复习一下 Just to review
这门课其实是在 So this course stands at the intersection
三大版块的交汇之处 of three large complexes
其一是希伯来圣经 One is the Hebrew Bible
上周我们已经讲过了 which I tried to do last week
给了大家一个简短的圣经内容介绍 gave you a brief words and survey of what's in the Bible
我们还没有讨论这本书的重要性 We didn't talk about its importance yet
不过马上就会轮到这个话题 but that's coming up very soon
接下来我们讨论了圣经包括什么 We then speak about what's in the Bible
圣经是许多书卷的合辑 It's an anthology of various books
来自以色列 大部分用希伯来语写成 written mostly in Hebrew in the land of Israel
我已经标出了笔记的重点 I left it up to the key facts
来自以色列 大部分用希伯来语写成 written in the land of Israel mostly in Hebrew
创作时间是公元前一世纪 in the first millennium BCE
如果你是传统主义者 If you are a traditionalist
就会认为圣经的写作时间是公元前一世纪 they are grown in the first millennium BCE
如果你是现代圣经学者 And if you are a modern Bible scholar
这个时间就会更晚一些 you'll put that in the middle or further down
公元前一世纪的中后期 in the first millennium BCE
这就是圣经 That's the Bible
一本关于习俗的合辑 anthology of rite
这一点我们讲过了 We took care of that
这周我们将会讲什么是犹太教 Now this week I'm looking at what is Judaism
这是今天的内容 that's today
周五是 什么是基督教 and what is Christianity on Friday, right?
下周我们会继续讲解 And then we'll proceed next week
聊一聊圣经的解读 to talk about biblical interpretation
犹太人和基督教徒如何理解圣经 how Jews and Christians read the Bible
最后我们终于可以回来 Then we are finally ready to get to work
讨论我们这堂课的主题 and to discuss our theme of the course
我们以笔记中的一个小说明开始 So I begin here with a small note about
世界上有多少犹太人 how many Jews are on the world
阅读材料大家可以自己看看 Talking about the read, you could read it too
现在我们开始看这条 But now you begin with the
非常重要的学习方法笔记 very important methodological note
今天我们描述犹太教的时候 We are describing Judaism, which is today
以及星期五的基督教 Christianity on Friday
我们描述的具体是什么？ what are we describing?
你知道这很重要 You know it's important
但是你又如何表达？ How do you know it when you say it?
如果你是信徒 If you are a believer
比如这节课中的犹太人 Jew, in this case
周五的基督教徒 Christian on Friday
如果你是信徒 那你一定会相信 If you are a believer, then of course you believe that
这种 主义 是存在的 this -ism exists out there
也就是说 有一种叫做犹太教的主义 i.e., there's something called Judaism
从天堂流传下来 摩西 上帝 先知 that came down from heaven, Moses, God, Prophets
圣经 这些都是存在的 Bible, something rather
这些东西就构成了 犹太教 At the end, they give us Judaism
我们可以来衡量犹太人的行为 And then we can measure the behavior of Jews
也就是犹太教 Vis-a-vis, that Judaism
我们可以衡量他们的信仰 We can measure their beliefs
他们是不是真诚地对待犹太教 are they true to Judaism or are they false
有没有过背叛行为 Have they rebelled?
他们是不是正统的 合法的后裔？ or have they been authentic, legitimate heirs?
他们有没有遵循犹太教的道路？ Do they follow the ways of the Judaism or not?
犹太教就有了一种虚拟现实的意思 The Judaism then become a hypothesized reality
虚拟现实 这个词很花哨 That's a fancy schmancy word
我们几个星期之后会讲其中的虚拟假设成分 We come back the word hypothesis in a few weeks
大家不用担心 Not to worry
如果你是一名 If, whatever you are
现代圣经学者或者历史学家 a modern Bible scholar or academic historian
比如说我吧 Moi, for example
虽然我还戴着顶犹太小帽 despite the Jewish dhimmi on my head
如果你是一名历史学家 If you are an academic historian
当然你就会知道没有什么 主义 之说 Then of course you realize that there is no -ism
主义 在理论上是不成立的 -isms don't exist in the abstract
主义 不是凭空存在的 -isms don't exist in the air
主义 只能依附于社会存在 -isms only exist in so far as they are anchored in society
与时间 空间和历史结合 anchored in time, space and history
或者极端地说 Or to put it in the extreme fashion
犹太教不存在 犹太人存在 Judaism does not exist, Jews exist
基督教不存在 基督教徒存在 Christianity does not exist, Christians exist
想了解犹太教 就要去观察 I only know what Jews is when I look and see
犹太人的思行方式 举止信仰 what Jews think, do, behave, believe
他们营造的社会网络 social network they create
他们建立的政治机构 political institutions they construct
犹太人社会中的权威 等等 what authorities Jewish society produces, etc.
这些都是作为历史学家可以研究的 That I can study as a historian
甚至我可以说 And at some point I can say
犹太教就是这些人的 Judaism is what these people are
思行方式 举止信仰 saying, doing, thinking believing, etc.
基督教亦然 I can do the same thing for Christianity
所以这堂课上 我们会遵循这样的讲法 So I will, in this course, we'll be very routinely
一方面讲犹太教 talking about Judaism over here
一方面讲基督教 and Christianity over there
我们讲这个的时候 真正所指的 But when we say that, what we really mean
当然是犹太人的言行举止 思行方式 of course is Jews, what they say, do, think, believe
还有基督教徒的言行举止 思行方式 and Christians, what they say, do, think, believe
将犹太人的言行举止 And a shorthand for what the Jews are
思行方式加以概括 saying, doing, and thinking, and believing
就是所谓的 犹太教 what the shorthand is Judaism
而对基督教徒的 And a shorthand for what the Christians are
言行举止 思行方式 加以概括 saying, doing, thinking, and believing
就是基督教 is Christianity
换句话说 或者说得更加通俗一些 In other words, put it more straightly
我不知道犹太教究竟是什么 I don't know what Judaism really is
我也不知道基督教究竟是什么 and I don't know what Christianity really is
你们也不知道 And you know what? You don't either
因为我又不是先知 Because I'm not a prophet
我没法收到上帝的信息 I don't have revelation from God telling me
告诉我什么是基督教 what Judaism is or isn't
什么是犹太教 what Christianity is or isn't
我也无从得知何为真正的 And I've no way to know what is the authentic or real
货真价实的犹太教 genuine and legitimate Judaism
何为货真价实的基督教 and the authentic, genuine, legitimate Christianity
只有教徒才会知道 Only a believer knows
如果我们没有得到上帝的恩宠 成为信徒 Those of us who are not so fortunate so as to be believers
或者我们如果幸运地 or those of us who are fortunate enough
成为了历史学家 to be academic historians
我们就不知道了 we don't know
大家要记住这一点 That goes into this part of the brain
因此我们可以讨论 So we can talk about
犹太人传统的信仰 what Jews have classically thought and believed
他们不认为自己的信仰随着时间推移有所改变 No way course that their beliefs will change over time
也不认为在历史上曾有改变 and have changed over time
信仰通常不是当地环境催生的 They are often as not a product of local circumstance
而基督教情况则不同 just as in case of Christianity
基督教徒认为他们就是随着时间改变的 Christians believe they have changed over time
基督教对自己 对别人的定义 Christian notions of themselves, of the other
都随着时间有所改变 have changed over time
当然 基督教关于 Certainly, Christian ideas about
耶稣基督的看法也有所改变 Jesus Christ have changed over time
而我作为一名历史学家 And I, of course, as a historian
也不能就简单说什么是真正的基督教讯息 can't come and tell you what's the real Christian message
或者犹太教的讯息 or the real Jewish message
我只能说在几世纪 什么时候 什么地点 I can simply observe that in centuries X, time X, place Y
许多 大部分 一些或者所有的基督教徒都相信什么 many, most, some, all Christians believe this
同样我也可以说 何时何地 Just as I can say, in certain times and places
许多 大部分 一些或者所有的犹太人相信什么 做了什么 most, many, most, some, all Jews believe this, did that
如果大家对这点感兴趣 Okay, if you interest in this
就应该去上宗教的课程 you should take a course on religion
或者任何一种 主义 的课程 or take a course on any of these -isms
大家可以在课堂上学到一些哲学 This could be a philosophical time course, right?
