教授:好的 Prof: Okay
欢迎回来 Welcome back
欢迎回来上我的课 Welcome back to me
很遗憾星期四的期中考试我没有在这里陪你们 I am sorry I was not here with you on Thursday but it looks like you
不过似乎你们都考得不错 all survived just fine without me for the midterm
如果有人在上课前一两个小时查看过邮箱的话 If you have checked your email in the last hour or two
就会发现有一封关于期中考试成绩的邮件 you have gotten an email that lists all the scores for the midterm
里面有分数列表和对应评分范围 And what the scores roughly mean
试题一共有47道 So there were 47 questions on the midterm
平均做对39.5题 相当于84%的正确率 The average score was a 39.5 which translates to 84% correct
你们其中有一部分 虽然人数很少 拿了满分 A number of you, a small number, but a number of you got perfect scores
有4个人拿了满分 Four of you got perfect scores
还有几个人在总共47道题中答对了46道 Several other people got 46 out of 47
对于剩下那些没有做对46或47题的同学来说 And so the magic number for interpreting
你们的神奇小数字是46.4 your score if you did not get a 46 or 47 is 46.4
这是前十名同学的平均水平 That is the average of the top ten scores
也是这次的评分基准 and that's what sets the bar
我会用它来依次乘以90% 80% 70% against which I multiply 90%, 80%,70% and so on
当然现在这样说还为时过早 Now of course this is all just sort of pretend at this point
因为我一般只在学期末 Because really the only time I do that where it counts for me
拿到所有人的绩点和分数之后 is at the end of the quarter
才会综合进行计算 after I get a number that combines all of your points and scores
但我知道大家都想弄清楚 But I know that everyone wants to know how
自己的分数意味着什么 to interpret what they have gotten so far
在邮件里我给了你们这么一个大致标准 And so in that I gave you approximately
这也是唯一影响你们学分的要素 this was the only thing that counted towards your grades
我给你们评分的时候唯一的依据就是这次考试 And I had to give you grades based only on this exam
答对42题你就进入A等 包括A- A和A+ A 42 puts you in the A range, that means A minus, A, A plus
这就是A的范围 That's the A range
42题回答正确进入A等 42 puts you in A range
答对37题则进入B等 37 in B range
B类包括B- B和B+ That is B minus, B, B plus
答对32题则进入C类 32 puts you in the C range
28题则归为D类 And 28 puts you in the D range
我今天不打算详细解答试卷里的任何问题 So I am not today going to go over the answers to any of the specific
有几个原因 questions for a couple of reasons
最主要是因为 The most important of which is that
还有三位同学没有参加考试 there are still 3 people who haven't taken the exam
所以在这里复习大多数人都答错的难题 So going over the hardest questions that most people
略显不公平 got wrong in here would not be exactly fair
如果大家认为 The way the procedure works
自己的评分不合理 if you think that you might have had your exam mis-graded
或者觉得有题目设计得不合理 or if you think that there was a question
有一个方法可以帮助你 that wasn't fair
或者如果你认为有些答案才算正确 that there was some answer that really was right
而你填了之后被判定是错误答案 presumably the one you put and got marked wrong
有一个两步走的申请程序可以帮到你 There's sort of a two-step procedure that's involved
第一步就是 要下周内 The first thing you should do
在坐班时间去找你的助教 is go to your TA's office hours in the coming week
你的助教今天就会拿到 So your TAs today are getting the copies of the exams
你们的试卷 and they have a sheet
还有一张表格 列出了本次考试中 that lists what every single person in the class
每个人每道题的答案 put for every single answer
他们会根据每个人的学号来查询有关信息 So they have a sheet where they can look you up by ID number
然后告诉你这是你错的5道题 这是你写的答案 And say these are the 5 you got wrong and here's the answer you put
正确答案是什么什么…… and then the right answer was this
你们就可以通过那张表格交叉对照 So you can look at that, cross reference them and talk with your TA
和你的助教讨论判分错误的地方 about the ones that were marked wrong
如果你觉得我们在评判正确答案的 So, if you think that we erred in terms of deciding
时候出了错 也可以跟助教讨论 what the correct answer was, discuss it with your TA
我非常确信在这一次的试题里 I am pretty confident on this exam that we don't have any items
题目答案都是唯一的 where we are going to need to accept other answers
我们有尽力去确保考试中不会出现有争议的题目 We went to some length to make sure that wouldn't be the case
但确实也有这样的情况 but it does happen from time to time
如果真出现 我也可以接受 and I am fine with that if it does happen
