torah中原有的法律 The original law case from the Torah
或者是叙事 Or example of be narratives
叙事 Narratives
比如创世纪第12章 上帝对亚伯兰说 So Genesis 12, God says to Abram
你要离开本地 Go forth. Go forth from your land
离开本地 往我指示你的地方去 from your birth place to the land I'll show you
亚波兰就携妻 带上财物 And Abram picked up his wife and his possessions
去了上帝所指的地方 and schlepped off to where God told
这就是创世纪第12章简单的一段复述 That's a loose paraphrase of, belongs to Genesis 12
寓言解读者就会说 这是什么意思 Now the allegorist will say, what is this about?
难道就是说一个生活在很久以前的人 Is it a story about some guy who lived a long time ago
收拾起他的帐篷 who picked up his tents
叫上家人 牵上牛羊牲口 and his clan, his cattle, sheep and goats
从一个地方搬家去了另一处 and travels one place to another?
是啊 看起来就是这样 Well, yes, it looks like, I know
但是真的是关于这个吗 But is that really about?
换句话说 Another words
创世纪就是一堆故事 is the Book of Genesis chockfull of stories?
和肥皂剧一样 Little soap opera stories about
就是关于一个身处困境的家庭迁移去迦南 a sluggish dysfunctional family in ancient Canaan?
这没有道理 No, that doesn't make any sense
为什么上帝要讲一个 Why would God tell a book of stories
处境困难的家庭 about a dysfunctional clan?
儿子和继母上床 You know, the son sleeps with his stepmother
这根本很侮辱人嘛 and you know, it's insulting, I tell you
兄弟之间自相残杀 This brother is ganging up against another brother
所罗门取得胜利 Solomon's victory
这不是什么好故事 you know, it's not nice story
为什么没有好故事呢 Why do that not nice stories?
为什么创世纪都是这种故事呢 So why is Genesis full of these stories?
我来告诉你 I'll tell you
因为这些故事必须 Those stories of course
教授你更高层面的真理 must be teaching us higher truths
亚伯兰从家乡去了一个遥远的地方 Abram's journey from his homeland to a distant place
实际上这是一个关于灵魂的故事 is in fact, a story about the soul
灵魂的降临 the ascent of the soul
思想的降临 Or the ascent of the mind
以寻求与神格的合一 in its quest for its unity with the monad
独一的上帝 God who is One
这才是圣经真正的意图 That's what's really about
是来给我讲一些故事 It's teaching me stories
讲人生的道路 teach me truths about life journey
啊 现在我明白了 Ah, that I understand
这是Torah的真谛所在 That's something belongs to the Torah
现在我明白为什么摩西要讲这些故事了 Now I understand why Moses tell me these stories
这些故事的精髓 These stories don't mean what they think
不在于表面 they look like they mean
而都有所指 They mean something else
所以寓言会忽略文本中呈现的事实 So here again, allegory will undo the reality of the text
请讲 Okay, yes
我觉得可以这样说 Well, I attempted to say
故事越离奇 越难以理解 the more outrageous, the more difficult
文章中问题越多 the more problematic the text
就越有可能被归类到寓言 the more likely it is to be subjected to allegory
即为拯救的功效 As the way of rescuing
以这种方式将 Right? As the way of turning
问题重重的文本塑造为让人尊敬的文本 a problematic text into respectable text
这也是寓言的作用之一 That's one thing allegory will do
那就是说 在最近几百年中 So it's kind of like only in the past
因为科学的发展 couple hundreds of years science has
创世纪的故事才会出现问题吗 creation story becomes problematic?