马克思主义也是同样的道理 The same thing applies to Marxism
所有你能想到的 主义 都是这样 Any -ism you can think of
有些可能不存在 doesn't really exist
或者不过是社会环境的产物 or simply a product of social circumstances
社会现实的一种功用 a function of social reality
就是这样 I would say, that's what it is
理论上说 你觉得 主义 不存在 In the abstract you think they don't exist at all
所谓接受 就是心中希望他们存在 Accept it so far as believers wish them to exist
希望他们存在并且相信 want them to exist and believe in them
这本身就是一种历史学的现象 That itself is a historical phenomenon
大家有问题吗？ Okay, you have any questions on this?
这些内容就比较深奥了 These are the deep waters here
我接下来就是要 I'm just going to, in other words
把这些内容融入到非常严肃的学习方法问题中 We blunder it into very serious methodological problem
现在我先继续 Now I'm gonna blunder my way out and keep going
大家今天很安静嘛 Oh, you are all very docile today, okay
沉默是金 That's why docility is good sometimes
好的 今天我们接下来将犹太人 Okay, so we are gonna talk about Jews today
周五讲基督教徒 Christians on Friday
有时候我也会溜个号 讲讲犹太教 And occasionally, I slip and talk about Judaism
大家要明白这是一种简略的说法 You'll understand it's just a shorthand for
概括犹太人的言行举止 思行方式 what Jews are saying, doing, and thinking
这就是我对第一页的总结 Okay, that's my summary of this opening first page
我重新排序的笔记第一页 of the notes which I rearranged
大家可以过一遍 我给大家都标上了 You go over the big stuff, I got the big stuff
好的 现在我们开始讲 真理声明 Okay, so I'm gonna talk about truth claims
在讲到犹太教和基督教的时候 We could, when talking about Judaism and Christianity
我们可以说他们的生活方式 we could talk about lifestyle
可以讨论基督教堂和犹太教堂的建筑风格 we could talk about church and synagogue architecture
可以谈音乐 we could talk about music
可以聊饮食 we could talk about food
可以谈论很多事情 we could talk about lots of things, right?
但是我不想讨论以上这些 But that's not what I want to talk about
我们的课程将重点讲解真理声明 Our course we will be focusing on truth claims
也就是说 犹太人所谓的真理 i.e., that which the Jews say is true
但凡犹太人这么说 就是犹太教 and in so far as these are Jews saying it, it's Judaism
反之 基督教徒所谓的 In contrast, which what the Christians are saying
各种真理声明 for instance various truth claims
只要是基督教徒的言辞 in so far as Christians are saying this
就是基督教 is Christianity
这一点我们已经说过了 That's what I've addressed in this course
在书中所提到的真理声明 All these truth claims to be found in the big books
社会学家称之为 大传统 The sociologists call the big tradition
与 小传统 相对 as opposed to little tradition
大家理解我的意思吗？ You know what I mean?
小传统就好比是我们的复活节小蛋糕 Little tradition is the little cakes that you make for Easter
就好比是我们怎么去装饰圣诞树 Little tradition is how you decorate your Christmas tree
大传统就是你相信耶稣基督的什么方面 Big tradition is what you believe about Jesus Christ
明白了吗？ Got it?
所以我们要讲的是大传统 So we are gonna do about the big traditions
那些在书中声明的 I want the big book saying, right?
我们不会去关注 We are not paying attention to
犹太教的习俗 迷信 Jewish folk customs, and superstitions
这些也很有意思 但是不是我们讨论的范围 which are fun too, but okay
犹太教的真理声明 好的 Jewish truth claims, here we go
讲义第一页 From the first page
犹太教主要的真理集中在三个话题 Main truth claims of Judaism cluster around three topics
上帝 Torah 和以色列 God, Torah, Israel
这也不是我的观点 This is not my blunder inside
而是Franz Rosenthal的观点 This is blunder inside Franz Rosenthal
这个我们先不说 But, we don't need to go there at the moment
因此上帝 Torah和以色列 So, God, Torah, Israel
总体说来 是在三个大方向之下 to sum up, under three heading
基本属于这样的程式 under sort of a capsule formula
从这里我们可以窥见犹太教的真理声明 I would say, here we could see the truth claims of Judaism
也就是说 犹太人相信什么 In other words, what the Jews believe
或者你也可以说 犹太人应该相信什么 Or if you like, what Jews are supposed to believe
上帝 Torah和以色列 Okay, God, Torah, Israel
我们来讨论一下这三大块内容 Let's discuss these big three
这是主要的方向 These are the big headings
我是有意安排这个顺序的 And I deliberately constructed this so as to be
因为可以和基督教的上帝 教堂与基督教徒相对应 parallel to God, Christ, Church on the Christian side
我们周五会讲到基督教的内容 Right? That's what we'll do Friday
所以大家记住了 上帝 基督和教堂 So keep that in mind, God, Christ, Church over here
还有这边的上帝 Torah和以色列 God, Torah, Israel over here
好的 上帝 So, God
所有的犹太教经典文本中都充斥着 The Bible all classical Jewish texts are suffused
充斥这个词很带感 I like that word
都弥漫着对上帝的信仰 with a belief in God
之前我曾经说过在希伯来圣经的24卷中 As I mention that 24 books in the Hebrew Bible
几乎所有的 24卷中有22卷 Virtually all of them, 22 out of the 24 books
都充斥着对上帝的信仰 are books are suffused with the belief in God
他们认为上帝是可以触摸到的存在 the divine presence is palpable
即使书卷的作者 Even if the author is in fact
也对上帝是否存在很纠结 struggling with the divine presence
比如最有名的 约伯记 中的场景 as most famous scene in the Book of Job
或者作者对这个世界运行的方式 Or either the author is critical of the way
持批判态度 the world is being run
比如说 传道书 的作者 As this author of Ecclesiastes
但是在24卷中有22卷 But 22 in the 24 books
都认为上帝真实的存在 have a palpable sense of God's presence
我把这叫做 信仰 I refer to that as BELIEF IN
也就是 信念 belief in, namely, trust, confidence
真实的感觉或意念 a feeling or a sense of reality
好的 或许你会把这叫做 Alright? Perhaps you might call
在基督教中 这叫做上帝的真实存在 In Christian theology, real presence of God
好的 大家记一下 24卷中有22卷 Okay, footnote, 22 under 24
那是哪两卷书中没有上帝存在 What are the two books in which the divine presence
或者几乎没有呢 is absent or nearly so?
这两卷都不算太长 They are the two little books
雅歌 The Song of Songs
乍一读来似乎是一本 which seems to be a collection of love poetry
爱情诗歌选 when read on a literal level
还有以斯贴记 and the Book of Esther
整个故事的前后 where whole story takes place
都没有提及上帝 and the name of God is nowhere mentioned
这些都是众所周知的问题 Okay, these are well-known problems
但是我们不去考虑这些问题 But we are not gonna worry about them
不过或许大家可以读一下这些故事 Okay? But you should perhaps look at them
都是非常引人入胜的小书卷 They are actually quite penetrating little books
看看这些故事为什么会出现在圣经中 and how they got to be in the Bible
其他的22卷中都充斥着对上帝的信仰 Okay, the other 22 are suffused with belief in God
信念 trust, confidence
而在圣经和其他经典文献中没有的 What you don't have in the Bible or the classical texts
则是 相信 is BELIEVE THAT
我们马上就讲这个问题 I'll come down on that question in one second
我们有的是信仰 而非相信 You have belief in, not believe that
那 相信 又是什么意思呢？ What do you mean by believe that?
