如果有人问你 Well if somebody came into and said
犹太教是关于什么 What is Judaism about?
经典犹太教 拉比犹太教 Classical Judaism, the Judaism of the rabbinic text
也就是从公元二世纪到公元十八世纪 from the 2nd century CE down to the 18th century CE
古代犹太教系统崩溃 when old Judaism collapses
经典的犹太教 也就是大体上 从大传统来看 But the classical Judaism, the big text, the big tradition
犹太教是关于什么呢 What is Judaism about?
我会说是关于 成圣 The answer, I would say, it's about sanctification
关于神圣 It's about holiness
是关于将现世之事物 It's about taking the mundane and bring it
将现世之事物脱离出世 taking the mundane out of the mundane
带到神圣的土地上 and into the ground of the sacred
或者将神圣带入到 Or projecting, or injecting sanctity
现世的生活中来 into the life of the mundane
什么是现世呢 就是人身的生活 By the mundane, I mean the life of the body
肉体的本能 The life of our carnal instincts
吃饭 做爱 睡觉 腐败 Food and sex and sleep and corruption
凡此种种 对吗 and everything else, right?
我们的目标就是从生活中提取这些 Our goal is to take that, the stuff of daily life
用神圣的眼光审视 and view it with sanctity
用犹太教的方式去做 by doing it in a Jewish manner
按照Torah的教导 following the dictates of the Torah
在我看来就是 That I would say is what
用一个词来概括经典犹太教 classical Judaism is about in one word
而对比看来 我会说 Whereas in contrast, I would say
经典的基督教 Classical Christianity
从整体上看基督教 大传统 Christianity of the big text, of the big tradition, right?
我会说经典基督教 The classical Christianity, I would say
如果用一个字来概括 就是 救世 In one word, Christianity is about salvation
通过信仰基督 Right? How through belief in Christ
与基督同生 同死 and participation in the life, death
同复活 the resurrection of Christ
一名基督教徒就得到拯救 a Christian is saved
基督教徒从原罪 从罪恶中得到拯救 Christian is saved from sin, from sinfulness
甚至更进一层 even worse, even more so
从原罪 从罪恶中得到拯救 from sin, from sinfulness
一名基督教徒因此就战胜了邪恶 战胜了撒旦 A Christian thereby, triumphs over evil, over Satan
我们还没有讨论过撒旦 We haven't talked about Satan
后面我会简单讲下 We will later on, very briefly
战胜撒旦 战胜邪恶 原罪 撒旦 About Satan, triumphs over evil, sin, Satan
最终 是死亡本身 and ultimately, death itself
基督教就是关于这个 That's what Christianity is about
同学们现在发现矛盾了吗 Now is there a contradiction here, class?
这边的救世和那边的成圣 还没吧 Being salvation over here, and sanctification? No
一边苹果一边香蕉 半斤八两 One is an apple, one is a banana
大家可以引用我这句话 You can quote me on that, right?
一边苹果一边香蕉 One is an apple, one is a banana
但与此同时 两者也不一样 But they are also, they are not the same
这才是重点 两者是不同的 That's the key point, they are not the same
犹太教中关于 成圣 的说法 Judaism will derive its notion of sanctification
源于希伯来圣经 getting from the Hebrew Bible
尤其是Torah especially from the Torah
也就是犹太教传统中圣经的主要书目 which is our main books of Bible in Jewish tradition
我们已经有过简短讨论 as we've discussed very shortly
而基督教徒至少 Christianity will derive, at least
说得漂亮些 其中关于 rhetorically will derive much of its information
救世的信息大部分来自先知 about salvation from the prophets
在基督教中 先知 Which in Christianity loom
要比在Torah中更为突出 much larger than that's in Torah
这是我一闪而过的念头 There, that's flash inspiration
在我脑袋里积郁一周了 和大家分享下 I had a week and I can share it with you
不论对犹太人还是基督教徒 Okay, for both Jews and Christians
这部分就比较普通了 This part is common
一部圣经的出现 The emergence of a Bible book
就是它 我带上我的教学辅助了 Here it is, I brought my prop today
希伯来圣经 you know, the Hebrew Scriptures
圣经就是我们所谓的 圣典 The Bible book is something we call canonization
在这部文集中的所有书 Right? In which the script books within this collection
都被集合起来 are collected together
放在一个目录下 put on a certain list
被赋予一定的权威性 and are endowed with certain authority
这是因为这样一种观念 That process is connected with the idea
上帝不再直接与我们讲话 that God no longer speaks to us directly
而是通过文字向我们发言 God speaks to us through the text
因此我认为在经典犹太教中 So in classical Judaism, I would say
关于预言已经停止的说法 The notion that prophecy has ceased
从逻辑上是一个铺垫 一个准备 is a logical fore-step or preparation for the idea
引出了我们不再从先知口中听到上帝的声音 that we don't hear the word of God from prophets
我们不再从人类的口中听到上帝的声音 we don't hear the word of God from human beings
也就是说 上帝会说 that is around to say thus spake Lord
他说 告诉我他们所见 Who then say, tell me about visions that they've seen
他们所听 and things they've heard
而我能够读到上帝的言辞 Rather, I have access to the word of God
从一本书中读到上帝的指示 the instructions of God through a book
也就是这部书 And, voila, here it is
书中比较古老的部分也是如此 And our old parts of the book are the same
圣经中的有些部分 Some parts of the book
在我们看来更加直接 we understand derived more directly
与其他卷相比更加直接来源于上帝 or immediately from God than others
因此经典犹太教 Torah So in classical Judaism, the Torah
前五卷 摩西五经 the first five books, the Pentateuch
是非常重要的 have pride of place
因此典籍中的犹太教 Because the classical, the Judaism in these books
不仅从时间上来讲是最早的书 are not just historically the earliest books
而且这些书是来自 But these books come from
最伟大的先知 the greatest prophet of them all
摩西 这些是摩西五经 Moses, these are the five books of Moses
最伟大的先知 the greatest prophets of them all
摩西与其他先知相比 who is in the most directly, immediate, unintermediated
与上帝有着更直接 更不受干扰 connection with the God than any of the prophets
上帝与摩西面对面交谈 God spoke to Moses face to face
这是 民数记 中写的 as it says in Book of Numbers
对犹太人而言 Torah So for Jews, the Torah is quote
不仅是最重要的 而且是最神圣的 not just the most important, but the most divine
最神圣 最重要 most divine, most important
最重要 最神圣 most important, most divine
某种意义上的神圣 Right? There is some sense of the divine wafting
一直贯穿着圣经前后 throughout the entire collection
但是在摩西五经中 是最突出的 Right, but there most of all
因此但凡你有了一本Torah So once the idea you have a Torah book
接下来 你就会想 Then the next, immediately comes along with
我该如何去解读这本Torah Well, how I'm interpret the Torah book
也就是说 我如何从中汲取上帝的讯息 means how I extracting the message from the Book
这就是上帝与我对话 And that in turn is God talking to me
从书页中与我交谈 out of the pages of the book
同样 我在读以赛亚 耶利米和以西结时 Similarly, when I read Isaiah, or Jeremiah or Ezekiel
他们都是先知 Right? Who are prophets, right
我也听到了上帝的呼唤 I'm hearing the word of God
但是并非从他们口中直接获得 somehow not from them directly
这些先知早就过世了 早就升天了 They are long since dead, long since departed
我是从书中听到 But I hear the word of God from them
上帝的呼唤 via the medium of the Book
如果大家上过英文101课 Though anybody takes English101 knows, right?