不是的 创世纪 No, the creation story
创世纪的问题在于 The creation story is problematic because
创世纪这种哲学观点本身 the whole philosophical idea of creation
我们将来会讨论这一点 We will discuss it down the road of this
上帝创造世界这个观点就有很多问题 the whole idea of God creating a world is a problem
如果你是现实主义者 这就是个问题 If you are a realisticism, it's a problem
到了比较近代 Right, then by late antiquity
犹太人和基督教徒都已经受到了教育 all Jews and Christians were educated
就不会再争论这点了 No other theory in that sense
于是整个创世纪的理论 Right? Then the whole issue of creation itself
我不关心创世纪第1章是不是真实的 I don't care about Genesis 1 being literal
七天创世纪是不是真的 are the seven days are literal
但是上帝创造世界 Just the whole act of divine
这整个行为就有大问题 creating the world is a problem
这个我们以后会说 且听分解 Because, alright, that's later, that's coming up
所以说整个概念都是有问题的 So that sense the problematic
而追溯到细节方面 七天创世纪 In the details, though, the seven days of creation
这本身就可以作为问题的论证 You know, the action themselves are argument
真的有七天吗 Are these seven days?
为什么是七天 How come that can be seven days?
第一天是在创造日月星辰之前吗 Is the Day 1 before the sun and the moon, and stars?
没有太阳又怎么会有一天的区分呢 So how do you have a day without a sun and a night?
你说啊你 Huh, huh?
因此很明显 整件事情 Right, so clear the whole thing
不可能是真实的 It's the clear the whole thing can't be LITERAL
那你觉得又是什么呢 What does it mean that you ask?
所以我们有那么一系列的 So here we have a whole collagen of
犹太教和基督教极端人士 extreme Jews and Christians alike
费尽心机地去解读 All slaving away over time to
创世纪第1章的真实意义究竟是什么 penetrate the literal meanings of Genesis 1
这些都早在达尔文之前 That's long before Darwin came around
也早于人类第一次支起望远镜 That's long before we looked into the telescope
在望远镜中看到 looked into the telescope
千里之外的银河 and found out universe out there
早在人类发现地球绕日运行 You know, and discover that the earth
而非相反这一现象之前 goes around the sun not the reverse
在此很久之前 You know, long before that
圣经就已经引发了人们的质疑 The text was already a challenging text
我们说质疑 Let's put that way
而不是说 问题重重 是让人产生了质疑 I don't say it's troubling, it's challenging
而不是像犹太人和基督教徒 Right, except that in Jewish and Christians
我们不能说 we are not going to say
是一堆古以色列的神话作家 Well, it's a bunch of ancient Israelite myth makers
在这边讲故事 who are telling stories, and you know
这样的说法没道理 You can forget about it
不可能是这样的 No, no, no, they can't do that
因为他们解读时也有内心的假设 Because they have these working assumptions
所以他们不会这样做 So they can't do that
但是他们会思考 So, instead, they think
我们可以继续了吗 Okay, move along?
老师 Professor?
我就是不能理解 I'm just, how can you do that?
怎么可能就捏造出来一些东西 Just go and make something out of it
就认为它们是真理了呢 You know, have the sense of truth
为什么呢 How do you do that?
因为在你的内心深处 Because you know when you in heart of hearts
你知道这些文字 You know that the text
不可能只是字面意思 cannot mean what it says it means
不可能是这样 It can't
如果你带着这样的假设去解读 And if you begin with that working assumption
如果脑海中一直萦绕着这样的想法 with that, you are possessed by that idea
你就会得出那些结论 Then, that's what you have about
一些解读家会说 Now some exegetes will argue that
圣经是很难解读的 The exegeses are some difficult text
解读需要上帝的启发 requires just as much divine inspiration
就好比写原文时作者也需要启发 as the original author of the text had
也就是说 如果要解读上帝的话 Other words, to interpret divine word
就需要上帝的帮助 require divine help
因此以赛亚与上帝对话 So Isaiah spoke with God
所以要解读以赛亚 就需要上帝帮助 And to read Isaiah, I need God's help
有一种说法是 Right, so there's some notion that
犹太人和基督教徒 both Jews and Christians alike
大家将会看到这一点 occasionally you'll see this
有这么一种说法是 并非所有的人 There's a notion that not anybody
都能够解读圣经 can read a text and interpret it
你需要特别的天赋 上帝特别的眷顾 You need special gifts, special grace from God
才能解读圣经的文本 Right? In order to be able to interpret a text
就好比说今天 并不是所有的人都能当心理医生 Just as nowadays, not anybody can be a psychiatrist
可能这个比方不太好 但是就这意思 Maybe it's not a good analogy, but
需要能够参透事物的人 Right, you need someone who can see things
而一般人是看不到的 that the rest of us don't see
大家理解我这个类比什么意思就好了 Alright, just take that analogy for its worth
好的 回到刚才我们的话题 Okay, let's go back where we are
在寓言解读这方面 重要的一点是 So, key thing in allegorical sense is that
要有一种对比 一方是字面的 外部的 We have an opposition between the literal, the external
外形的 肉体的意义 the physical, the corporeal, the carnal, right?