比如说 我认为上帝是什么 Statement such as I believe that God is X
或者 我们认为上帝不是什么 or we believe that God is not Y
我们相信上帝做过什么 or we believe that God does X
我们相信上帝没有做过什么 or we believe that God does not do Y
我们将此称为 命题语言 We might call, propositional language
在这样的语言中 文本或者说话者 Right? Language which the texts or the speakers
告诉我们他们的观点 tell us what they think about
上帝是什么 what God is, or is not
上帝能做什么 what God can, cannot do
上帝是否有形 Propositions whether this God have a body
上帝是什么样子 This God look, what does God look like
上帝是永生的吗 Is God eternal?
上帝是否创造了世界 Did God create the world?
倘若如此 那么 If so, the propositional language
世界又是如何在上帝手下运转 how that would have worked?
这样的言辞 你不会在希伯来圣经中找到 That kind of talk you'll not find anywhere
完全不会存在 anywhere, in the Hebrew Bible
对上帝的信仰 信念 Belief In God, trust, confidence
执着 真实存在的感受 这些是有的 faith, sense of reality, yes
而相信上帝的表达 Believe That statements about God
你不会在希伯来圣经中找到 You'll find nowhere in the Hebrew Bible
实际上 你不会在任何 In fact, you'll not find them anywhere
古代经典犹太文献中找到 in classical Jewish texts from antiquity
这种构成教义的文献中 the formative texts
声明犹太教实际上 The man who claim that Judaism is in fact
是一系列 相信命题 的人物是迈蒙尼德 a series of Believe That propositions is Maimonides
我们不会在迈蒙尼德身上耗费太多时间 You'll not be spending too much time with Maimonides
但是他是一个举足轻重的人物 But he is the 800-pound gorilla here
不容忽略 and we can't ignore him
所以我们至少应该提一提 So we have to at least mention him
然后尽快进入下一个话题 and then hopeful go away quietly
迈蒙尼德是中世纪鼎盛时期 So Maimonides was THE greatest Jewish philosopher
最伟大的犹太哲学家 of the high middle ages
甚至可以说他是有史以来最伟大的犹太哲学家 One could argue he's the greatest Jewish philosopher ever
迈蒙尼德的一生 Right? This Maimonides spends his entire life
都生活在伊斯兰教的环境中 in the Islamic sphere, Islamic orbit
他生于穆斯林西班牙 卒于埃及 being born in Islamic Spain and die in Egypt
生于1138年 卒于1204年 and die in Egypt, 1138 to 1204
迈蒙尼德一生可谓功成名就 Maimonides did many different things
他一生的成就 That's actually amazing what the man
真的让人惊叹 has accomplished in his life
而更神奇的是 Seems more amazing
后来大家发现他生于1138年 because he seemed to be born in 1138
我上学那会儿 我们以为他是生于1135年 when I went to school, we thought he was born in 1135
后来查阅史料的时候 他就少活了三年 He lost three years when we read the chronology
但是成就倒是一点儿没减少 and he still got everything done
所以很神奇的 So, just an amazing guy
对我们来说 重要的是 Anyway, for our purposes, what's important is
迈蒙尼德是第一位 也不是第一位 Maimonides is the first, he's not the first
严格说来不是 not the very first
但是当然是很重要的一位学者 but certainly the big one
他认为犹太教 who argues that Judaism
犹太教的一切教旨 everything else to the contrary notwithstanding
实际上都是关于上帝的命题陈述 is in fact, a series of propositional statements about God
犹太教可以概括为一系列真理声明 Judaism can be summarized as a series of truth claims
我相信什么什么 I Believe That
相信式陈述 Believe That statements
迈蒙尼德将其总结为著名的 which Maimonides summarizes as famously
十三条原则 in his 13 principles of belief
我已经给了大家相关网页的链接 Right? Which I gave you link to the page
在课程表格中就可以找到 and it's readily available on the course data shelf
在课程阅读材料中 on the course readings
多点击几下 肯定能找到 Click, click, click, and you'll find it
十三条原则 Right, a series of 13 claims
在此之前 在迈蒙尼德之前 Before that, before Maimonides
经典的犹太文献当然都信仰上帝 classical Jewish texts of course have belief in God
但是他们并不认为 But they didn't think that you
你履行犹太使命就是坐着 fulfilled your Jewish destiny by sitting around
思考有关上帝的争论 and philosophically arguing about God
思考一些命题陈述 with propositional statements
你需要学习Torah No, which you did was you study the Torah
行使戒律 You perform the commandments, the mitzvot
需要过犹太的生活方式 研习圣经 You lived a Jewish life, you studied the sacred texts
差不多就这些 And that's about all
没有人坐着思索 Nobody sat around worrying
上帝有没有形呢？ whether God does or doesn't have body
迈蒙尼德后来说 不是这样的 Maimonides came along and said, No
真正的犹太教 the Judaism really is about
是这些命题陈述 are these propositional statements about
我相信上帝是什么 I believe that God is this
总共有十三条这样的原则 评论均认为 They have the thirteen, as all the commentaries discuss
迈蒙尼德会认为至少前五条 The first five, at least, Maimonides would say
不仅是真实的 are, not only are they true
它们不仅是犹太教的精华 not only are they the essence of Judaism
是犹太教的基本讯息 or the basic message of Judaism
而且这五条中有明确的表述 But these five, among these says quite explicitly
用现代的话来说 are claims that, to use a modern word
而不是他的原话 not the word he used
这些陈述是理性的 These are rational
也就是说 这些命题 这些陈述 i.e., these are statements, propositions
都是受过教育的人们可以证明的 that an educated person can prove
那这五条表述是什么呢？ What are these five statements?
是这样的 Here they are
一 上帝是存在的 One, God exists
二 上帝是一个整体 Two, God is a unity
三 上帝无形 Three, God has no body
四 上帝永生 Four, God is eternal
五 上帝是唯一可以崇拜的神 Five, God alone is to be worshipped
迈蒙尼德认为这些并不是教条 For Maimonides, these are not dogmas
教条 那我们来看看 Dogma, well let's see
朗文词典上是怎么解释 教条 这个词的 what Longman Dictionary says about dogma
教条这个词 Seems there's a whole range of
有好多解释 meanings of the word dogma
但是我们用第三个意思 But we use the word dogma meaning C
一般说来和原意相差不大 usually is lurking not far beneath the surface
一种观点或原则 A point of view or tenet
原则是tenet这个词 注意拼写 By the way, see the word tenet, t-e-n-e-t
而不是tenant 房客这个词 This is not a person who lives in an apartment
一定不要写错了 Please make sure you spell this correctly
是一种观点或原则 Right, a point of view or a tenet
没有充足证据而被推崇为权威 put forward as authoritative without adequate grounds
就好比说 我相信这一点 因为 As if I believed it because, because, because
因为我相信所以我相信 I believe it, so that's why
迈蒙尼德认为这不是信仰 For Maimonides, these are not beliefs
因为相信而相信不是信仰 that we believe because we feel like it
我们相信这些是因为 We believe these things because
第一 这本身就是事实 A, they are true
第二 我能证明给你这些是事实 and B, I can show you that they are true
我能以命题的方式与你争辩 I can argue propositionally
我能给你证据证明上帝存在 I'll give you proof that God exists
至少迈蒙尼德认为 And for Maimonides, at least
这些证据非常充分 也非常有说服力 these proofs are adequate and convincing
咱们可能觉得没有被他说服 You and I might not be convinced perhaps
但在他看来 这就是铁证 But from his point of view, they are convincing
事实上他说 and in fact he says
你要是觉得这些不可信 And if you don't find them convincing
那你应该更努力学习 更努力工作 then you should study harder and work harder
直到你明白这些就是铁证 until you realize that they are convincing
因此迈蒙尼德说 That's why Maimonides says
有一条戒律就是要信仰上帝 there's a commandment to believe in God
迈蒙尼德说 Maimonides says
戒律并不是凭空的信仰 The commandment is not just a spend-this belief
戒律是要去相信 No, the commandment is to believe
去努力工作 学习哲学 to work at it hard, study philosophy
思索 思索 思索 直到你明白 think, and think and work until you too, realize
上帝真实存在 that God exists
因为上帝必须存在 上帝不能不存在 cos God has to exist, God cannot not exist
这就是迈蒙尼德 That's Maimonides
关于这点 我充满敬意 And this I respectfully say
我非常崇敬迈蒙尼德 Well, I respect Maimonides
迈蒙尼德推翻了 Maimonides has overturned the plate
犹太教的逻辑 to the rabbinic idioms
推翻了他们的世界观 He's turned the whole cup upside-down
在之前一百多年 All of a sudden, we for the last millennium or even more
我们犹太人都认为 We Jews have thought
你只需要 what only you need to do is
信仰上帝 对上帝持有信念 to have a belief, trust, faith, confidence in God
按照戒律的要求去做 学习Torah do the Commandments, study Torah
只要做到这些就可以 and that's all, all you need to do
我们的工作就完成了 And we have done our job
但是迈蒙尼德告诉我们 Now, Maimonides told us
我们犹太人需要有哲学头脑 No, we Jews have to sit around and be philosophers
才能用命题的方式证明 in order to prove propositionally
关于上帝的真理 these truth about God
迈蒙尼德之后 大家都是以这种理念进行争论 Everybody after Maimonides argues with this mind
迈蒙尼德后的犹太哲学 Right? All post Maimonides and Jewish philosophy
就是一个长期的关于迈蒙尼德观点的争论 is one long sustained argument with Maimonides
我认为这样 I believe this
我认为迈蒙尼德写过这个 I think Maimonides write about that
有十三条原则 只有七条原则 There are thirteen beliefs, there are only seven
不是七条 只有三条 There aren't seven, there are only three
你这样能证明这是真的 You can prove this to be true this way
你那样能证明那是真的 You know you can prove that to be true that way
不对 你能证明啥啥啥 No, this you can prove, etc.