就会明白 没有绝对明确的文字 There is no such thing as an unambiguous text
没有说什么文字 There is no such thing as a text
不需要解读 that does not require interpretation
如果要理解某段文字 任何理解的行为 Right? To understand any text, any act of understanding
都实际上是一种解读 is thus de facto, an act of interpretation
就好比你们在英文101 Right, just you took in your English101
在X-Bar课堂上所做的一样 对吗 or in your X-Bars, whatever, right?
这毋庸我赘言 This is a truism
放在这里尤其正确 And that is certainly true here
希伯来圣经的文字 Where, the texts of the Hebrew Bible
难得让人发指 are notoriously difficult
模糊得让人发指 are notoriously vague
有时候还会自相矛盾 are occasionally contradictory
总是需要解读的 and are always in the need of interpretation
因此我才要求大家用JSB版的圣经 Which is why I ask you to read the Bible using the JSB
因为JSB会给大家 because the JSB will give you
一些标注 有用的信息 some notes and helpful information
会帮大家答疑解惑 有助大家理解 that you will need in order to help you get through
好的 我们回到Torah So, let's go back to the Torah
这是犹太教的主要阵地 会告诉我们 which we Jewish is the main turf, which will tell us
上帝希望我们做什么 上帝想要什么 what God expects of us, what God wants of us
因此Torah并没有那么多的矛盾 So the Torah, is often is not contradictory
如果是在叙事中出现矛盾 已经很纠结了 Bad enough when the Torah is contradictory in a narrative
比如说 以扫的妻子们分别叫什么名字 What are the names of the wives of Esau
我读过的至少就有两个版本 或许有三个 I got at least two different lists, maybe three
而且都非常有序 Right? Then they are all quite line-up
再问一个问题 Right? What are the names of
十二部落每一代都叫什么名字 all the generations of the twelve tribes
雅各的十二子 The twelve sons of Jacob
我所读过的版本大体上是一致的 While the list I have mostly agree with each other
但是也不是完全一致 But they don't always completely agree with each other
看起来好像有一个是对的 另一个是残本 And sure looks like one is the corruption of another
非常纠结的 Ew, very disturbing
叙事不一致已经这样了 Bad enough when narratives
那如果律法也自相矛盾呢 But what will you do if you got laws
你又如何是好 that contradict to each other?
因为叙事无论如何 睁一只眼闭一只眼 Cos narratives I can figure out, so I can live with it
可以搪塞过去 You get to slip it, and not to worry
但如果眼下就是逾越节 But when I'm about to celebrate Passover
我得知道 逾越节是几天啊 I need to know, how many days is Passover?
逾越节是几天呢 How many days is the matzah festival
六天还是七天 Is it six or is it seven?
我怎么做逾越节蛋 And what I do with the Pesach egg?
是煮 还是烧 还是煎 Do I boil it or roast it, or cook it?
我该怎么做 I don't know, what am I do?
我们可以想象 古代的以色列人 So, surely we can imagine that the ancient Israelites
当摩西从西奈山上走下 when Moses came down from Mount Sinai
手卷Torah brought with him the Torah
当查尔斯海斯顿走下 When Charles Heston came down
手卷Torah brought with him the Torah
并念给民众时 and he read the Torah to them
大家肯定争先恐后地举手 We can readily imagine hands would pop up immediately
以色列人肯定会说 摩西啊 And Israelites will say, but Moses
您这边坐坐 Why would you sit over here
摩西坐了下来 Moses sat over here
这是什么意思 Explain that
也就是说 不从神学的角度 In other words, not to speak mythically
而是从历史学上讲 我们就会猜测 but speak historically, we have to assume
圣经编纂成书后 that when the Bible gets put together
尤其是Torah 也就是我现在说的 the Torah, especially, which I'm talking about now
当这些书卷编纂成书后 gets put together into this book
从第二天开始 Somebody, I have to say from Day 2
注意不是第一天 有些人就已经开始 It's not from Day 1, is already has to have a way
调解矛盾 of reconciling contradiction
他们就已经有一种解读的方式 Has to have a way of interpreting things
使得一段话结合另一段话的背景说得通 so that one passage make sense in the light of another
而这个过程最终 Ultimately this procedure, the process
就成了拉比们所谓的口传Torah is what the rabbis would call the oral Torah
因为口传Torah中包含的 Because it is the oral Torah
是摩西从西奈山上下来之后 Everything that Moses did not bring down
带回的未成书的 in writing from Mount Sinai
上帝教诲 but everything else
口传Torah会告诉我们 The oral Torah will tell us
如何调解这些矛盾 how to negotiate these difficult challenges
口传Torah会添补模糊的细节 The oral Torah will fill in that which is obscure
调解表面上的矛盾 The oral Torah will reconcile apparent contradictions
会解释给我们 The oral Torah will explain to us
我们应该如何实施Torah how we should implement the Torah
因此我认为 圣经的解读总体说来 So, Biblical interpretation in summary I'm arguing
重要性不亚于圣经 晚于圣经 is not something secondary and late
是在圣经成书之后几个世纪才出现的 that comes centuries after the book is written
我认为圣经解读 No, Biblical interpretation I am assuming
本身就是圣经这个概念的一部分 is part and part so of very ideas of the Bible
如果你有一本圣经 一本圣典 If you have a Bible, a canonical book
你就相当于说 You gotta, you are immediately suggesting
需要去解读 you have to interpret it
而与此同时 And by that by the way
Mutatis mutandis Mutatis mutandis
基督教徒对于新约也是如此 There's not a single person who could raise a hand
就没人举手问问 and ask me what I just said?
刚才我讲的那句话什么意思 Ah, thank you, okay, yes
好的 谢谢 You ask what I just say, yes, thank you
你要问我那句话是什么意思 谢谢 Good, take up that, cool, very good, very well, yes
继续保持啊 这样很好 So, mutatis mutandis is a lovely Latin phrase
Mutatis mutandis是一句非常美好的拉丁文 It's good to impress your friends with
可以用来忽悠你的朋友 Usually casually in conversation
聊天时蹦出这句 That's two words, there's a space over here
这是两个词 中间有空格 Any Latin scholars here?
这有拉丁文高手吗 What's mutatis mutandis?
Mutatis mutandis是什么意思 It's ablative absolute, that's the construction
这是一个独立夺格 No Latin scholars?
没有拉丁文高手 Okay, this comes from the root, change
好的 这个词的词根之意为 变化 Like muta-, like mutant, like mutant
muta是词根 就好像mutant这个词 变异 So, the things that need to be changed
需要作出修改的地方 having been changed
已经作出修改 So it's like saying
就好比说 Judaism and Christianity are exactly the same
犹太教和基督教是完全一样的 Mutatis mutandis, if you change it on a few things
只不过需要作出必要的修改 Then, the rest leftover
剩下的部分 they are exactly the same
是完全一样的 So similarly, the ways the Jews
同样 犹太人 have to interpret the Hebrew Bible
解读希伯来圣经的方式 The Christians will have to interpret the Hebrew Bible
也是基督教徒用来解读希伯来圣经的方式 and also mutatis mutandis, the News Testament
还有根据需要作出修改 写出了新约 which also will demand interpretation
而新约也需要解读 in very similar kinds of ways for very similar reasons
出于同样的套路 同样的原因 Got it?
明白了吗 You didn't get it, that's okay
没明白也不要紧 It won't be on the final, right, but
反正我们期末不会考这个 Just to say, useful phrase, okay?
就是教给大家一条有用的表达 So, what I'm arguing with is Biblical interpretation
因此我的意思是 圣经的解读 is part and part so to the Bible
本身就是圣经的一部分 to the Biblical process itself
本身就是圣经形成的一个环节 Good
好的 Questions on that?