先跟你们的助教讨论 Talk about that with your TA and hopefully
希望你们可以从中得到满意的答案 you will be satisfied from that conversation
如果问题还是得不到解决的话下一步就是来找我 If not then the next step is to come see me
然后我们一起来讨论 And then we can talk about it
我曾经确实被学生说服接受别的答案过 And I have been convinced by students before to accept another answer
不过这种例子非常非常少见 But it is a rare, relatively rare event
另一个可能发生的情况是 The other thing that might happen is that
你的卷子可能被误判了 you might think that something was mismarked at your exam itself
比如你的答题卡上可能有一条铅笔画的直线记号 like you had a straight pencil mark that might have made it look like
使之看起来像是 you answered something that
你填涂了原本不想选的选项 you would not have wanted to have answered
我会保留所有的答题卡 I will be keeping all of the scantrons
方便你与助教讨论完之后可以复查 So after you go and meet with your TA to go over the exam itself
如果你觉得 if you are looking at an answer going
"我怎么会给出这种答案!" "I never would have put that answer"
那可能就是因为你的答题卡 That might mean that the scantron has a mismarking
被误读了 那你就应该来找我 then you should come see me
所以第一步 下周去找你的助教 So first step, go see your TAs' and then
如果还有问题没解决 那就来找我 next week if there are remaining issues, come see me
下周的坐班时间都可以 Next week during office hours
这周周三是退伍军人纪念日 this Wednesday is Veterans' day, there will
所以那天我休息不在办公室 not be office hours for me this Wednesday
现在来看一下 Let's see, any questions about
还有其他关于期中考试的问题吗 sort of those midterm-related issues at this point?
如果现在在座同学有还没参加考试的 If you are in the class right now and you haven't taken the exam yet
请举下手好吗 can you raise your hand?
好的 可以了 Okay, yeah
那么这又是个问题了 So that might be an issue also
所以今天在座的没考试的有3个 So just might be that there are 3 people
其中一个人我认得 Well one of them I know
其中两个星期四考 Two of them are taking an exam on Thursday
但是剩下两个人我不知道是谁 But there are two others who I don't know who they are
我很难知道是谁没考试 It's difficult for me to figure out
我的猜想是 My guess is
这两个同学可能退了课 those folks are probably just dropping the class
而我们在退课成功一周以后 and we will know that in a week
才会知道谁退了 Once that's been done
一旦清楚了 我会花几分钟时间解答一下 I will take a few minutes to go over the three or four questions that
班上有少于一半的同学做对的那三四道题目 fewer than half of the people in the class got right
我很乐意分析难题 好帮助大家理解 I do like to go through those so people get a clear understanding
不过得等到每个没考试的人都考了之后 But I don't want to do that yet until I know that everyone
再讲解题目 who hasn't taken the exam has taken it
我还想跟你们讨论一下关于出勤率的事 The one other thing I want to discuss with you is attendance
我有想过现在开始记考勤 So I was thinking about taking attendance now because we are
因为刚好是下半学期开始 at the beginning of the second half
但我同时也在考虑干脆放弃记考勤算了 But I was also thinking about just dropping the attendance requirement
学生:不 Students: NO!
学生:好 Student: Yes!
教授:不过 你们刚才对那句所表现出的热情 Prof: But you know your enthusiasm to that response actually makes
让我对放弃考勤这个想法感到有点紧张了 me nervous about dropping the attendance requirement
好的 我现在请大家投两次票 Okay I am going to take two votes here, two different votes
第一种是 多少人赞成我放弃考勤要求 First vote, how many of you want me to drop that and put those two
就像以前一样 points into your section grade
把这两分加到你们的课程成绩里？ which is where they have always been before?
想要这两个百分点的同学举手 Raise your hands if you want the two percentage points
以前通常都是40-40-20的比例 So in the past it has always been 40-40-20
期中考试占40% 期末考试占40% 40 midterm, 40 finals
课程表现占20% 20 percent on section
今年改为了40-40-18和2 This year, it is 40-40-18 and 2
所以我建议的就是把这两个百分点 So what I am suggesting is those two percents
加到你们的课程表现的成绩里去 would go into your section grade
希望这两个百分点由课程表现 Raise your hands, if you want the two percents to go into your section
而不是看出席率来评分的同学请举手 grade rather than to be something that is taken by attendance?
好的 多少人更希望 Okay, how many of your prefer to
单靠出勤率来挣这两分? keep attendance being where you get those two points?