周五我们讲基督教的时候 But the point is when you get to Christianity on Friday
大家在我的讲义中会看到 just to anticipate my hand
基督教在早期 Christianity early on
就形成了命题式的真理体系 becomes a system of propositional truth claims
最典型的就是尼西亚信经 Notably in the Nicene Creed
我们周五会讲 which we'll look at on Friday
基督教徒会说 我相信什么什么 which Christian say fly up, I believe that
我信仰什么什么样的上帝 加上描述 I believe in God, who, followed by statements
相信基督 再加上描述 and in Christ, followed by descriptions
早期的基督教被概括为 Right, Christianity early on gets to be summarized
一系列的命题真理 as a series of propositional truth claims
而犹太教 whereas the Judaism, Jews
在很长的一段时间内都没有人 after a way for a long time before someone thinks
想到应该总结一下犹太教 I'm going to take Judaism and turn it
也将其概括成一系列命题式真理 into a series of propositional truth claims
为什么犹太教落后这么久呢 好问题 Why did it take so long, interesting question
但是答案很可能是 But probably answer, of course, is
犹太教此举是为了和基督教伊斯兰教有所对应 To respond to Christianity and Islam
迈蒙尼德在12世纪时写下的这一观点 Maimonides had written in the 12th century
而在那时 Right? By this point
他所居住的社会中 犹太人 基督教徒 He, as living in a society where Jews, Christians
和伊斯兰教徒还是和谐相处的 and Muslims are all talking to each other
他当时就认为 and as far as he is concerned
犹太教必须 Judaism has to, which I would say
整理自己的观点 clean up its act
犹太教必须把演讲能力提高一个层次 But Judaism has to raise its level of discourse
这样才能去说服12世纪年轻的犹太人 If you got to convince young Jews in the 12th century
告诉他们犹太教是一个理性的体系 that Judaism is in fact, is a series of rational system
和基督教与伊斯兰教一样严肃 equally serious as Christianity and Islam
因此迈蒙尼德在写这些命题时 So Maimonides writes these propositional claims
也就是十三条原则 他其实是在参照基督教 The 13 claims, he in fact has his eye on Christianity
参照伊斯兰教 and his eye on Islam
我们会讲到这些 现在我们继续 Just to anticipate, I'm now moving ahead
上帝是一个整体 God's a unity
当解释这一点的时候 When explains what God's a unity is
大家都明白迈蒙尼德是什么意思 You know exactly what Maimonides means
这不是基督教 It's not Christianity
基督教虽然声称 which Christianity claims that
他们认为上帝是整体 they believe in God is a unity
但是当然不是整体 上帝是三位一体 but of course, it's not a unity at all, it's three
三当然不是一 And three is not one
正如其他的信仰一样 比如第五条 Just as the other beliefs, perhaps No.5
这是一系列关于先知的信仰 as long as a series of beliefs about prophecy
他希望藉此阐述 which includes his eye to show
为什么我们犹太人不信奉伊斯兰教 why we Jews don't believe in Islam
因为我们不认为穆罕默德 cos we don't believe that Muhammad was
是最伟大的先知 the greatest prophets
好的 这就是上帝 Okay, that's God
有问题吗 Questions?
要是现在大家不问问题 Nobody asks questions now
我就认为大家都睡着了 I know for sure you are all asleep
不然你们就觉得这课没意思 Or, you all don't care
不然你们就是走错教室了 or you are all taking the wrong course
诸如此类 or you, whatever
有问题就说出来嘛 Broad beating it to exhibition, that's it
好了 有人举手 Ah, yes, a volunteer
迈蒙尼德既然做出了这么多改变 How did he manage to gain so much prominence
又是如何有这样的地位呢 when that Maimonides really change
非常好的问题 Excellent question
作为一位改革者 他是如何遵循犹太传统 How does a revolutionary who take the Jewish tradition
而将其亲手与其他观念融合起来 and then bends it with two hands
将其重新塑造呢 and reshapes it?
为什么人们 Why does people
不觉得他是个神经病 不觉得他疯了 why doesn't people dismiss him a mad man, as a lunatic
因为大家不会这么想 他是个举足轻重的人物 Because you couldn't, he's a 800-pound gorilla
大家都知道这个人是个天才 Right, everybody knew this man was a genius
不过不是那种莫扎特似的天才 He's not like Mozart, you know
死得时候还众星环绕 dies in a very prosperous way, no no no
大家都知道这个人是位天才 Everybody know this man is a genius
迈蒙尼德也有自己的王牌 And Maimonides also has a trump card
他也是一名犹太律法的专家 is a fact that he's also an expert of all the Jewish law
他曾经写过一本百科全书 Right? He wrote an encyclopedia
就是关于犹太律法的规章 of law code of all the Jewish law
大家立马就意识到 Everybody realizes instantly
这个人说话是有分量的 that this was a man who speaks with authority
他特别复杂 是吧 He's a complicated guy, right?
大家觉得如果一个人能写 You know, you think the man who writes
犹太律法的百科全书 an encyclopedia of Jewish laws
那肯定是那种老学究的传统主义者 could be an old-time high-bond traditionalist
他不是这样的 He's not
但凡看到什么 他都会摆弄摆弄 Everything he touches, he plays with it
然后他所触及的事物就会有所改变 很神奇的 It's not the same, it's just amazing
总而言之 大家明白这个人不容小觑 Anyway, people realize you got to take him seriously
但是在此后的一个世纪中 But for whole next century after that
我们有种说法叫做迈蒙尼德之争 There's something called a Maimonidian controversy
中世纪鼎盛时期最早的焚书 The earliest cases of book-burning in high middle ages
就是犹太人焚烧迈蒙尼德的著作 are Jews burning the books of Maimonides
大家热血贲张 Passions ran high
好的 基本就是这样 Okay, that's why
请讲 Yes
那么在当今的世界中 So, in today's world
人们一般是同意这十三原则呢 do people generally agree with the 13 principles
还是说 迈蒙尼德是对是错 or is it still just an on-going discussion of
仍旧是一场经久不息的争论 whether he's right or wrong?