还有一层是内部的 更高层次的 精神上的意义 Verses the inner, higher, spiritual, etc. etc. Meanings
有一种很明显的 There's a clear sense
有一种很明显的 There's a clear sense of
文本中至少有两层面意义的划分 at least two levels of meaning in the text
而很明显 对于寓言解读者来说 That's right, clear and for the allegorist
寓言意义实际上 The allegorical reading in effect
有时候我会用 实际上 这种表达 Sometimes I'll just say in effect
但是显而易见 寓言是忽略 but clearly and obviously undoes
而且是有意忽略字面意思而存在的 and is meant to undo the literalness of the text
这在基督教的解读中非常常见 This will be a very common Christian maneuver
或者说是基督教的诠释策略 解经策略 Or Christian hermeneutical strategy, exegetical strategy
在他们阅读希伯来圣经的过程中 when reading the Hebrew Bible
尤其是遇到一些让他们非常烦恼的律法 Especially when reading all these husking annoying laws
而基督教徒又不愿意遵守 that Christians don't want to observe
比如说 Like, for example
摩西训诫我们 不要吃猪肉 Moses commanding us not to eat pork
将来还会讲这点 听不懂没关系 We'll come back to that, not to worry
这几百年以来 这种两层意义的系统 Okay, all these centuries, this two-level system
逐渐发展为三层 becomes elaborated to three levels
后来成了四层 or ultimately four levels
大家可以在讲义中找到这些内容 Okay, fine, you can gets some information there
我是想给大家讲的 但是现在还是跳过 that I'll introduce to you, but I wanna escape
都在讲义上 Okay, that's right there
如果你想读就可以读 You want to read it, read it
好的 而这又和预表解读形成对比 Okay, now this compares in contrast with typology
预表解读是非常棘手的一个概念 The typology is a tricky tricky concept
冈萨雷斯对此有所讨论 again, discussed by Gonzalez
预表解读是这样一种解读 And so typological reading is a reading
通过阅读圣经 认为 which looks at the Scripture and argues that
这里还是以基督教徒的角度来讲 Again, this is a Christian talking, argues that
圣经中处处都是 种类 Scripture is filled with types
可能你会将此称为 原型 Perhaps you wanna call this archetypes
典型 范例 类型 or models, or paradigms, or patterns
这些都是在圣经中设立的 Right, what Scripture sets up
而这些范例 原型 典型 And these paradigms, archetypes, models
得到履行则是从 receive their fulfillment in
我们经常总是会这样认为 almost always we are talking about
是在基督的生与死之间 the life and death of Christ
那么两者最重要的区别是 So the key difference between, so
预表也是符号 A type is kind of a symbol
寓言也是符号 an allegory is kind of a symbol
那两者之间的区别在什么地方呢 What's the difference between the two?