大家有问题吗 You are erratically quiet and docile this morning
你们今早上间接性不出声啊 I don't know why
这都是怎么了 Right? I can argue with that either, whatever
这个我们也可以讨论讨论 Okay, let's continue on my handout
好的 我们继续看讲义 So, how do we read the Bible?
那么 我们怎么去读圣经呢 Depends of course on who is WE
这要看 我们 是谁 If WE are in our Culture and Belief 39 class
如果说 我们 是指文化信仰39班的学员 My other class, called the Hebrew Bible
也就是我的另一门课 希伯来圣经 or Introduction to Hebrew Bible
或者叫做 希伯来圣经入门 We spend a lot of time there discussing the fact
我们就会用很多时间去讨论 that modern Bible scholars
现代圣经学者 people who get PhDs of Hebrew Bible
也就是拿着希伯来圣经博士学位的 in Harvard University for example
比如说在哈佛大学吧 Here is a specimen right here, Hillary Canfor
我们这就有一个现成的例子 who is well on route to get a PhD in Hebrew Bible
这位同学马上就要拿到希伯来圣经博士学位了 So they of course read the Bible in a certain way
当然 他们有独特的方式解读圣经 Here I gave you four bullet points
这里我给大家写了四点 Modern Bible scholarship assumes that the Bible
现代圣经学者认为圣经 Is a book like any other book
是一本普通的书 Created and put together by normal fallible human beings
是会犯错的人类写成的 People who put on their togas one leg at a time
人类嘛 难免时不时犯点错误 That's a very missed metaphor, yes
就是这个意思 In other words, put together by normal people
是普通人编写成书的 Great people perhaps, smart people perhaps
可能是伟人 可能是智者 But at the end of the day, regular people
但终归是普通人 who, like regular people will, make mistakes
普通人嘛 就会犯错误 They may not remember
他们可能 when they wrote the Book of Deuteronomy
写申命记的时候 what they wrote earlier in the Book of Exodus
就忘了在出埃及记里写的什么了 Probably not true, but whatever, okay
这可能有点夸张 但是就这个意思 But you understand what I'm trying to get at
大家明白这个意思就好 Similarly, the Bible is occasionally inconsistent
同样 圣经有时候会前后不一致 One passage might contradict to what that's
某段话可能跟前面所讲的不一样 before you reconcile with one another
你得去调和调和 Because it derives from sources that do not always agree
因为圣经的出处并不是完全达成一致的 Here's the key point
这是我们的重点 Modern Bible scholars assume that
现代圣经学者认为 all of the 24 books in the Hebrew Bible
希伯来圣经24卷 All of them are books that are, grow over time
都是在很长一段时间内修改编纂的 They are either put together from different sources
他们可能来自出自不同的文献 by various anonymous editors or redactors
可能是不同的无名编辑者和改编者所写 That's a fair word that we use
我们一般这样称呼他们 Or Isaiah of Jerusalem get prophecies in the book
比如说耶路撒冷的以赛亚写了书中的一段预言 And later people came to expand upon them
后来人们对这段预言加以扩写 added some more chapters
增加了一些章节 They added a chapter here
这儿加一段 they added a chapter there
那儿添一行的 Then some of them came along
然后又有一些人 added a whole block of material
把一大块材料 at the very very end
放在了预言之后 Then somebody came along
然后又来了一些人 added a little bits of pieces here and there
左加一点右加一点的 And then somebody came along
又来了一些人 edited the whole thing
把整本书编辑了一遍 created the book of Isaiah
于是就有了以赛亚书 So it's not a man named Isaiah sat down
所以说不是一个叫以赛亚的人坐在那边 and wrote a book and produced it, no
写了这么一本书 不是的 It's not the way modern Bible scholars
现代圣经学者不认为 assume the book of Isaiah emerged
以赛亚书是这么写成的 Or in fact, any Biblical book, as far as I can see
或者实际上 任何一卷圣经在我看来 All Biblical books according to modern Bible scholars
在现代圣经学者看来任何一卷圣经 are multi-authored
都是由多个作者写成的 In the sense that they may have
也就是说 这些书 the original kernel author
可能有一名核心原创 but the text that we have
但是我们现在所看到的文本 is not a single unitary composition
并不是一名作者写成的 rather it's full of these interpretations
而且其中包含着各种解读 editions, modifications and so on
各种编辑 修改 等等 As especially shown in the Torah
这在Torah中最为明显 where modern Bible scholars would say
而现代圣经学者就会说 The five books of Moses were not written
摩西五经不是 in one fell swoop by a man named Moses
一位名叫摩西的人一股脑写成的 He did not go up
他并没有 and spent four days on Sinai with God
在西奈山上跟上帝呆了四天 writing the Torah and come down
写下了Torah 然后下山 Charles has to like, with the Torah over the shoulder
查尔斯海斯顿要扛着Torah下山 No, the Torah itself is put together
不是这样的 Torah是 over a long period of time
在很长一段时间内 from a whole series of documents
由一系列的文献编纂 by a whole series of people
由一系列作者写成的 This is assumption of modern Bible scholarship
这是现代圣经学者的假设 Three, third bullet point
三 我们来看第三点 Biblical text is always to be interpreted in context
圣经文本通常要依据语境解析 What does context mean?
语境是什么意思呢 By that I mean both literary and historical
我这里不单指上下文 还有历史语境 Any given passage is part of a context
每一段话都是一个语境的一部分 I can't interpret it by itself, and spared it in isolation
我不能去把他分离出来理解 The word is part of a sentence
单词是句子的一部分 The sentence is part of a paragraph
句子是段落的一部分 paragraph is part of a larger block of material
段落又是一大段材料的一部分 That large block of material turns into
而那一大段材料 part of a yet larger block of material
又是更大一段材料的一部分 Right? I need literary context
我需要上下文 and I need historical context
我需要历史语境 If Isaiah Jerusalem is running a prophecy
如果耶路撒冷的以赛亚写了一段预言 in the second half of the 8th century BCE
当时是在公元前八世纪的下半叶 maybe I should know something about
那我就应该知道一些 the second half of the 8th century BCE
关于公元前八世纪下半叶的事情 to tell me to understand what Isaiah is talking about
才能理解以赛亚说的是什么 And vise visa
反之亦然 I can then use the words of Isaiah
我可以用以赛亚的文字 tell me to understand what's going on in Jerusalem
去理解耶路撒冷 in the second half of the 8th century BCE
在公元前八世纪的下半叶有何经历 cos context is everything
语境就是一切 Literary context, historical context
上下文 历史语境 social context or the author, etc., etc.,etc.