非常好的问题 Excellent question
直至今日 犹太人仍然还在论战 Right? Jews, to this day, argue still
八百年后 Here is what, 800 years later
关于迈蒙尼德 大家还是争论不休 There's still a lot going about Maimonides, right?
到现在仍未定论 You know, that hasn't settled yet
所以一些传统主义的犹太哲学家认为 So some traditional Jewish philosophers argue that
现代犹太派对犹太真理的理解 the only firm basis we modern Jews have to
唯一的基础就是迈蒙尼德 understand Jewish truth claims rely on Maimonides
这是学术派建筑的唯一基础 That's the only firm, our firm rock on which to stand
其他人当然也会说 Others of course say
现代犹太人才不会相信这些 modern Jews can't believe these things
这太离谱了 It's crazy
我们又不是十二世纪 You know, we are not 13th century
十三世纪的古代哲学家 12th century philosophers
我们才不会这么想 We don't think it this way
现在的人谁会这样说话呢 Who could talk this way?
这就是两种极端的论调 Yeah, these are two extreme positions
好的 Okay
还有一些论调是出于两个极端的中间 Where there's a whole series of intermediate positions
好的 Okay
还有很多分析人士所持观点 Yes, a whole bunch of analysis think
与迈蒙尼德相同 the same as Maimonides does
他们认为犹太人不会相信这些 both about Jewish don't believe these things
基督教徒和穆斯林亦是如此 and not to mention about Christians and Muslims too
但是这还是在一个前学术时代 But hey, as everything in a pre-academic claim
也没什么不可以 he's allowed
所以问题在于 作为现代的犹太学者我们如何从 So the question is how do we modern Jews extract
迈蒙尼德的观点中提取真理 truth claims from Maimonides
这是个比较棘手的工作 大家仍在努力 That's a tough one, still working on it
好的 Okay
还有一个小问题的时间 Okay, another quick question
好的 这就是上帝 Okay, so that's God, so
不论你是不是有自己的立场 你在阅读 whether you in your clear stance, the difference of team
犹太经典文献时是否有不同意见 reading classical Jewish texts
如果你没有对上帝的哲学论调 If don't have philosophical argument about God
而在中世纪的鼎盛时期 你必须要有 This time you get to high middle ages, you do
那么犹太教关于对上帝信仰的真理声明 So Jewish truth claims about belief in God
对上帝的信仰 信念 Trust, confidence, faith in God
还有哲学命题 as well as philosophical propositions
如果大家读过迈蒙尼德的话 if you've read Maimonides
接下来 我们就讲Torah Then you have Torah
如果你用阿什肯纳兹的发音 Or if you follow a Ashkenazi mode of pronunciation
是很古老的一支犹太后裔 Ashkenazi, alright, comes from the biblical time
你就用的是古代犹太人的发音方式 You follow your pioneer Jewish pronunciation
重音在前 Torah, right
但是现在的标准发音是重音在第二个音节 But the right way to say this, Torah, okay
如果你在大街上听见大家说Torah If you hear Jews talking on the street
就有可能是重音在前 they might use the word Torah
这跟你来自哪里有关 depends on where you are coming from
我小时候就是念重音在前 I was brought up saying Torah
那Torah是什么意思呢 So what does Torah mean?
首先是一部书 Well Torah is a book
大家已经看过了 you've already looked at that book
圣经的前五卷被称为Torah Right? First five books of the Bible are the Torah
也就是摩西五经 The five books in Moses, the Pentateuch
共有五卷 the five scrolls, five books
这是Torah作为书 Right? That's the Torah, the book
第二个含义是律法 戒律 Second means laws and commandments
是犹太教很古老的传统 very old traditions for Judaism
给大家的阅读材料中有所提及 This is discussed partly in your reading
现在我们来温习一遍 Let's go over these things
Torah首先是一部书 我们讲过这一点 So Torah is the book, we did that already
其次 Torah可以被用作 Two, Torah can be used in the sense of
法律和戒律 laws and commandments
这里说一下基督教徒 他们直至今日 I refer to the fact that Christians, to this day
还将Torah翻译成 律法书 translate the word Torah as Law
不仅仅是基督教徒 Right, there's not just Christians
接下来古代讲希腊语的犹太人 But here the following Greek-speaking Jews in antiquity
也将Torah一词翻译为 准则 who also translated the word Torah as normals
准则 人民的法律 Normals, people's law
从字面上来说 Torah Now literally speaking, the Torah
也就是摩西五经 不仅仅是法律 the five books in Moses is not just law
我们上节课已经提过这一点 as I mentioned last time
Torah同样还是一部叙事 主要的框架是一部叙事 It's also narrative, the basic frame is a narrative
而在摩西五经框架中则嵌入了 But embedded within this frame, in these five books
大量的律法 are substantial bodies of laws
犹太人将其称为 戒律 which in Jewish language are called commandments
戒律 Right? Commandments
你该做什么 你不该做什么 Thou shalt, Thou shalt not
这些可以被称作法律或戒律 Okay? These can be referred to as laws or commandments
当然在所有的戒律中 十条最为有名 Of course, of the commandments, 10 are very famous
十诫嘛 The Ten Commandments, right?
十诫最为有名 The ten are very famous
不过Torah当然包含 But of course the Torah has
好几百条戒律 hundreds and hundreds of commandments
总共有多少呢？ How many commandments are there?
迈蒙尼德和其他所有的中世纪教士 Well, Maimonides and all the other medieval conferrer
都认为总共有613条 agreed that it contains 613 commandments
他们耗费了 And then they spent
大量的脑力 enormous amount of intellectual energy
去计算这613条究竟是如何得来的 trying to calculate precisely how you get this 613
不过圣经的读者直接就说 when any reader will tell you
远远不止613条 The way was 613
中世纪时大家总是很执着 Anyway, that's the medieval obsession with
要计算出精确的数量 trying to come up with precisely the number
总而言之 有很多很多戒律 Anyway, lots and lots of commandments
很多很多律法 Lots and lots of laws
我们课程中需要了解的重点是 The important thing for our purposes is
这些律法中所包含的不仅仅是 that these laws include a lot more than
你我通常所谓的法律 what just you and I would call laws
这里我给大家简单介绍一下 Here I'll give you a brief survey of
不同的律法和训诫 different kinds of laws, commandments
都是可以在Torah中 在摩西五经中找到的 that you have found in the Torah, in the five books
有关于神学的律法 We have laws about theology
除我之外 不准有其他的神 which you have no other God beside me
迈蒙尼德曾经写过这一条 Maimonides has written that
不准崇拜偶像 Prohibition of image worship
还有关于道德 如爱己般爱己之邻 We have ethics, love your neighbor as yourself
这一条来自利未记:19 which comes out of the Leviticus 19
还有关于典礼的律法 We have ritual laws
最著名的就是安息日 节日 Most famously, Sabbath, festivals
关于饮食 不准吃猪肉 Food laws, right? Don't eat pork
不准吃贝类 Don't eat shellfish
不准将肉与奶一同进食 Don't eat meat with dairy
很复杂的 Well, it's a complicated law
接下来还有关于宗教 Then we have sacred laws
比如关于神殿 关于祭司 Right? Laws about the central shrine, the priestly cast
关于崇拜上帝 重要的机构 the worship of the Lord and the essential institutions
何为洁 何为不洁 Laws of purity, impurity
关于宗教 Laws, sacred laws
Torah中还有民事法律 We have civil laws in the Torah
比如我的牛撞到了你的牛 My ox gores your ox
放在今天就是 Or transcendent in modern times
我的车撞到了你的车 My car hit your car, right?
民事侵权行为 The, let's say, torts
我给了你鼻子一拳 I punch you in the nose
放在今天还是我给了你鼻子一拳 In modern terms, I punch you in the nose
土地买卖 Right, buying and selling land
凡此种种 Okay, etc.