很有趣 Interesting!
今天没来上课又想参与投票的同学 抱歉啦 And now if you are not here right now and you want to vote, sorry
好 好的 Okay, well
不需要再问第二个问题了 我们搞定了 Then I don't need to ask the second question, we are good
在回归正题之前 还有别的程序问题吗？ So any other procedural issues before we get back to business?
我说的回归正题 意思是请大家闭上眼睛 And by getting back to business, I mean closing your eyes
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:说什么？ Prof: What is that?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:我今天不记考勤 Prof: I am not taking attendance today
我只是吓唬你们说今天要记考勤罢了 I only threatened to take attendance today
我刚才就是这么说的 你可以看录像 That's what I just said, you can go listen to the video
学生:我们收到有成绩单的邮件(听不清) Student: Did we receive an email with our grade (INAUDIBLE)
教授:那么 如果你没有收到附成绩单的邮件的话 Prof: Right so, if you did not receive an email with your grade
可能是因为你在心理学院教务处那里留的电邮地址 that probably means the Registrar of psychology has
是错误的 the wrong email address for you
我无法控制这个 I cannot control that
但是我也把成绩上传到教学网站上了 but I did post it also to the blackboard website
所以在那里你们也看得到成绩 So the grades are there as well, in the same area where I post
就在我上载课程幻灯片的地方 all the lectures as PowerPoint slides
好的 我现在要你们暂时闭上眼睛 So I would like you all to close your eyes temporarily
我要你们在脑子里想 And what I would like you to think about is the people
自己的朋友 that you are friends with?
以及对于他们来说 And how good of a friend are you
你是一个什么样的朋友? to those people that you are friends with?
想想对于朋友来说 So I want you to think about
自己是不是一个合格的朋友 how good of a friend you are to your friends
那么你们现在应该在思考了 So you should sort of have that in mind now
我将问你们几个问题 I am going to be asking you a series of questions
如果我的问题符合你的情况 请举手并一直保持 And I want you to raise your hand if what I ask you is true
直到我问到不符合你的情况的问题 and then keep your hand up until I say something that isn't true for you
学生:如果你说了一些(听不清) Student: If you say something (INAUDIBLE)
教授:摄影机拍的是我 Prof: The videotape is on me
教授:你们不会出现在录像里 Prof: You are not in the videotape
闭上眼睛 Close your eyes
有人作弊 Cheaters!
每个人都闭上眼睛 Okay everyone got their eyes closed
请想 自己对于朋友来说是不是一个合格的朋友 You have to think about how good of a friend you are to your friends
问题很简单:你们作为朋友 And very simple question: Are you a better friend to your friends than
是否比世界上至少10%的人更优秀？ at least 10% of random people out in the world?
我换个说法 Now let me reparse that for you
先不要举手 Don't raise your hands yet
我要问的是 你觉得自己作为朋友 What I am asking is, do you think you are a better friend compared to
做得比这世上多少人 how much other people you know random people out there
对待自己的朋友更好？ are good friends to their friends?
比起世界上至少10%的人来说 So are you at least a better friend to your friends as 10% of the people
你是否觉得自己做得更棒? in the world?
认为自己至少跟这10%一样好的人请举手 Raise your hands if you are at least as good as 10%?
如果现在还不举手的话 And if you don't have your hand up right now, I am tempted to come
我很想走到你跟前来挠你痒痒 around and tickle you
因为你们的眼睛是闭起来的 Because your eyes are closed
认为自己与世界上至少10%的人 So you better get your hands up if you think you are at least
比较起来朋友当得更好的人 as good a friend to your friends as all
请举手 but ten or at least 10% of the population?
好的 继续举着 Okay now keep your hands up
现在 认为自己做朋友 Now are you as good a friend to your friends
比世界上20%的人更出色的人？ as 20% of the population?
如果依旧符合 请继续举手 If that is also true of you keep your hands up
比世界上30%的人相比 So are you at least as good a friend to your friend
朋友当得更好？ as 30% of the population?
继续保持 Okay keep your hands up
40%？ 40%?
手继续举起 Keep your hands up
50%？ 50%?