最终 冈萨雷斯说 Ultimately end of the day, argues Gonzalez
预表并不会忽略文字呈现的事实 Typology does not undo the reality of the text
而寓言则会 whereas an allegory does
一个能说明问题的例子就是 诺亚方舟 So a good example, Noah in the flood
是创世纪中的一则故事 Right, the story in the Book of Genesis
人类犯下很多罪孽 Right, God, Humanity is sinful
上帝决定惩罚人类 重新再来 God decides to punish them and start over again
亚当夏娃繁衍的世界出了问题 World didn't work out too well with Adam and Eve
我们再来一次 We'll start over again
所以他挑选了一个正直的人 诺亚 So he picks a new righteous person, Noah
诺亚带着三个儿子和儿媳 And Noah and the three sons and their wives
还有孩子们一同上了方舟 and children all pack away into the Ark
不好意思 Excuse me
Ark这个词源自拉丁文 盒子的意思 The word ark is Latin for a box
每种动物都有两只被放上了方舟 in two, a large box, two of every kind are put into the ark
在洪水过后延续物种 to save these creatures after the flood
注明一点 也可能是每种动物有七只 Footnote, maybe seven of each kind
这里的圣经文本有些疑问 The text is a little confusing
但是回到刚才我们的内容 Anyway, back to where we are
每个物种都有两只被放入方舟 Two of every kind go into the box
接下来发生了浩大的洪水 世界被毁灭 That is a mighty flood, the world is wiped out
后来洪水消散 And the flood water dissipate
方舟着陆 the ark settles down
诺亚和他的儿子们走出来 Out come Noah and his sons
还有他们的妻子子女 with their wives and children
他们再次繁衍 And they repopulate there
动物们也走出方舟 再次繁衍 The animals come out and repopulate there
这就是诺亚的故事 That's the story in the book of Noah
创世纪中关于诺亚的故事 In the Book of Genesis about Noah
如果你信仰犹太教或者基督教 If you are a Christian or a Jew
你就会认为这是一则真实的故事 you know of course it's a true story
直到今天 还会有基督教徒 Alright? And our Christians every day
进行一系列的展览 Who have expositions out there
让大家欣赏遗失的方舟的残骸 and mimic for relics of the lost ark
遗失的方舟 这里就是指诺亚方舟 Lost ark here meaning, that box of Noah
如果你是基督教徒 你也会知道 Now, if you are a Christian, you also know
这个故事就是一个类型 the story is a type
诺亚的故事是真实发生的 The story of Noah is true
就是有个名叫诺亚的人 There was a man named Noah
他有三个儿子 and he has three sons
故事就是记述的真实发生的故事 Right? That story is exactly what happened
这个故事是个类型 The story is a type
因为故事设立了一个模型 Cos it sets up a model
通过它 我们基督教徒可以理解 by which we Christians can understand
基督的生死 和他的救世的力量 the life, death, and salvific power of Christ
世界是罪孽的 是什么意思 because what does it mean that the world is sinful?
这当然是说 人类是罪孽的 It means, of course, we humans are all sinful
上帝发起大洪水 是什么意思 What does it mean that God brings a great flood?
上帝带来了死亡 The God brings death into the world
那又如何逃离死亡 How do we escape this death?
答案 通过木的力量 Answer, through the power of the wood
木又是什么呢 What is the wood?
木是方舟的木 The wood is the wood of the box, the boat
也是十字架的木 but also the wood of the cross
我们是这样从洪水汹涌 Right? That is how we are saved from
而来的罪孽中得到拯救 the sin all around us by the flood
我们时时刻刻都在受到罪孽的威胁 which threatens us at every turn
而我们通过木的力量 Right? That we have saved through
通过十字架的力量 the power of the wood
而得到了救赎 the power of the cross
而故事的最后 诺亚 And Noah, at the end of story
打开方舟 走出来 Opening the ark and coming out
这就是基督教的灵魂 Well, that's the Christian soul
是我们基督教徒完成了自己的救赎 That's we Christians, who come out in our save
通过基督的神力 through the efficacious, significant power of Christ
这就是类型 That's a type
的确有位叫诺亚的人 So there was a man named Noah
的确有方舟 的确有洪水 There was an ark, there was a flood
但与此同时 该故事也履行了基督教的教义 But the same time, that story receives Christian fulfilment
基督教的理解 or understanding by realizing
因为故事在一个层面是历史事件 the story is historical at one level
而另一个层面 则是关于基督 On another level, it is really about Christ
那么究竟什么才是 类型 呢 So, how do you explain exactly a type?