社会语境 作者 等等等等 This is a tool itself
这些本身就是工具 I'm not saying anything you don't know
我说的这些大家都理解 This is you'll do everyday
大家每天都在做 The point that would be
这里的重点就是说 is that the Bible in that sense is not special
从这个角度看来 圣经并不特殊 The Bible is a book like any other book
圣经和其他的书一样 We'll do the same thing for the Iliad
解读伊利亚特时我们也会如此 We'll do the same thing for Speeches of Demosthenes
解读德谟斯提尼演讲时我们也会如此 We'll do the same thing for
我们也会用同样的方式去 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
解读高文爵士与绿衣骑士 We'll do the same thing for Canterbury Tales
用同样的方式解读坎特伯雷故事集 We'll do the same thing here
这里我们也是如此 Last but not least
最后一点 The Bible derives whatever authority it has
圣经的权威性 not because it is from God
并非是因为其来自上帝 not because of its ontological status of the word God
并非因为上帝一词的存在论地位 It derives whatever authority it has
圣经之所以拥有权威性 in the eyes of modern scholars
根据现代学者的理解 By virtually the fact it is
是因为圣经 it serves as a document of a community
是以团体文件的形式出现 which you see is a historical artifact
是一种历史上人类生产的物品 That is to say, Jewish veneration of Scriptures
也就是说 犹太人崇拜圣经 isn't something I, as a scholar, can talk about
不是我区区一个学者能讨论的 I can trace it, I can see what form it takes
我能追本溯源 能研究文本 I can try to understand how Jews at given time
我能试图去理解某一时间段的犹太人 thought, what the Bible was, what the Bible meant
如何看待圣经 什么是圣经 圣经意味着什么 how they looked at it, how they revered it
他们如何审视 崇拜圣经 how they understood it
如何理解圣经 This is what I can talk about
这些是我能说的 Whether Bible really is the word of God
那么圣经究竟是不是上帝的言语 isn't something I can talk about
这不是我能说的范围 I, as a modern Bible scholar, can't talk about
我区区一名现代圣经学者 无法讨论 Not just because I don't know if it's true
这不仅仅是因为我对其真实性无法判断 But it's also it's not subject
而且因为 I can't subject it to any kind of proof
我也没有任何证据证明我的说法 I can't falsify it, and I can't prove it
我不能说它错 也不能说它对 Therefore, I don't talk about it
所以说 我就不讨论 I don't worry therefore
因此我就不用担心 whether the Bible comes from God
圣经是不是源自上帝啊 any more than I would if I were teaching the Iliad
就好像我如果教伊利亚特时 If I worry whether Homer was inspired by Zeus or Apollo
不用担心荷马是不是受到了宙斯或阿波罗的启发 etc.
等等 So in sum, for modern Bible scholars
总体说来 对于我们这些现代圣经学者 the book, the Bible is JUST A BOOK
圣经就是一本书 or JUST A COLLECTION OF BOOKS
或者说 就是一本文集 which we read the way we would read any book
我们读圣经 就跟我们读其他的书一样 And just as I might be interested in
就好像我会好奇 how the Greeks understood the Iliad
希腊人如何理解伊利亚特 and interpret the Iliad over time
而且随着时间发生变化 I may wanna be interested in
我也会好奇 how ancient Jews and medieval Jews
古代和中世纪的犹太人 interpret the Bible over time
如何随着时间变化改变对的圣经 That's a perfectly fine subject of research
这是很好的研究题目 But at the end of the day
但是终究 It doesn't mean therefore
这并不意味着 what they said the text means
他们说圣经是什么意思 is what the text REALLY MEANS
圣经就是什么意思 As I, a modern Bible scholar know
作为一名现代圣经学者 我知道 the original, historical, contextual meaning
原始的 历史性的 语境中的圣经含义 is THE meaning I'm looking for
才是我所寻找的 Not the meaning that the text will come to have
不是圣经后来被赋予的意义 but the meaning of the text originally has
而是圣经本身的意义 How different all that is from the way
那么于此相比 ancient, medieval, and pre-modern
古代 中世纪和前现代 Jews and Christians read the Bible?
犹太人与基督教徒的圣经解读有何不同 For them, and virtually all these four points
对他们而言 我为大家列出的这四点 we have virtually the opposite position
基本上都是背道而驰的 And since these are the Jews and Christians
而这些犹太人和基督教徒 we are gonna talking about
是我们即将 for the next several weeks to the end of the term
在接下来几个星期直到学期结束 that would be who's up to pay attention to
所讨论 所关注的对象 what their exegetical assumptions are
他们有什么解经的假设 How they understand what the Bible is
如何解读圣经 Exegetical, what does exegetical mean?
刚才我说的解经 这个词是什么意思呢 Exegetical assumptions are the assumptions upon which
解经假设首先是假设 在此之上 which the reader brings with him/her to the act
读者将自己带入到 to the art of interpretation, or exegesis
解读过程中 也就是解经(exegesis) Exegetical is the adjective
形容词形式是exegetical Okay? The root meaning exegesis is Greek
词根exegesis是希腊文 means to draw out, to lead out, take out from
意思是取出 拿出 Ex, ago
ex 之前 If I use words like that, you got to stop me, ask me
要是我用这种词 大家不懂就要问嘛 How the hell do I know if you know the word or not?
你们不问我怎么知道你们懂不懂 I know, I'm a prophet
可是我知道 我是先知嘛 That's how I'm supposed to know
所以我知道 Like here, I knew you didn't know the word exegetical
就好比刚才 我知道你们不认识exegetical I knew to stop
所以我知道停下来 Alright, so I contracted myself
倒了一下带 Back to where I was
好 回到刚才的话题 Jewish and Christian believers, right?
犹太人和基督教徒 Have a completely different set of working assumptions
他们的假设完全不同 When they set about the task of interpreting Scripture
他们解读圣经时的目标就是不同的 which are different from ours
也和我们的不相同 Ours meaning, we modern Bible scholars
我们也就是指现代圣经学者 And here I reduced these to four bullet points
我讲这些内容概括为四点 You have a slightly different version of it in your reading
在大家的阅读材料中有个近似的版本 and the essays with JSB, that's for you to read for today
还有JSB的文章中 回去大家自己读 Eternally true, omnisignificant
永恒的真理 永远重要 Revealed by God, speaking to and about us
受上帝启示 将我们的内容传达给自己 This I need to unpack and to explain
我需要对此加以解释 The Bible is eternally true
圣经是永恒的真理 It's absolute, the term that I like to use
是绝对的 我喜欢用这个词 In other words, when you and I write a book
换言之 当你我写书的时候 You and I write a book
我们写书的时候 we are inevitably affected by our say
总是不可避免地受到环境影响 Or as I said before, contexts and everything
比如我之前说的 语境之类的 So if we come up with a moral truth
如果我们写出了一条道德上的真理 we somehow know, or later readers of ours will say
我们应该知道 或者之后读者也会说 that what truth stuff we come up with
我们所写出的这些东西 are historically conditioned
是受到历史局限的 because they are contextually bound
因为它们受到语境的限制 They are not eternal
而并非永恒 they comes from a certain time and place
它们来自特定的时间 特定的地点 At that time and place, what we say might work
在当时当地 我们说的可能是正确的 might make sense, might be appealing
可能有道理 可能会打动人 might seem convincing
可能会说服大家 But in other common place, they may not
但是在另外一个地点 则并非如此 That applies to you and me
这是对于你我而言 A Bible, however, is different
而对于圣经则是不一样的 Because its truth are eternal
因为其中的真理是永恒的 They are not conditional
不受到条件的限制 They are not societally bound
不受到社会的限制 They are not contextually bound
不受到语境的限制 Cos they are absolute, context doesn't matter
因为它们是绝对的 语境什么都是浮云 You are not going to say
你不可能说 Well, what the Bible said makes a lot of sense
圣经里的话是挺有道理的 if you are living in the 8th century BCE
不过前提是你要生活在公元前八世纪 given those social, historical circumstances, blablabla
要考虑到当时的社会 历史环境 等等 I understand why Isaiah might have said this
我理解以赛亚为什么要说这些 or Moses would have said that, or whatever
摩西为什么会说那些 什么什么的 But nowadays, when things are so different
但是今天嘛 时代不同了 Maybe the conclusion will not follow
这些结论就可能不合适了 No
大错特错 If you adopt this traditionalist
如果你采取的是传统主义 Jewish and Christian mode of reading
犹太人和基督教徒的阅读模式 you would say
你就会说 It's true, it's always true
真理是永恒的真理 It's never not true
永远不会改变 It doesn't depend upon context
不会随语境而变 It doesn't have anything to do with context
跟语境没有丝毫关系 The fact that Isaiah lived in the 8th century BCE
以赛亚生活在公元前八世纪 is very interesting whether they involved
不管是真是假 都是如此 If what he said is true, that's true
如果他说得对 那就是对 If it's not true, it's not true
如果不对 就是不对 Because at some level
因为从某种层面上讲 Biblical truths come from God
圣经的真理源于上帝 Consequently, they are eternal
因此就是永恒的 Next bullet point, they are omnisignificant
下面一点 圣经是永远重要的 This is a fancy schmancy word that
这里有个很花哨的词 was coined by my former colleague
是由我以前的同事 James Kugel formerly at Harvard
James Kugel创造的 他曾经是哈佛的教授 now is bound to a university in Israel
后来去了以色列的一所大学 Omnisiginicant, omni- of course everything
永远重要(omnisignificant) omni-是所有 Significant, significant
significant 重要 Right? Every little thing is significant
事无巨细 都很重要 When you and I write anything
当你我写作的时候 No matter how careful we are
不管我们多么仔细 no matter how many times we review it, right?