继续举手 继续举 Keep your hands up, keep'em up and keep them up while you are
直到你们睁开眼睛之前都把手举着 opening your eyes, keep your hands up
睁开眼睛 看看四周 Open your eyes, look around
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:等一下 待会儿再来讨论你的问题 Prof: Hold on, we will get back to you
举手的同学继续保持 Keep your hands up now
所以所有现在还举着手的同学 So everyone who has their hands up
都认为他们与世界上50%的人相比较 thinks that they are at least as good a friend
作为朋友来说都更出色 to their friends as 50% of other people are to their friends
让我们继续问 Let's go a little further
有人到60%还举手吗？ Keep those hands up for 60%?
噢真令人吃惊 Oh it's amazing
一旦睁开眼睛环顾四周 As soon as you open your eyes and look around
你们就开始把手放下来了 people start dropping them
好了 手都可以放下来了 So you can put them all down
下面我要说的只跟那些举过手的同学相关 So what I can tell you is of people who ever put their hands up
因为你们中有些人从头到尾都没有举过手 because some of you never put their hands up, okay
不过对于举过手的同学们 But for those of you who put their hands up
我要说你们当中有95%的人 I would say 95% of you left
一路举手过了50% your hands up through 50%
我不是数学家也不是统计学家 Now I am not a mathematician, I am not really a statistician either
尽管我的工作中经常要用到统计学 although I use statistics in what I do
但是我可以告诉你们 But what I can tell you is
你们95%的人比世界上50%的人 it's impossible for 95% of you
作为朋友来说更为出色 to be better friends
这是不可能的 to your friends than fifty percent of other people
问题是 The question was
比起其他人对待他们的朋友 are you a better friend to your friends than other people
你们对待自己的朋友是不是要更好一些？ are to their friends
那么你认为自己对于朋友来说有多合格？ So how good of a friend do you think you are to your friends?
学生:我认为要比一半的人更好 Student: I thought it was half
教授:不不不 我不在乎你怎么想 Prof: No, no, no, I don't care what you thought
我问你的是 I am asking you now
你认为自己比百分之多少的人相比 what percentage of people you think
是一个更好的朋友？ you are a better friend to than other people are?
学生:超过百分之多少的人？ Student: What percentage am I better?
教授:是 比如说你对朋友很好 Prof: Yeah, so like you are so good of a friend to your friends
那么你认为自己比百分之多少的人相比 What percentage of people do you think you are better at
做得更好？ being a friend than other folks are better at being a friend?
学生:如果把人分成两种: Student: Well, if you have divided the group in two:
人们和他们的朋友 people and their friends
教授:不不不 Prof: No, no, no
我问的是 比起她对朋友 What I am asking is, are you a better friend to your friends
你对朋友是不是要更好？ than she is to her friends?
比起她对朋友 他对朋友 And she is to her friends, and he is to his friends
学生:我没有想过这个问题 Student: I don't think about it
教授:噢 但是人们总是这样估计的 Prof: Oh, but people estimate things like that all the time
他们靠与他人比较来估算自己有多聪明 People estimate how smart they are relative to other people
运动细胞又有多发达 How athletic they are relative to other people
人们一直这样判断 并且回答的时候毫不迟疑 People make sense of this all the time and have no problem answering
可能你们觉得刚才的问题比较难回答 maybe that particular one is difficult for you to answer
可是我可以告诉你们 But what I can tell you is
成千上万的人都回答过这样的问题 hundreds of thousands of people have answered
而且他们跟你们刚才的做法 questions like this, and they always do
完全一样 exactly like what all of you just did
大家总是这样 They always do the same thing
一般来说75-80%的人都认为 Typically what you get is 75-80% of people thinking they are better
自己比起其他75%或80%的人来说更好 than 75 or 80 percent of people
不管是哪一个特征 on almost any characteristic you can pick
无论是亲切 慷慨 智力 健康 幸福 whether it is friendliness, generosity, intelligence, health, happiness
赚钱能力还是寿命 likelihood to make money in their lifetimes, how long they will live
人们总是一次又一次地认为自己比起大多数人来 People overestimate, again and again and again the likelihood that
在各个方面都要更强 they are better on some dimension than most other people
这是心理学中最常重复的实验结果之一 It's one of the most replicated findings in all of psychology
用任何群体来做实验都是这个结果 You can do it with any group you want to and if you get them to answer
只要让被试者在看不到其他人行为的情况下作答 alone without watching what everyone else is doing
这也是我们做实验的惯用方法 which is how we typically do a research right
我们将被试者带到测试房间 We bring someone to a testing room so they cannot
不让他们看到其他人在做什么 watch what everyone else is doing