就是一种典型 模式 范例 Then, so it's a model, it's a pattern, it's a paradigm
这是有些难理解 我明白 It's, It's a little slippery here, I understand
看起来的确和寓言非常类似 Right? And clearly it looks just like an allegory
但重点是 我们这样来说 But the key point is, we are saying
寓言就意味着 An allegory would mean that
没有诺亚此人 there wasn't a man named Noah
整个故事仅仅是一个符号 The whole thing is just symbolic
这个符号就是一切 而事实没有任何意义 And the symbol is everything, in the reality is nothing
而预表解读则是说 whereas a typological reading would say
故事是真实发生的故事 No, the story is a true story
但是这也是设立一个程式 But it sets up a pattern
告诉我们之后要发生的故事 for what's going to happen later
大家如果上了英文第1课 Those of you who are taking English 101
可以去查查教科书 看看一些理论上的 can go down, can look up a little kinds of theoretical
多义的难以理解的词语 multi-syllabic incomprehensible terms
是如何更详细地描述这个概念的 which describes these things in greater details
这点我们说过了 So we say some of that
得加快脚步了 And I gotta hurry up
约翰福音第6章的母题是 食物 The main motifs in John 6 is food
这个章节中 Right? The Chapter, of course
以耶稣使一群人吃饱开篇 opens with the feeding of the multitudes
另外还有几篇不同的故事 And there are several different stories
也是说使一群人吃饱 of feeding the multitudes
有鱼 有饼 还有很多 There's a fish, there's a bread, I don't know
有的说是喂饱了四千人 有的说是五千 Anyway, 4,000, 5,000, whatever
这一个故事 There's a whole bunch of
有很多不同的版本 different versions of the same story
故事是以耶稣让一群人吃饱开篇 So it begins with the feeding of the multitudes
大家很饿 The people are hungry
通过神奇的力量 And through his miraculous power
耶稣可以让大家吃饱 Jesus is able to feed
于是大家来投奔耶稣 想要食物 Then the people come to him and they want food
我们是有这种食物的母题 对吗 Once we have this food motif, right?
而这样就自然而然地进入了 This slides very naturally, easily into the
谁是真正的食物 who's the real food
谁是真正的粮 what is the real bread
当然 基督才是生命的粮 And of course, it's Christ who's the bread of life
生命的粮 当然就是荒野中的吗哪 Bread of life, of course, is the manna in the wilderness
即出埃及记第16章中的描述 The same chapter Exodus 16
我们周一已经讲过这一点 That's you've looked at on Monday
这里也出现了 Right? It's up and go here too
耶稣在这里也非常清楚地说 That Jesus, unambiguously here
我也给了大家材料 I gave you references too
出埃及记第16章和诗篇中的一些文段 Those Exodus 16, also the passage in the Psalms
吗哪是来自天上的粮 Right? Where the manna is the food from heaven
耶稣就问 什么是真正的天上的粮 And Jesus is asking, what is the real food from heaven?
