经济学 这门最有影响力的社会科学 Economics, the most influential social science
存在一些不足之处 使其洞察力受到限制 suffers from flaws that limits its insight
和其权威性受到妥协 and compromise its authority
经济学的狭隘和肤浅 所作出的 The narrowness and shallowness of its contributions to
关于最近这场经济危机 the debate about the recent economic crisis
和随后疲软恢复的辩论的贡献 and subsequent weak recovery
显现出了它的不足之处 have made this flaws manifest
这门已经建立起来的经济学第一个缺陷在于 A first defect in the established economics is
它关于因果性解释的贫乏 its poverty of causal explanation
它不能够充分的 Its inability adequately
把理论思考和经验主义结合起来 to connect theoretical speculation and empirical enquiry
经济学的第二个缺陷在于它的制度盲目性 A second defect is its institutional blindness
这种盲目性尤其体现在 In particular its blindness
市场经济本身备选的制度形式 to the alternative institutional forms of a market economy itself
第三个缺陷在于它不能够 A third deface is its failure to
补足市场上的竞争性选择理论 complement a theory of competitive selection in a market
用多样化事物的起源解说 with an account of the genesis of the diversified stuff
关于竞争性选择理论的运用机制 on which the mechanism of competitive selection applies
因果性解释的贫乏可以追溯到 The poverty of clausal explanation can be traced back
19世纪末 在经济学上的通过边际主义改革 to the method of formal analysis established
而建立起来的形式分析法 by the marginalist revolution in economics at the end of 19th century
在这个时期起了作用 Working at the time of
强化了意识形态的驱动和方法论迷失 intensified ideological strive and methodological disorientation
在积极的社会科学家 Before the positive social sciences
假定传统形式的设想之前 have assumed their present conventional form
边际主义家们已经了提出了纯粹分析法 the marginalist proposed a method of pure analysis
经济学和逻辑学一样 Economics as logic
与因果和规范假定打交道 working with the causal and normative assumptions
从外部为其提供一种规定 supply to it a stipulation from the outside
通过这种方式 他们希望经济学可以变得 In this way, they hoped that economics would become
对因果和规范的争论都是无懈可击的 invulnerable to both the causal and normative controversy
然而 这种无懈可击的代价是解说的空洞性 The price of invulnerability however was explanatory emptiness
这是彼拉多式的策略 不要因此责怪我 This was the strategy of Pontius Pilate, don't blame it on me
在现代思想史上 这种策略没有真正的对手 It has no real counterpart in a history of modern thought
除了凯尔森的纯粹法理论 other than Hans Kelsen's pure theory of law
这种解说的空洞性从此以后威胁着谴责经济学 And it has ever since threatened to condemn economics
成为一门永远处于婴儿期的学问 to an eternal infancy
纯粹分析法激励人们努力 the method of pure analysis inspired the effort
从各个方面 来描绘整个经济 to represent the whole economy in various
把整个经济比喻成一架大的管风琴 metaphor as a great organ
其中的每个个体将利用可供使用的资源来 in which each individual would uses the resources at his disposal
竞争其他资源以便最好的满足他的欲望 to bid for other resources that would best satisfy his desires
很容易识辨的是 It would be easy to recognize
在拍卖会上 参与者有些偏见和弱点 some of the biases and foibles of participates in the auction
正如行为经济学 最近所出现的情况 as behavior economics recently has done
没有危及到纯粹分析法 without jeopardizing the method of pure analysis
只要你采取最后至关重要的一步 So long as you did not take the further vital step
去探索 of exploring the reciprocal connections
备选行为和备选体系之间的交互联系 between alternative behaviors and alternative institutions
算数学的滥用 The abuse of mathematics
加剧了空洞解说的威胁性 has aggravated the threat of explanatory emptiness
一种粗俗的数学柏拉图主义构造了 A vulgar Platonism counters up
现实经济世界中的鬼魅幻影 a ghostlike simulacrum of the real economic world
一直附着侵蚀着 尤其是 denuded of all time and particularity
把算数学演变成经验主义 的替代品 and turns mathematics into surrogate for empirical enquiry
而不是它的一种工具 rather than into its tool
从另外一个角度来考虑这个问题 Consider the problem from another angle
经济学有两个方面的主题 The subject matter of economics has two sides
一方面 On one side
经济学把劳动力的分工转向了交易研究 economics goes from the division of labor to the study of exchange
这导致了资源不足 It has given the scarcity of resources
和欲望的无法满足 and the unlimited character of desires
要怎样才能最有效的安排好这种改变呢 how can it change be most efficiently organized
它本来应该回答的问题是 The question that it is supposed to answer is
相对价格的判定 the determination of relative prices
然而 这种方法从来没有被成功运用到 However this method has never been successfully used
任何实体经济的实际相对价格上 to account for actual relative prices in any real economy
一个主要的问题 The underline question
实际上 纯粹分析法在寻求解答的是 that the method of pure analysis in fact seeks to answer is
我怎么能思考经济生活 how can I think about economic life?
而不把自己融入到规范争论的情形中呢 without opening myself to clausal a normative controversy
经济学有第二个方面的主题 The subject matter of economics however has a second side
在这一方面 经济学应该从劳动力的分工转向 On this side economics should go from the division of labor
实体经济制造事物 to the study of production of the real economy of making things
和做事情方法的成果研究 and doing things
经济学第二个方面 A problem that might be presented on the second side
可能产生的问题是 of economics is
怎样才能最好的理解 how best to understand
人类与机械之间已建立起 the established and possible relations
或可能建立起的关系 between people and machines
一切我们要学习如何重复的事物 Everything that we can learn how to repeat
我们都可以用一种公式来表达 we can express in a formula
一切我们可以用一种公式来表达的事物 Everything that we can express in a formula
我们都可以以一种物理装置 一台机器来体现 we can embody in a physical contraption, a machine
从这一观点看来 一台机器的要点在于 The point of a machine on this view is
在我们可以学会如何做一重复运动之前 to save our time for the activities that
节省下做那些运动的时间 we have not yet learned how to repeat
经济学的第二个方面 This second side of economics is incapable of being addressed
碍于纯粹分析法的限制性是无法阐明的 within the limitations of the method of pure analysis
因此 它在经济学理论史上成为了牺牲品 And thus it has been sacrificed in a history of economic theory
由于第一方面的边际主义革命 since the marginalist revolution to the first side
边际主义之前的古典经济学想要努力 The classical economics before marginalism struggled to
把交易研究和成果研究联合起来 connect the study of exchange with the study of production
它们的方法论和理论是不足以完成这项任务的 But their methods and ideas were inadequate to the task
价值理论的问题 The problems of the theory of value
迷惑和误导了李嘉图和马克思 that fascinated and misled Ricardo and Marks
试图用这种方法 were in a way
把交易分析和成果分析整合在一起 an attempt to integrate the analysis of exchange and of production
今天对于我们来说 为了公平对待 For us today to do justice
经济生活的这两个方面的理解 to the understanding of these two sides of economic life
我们必须反抗纯粹分析学 we must rebel against the method of pure analysis
我们不能这样做 We cannot do so
如果没有获取经济学 without acquiring the institutional imagination
所缺乏的制度想象力 that economics has lacked
和坚持维持 and insisting on
深入到这种可能性的现实 the link between inside into the actual
和想象之间的联系 and imagination of the possible