这就是我们所谓的民事法律 This is what we call civil law
还有刑事法律 We have criminal laws
谋杀 偷窃 绑架 等等 Murder, theft, kidnapping and so on
一些古代的刑事法律 Just good-old fashion criminal law
还有公法 We have public law
公法也就是说 Public law meaning
关于国家运转的法律 Laws regarding the running of the state
我们有国王 有大法官 We have the king, we have judges
有先知 这些在申命记中都有提及 we have prophet, referred to in the Book of Deuteronomy
有两段都是相关文字 in two different paragraphs
最后还有婚姻法 Last but not the least, we have marriage law
管理结婚 离婚 governing excessing marriage and divorce
孩子在其中的地位 等等 status of children and the rest
什么样的婚姻会被禁止 prohibited marriages
还有关于性关系 prohibited marriages, laws regarding sexual
管理性关系的法律 等等 governing sexual relations, etc.
这些我们统称为 律法 All these things we'll call law
但是当然在我们美国人看来 But of course we, us Americans, right?
我们有些人认为这是法律 We think, somebody thinks that's a law
有些人也认为根本和法律不沾边 Somebody thinks they aren't law at all
而在Torah中 这些统称为律法 But in the eyes of the Torah, it's all law
也就是训诫 namely the commandment
比如遵循安息日 to observe the Sabbath Day
和尊敬父母一样重要 is no less important than honoring your father or mother
和爱己之邻一样重要 or loving your neighbor as yourself
所使用的语言都是一样的 The language is the same
都是法律 都是训诫 It's all law, it's all commandment
基督教徒在阅读Torah时 As we'll see, when Christians read the Torah
也就是摩西五经 the five books
和犹太人不一样 他们是从中寻求真理 They, unlike the Jews, they wanted to picking truth
而在犹太人眼中 在传统主义犹太人眼中 Jews claim, and traditional Jews claim still
这些律法仍旧有效 That all these laws are still operative
这些是永恒的律法 Right, these are eternal law
是上帝在西奈山上传授给摩西的律法 These are laws given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai
现代的许多犹太人都会这样告诉你 Many of modern Jews will tell you with that
但在我看来 But these, I would say, these are
这些律法都是必须遵守的 laws were meant to be observed
不论何时何地 都是犹太人应当遵守的 everywhere and always by Jews
这些律法本身就存在于我们的文化架构中 that are meant to be our building
有些律法犹太人不能继续遵循 Some laws, we Jews can't observe any more
比如说 For example, we don't
我们再也不在神殿献祭牲口 have animal sacrifices at the central shrine
因为我们失去了耶稣撒冷的神殿 Because we no longer have a temple in Jerusalem
早在公元70年 罗马人就占领了我们的神殿 since the Romans took care of it in the year 70CE
此后犹太人再无神殿 and since then we had no temple
也就没有献祭牲口之说 consequently no temple or sacrifices
因此 教士也没有工作了 consequently the priests are out of their job
像Cohen这样家族的后代也只能去教书 So Jewish name Cohen have to become professors
才能维持生计 Right? To support themselves
因为神殿没法再给我们提供工作了嘛 because there were no job any more in the temple, etc.
说到这些 Having said that though
我们犹太人一直在很尽力地 The rest of our buddy will try to
遵循所有的训诫 observe all the commandments
而基督教徒在很早就已经说 不 Christians will very early on say, no
有些训诫我们会遵守 Some of the commandments we will observe
有些我们则不会 And others we won't
因为我们觉得没有必要 Because we don't think we need to
这些训诫则被别的规定取而代之 They've been replaced, they've been supplanted
或者升级 降级 They've been upgraded, downgraded
成为其他的规定 something rather, right
因此我们再也不用遵守 So we don't need to observe them any more
注意 其实真实的情况是 Now footnote, truth be told
犹太人也流失了一些规定 Jews also are playing fast and loose with these rules
但至少犹太人承诺永远遵循圣经 But at least Jews claim eternal fealty to the laws
而基督教徒则直接 whereas Christians come out and say flat-out
带入了另一位基督 Other Christ has come to the world
我给你们一系列需要遵循的律法 I'll give you a list of laws we need to observe
其他的忽略就好了 and the rest you can ignore
这是我们课程很重要的一大主题 This is a big theme of our course
几周后我们就会讲到 will be coming up in a couple of weeks
好的 回到我们的内容中来 Okay, back to where we are
第三点 我们得快点讲了 Three, oops, better hurry up
第三点 Torah既可以指 Three, the Torah, also can mean
书写的文本 也可以指口传 the written Torah and the oral Torah
这在大家的阅读材料中都有提到 This was discussed in your reading
犹太教萌生了这样一种观点 Right? The rabbinic Judaism comes up with the idea
早在公元一世纪时 This was in the 1st century CE, AD if you prefer
也就是还在经典圣经年代的早期 The early centuries in the classical period
当时写出了很多犹太教经典文献 which produce rabbinic, classical rabbinic literature
当时的犹太教专家们认为 the rabbis come up with the idea
Torah分为书写版和口传版 of the written Torah and a oral Torah
书写版的Torah就是摩西五经 The written Torah are the five books in Moses
而口传的Torah就是各种传统 The oral Torah is the body of traditions
这些在文字的Torah中并没有写到 that are not written down in the Torah
摩西从西奈山出来时 So Moses comes out from Mount Sinai
如果大家看过电影版十诫 All those of you saw the old movie
就会知道 the Ten Commandments
如果你还没有看过 If you have not seen it yet
这周末不妨租来看看 很经典的 you should rent it over the weekend, it's a blast, right?
Charlton Heston拿着十诫走出西奈山 So Charlton Heston comes down with 10 commandments
还能看见他健硕的腹肌 对吧 Right? Over his manly chest, right?
他当时身上背负的 还有口传版的Torah What he's also carrying, of course, is the oral Torah
这就没有写下来了 That which is not written down
犹太教教士会告诉你 And the rabbis will tell you
没有记录下来的和记录下来的 That which is not written is just as important
一样重要 甚至更重要 as that which is written, in fact more so
因为记录下来的Torah 也就是摩西五经 Because the written Torah, the five books in Moses
真实含义需要教士告诉你 means what we rabbi say it means
大家知道 解读者永远是对的 And as you know, the interpreter always wins
文字可以随便怎么说 As a text can say whatever the text wants to say
但是解读者会告诉你文字的真实意思是什么 But the interpreter will tell you what it really means
所以解读者总是比文字要更厉害 And consequently the interpreter triumphs over the text
这个我们下周会讲 That we will do in next week
这就是口传Torah That's the oral Torah
这些阅读材料中都有 我简单解释一下 Okay, that was in your readings, I'll explains it briefly
首先大家一定要理解哈拉卡 Let's make sure you understand the word Halakhah
就写在这里 which is right over here
哈拉卡中包含所有的细节 So the word Halakhah are all those details
我们教士会对这些加以阐述 which we rabbis elaborate
从而解释律法的意义 in order to explain the meaning of the laws
这就是哈拉卡 That's Halakhah
犹太教的规章 That's the Jewish way
好比说 Torah会告诉你 So for example, the Torah tells you
安息日不要做任何工作 Don't do any work on the Sabbath Day
这句话说了好几次 Told this piece several times
十诫中就有这条诫命 It's right there in the ten commandments
就在第四条 The fourth commandment
出埃及记20:9-10 Exudos20:9-10
安息日什么工作都不可做 Don't do any matter of work on the Sabbath Day
听起来好像不错 Okay, sounds good
但是大家仔细考虑考虑 However, think about it for ten seconds
那这部律法中究竟规定什么是工作呢 What on earth is work for purposes of this law?
我安息日究竟能做什么 不能做什么 What am I not allowed to do on the Sabbath Day
才算遵循这条诫命 in order to fulfill the commandment
才算 安息日任何工作都不可做呢 don't do any work on the Sabbath Day?