所以这里 某种意义上说是个预表 So here we have, partly it's a typology
耶稣说 大家听过食物的故事 Which Jesus said, well the story about food
上帝从天上赐粮给荒野中 God raining down food in the wilderness
饥饿的以色列人 to the hungry Israelites
让他们吃饱 by which they are fed
他们吃了来自上帝的吗哪 and which they eat manna that comes from God
这就是生命的粮 That's the bread of life
诗篇中称这是 Here's the term from Psalms
生命的粮 The bread of life
这是一个关于荒野中以色列人的故事 Well, that's a story about Israelites in wilderness
但是也是关于我的故事 But it's also about me
因为我是生命的粮 Cos I am the bread of life
我 耶稣 是生命的粮 I, Jesus, am the bread of life
在约翰福音第6章中有一小段 Here we have a little passage in John 6
这里 53至59节 Here, these verses, verse 53-59
我们似乎看到的文字是在隐指 where we seem to have a reference to
圣餐的仪式 the rituals of the Eucharist
耶稣似乎在说 吃我的肉 Right? Which Jesus seems to refer to eating my body
喝我的血 And eating or drinking my blood
这当然以后成为 Which will of course become
基督教两大仪式之一 one of the two main Christian rituals
一个是圣餐 The Eucharist down on the one hand
或者说是圣餐供品 Or holy sacrament on the one hand
另外一个主要的基督教仪式是洗礼 And Baptism is the other main Christian ritual
这些我们后面都会讲 We will come down to these things down the road
但是我们可以感觉到 基督教徒 But here we have the sense that the Christian
通过吃面包喝酒 by eating the bread and drinking the wine
与耶稣同生 participates in the life
更重要的是 and more importantly
与耶稣同死同复活 in the death and resurrection of Christ
这样说来 耶稣讲 In that sense, Jesus says
我是生命的粮 吃我 I am the bread of life, eat me
吃我得永生 Eat me and live
于是我们来看这些文段 We have then these verses
很显然是在意指圣餐 that clear reference to the Eucharist
这就有意思了 This is interesting
因为约翰福音中没有提到最后的晚餐 Because the Gospel John does not have a last supper
约翰福音中没有设立圣餐 Gospel John does not have institution of Eucharist
马太 马可和路加都是有的 as Matthew, Mark and Luke do
我们以后会讨论这个问题 We'll come back and can talk about that down the road
但是这里 他好像知道 But here, he seems to know about
圣餐 知道圣餐的供品 the holy sacrament, the sacrament of the Eucharist
知道最后的晚餐 And something like last supper
即使他其实没有加入最后的晚餐 Even though he doesn't actually have one
在他的叙事中并未提到这一点 in the narrative when he gets to it
讲到那里的时候我会为大家解释 I'll explain why when we get there
也就是接下来几个星期的事情吧 a couple, a few weeks down the road
无论如何 在这里我们有一个预表 Anyway, so we have then a typology
以色列人 吗哪 天上的粮 Israelites, manna, food from heaven
生命的粮 bread of life over here
而作为基督教徒 我们理解 And now we understand, we Christians understand
这些事物的真正含义 what those things really mean
他们真正代表什么 what they really represent
与此同时 耶稣 At the same time, Jesus, also
这里就有点寓言解读的意味了 There's something slightly allegorical here
耶稣说话时 where he says
进行了比较和类比 He compares and contrasts
那不是真正的生命的粮 That was not the real bread of life
荒野中的吗哪并不是 Manna in the wilderness
为什么那不是真正的生命的粮 Why was that not the real bread of life?
不对 No, no, no
因为大家想想 以色列人后来怎么了 Because what happens to those Israelites?
他们死了 They died
但是我是真正的生命的粮 But I am the real bread of life
你们取我的肉身 基督的肉身 Cos you partake of me, of Christ
获得永生 Then you will live
战胜死亡 you'll triumph over this
我们除了这种预表的母题 So we have also, in addition to this typological motif
还有另外一些内容 We also seem to have something
我认为这些内容还有些寓言的色彩 which I would say, comes out of the allegorical notion
将两者对立 of the oppositional between
对比了文本的表层意义和耶稣 the actual simple meaning of the text and Jesus
我也不清楚这是不是严格的预表 I'm not quite sure how does this a typo
但是这给我们提供了一个非常好的例子 But any case, this would be a good example of
来审视基督教徒是如何阅读圣经的 The Christian reading of the Scripture
我们拉比在读出埃及记注释时 Our rabbis read in the Mekhilta, as we saw
也将吗哪视作上帝 生命的粮 also see the manna as bread of God, bread of life
天赐的粮 food from heaven
但是基督教徒能够使用同样的母题 Right? But Christians take exactly the same motifs
阅读同样的文段 而将其 looking at exactly the same verses and turned it into
我们很早在阅读福音书的时候就已经讲过 We see this very early, it's written in the gospels
将其塑造成基督教的真理讯息 turn it into a message of Christian truth
将其置于基督教理论的中心 Right? It's at the very heart of the Christian theology
也就是 通过参与 Namely, the redemption through participation
基督的生死复活 获得救赎 in the life and death and resurrection of Christ
犹太人和基督教徒都不是按字面意思阅读圣经的 Neither Jews nor Christians read the Bible literally
我把话说到这儿 Okay, I'm gonna say this
我知道你们肯定不相信我 And I know you don't believe me
但是大家可以写在自己的笔记上 And you can write it down in your notes
下次考试你们肯定还会告诉我 But in the next exam, you are gonna tell me
犹太人读圣经原意 Jews read the Bible literally
基督教徒做寓言解析 and Christians read it allegorically
我知道你们肯定这么写 I know you are gonna tell me that
但是让我给大家解释一下 However, let me explain
我再强调一遍 I don't think, I'm sorry, say it again
犹太人和基督教徒都不是读的圣经原意 Neither Jews nor Christians read Scripture literally
如果你将原意定义为我们现代的圣经学者 If by literally, you mean what we modern Bible scholars
对文本意义做出的西化的解释 westernized and soursized readers of text meaning
原意就是原本的意思 Literally means, we think the original meaning
我们将原意置于最重要的地位 Right? We privileged the originally meaning overall
我们希望了解 We wanna get up
Torah的真正意思是什么 What does the Torah really mean?