不管我们检查多少次 We can always realize, later on
总是会在事后意识到 J, there's a better way I could have said that
诶呀 这样说其实更好 Could have crossed out some words I didn't need
可以划掉不需要的词 Perhaps you could even be a little bit clearer
也许能够说得更清晰一些 a little bit sharper
更尖锐一些 organized in a particuarly clever mode
用一种更聪明的方式组织材料 which I should have written it
我应该这样写的 which is particularly euphonious
这样更加隐晦 or particularly falls on the ear, etc.
或者更加入耳 And we realize too it's really sloppy inevitably
我们也会意识到可能会词不达意 we don't know what to say, what it means
我们也不知道自己说的什么 we won't be able to say
于是也不知道要说什么 Not so in the Bible
圣经中不是这样的 Bible says what it means
圣经所说即为所意 and it means what it says
所意即为所说 And there is no filler
没有所谓凑字数之说 It's not like a colleague student
不像那些大学生 who desperately has to reach PhD on the Bible page
迫不及待地想要通过圣经的博士论文 So you can fill the obligation of assignment
这样就相当于完成了任务 which have something called filler
就会出现凑字数现象 No there is no filler
没有凑字数 Everything is significant
所有的都很重要 everything is there for a purpose
一切存在都有理由 That all means something
都有意图 You can't take out anything
你不能抽取出一部分 without affecting everything
却没有影响其他 Every word is significant
每个单词都是重要的 And suddenly more extreme rabbinic, exegesis
有一些比较极端的解释还认为 Every syllable is significant
每个音节都是重要的 And by the time you get to
后来发展到 the mistakes of the high middle ages
中世纪的鼎盛时期 Even the white spaces between the letters are significant
甚至单词间的空格都是重要的 That's we mean by, that's what Kugel means
这就是我们所谓的 Kugel所谓的 by this notion of omnisignificant
永远重要 The result is
结果是 By another process fancy word used to describe this
我们还有另一个描述这种现象的花哨词 This is atomization
atomization 分化 where in rabbinic readings of Scripture
在犹太教对圣经的解读中 The rabbis can sometimes ignore contexts
拉比甚至有时会忽略语境 in the ways that we find completely outrageous
让我们觉得特别不可思议 The rabbis will chop up sentences into discrete words
拉比会把句子切割成独立单词 and will chop up words into discrete syllables
将单词切割成独立音节 and apparently not care about things like grammar
而且很显然不去考虑语法 or not care about things like sentence structure
不去考虑句子结构 They will argue, this little syllable, by itself, means this
他们会说 这个小音节本身意为 and come to teach us this
告诉我们什么 And you said, what? But you can't do that
你反驳说 什么 这没道理啊 If it means that, the whole sentence is destroyed
如果是这个意思 那整个句子就被破坏了 Yes, well, it's omnisignificant though
没错 可是人家是永远重要嘛 Everything is there for a purpose
一切存在均有其理 Everything there teaches you something
一切都能传授给你一些道理 Either you should say
不然你就说 you couldn't do this with human speech
反正人类的言语不能这样分解 Cos human speech cannot bear such exegesis
也经不起这样的解读 such modes of reading
经不起这种阅读方式 would rapidly collapse
不然马上就崩溃了 But divine speech is different
但是上帝说的话可不一样 It's not human being sitting around chatting
这可不是人类坐着闲谈 This is God talking
这是上帝在说话 And divine speech that always eternally true
而上帝所说的是永恒的真理 Everything is there to teach us something
一切都可以教给我们一些东西 Jewish problem we'll explain
我们会解释犹太教中的问题 If you are reading Scriptures of original
如果大家读的是原版的圣经 then you can do this
就可以这样 Right? You are reading Scriptures of original
你读的是最原始的圣经文字 then you can elude yourself into thinking
你就可以逃避这样的想法 Why was I thinking?
我为什么这么想 Is what the rabbis in fact actually said one point
是拉比所说的一个观点吗 What language does God speak?
上帝说什么语言 and what language will the world be created?
后来创世纪时又是什么语言 Hence are the questions of Hebrew
这就是希伯来语的问题 Therefore Hebrew has to be the world's first language
因此希伯来语一定是世界上最早的语言 Cos it is the language of Torah
因为这是Torah的语言 the language in which Chapter 1 God speaks
是圣经第一卷中上帝说的语言 God speaks, what comes out of
是上帝所说的话 God's mouth when he talks
上帝口中说出来的 It's Hebrew, (Hebrew talking) God says
上帝是说希伯来语的 (Hebrew talking)
(希伯来语) God's talking Hebrew
上帝说希伯来语 So, ultimately the mistakes will come to
最终这些错误 invest the Hebrew language
会进入希伯来语 with its rhythms and syllables and structure, right?
还带着它特有的旋律 音节和结构 with particular meaning
以及特殊的意义 So if you are reading the Scripture in Hebrew
所以如果大家读的是希伯来语的圣经 you can do this
就可以这样做 if you are reading Scriptures in translation
如果大家读的是翻译版的圣经 as Greek Jews were in antiquity
就好像古代的希腊犹太人一样 and following that, the Christians
以及此后的基督徒 they were reading Scripture in translation
他们读的都是翻译版的圣经 it's much harder to pull this off
就很难做到这一点了 Right? Which is why as far as
也是因为如此 we'll discussed on Wednesday
周三的课上会讨论这个 I don't think Christians have the same kind of
我认为基督教徒并没有 omnisignificant-senario Scriptures as Jewish do in theirs
像犹太人解读圣经那样 认为它永远重要 And I think one explanation would be
我觉得其中一个解释就是 it's because Christians were reading from very early on
基督教徒从很早以前开始 were reading Scriptures in translation
就开始阅读翻译版圣经 So, it is from God, it is significant, right
所以没错 圣经是来自上帝 是非常重要 it does not have any contradictions
是没有任何矛盾 it is eternally true
是永恒的真理 all those things remain the same
这些都是一样的 But this notion of we can destroy syntax, right?
但是打破句法这样子 for the purpose of extracting meaning
而抽取其中的意思 That's not the thing Christians will do
这并非基督教徒所为 whereas rabbinic Jews will do it all the time
而阅读希伯来文圣经的犹太人则一向如此 Yes
请讲 Is there no contradictions and different versions
也就是说 矛盾和不同版本 of the Hebrew Bible?
在希伯来圣经中不存在吗 Of course there are
当然有的 Of course there are
当然有的 So how do we solve that problem?
那么我们怎么去解决呢 Well, we can be oblivious to those problems
我们可以睁一只眼闭一只眼 That's how we solve it
这就是我们的解决方式 Right, I don't wanna know about that
我不想知道这个 I don't wanna know about that
我不想知道那个 Do you mean in the text or in the context?