那也是我让你们闭眼睛的原因 That's why I had you close your eyes
总是能得到一样的效果 You always get the same effect
每个人 不是每个人 是大多数人都认为 Everyone thinks that on most dimensions, not everyone, most people
自己在大多数方面上比一般人要强 think on most dimensions they are better than average
加里森·凯勒有一档叫做 "沃比冈湖"的电台节目 So Garrison Keller had a radio show for years and years called
多年来长盛不衰 Lake Wobegon
他常用沃比冈湖指代一个地方 And he used to refer to Lake Wobegon as the place
在那里所有人都认为自己比一般人出色 where everyone is better than average
这当然 从统计学的角度来说根本不可能 Which of course is a statistical impossibility
但是如果你能就一个无中生有的地方 But if you are making up a radio show
编出一档电台节目 about a place that doesn't exist you can
也就可以编造出同样的谎言并且让它们在 make up things like that and have them be true
这个想象中的地方成为真实 for that imaginary made up place
问题是这样的现象 The problem is that it also seems to be true
在现实生活中也存在 for this non-imaginary place
而且无论你与谁做比较 And it's true no matter sort of how you constrain
都能得到同样的效果 who you are comparing yourselves to as well
你可能会说 和所有人做比较不太公平 Well you might say, it's not fair to compare yourself to everyone
其实根本就没有关系 It doesn't matter if your say
不管你是跟世界上所有人相比 美国所有人 everyone in the world, everyone in the United States
与你同龄的所有人还是 everyone who is the same age as you
与加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)的所有学生相比 everyone who is a student at UCLA
基本上效果都是一样的 You typically get these same effects over and over again
雪莉·泰勒是UCLA的一位教授 And Shelly Taylor, who is a professor in UCLA
她非常非常杰出 A very very distinguished professor in UCLA
她把这种现象称作 人们对自己的 "积极幻觉" referred to these as positive illusions that we hold about ourselves
她于1980年写了一篇关于积极幻觉的论文 In the 1980, she wrote a paper on positive illusions
并且她实际上认为积极幻觉 And she actually suggested that having these positive illusions
对于人们的健康是非常有益的 are actually very healthy for you
有积极幻觉的人不管在身体上还是心理上 They have all sorts of mental and physical health benefits
都获得了一些益处 having these positive illusions
有些人质疑这个说法是否正确 And others have debated whether that's really the case
也争论人们积极性的自我欺骗 whether it's a good thing to be positively deluded about yourself
到底是好事还是坏事 or whether it's a bad thing
这个争论一直持续到现在 And it's an ongoing debate
不过唯一没有争议的 But what is not in debate
就是 我们大家这样的普通人 is that typical folks like all of us
都倾向于认为自己比一般人要更优秀 tend to think we are better than average
唯一能准确判断自己 And the only group that reliably
在不同方面上的弱势的群体 is accurate about where they fall
则被诊断出有抑郁倾向 on different dimensions are people diagnosed with depression
抑郁人群评估自己的在不同方面上的弱势 Depressed folks are quite accurate in assessing
都比较准确 where they fall on various dimensions
所以这也是一项很有力的证据 And so this is a big piece of the evidence is that people who are
用于证明心理健康没有抑郁倾向的的人 mentally healthy, who are not diagnosed with depression
对于自己的判断更加不准确 are less accurate about themselves
和有抑郁倾向或者临床诊断抑郁的个体相比较 They have more of these positive illusions and more extreme positive
他们有更多的积极幻觉和极端积极幻觉 illusions than the individuals who are depressed, clinically depressed
我想探讨的是 What I want to think about here
我们从已经讨论过的很多现象中知道这个道理 We know this from lots of things we have already talked about
但我们也发现大多数人并没有意识到他们的偏见 But we know most people don't realize that they are biased in this way
所以我可以在这堂课上告诉你们 So I can tell you this lecture and I can ask you
我问你们哪些人是有偏见的呢？ you know, who out there is biased?
你们都在想 不 我明白了 很多人都存在着偏见 And you all think, no I get it, lots of people are biased
但是我举手的时候我的判断是准确的 But I was accurate when I raised my hand
我是对的那个人 I was the accurate one
当然 你们中有些人是对的 And of course some of you are, right
有些人对于他的朋友来说是最棒的朋友 Somebody is the best friend to their friends and they are probably going
他们就可能举手并说 我是我朋友们最棒的朋友 to raise their hands and say, "I am the best friend to my friends"
所以并不是所有举手的人的判断都不准确 So it's not that everyone who had their hands raised is inaccurate
这里的观点是 你们当中有一部分举手的人 The point of that demonstration is that some of you
对自己的判断是不准确的 who had your hands raised were inaccurate
而且没有人认为自己是那一类人 And none of you think you are that person
你认为你是那类人吗？ You think you are that person?