Torah并没有明确指出 Answer, the Torah doesn't tell you
但是我们的教士会告诉你 But we rabbis will tell you
会为你非常详细地解释 We rabbis will come along and explain precisely
你能做什么 不能做什么 that which you may not do and that which you can do
在一定程度上可以做什么 that which you can do sort of
不过前提是精心作出安排 if you arrange things as precisely
让所做的工作 so the conditions apply over here
以符合条件 and then that would be blablabla
凡此种种的呢 That would be blablabla
又有什么我们不希望你去做 And this we really don't want you to do
但是如果你做了也没有问题 but if you do it, it's okay
并不是说不可商量的呢 It's not like, it's not calculable
好的 Right
这就是我们所谓的哈拉卡 That's what we call Halakhah
是犹太教士为大家所提供的细节 That the rabbis provide the teeth
因此犹太人可以按照说明去遵守 the details by which we Jews can implement
Torah中的训诫 the commandments of the Torah
同样的 孝敬父母 Similarly honor your father and mother
这是什么意思呢 What does that mean?
就是孝敬你的父母啊 我知道 That's honoring your father and mother, I know
是不是说这就意味着 That means that you shouldn't
不能和你的父母争论 argue with your father and mother?
如果你父亲对你说 If your father says to you
你一定要去哈佛读书 you are going to Harvard
然后你反驳说 不 我要去布朗 And you say back: No I'm going to Brown
这算不算跟你的父母争论呢 Is that arguing with your father and mother?
是这个意思吗 Is that what that means?
我也不清楚 I'm not sure
那么这到底是什么意思呢 What exactly does it mean
孝敬父母 honor your father and mother?
文字上所说的非常模糊 What it says on the texts are pretty vague
如果你需要细节 Torah中很难找到 If you want details, you won't find in the Torah anywhere
你必须要找到教士 要找到犹太教的圣人 You have to go look at the rabbinic, the rabbis, our sages
他们会非常清楚地告诉你是什么意思 who will tell you precisely what it means
刚才的案例不算和你的父母争论 No you are not arguing with your parents
在某些事情上 on certain kinds of things
不一定要唯父母命是从 You don't always have to agree with them
一切都要看情况 But it all depends
就好比说你父亲让你在安息日工作 If your father tells you do work on the Sabbath Day
你可能会回答 You will probably say
不 父亲 我不能在安息日工作 No father, I can't do work on the Sabbath Day
因为我还要服从另一训诫 Cos I must observe that commandment also
但是这在Torah中都没有明确说明 Anyway that's not in the Torah anywhere
都是我们的教士解读的 That's all spelt out by our sages
这就是口传Torah的一部分 That's part of the oral Torah
是书面Torah的延伸 解读 The Torah that expands upon, interprets
提供给了细节 让我们可以理解 provides details by which we can then understand
并且按照书面Torah去做 and implement the written Torah
最后一点 Torah也可以指代犹太教 Last but not least, the word Torah can mean Judaism
书 法律 解读合一 Right, put Torah came Kebulu together
就是犹太教 It's Judaism
也就是说 Torah之书 其解读 Namely, the written book, the interpretations
律法 要求 仪式 the laws, the requirements, the rituals
各种指示 命令 训诫 the perscriptions, the prescriptions, the proscriptions
组合在一起 就是犹太教 put all together, that's Judaism
犹太教士经常挂在嘴边 That's the rabbis often talk
最后一个知识点 以色列 Last not least, Israel
因为我不确定时间够不够 As I'm not sure whether we are running out of time here
所以稍稍变动一下顺序 I'm gonna rearrange this part
先讲重要的部分 so as to get to the important part
圣经一书都是关于以色列 The Bible is about Israel
出现在圣经中的人是谁呢 who are the people who appear in the pages of Bible
他们被叫做以色列人 The people are called Israel
他们是从出埃及记中从埃及 The children of Israel are the people
走出的先人们的后代 who comes out the Exodus from Egypt
以色列人的后代 The children of Israel are the people
征服了迦南的土地 who come and conquer the land of Canaan
以色列人的后代建立起了王国 The children of Israel set up a kingdom
在迦南的土地上建立起犹大王国 in the land of Canaan, is the Kingdom of Judah
以色列王国 The kingdom of Israel
也叫做以法莲王国 also called the Kingdom of Ephraim
但是这些人并不叫犹太人 But the people are not called Jews
他们是以色列人 It's Israel
以色列人这支民族 This people, people of Israel
和上帝有着密不可分的关系 stands at a very close relationship with the God
这个上帝就是我们先前讨论的上帝 The same God whom we discussed earlier
圣经 Torah 都以一个悖论开篇 And the Bible, the Torah, begins with a paradox
创世记1-11章 Paradox, Genesis1-11
上帝创造世界及其中万物 God creates the entire world and all that is therein
人类有罪时 上帝也惩罚全人类 God punishes all humanity when they sin
用一场大洪水 in sense of flood
清除了所有的人类 让他们重新开始 wiping the humanity and start over again, right?
让诺亚的子孙们重新开始 with the figure of Noah
从第一章到第十一章 上帝都是全世界的上帝 So Chapter 1-11 we have a universal God
似乎没有偏心 who seems has no favorite
他挑选诺亚 是因为诺亚是一名正直的人 He picks Noah cos Noah is righteous
但其实诺亚就是第二位亚当 but Noah is basically a second Adam
全人类都要追溯回诺亚 All humanity goes back to Noah
因为世界上的罪 because the sins of the world
已经触怒上帝 have brought God to
让他以洪水毁灭世界 destroy the world with the great flood
突然间在创世记12章 All of a sudden we have Genesis12
神秘的事情就发生了 something mysterious happened
创世记12 上帝对亚伯兰说 前行吧 Genesis12, God says to Abram, go forth
从你的出生地 从你的家出发 from the land of your birth, from your home
我会指给你道路 the way that I will show you
从此之后 从创世记12之后 And from that point onward, from Genesis12
一直到历代志结束 all the way down through the end of Book of Chronicles
也就是说 创世记12之后所有的希伯来圣经中 in other words, the entire rest of the Hebrew scriptures
上帝都似乎特别独独偏爱 God seems to be particularly, peculiarly
关注以色列人的来来去去 他们的所作所为 obsessed with the comings and goings and doings
特别关心这支特别的宗族 of one particular clan, one particular tribe
这宗族的某个分支 这特别的人群 one particular group of tribes, one particular people
也就是所谓的以色列人 whom we call the people of Israel
他们跟上帝的关系非常微妙 who stands in some very mysterious relationship
而这位上帝也是全世界的上帝 with this God who nonetheless is still the universal God
不过他就是用很大的精力 很多的时间 But just seems he have a lot of attention, time
很多关注 来倾注在以色列人身上 energy and attention devoted to this people
圣经中也从未解释过这一悖论 这种矛盾 And the Bible nowhere explains this paradox, this tension
什么矛盾呢 专有的上帝 This tension then between the God who is particular
和世界的上帝之间的矛盾 and the God who is universal
创造并运转着整个世界的上帝 Right? The God who creates the entire world and runs it
还有与这一宗族及他们的后代 and the God who seems have a special relationship
关系特殊的上帝 with this clan and its descendants
我们将这种特殊的关系成为 契约关系 We call that special relationship COVENANT
阅读材料里面写了 I put it up in your readings
这部分是在哪儿提到过来着 Did I mention that word here somewhere?