也就是说 Torah刚刚成书的时候 We say, what does the Torah mean
是什么意思 when it was written?
从这方面看来 犹太人和基督教徒 In that sense, neither Jews nor Christians
都不是阅读的圣经原意 are reading the Bible literally
两者主要的区别是 The major difference is that
我们基督教徒会说 We, as Christians will say
我要是履行上帝不许吃猪肉的指令 I can fulfill the commandment not to eat pork
只需要远离一些不道德的行为 by off-staging from certain moral act
但是我可以去吃培根 But I can go ahead and eat bacon
而犹太人则说 不对 And Jews will say, no
圣经文本的原意永恒不变 The literal meaning of the text endures
也就是说 大家不能吃猪肉 That is to say, we may not eat pork
为什么呢 我不知道 但是上帝就是这么说的 Why? I don't know, but that's what God says
如果这么讲 犹太人是读原意 In that sense Jews are literal
而基督教徒则不是 And Christians are not
但是另外一个角度来说 非常实际的角度 But in another sense, in another very real sense
犹太人也根本不是坚持原意 Jews are not literal at all
也就是说 他们不会执着于重建 i.e they are not engaged in reconstructing
文本的原意 the original meaning of the text
反之 他们也编造出来 On the contrary, they make up all kinds of
各种难以置信的解读 incredible readings of the text
而且一向如此 They do so all the time
我们就拿出埃及记解读中的例子 You see the example in the Mekhilta passage
非常经典 That's a classic example
周一给大家发的 and that was discussed
Stern的文章中也作出了讨论 in your reading from Stern on Monday
不可用山羊羔母的奶煮山羊羔 about boiling a kid in his mother's milk
不好意思我们一直说吃的 Sorry we are talking about food all the time
但是犹太人就是很执着于吃的 But our Jews are obsessed with food, you know
就好像天主教徒很纠结性 This is well known that Catholics are obsessed with sex
犹太人很纠结食物 and Jews are obsessed with food, right
好的 回归正题 So back to where we were
不可用山羊羔母的奶煮山羊羔 You should not boil a kid in his mother's milk
字面意思是什么呢 What is the plain simple meaning of that passage?
不可用山羊羔母的奶煮山羊羔 You should not boil a kid in his mother's milk?
我不知道 I have no idea
咱们说清楚 Okay, let's make it clear
谁也不知道是什么意思 Nobody has any idea
用山羊羔母的奶煮山羊羔 Boil a kid in his mother's milk
但是我们的拉比就很有智慧 But our rabbis are blessed with maric
他们想到了一个很精彩的解读 came up with a bright idea that
摩西的意思是说 what Moses meant
肉类和奶制品食物不能在一起食用 was not to eat meat with dairy
所以你不能将黄油 So you shouldn't put a slice of butter
和羊排混搭 on your lamb chop
不可以 Right? You should not
吃汉堡的时候 You should not put a piece of cheese
加奶酪 on your hamburger
如果你反对 And if you object
这怎么可能是这个意思 How on earth does this possibly mean
吃肉类和奶制品 You mix meat and dairy
和用山羊羔母的奶煮山羊羔有什么联系 that don't boil a kid in his mother's milk?