你的意思是在文本中 还是语境中 I mean text, for instance syllables
我说的是文本中 比如音节 Yes, in the text, there definitely are variations
在文本中当然会有不同版本 Right, we know a lot more now than even dated then
我们现在比那时知道得多多了 Because we have databases, and Dead Sea Scrolls
因为我们现在有数据库 死海古卷 and we can read excerpt to it, and blablabla
我们可以读其中的节选之类的 So we have access to whole
所以我们可以接触到 encyclopedia of variants, of variants
所有的不同的版本 We'll see when we read Justin Martyr
后面我们读犹斯丁的时候就会发现 He has various places, passages
他指出了很多的文段 he accuses the Jews of tempering with Scripture
他认为犹太人篡改了圣经 Right, he says that original text is this
他说原文是这样的 that of course, proves Christianity to be true
当然了 原文会证明基督教是正确的 And you Jews, knowing that Christianity is true
而你们犹太人 知道基督教是正确的 but of course, desperate to deny it
却总是想否定我们 You then temper with Scriptures
所以就篡改了圣经 so as to remove Christian truth
从而销毁基督教的真理 He's aware of the argument
他知道有这些争论 So Justin is aware of the fact that text can be fluid
犹斯丁知道文字会发生变动 Right
好的 Thank you
谢谢你 My rabbinic friends, as a rule, paid all attention to fluid
我的拉比朋友门都很注重这些变化 on occasion they notice that there are variants
会很注意其中的不同版本 but on the most minor level
但是都是微不足道的层面上 Actual above here or you there, that sort of thing
比如说 这儿 那儿 这种无关紧要的字眼 Okay, but you are right
但是你说的没错 That's get on to something there
这个问题不错 Other observations?
大家还有其他发现吗 Okay, good, next
好的 我们继续 Is revealed by God
圣经是受到上帝的启示的 And of course, here are all the 24 books
当然了 这里的二十四卷 not exactly the same
也不都是一个来头 the first five, come most directly from God
前五卷是直接来源于上帝 Through Moses
来自摩西 Prophetic books are sort of in between, right?
先知书在两者之间 the time you get to the runnings at the end
而读到最后一部分 Some of the books here doesn't really have
某些卷并没有涉及 very much God about him in the direct sense
直接意义上的上帝 It's only indirectly, so far as
而是间接提到 Solomon was a good guy, he's inspired by God
比如所罗门是个好人 受到了上帝启示 So what he says, what comes out of his mouth
所以他所说的 他口中说出的 must come from God in some way
一定是上帝以某种方式发声 But, you know, that's a little wash the waffle
但是有时候这听着有点悬乎 Take time to look at the Chronicles
仔细看看历代志 No God in anywhere
根本就没有提到过上帝 But whatever
但是就是这样 But let's give a hold on Torah
我们再来讲讲Torah which again for Jews is the main books
对于犹太人来说这是主要的书卷 the first five books
摩西五经 This comes from God
这是源于上帝的 So as I said before, this is not human speech
刚才我也说过 这不是人类在说话 This is different kind of speech
这是另外一种言语 Therefore, everything is significant
因此 一切都很重要 as we've already discussed
我们已经讨论过这一点了 Everything is true as we've already discussed
我们说过 一切皆为真理 So let me ask you
那我问大家 You think God will contradict himself on occasion?
上帝有没有可能会自相矛盾呢 This is no-brainer, class
这不用动脑子吧 同学们 You think God will contradict himself on occasion?
大家认为上帝会自相矛盾吗 No
不会啊 You think God will
大家认为上帝会 Of course not, how can it, it's not possible!
当然不会啦 怎么可能呢 根本不可能 You think it's kind of God is
大家认为上帝会 gonna say things that are misleading?
说一些误导的话吗 or otherwise, you know, vague?
或者 模糊不清的话 Of course not, that's not sound like God talks
当然不会了 这才不会是上帝说的 If there's a problem on the text
如果文本中有什么问题 It's only because it's apparent
这都是表面的 that there's a problem in the text
表面的问题 but there is no real problem in the text
但是其实文本没有问题 And if it looks like there is a problem in the text
如果乍一看有问题 Well, then, the community will sit down
那么团队就会坐下来 and work hard to make sure you understand
努力研究 确保你理解 why it's not a problem
这根本不是问题 So if God says you observe to Matzah Festival
就好比说上帝说要过逾越节 six days over here
这边说的是六天 Over there, if God says seven days
那边如果上帝说要庆祝七天 That's not a contradiction
这不是自相矛盾 Just looks like a contradiction
只不过看起来像自相矛盾 But the skilled interpreter will know
但是大师级的解读家明白 these cannot be contradictory
这不可能是自相矛盾 And therefore, you need to put your thinking cap on
所以大家需要开动脑筋 and work out a way
想出一个解释方法 So at the end it's very obvious that
最后就会发现很明显 the six that means this over here
六天是说的这边 are the least traditions over here
是最短的庆祝时间 seven days means over here
七天是说的那边 and five days is preferably fine
有些情况五天也完全没问题 The contradiction is just apparent
所谓矛盾不过存在于表面 Or put it differently
或者换句话说 the words of God need to be decoded
上帝的话需要破译 Right? The phrase somebody used
有些人用了一个词 I forgot where we got the word, is SUPERCHARGED
我也忘了从哪儿看到的了 超负荷 I didn't come up with this myself
这不是我自己编出来的 Someone else did, I forget who
是其他人说的 我忘了是谁 Right, my talking and your talking occasionally
我们这些人说话 有时候 have no meaning at all
会完全没有意义 It's just blather
说的是废话 But when God talks, that's different
但是上帝一开口 就完全不一样了 There's divine speech, it's supercharged
这是上帝讲话啊 这里面分量可大着呢 That is to say, there's meaning in everything
也就是说 他说的一切都有意义 Right? And your job is to go after it
大家的工作就是研究它 There can't be contradictions, there can't be untruth
不可能有自相矛盾 不可能有非真理 Just work with that and go with it
我们只需要好好研究 In fact, go to the next point
我们来看下一点 Divine speech is supercharged
上帝的话是超负荷的 in the sense that there can be many meanings
因为一句话可以有许多层含义 When you and I talk, there's barely one meaning at all
你我说话的时候 可能什么意义 we can hope for
都没有 But when God talks
但是如果上帝开口 there can be layers and layers of meanings
可能有好几层的意义 They are all true, and are all there
都是真的 都有意义 And why not?
为什么不呢 This is especially true
这尤其体现在 in the rabbinic meanings of Scripture over midrash
对于米德拉西圣经的解读 which is another name for rabbinic exegesis Scripture
也是犹太法学博士的圣经注释 in which the rabbis will routinely say
拉比会一直说 Here's another interpretation
这里还有一种解读 Here's another interpretation
这里还有一种解读 They don't contradict one the other
他们之间并不矛盾 They are all additive, they are all in Scripture
都是在原有的基础上补充 都在圣经中 Scripture means this also, it means this also
圣经也有这层意思 也有这层意思 It means this also
也有这层意思 You can't do that with your writing and my writing
你我在写作中没法达到这个境界 You can't do that with your speech and my speech
你我说话也达不到这个境界 But you can do that with the divine speech
但是上帝是可以的 A fancy schmancy word for this is POLYSEMY
这里也有个花哨词 Polysemy You can see it in your handout, make poly, many
大家在讲义中能看到这个词 poly意为多 sem, they are from sema in Greek
sem是来自希腊文sem indicating, pointing to many things
意指 意味很多事情 like semantics, that's the same root
就好比语义学(semantics)这个词 同样的词根 Okay, yes sir?