是这里 There it is
以色列人是上帝的选民 People of Israel are the chosen people
他们和上帝关系特殊 They stand in some special relationship with God
个中原因 依然没有定论 What that means, this never spelt out
因为希伯来文的圣经 given the fact that the Hebrews scriptures
并不是以命题的方式撰写 我之前提到过 as I mentioned earlier, don't speak propositionally
不说明真理 Don't speak out truth claims
也不给读者解释这些意味着什么 Don't explain to you what these things mean
但是却有几次提到 Yet it has phrased a couple of times
而圣经中的先知也经常 and the Biblical prophets routinely are
在处理这种矛盾 working with this tension
他们认为以色列人对上帝有种特殊的责任 that Israel stands at some special obligation towards God
此后的犹太思想家也会交叉解读这些材料 Later Jewish thinkers will cross-take this material
希望能从中发现什么 and try to make something out of it
这些我也写在了大家的阅读材料中 I have that in your survey, excuse me, in your reading
暂且先不讨论 Which we don't discuss at the moment
总体说来 有这么一种观点 Basically, your life with the idea
作为上帝的选民 Is that a privilege or is that an obligation
是一种荣耀 还是一种责任 to be a member of God's chosen people
享受和上帝的契约关系 to have a covenantal relationship with God
是一件好事还是坏事 Is that a good thing or a bad thing?
当然是好事啦 Surely it's a good thing
但是有时候却不这么觉得 But sometimes just not always feel that way
比如说选民有罪 上帝就会惩罚 As in because is busy punishing you for your sins
然而上帝却对其他人民的谎言视而不见 but otherwise, God lets lie among other people
这些圣经中也未作解释 The Bible, again, does not explain these things
一些整体上的升级 a couple of the systematic escalation
但是后来的犹太人和基督教徒 But Later Jews and Christians alike
都很清楚 will have a very clear idea
有这么一组人群 that there is a group of people
他们和上帝的关系特殊 who stands in a special relationship with God
这是从圣经中汲取出来的观点 而并非只有Torah And they get the idea from the Bible, not just the Torah
先知书和圣录中都存在这样的现象 But the Prophets end up to be the Writings also
而最大的不同就是 Except that the major difference is
犹太人 我们先跳跃一部分内容 that Jews, perhaps we could jump ahead a little piece
犹太人很明白这叫做 民族 have a clear idea that this is an ethnos
这两支特殊的人群 This special people and the special people both
都有Torah by dint of the fact that it has a Torah
都有训诫 It has the commandments
都遵循上帝的教诲 It follows God's word in that way
而其他人则并非如此 whereas other people don't
但是这群人之所以特殊 But also it's special people
是因为他们是上帝的民族 because it's also God's ethnos
上帝的家人 God's family
上帝的人民 God's people
而基督教徒很快就没有了这种观念 Christians very quickly lose that, as we'll see
很少有人说基督民族 There's very low notion of Christian peoplehood
很少有人这么说 You don't wanna talk about the people
说基督民族 the Christian people
没有这种说法 That doesn't really make sense
但是有一种说法是叫做犹太人 There's something called the Jewish people
而没有基督人的说法 There's nothing called the Christian people
而犹太人和基督教徒都自称 Whereas both Jews and Christians will claim that
他们是特殊的人群 we, in fact, are that special people
因为他们有信仰 有信念 because by dint of our faith, belief
他们遵循训诫 遵循上帝的指令 等等 commandments, observances and alike
犹太人一直保持着 而且永远不会丢失 Right? Jews will keep and will never lose
这种民族感 the sense of ethnos, or ethnicity
这个问题很复杂的 This is a long complicated problem
现在我还不打算讨论 I'll try don't wanna discuss now
不过以后会讲 We will come back to this
并不是说基督教徒否定 And it's not that Christians reject
犹太人是上帝选民的这种观点 the Jewish chosen people idea
基督教徒不过是解读的方式有所不同 It's just that Christians interpret in a different way
因此他们得到的是另一种结论 and turn it into something different
孰优孰劣 大家自己思考 Better or worse, I'll leave you to determine
我们几个星期过后会回到这个问题 But that will come back in several weeks down the row
再讲一个重点 我们现在跳到最后一段 Key point, I'm gonna jump here to this last paragraph
因为我们只剩三分钟的时间了 cos there's only, we have three minutes
最后一段是这样的 This last paragraph is this
当我在这堂课中讲到希伯来圣经的时候 When I'm talking about the Hebrew Bible in this course
除非我走神 否则我一定不会 I will never, unless I slip
把故事的主人公称为犹太人 refer to its heroes and its people as Jews
我们会说他们是犹太族 We'll talk about it as Jewish
我希望我现在拿着我的希伯来圣经 I wish I had my Hebrew Bible with me
按住我的圣经发誓 to hold it up as my prop
现在我就用iPad来假装是我的圣经 I'll hold up my iPad that pretends to be my book
因为这本书 Because this book
本身就不是犹太的书 This book is not a Jewish book
也不是基督的书 It's not a Christian book
这本书是关于以色列人民的 Right? This book, right, is about people of Israel
他们是这部书的知识 who are the intellectual religious, etc., etc.
宗教 的先驱 progenators, or runners, or the people
他们后来成了犹太人 who later on will emerge, and will become Jews
再后来又成为了基督教徒 and later on will become Christians
犹太教徒和基督教徒后来 And Jews and Christians later on will
都会回到这部书 each of them, turn back to this book
声称在这部书中找到他们真理的根源 and claim to find in this book the roots of their faith
他们的训诫的根源 the roots of their observances
从中找到他们信仰的证据 Right, the proofs of what they believe
犹太人和基督教徒都是如此 Both Jews and Christians alike
既然我打算 And in so far as I'm
严肃地对待两支宗教的声明 trying to take both of these claims seriously
我就不会妄下结论 I'm not gonna try to arbitrate and determine
孰对孰错 who's right and who's wrong
我只会告诉大家 从历史的角度来说 I will simply observe that historically speaking
我看不到犹太人 I don't see Jews in this book
也看不到基督教徒 and I don't see Christians in this book
我看到的只是以色列人 I see the people of Israel in this book
读到的是他们的故事 他们的辛劳 Their stories, their travails, right in this book
在我看到的内容之上 And I see the stuff out of which
后来的犹太人和基督教徒构建了 later Jews and later Christians will construct
犹太教和基督教 Judaism on the one hand, Christianity on the other
我能明白这是如何与不同的主题关联起来 I can see how that relates to various themes
我们会发现犹太人和基督教徒 Jews and Christians, as we will see
虽说读的是同一本书 却读出了不同的内容 are reading the same book but reading different books
也就是说 犹太人会强调这些观点 i.e., Jews will emphasis certain things
而基督教徒会强调那些观点 Christians emphasis other things
犹太人会说这些书卷很重要 Jews will say these important books
这些点很重要 these important points
基督教徒则说 不对 Christians will say, no
这些书卷才重要 These are the important books
这些点才重要 and these are the important points
如果你去希伯来学校 So when you enter Hebrew school
他们会告诉你摩西带领犹太人走出埃及 They told you that Moses led Jews out of Egypt
但是如果你去主日学校 Okay? When you enter Sunday school
实际上我认为基督主日学校 In fact, I think Christian Sunday school
基本上也是这样讲的 often do the same thing, right?
他们会告诉你 希伯来圣经是关于 They'll tell you that the Hebrew Bible is all about
犹太人和犹太民族 the Jews and Jewish people
而在我的课上 我不会这样给大家讲 In this course, this is not the way I'm going to talk
我会告诉大家 希伯来圣经 I'm going to say the Hebrew Bible is about
就是希伯来圣经 is about the Hebrew Bible
是关于希伯来圣经中的人物 It's about the people of Hebrew Bible
更多课程尽在网易公开课频道 http://open.163.com 网易公开课官方微博 http://t.163.com/163open It's about Israelites
是关于以色列人 Jews and Christians, well, they will come along
犹太人和基督教徒都是在之后才出现 each of them will claim parts of this biblical legacy
而他们会认为圣经遗产的一部分属于自己 Alright, and you are a Jew
如果你是犹太人 then of course, it's the Jewish Bible
当然这就是一本犹太圣经 If you are a Christian, then of course
如果你是一名基督徒 那当然 it's the Old Testament
这就是一部旧约 Okay everybody
好的 同学们 That's about it for today [Rhine & trismile Production]
今天的课就上到这里