你这是怎么得出来的这个结论 Right? How on earth you get from that
他们那时候又没有芝士汉堡 they not having a cheeseburger, right?
解释解释 Explain that
这就说来话长了 Well, that's a long story there
但是很明显 But any case, it's clear
这并不是 文本的原意 This is not THE LITERAL MEANING OF THE TEXT
所以如果你说原意 So if you mean by literal
是原本的 最重要的 环境意义 the original, privileged contextual meaning
那犹太人也比基督教徒 好不到哪儿去 Then Jews are no more literal than Christians are
如果你说犹太人遵循律法 If you mean the Jews actually take the law seriously
遵循文本的实际意义 the physical, the carnal, the corporeal
字面 表面意义 the literal external meaning of the text
那么犹太人比较倾向接受 Yes, Jews have a tendency to accept these things
而基督教比较倾向拒绝 And Christians have a tendency to reject them
大家理解了这层差别 Okay? You get this distinction
就明白我说的了 you get what I'm getting at
所以我们从最简单的层面上说 Yes, so when you say simply as a simple sense
犹太人读的是圣经原意 大家同意吗 Jews read the Bible literally, would you say that class?
不 No
现在说不 以后不好说 No, but you will
下一点我们就跳过 Okay, I'll escape the next bullet point
直接讲最后一个重点 and get to the last big bullet point
基督教徒对圣经的解读是有目标的 Christian exegesis is programmatic
这是冈萨雷斯提出的一点 This is something, the point that Gonzalez make
也是非常重要的一点 That is a very important point
也就是说 基督教徒在阅读希伯来圣经的时候 Let's say, when Christians read the Hebrew Bible
他们知道自己要找什么 They know what they are looking for
他们在寻找基督 They are looking for Christ
最后怎么样呢 And you know what?
他们找到了基督 They find him
所以说 不论是哪个圣经文段 So it turns out any biblical passage
哪条圣经律法 哪篇圣经故事 any biblical law, any biblical story
只要被解读者这么一解释 when properly manipulated by exegete
就成了在讨论耶稣 it turns out to be talking about Jesus
在讨论基督 it turns out to be talking about Christ
在讨论基督教徒的生活 or the life of the Christian
基督教的神学真理 or theological truth claims of the Christianity
就成了这样 It turns out
这就是我们说的 有目标的 This is what we mean by programmatic
或者我这样说 Or I attempted to say
他们有一种偏执 there's a monomaniacal focus here
就好像带着眼罩 I know we have a blinder
对其他事物视而不见 I know what they are looking for
这也不是坏事 It's not a bad thing
我就是就事论事 I'm just saying it as it is
而犹太人 在讲出埃及记注释时我也曾说过 Whereas Jews, as we saw in the Mekhilta passage
他们在阅读圣经时 When they are reading the Scripture
是开放的 他们能看到很多方面 They are open, they can find all and everything
他们能有一些奇特的发现 They can saw what is amazing
他们能从一个文段中 When they come out of a passage
大家也在出埃及记注释中看到了 as you saw in the Mekhita passage
得到对许多事情的启发 Right? Musings about all kinds of things
他们没有这种意义上的目标 There is no program in that sense
也没有解经的唯一的钥匙 They don't have a single exegetical key
而基督教徒就像拿着钥匙一门心思去找答案 to which Christians do with Christ when reading Scripture
这点我们还会讲 等到我们 This we will see when look at the Bible
接下来几个星期讲基督教的圣经解读 The Christian readings of the next couple of weeks
基督教徒阅读圣经时 他们能够找到基督 When Christians read the Scripture, they find Christ
犹太人阅读圣经时 他们能找到各种事物 When Jews read the Bible, they find all kinds of things
各种东西 All kinds of things
好的同学们 下课 Okay everybody, time is up [Rhine & trismile Production]