这位同学请讲 I find the reading much fun
我读圣经时感到很多乐趣 On the first class, I asked
我们第一节课时我曾经问 if we treat the Bible as God-inspired book
我们是否认为圣经是上帝启示而成的书 Right
是的 You said no, and do we accept this view that
您说不是 那我们是不是接受这样一种观点 Like, cos it sounds like something different?
就是说 它是一本不同的书呢 Yes, we know what I'm saying to is
好的 我们都知道在这里 depends who the WE is
要取决于 我们 是谁 That's what I'm talking about here in Class 2
我在第二节课上也说过 That modern Bible scholars reflect the we
现代圣经学者认为我们 which we, western and modern western readers
我们是指西方的现代读者 we treat the Bible as any other text that we read
我们将圣经与其他读物视如同出 Ancient Jews and Christians, however, did not
而古代的犹太人和基督教徒则并非如此 They privileged the Bible
他们将圣经神化 And here we are looking at to see
我们这里会告诉大家 how they privileged the Bible
他们是如何进行 by assuming, arguing, believing as we face
人为假设 争论 和信仰 that Scripture somehow
圣经从某种程度上 is not the same as a regular book
并非寻常读物 Okay? Good, good
懂了吗 很好 Other questions?
还有其他问题吗 Good, last point
好的 最后一个要点 Speaking to and about us
圣经是面向我们 关于我们 The word here frequently used is to actualize scripture
这里我们会经常用到一个词 圣经现实化 That means Scripture applies to us actually, here, now
也就是说将圣经适用于我们现在 我们这里 I know Isaiah Jerusalem lived in the 8th century BCE
我知道耶路撒冷的以赛亚生活在公元前八世纪 I know that Jeremiah lived in the 6th century BCE
我知道耶利米生活在公元前六世纪 I know that Moses lived well before that
我知道摩西生活的年代非常久远 I know that
我知道这些 But at some level, it's irrelevant
但是从某些层面上讲 这无关紧要 because the situations, which they spoke
因为他们所说的这些情况 somehow are my situations too
某些意义上也是我们现在的情况 And the things they said were true then
他们当时所说的真理 They are true now
现在也是真理 Isaiah is converting its people after the disaster
以赛亚在灾难过后劝说人民皈依 Well, he's converting me too after the disaster
他在我的灾难过后也劝说我 And Jeremiah is warning that through the power of sin
耶利米警告大家 因为原罪 the disaster is looming
灾难正在逼近 Well then, by God, he's warning me also
那么他现在也在警示我 that disaster is looming because of
灾难正在临近 because the corrosive effects of sin
因为原罪的杀伤力量 The trick of course, is to interpret, to figure out
所以这里实际上我们要做的 就是去找出 which passage, which truth
哪个段落 哪条真理 applies my situation now
能够用于今天的情况 Given the fact that you have a whole
而我们面前有这么 small or more possibilities before you in Scripture
一大堆可能性 都在圣经之中 Well, okay, that's tricky
是有点麻烦 Right? Then Jews may not always agree on
犹太人也不一定总是能够 how to take the meanings of Scripture
就圣经的意义达成一致 and to apply which one where, and which one when
以及将哪一段用在什么地方 什么时候 But, the fundamental point
但是最基本的一点 That Scripture is eternally true
圣经是永恒的真理 and consequently Scripture can be talking to me
因此圣经可以与我对话 And that point, virtually all
而这一点是 classical rabbinic readers would agree
所有的经典希伯来圣经读者都同意的 Okay, I'm ready now to talk about the
好了 下面我们来讲 midrash specimen in the Mikhilta
出埃及记注释中的米德拉西 So in summary, ancient Jews and Christians
总体说来 古代的犹太人和基督徒 And today we are talking about
今天我们讲的是 ancient, medieval Jews, right?
古代和中世纪的犹太人 read the Bible with a completely different
他们读圣经时 使用的是与我们 set of lenses than ours
完全不同的视角 And it's not because we are smart and they are stupid
这并不是因为我们聪明他们笨 It's not because we all learn it and they are ignorant
也不是因为我们都研究过他们一无所知 No, it's because they are working
是因为他们在阅读的时候 with a different set of assumptions
使用的是另一套假设 They are predicating in their reading
他们在自己的阅读中 on a different set of assumptions
基于不同的假设作出预测 Okay, and there are still
现在仍是如此 To this day, traditional Jewish believers
直到今日 仍有一些传统的犹太教徒 who will read the Scripture
阅读圣经时 in the light of these assumptions
采用的是这套假设 You will know if you are reading
如果你早上起来 New York Times every morning
读纽约时报就会知道 they can prepare different set of glasses
每个人都戴上不同的有色眼镜 and they all read those
同样 犹太人 using our traditional westerner's assumptions
所使用的传统的西方圣经假设 And the same for Christians
基督教徒也是如此 Well, Christians we'll talk about Wednesday
基督教徒我们周三再讲 Okay, ready to go on
大家准备好 our specimen of midrashic reading?
听米德拉西解读了吗 So given your base on specimen
考虑到大家对此的基础 I know it's a little bit dense
我知道这样讲是有点高深 I didn't expect you to get everything out of it
我也不指望大家能全盘理解 But I'm trying to get you to see the big picture
但是希望大家看到大体的内容吧 So I asked you to read the Biblical passage
我要求大家去读圣经中 Main chapter is from Exodus 16, about the manna
主要是出埃及记第16章 这一段是关于吗哪 So here the Israelites are in the wilderness
在这段文字中 以色列人身处荒野 They just left Egypt in the great Exodus story
出埃及记的故事中 他们刚刚离开埃及 Hopefully you'll understand at least
希望你们至少能理解 the broad outlines of the narrative story
故事的大纲 They've been slaved in Egypt
他们曾经在埃及备受奴役 They've been redeemed by Lord
他们得到了上帝的救赎 through a serious of miraculous displays of divine power
上帝施展了一系列神奇的力量 They, now, having left Egypt
现在他们离开了埃及 they are now wondering about in the desert
在荒野中游荡 One motif in the desert narratives is
在沙漠这段叙事中 有一个母题 that they are always complaining
就是他们一直在抱怨 They come to Moses and complain
他们对摩西抱怨 They come to Moses and complain
他们对摩西抱怨 So, broken record
就好像唱片坏了一样 You don't know what a broken record is
你们大概没见过坏了的唱片 cos you've never seen a record
根本就没见过唱片 Okay, that's the phrase
好了 我就是这个意思 you've heard the phrase though before
可能你们之前听说过这个用法 A broken record, so large black CDs
就跟坏了的唱片一样 那种大的黑胶唱片 Okay, moving along
好的 我们继续 So, they complain
所以他们抱怨 So here they complain to Moses
他们对摩西抱怨 Moses, what are we going to eat
摩西 我们吃什么啊 what are we going to eat
我们吃什么啊 what are we going to eat?
我们吃什么啊 So here we have the Chapter of Exodus 16
在出埃及记第16章中我们有这段文字 in which, we have a very complicated chapter
其实这个章节非常复杂 It's not clear how they, modern Bible scholar would say
大家也没搞清楚 现代圣经学者认为 This is a conflation of various stories
这是许多故事汇合在一起 various complaint narratives
非常复杂的一段叙事 which God feeds the Israelites through quail
上帝给以色列人鹌鹑 or through manna
或者吗哪 or through both
或者两者都有 And by the way, as often tell you the story
我们通常讲这段故事的时候 in other ways he throw out some Sabbath law also
会说上帝也带来了安息日的律法 That's not how modern Bible scholars
而现代圣经学者 would dissect this chapter
则不会这样解析故事 And indeed it's a very complicated chapter
不过这一章的确很复杂 And if you are an ancient Jew or Christian
如果你是古代犹太人或者基督教徒 you just read the chapter and take it as it is
那书上说什么 你信什么就好 So, back to where we are
好的 回到我们刚才的话题 So manna from heaven
来自天上的吗哪 It is some, clearly something Other, capital O
肯定是一种异于现世的 outside our experience
在我们经历之外的事物 where unless you read the book of
如果你没有读过那本书 What's that book where hamburgers
就是一本讲从天上 are falling off the sky from rain
掉汉堡的书 when you've reading, you had it as a kid?
大家小时候读过的 What's it called?
叫什么来着 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, right, right
美食从天而降 对的 Unless you have a certain kind of attitude like that
除非大家有那么一种态度 You will understand, that if you want to eat
否则大家就会明白 如果想要吃饭 you have to work
就必须劳作 If you want to eat, you have to labor, right
想吃饭 就要劳作 You don't just get free food just because you exist
不会因为你存在 天上就会掉馅饼 But something that manna is a special food
但是吗哪是一种很特殊的事物 which, at that moment, only Israelites had to do
当时以色列人只需要 is walk out the door, and there was food
走出家门 就会有食物 Therefore it excited the imagination of later readers
所有后来的读者都非常好奇 what is this mysterious food that come directly from God?
这种直接来自上帝的神秘食物是什么啊 Directly from heaven, directly for Israelites
能够从天而降 直接到以色列人手里 And they can sit around
他们还就能整天坐着 unemployed in the wilderness for 40 years
在荒野四十年不用劳作 and not to worry about anything
还不用担心 what are they going to eat
没有饭吃 So this chapter excited the imagination of both Jews
所以这个章节激发了大家的想象 有犹太人 as we see today
今天我们看到了 and also Christians, as we'll see on Wednesday
也包括基督教徒 这点我们周三再讲 What is this mysterious food from heaven?
这种从天而降的神秘食物是什么 So I gave you some excerpts to read
所以我给了大家一些选段去阅读 something called the Mekhilta
这些书出自出埃及记注释 But we don't need to go to details
但是不需要太纠结细节 Mekhilta is simply is
出埃及记注释不过是 an ancient rabbinic exegetical work on
一段古代的犹太法师注释 Exegetical, see, a very useful word, right
注释性文字 这个词很常用的 Scriptural interpretation of Book of Exodus
它是对出埃及记的圣经解读 That's what it is
就是这样 And has the virtue of also
而且这也被 being accepted in English translation
作为英文翻译所接受 And a very, probably nice translation too
这段翻译还挺不错的 So I gave you some excerpts to read
所以我让大家来读这个选段 Hopefully you looked at it
希望大家 and just closed it in a two seconds
大体浏览一遍吧 You actually spent little time with it
大家花在上面的时间其实不多 Cos if you just
因为如果要深究 You have to work at these things
真的需要作很深的研究 This text, you got to work at
这段文字是需要仔细琢磨的 Having said that, so I gave you some excerpts
说到这儿 我给大家了一些选段 Here's what the rabbis, the rabbinical readers of antiquity
这就是拉比 是希伯来文古籍阅读者 are doing with the, with the manna
对于吗哪的研究 What do you see here? We have three minutes
大家读到了什么 我们有三分钟的时间 What do you see?
大家读到了什么 One thing to see, of course
其中一点当然是 is rabbis are all over the place
犹太法解读到处都有 The Mekhilta does not have a program
而出埃及记注释则没有一个系统 does not have a programmatic reading
系统的解读方式 Mekhilta has, you know, at any given verse
出埃及记注释的任意一段 you can, I don't know, read it from any direction
都可以从任意方向解读 A good example of what I have seen before is about
刚才给过大家一个很好的例子 We don't care about context
解读过程中不看语境 we just have fun, just the Scripture
我们就是为了读圣经的乐趣 we can run off from different directions
我们可以从不同的方向解读 we can run off in the direction of law
比如说法律方面 We're gonna run off in the direction of harmony
比如说民众和睦方面 We can run off harmony, ethical preaching
或者道德说教方面 We can run off in the directions of
或者还可以 just having fun with Scripture
从阅读圣经的乐趣方向出发 My very example is the one who says that
一个很典型的例子就是说 the manna was what, 60 cubits high
吗哪有60腕尺高 Cubit is 18 inches
一腕尺可是18英尺啊 So that's all high up, the manna pile
这不是说吗哪都堆成楼了吗 I mean, it's just, you know, having
我的意思是说 You might say, logically speaking, that's absurd
你可能认为这从逻辑上讲很荒谬 That's not the point
但是这不是重点 The point is having fun with Scripture
重点是我们在阅读时找到了乐趣 is playing the Scripture, with text
是要找到圣经中 文本中的乐趣 Remember they don't have video games
那时候他们可没有什么电子游戏 they don't have iPads, right
没有iPad 对吧 So this is playing with Scripture
所以他们从圣经中 playing with the very text of Scripture
从圣经的文本中寻找乐趣 Right? They are having fun
是吧 他们在找乐子 That's a kind of the joyous aspect often to midrash
在米德拉西的阅读中有一个欢乐的层面 or playful aspect to midrash which you can see here
或者是大家看到的米德拉西的游戏层面 But some of them are quite serious
但同时有一些也是严肃的 The Sabbath law stuff
比如说安息日律法 the taking the cue from Scripture
他们从圣经中寻找信号 which Scripture itself combine Sabbath law
圣经本身就结合了安息日律法 Sabbath practice with the manna
安息日习惯和吗哪 So they are also taking cues and arguing
所以他们会从中寻找信号 that there are Sabbath law here
说这里有安息日律法 You pay attention to the reading
如果大家用心读 You can see that the various notions of Sabbath law
就会发现文中很多次提到了安息日律法 preparing food on Friday for Saturday
比如说周五要准备周六的食物 On Saturday, one cannot walk
周六不能 more than certain distance
从自己居住的地方 from the inhabited area
走出多远多远的距离 One cannot carry or transport items
不能在安息日运输物件 from one place to another on the Sabbath
从一个地方到另一个地方 These rabbinic laws are projected back into Scripture
这些犹太律法都在圣经中有所体现 and attached to the Scriptural verses
穿插在圣经的文段中 The same time, the rabbis can also
同时 拉比们也能够 take the occasion of Scripture
通过这个圣经 to reflect upon ultimate questions
来考虑一些终极问题 namely, that the manna and the Sabbath somehow
比如说 吗哪和安息日从某种程度上 are anticipations of the ultimate reward
是在期待终极的奖赏 which awaits us
而奖赏正在等待我们 That the manna was all of a sudden
突然之间 吗哪 to be some kind of divine reward
就成了上帝的奖赏 After all, the rest have to work on for a living
不管怎么说 大家为了生计还要劳作 The Israelites just walked out of
而以色列人走出 their tents and there's food
帐篷就有食物 So it's somehow understood to be
所以这从某些角度被理解为 metaphorically to represent
是用来代表 our ultimate happiness, our ultimate bliss
终极的快乐 终极的赏赐 which we are entirely dependent upon God
这一点我们需要完全依赖上帝 and God comes through, right?
而上帝也来到我们中间 God gave us that ultimate deliverance
上帝给了我们终极的救助 All of those things are going on
刚才我所讲的这些 in this little piece in the Mekhilta
都包括在这一小段出埃及记注释中 And what the Christians are doing
至于基督教徒是如何对待的 we'll see on Wednesday
我们下周三讲解 Thank you everyone [Rhine & trismile Production]
谢谢大家