学生:不 不 我(听不清) Student: No, no, I (INAUDIBLE)
教授:当然 Prof: Sure
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:是 但是我们都很在意人们和他们的朋友 Prof: Yeah but we all care about
相处的时候是不是"好的"朋友 who's good friends with their friends
你难道不希望拥有对你好的朋友吗？ Don't you want to have friends that are good friends to you? Right?
所以我们讨论的都是相对来说比较主观的东西 So we all take these things that are relatively subjective
并且我们这样说 这个才是重要的 and we have ways of sort of saying, this is what matters
我们过几分钟再来讨论你的观点 We are going to come back to your point in a few minutes
你提的观点很好 我们等会儿再回头讲 Your point is a valid one, and we will come back to it in a few minutes
关于这个观点的内容在一张 也许两张幻灯片上 it's in a slide, maybe two slides
到那个时候我再来谈你刚才说的 So I am going to address then what you have said then
记得到时再举手示意 raise your hand again
所以 大多数人都抱有偏见 So most people are biased
大多数人也不知道他们抱有偏见 most people don't know they are biased
那个听起来就像假说三 That sounds like hypothesis three
我们不知道我们不知道什么 "We don't know what we don't know."
我想问你们的是 And what I want to ask you is
为什么人们会给出 why is it that people might give these
关于他们自己的正面的却有偏差的答案？ biased positive answers about themselves?
为什么大多数人在大多数情况下 Why is it that most people think
都会认为自己在大多数方面都比其他人优秀？ they are better at most things most of the time
事实上 还不止一个答案 And there's not one answer
有6到7个不同的回答 there is actually about six to seven different answers here
但是我想问你们的是 But I want to get your feedback from
什么是你们认为大多数人在这一点上 why do you think it is that most people
容易犯错误的原因 might be mistake about this?
请说 Yeah
学生:这样能够给人带来自信感和成就感 Student: It gives a sense of confidence, a sense of accomplishment
教授:这样能够让人感觉自信 Prof: It gives you a sense of confidence, makes you feel better about
认为自己不管在哪一方面都比别人优秀 yourself to think that you are better than other folks about
可以使你对自己的感觉更加良好 whatever it is you are thinking about
是的 这是个不错的回答 Yup, that is a good one
还有呢 What else?
学生:电梯逻辑 Student: Elevator logic
教授:电梯逻辑 Prof: Elevator logic
学生:你对于自己认为自己所擅长 Student: You have your standards to what you think is you are good
(听不清)有你的标准…… (INAUDIBLE) standard to your behaviour
别人却没有和你一样的标准 And other people don't have the same standard that you have
教授:对的 Prof: Right
这个观点和刚才后面那位同学的观点类似 so this is a similar point to the one that was made back there
这也是一个很棒的答案 And this is a great answer
这是我们产生积极幻觉的重要原因之一 this is one of the big reasons why we show these positive illusions
我稍后会回头讲 and I will come back to that
还有好几个答案 还有人说吗？ There is a bunch of others, what else?
学生:你继续(听不清) Student: You go on (INAUDIBLE)
教授:我们并不想认为我们自己是坏人 对吧？ Prof: We don't want to think of ourselves as bad people, right?
为什么这跟你自己认为 Why would it matter
自己是好人还是坏人有关系？ if you thought of yourself as a bad person or a good person
你就是你 对吧？ you are the person you are, right?
尽管如此 我们认为自己是好人还是坏人 And yet it matters to us
确实对于我们来说很重要 whether or not we think we are good or bad
这是一件奇怪的事 That's a strange thing
所以这和做你自己本身 So it's less about just sort of being
并且了解自己没多大关系 who you are and knowing who you are
而是为了避免 and more about not wanting to feel bad
因为知道关于自身的负面信息而心情沮丧 because you might know something negative about yourself
还有吗？ What else?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:我们当然想要变得更好 Prof: We certainly want to be better
问题是 我们为什么要以欺骗自己的方式 The question is, why and why do we delude ourselves into
来让我们觉得自己更好 thinking we are better?
并且记住人们欺骗自己的时候并不知道 And remember people don't just delude themselves and know that
他们在欺骗自己 they are deluding themselves
他们不是说 我要给自己的聪明度加20分 They don't just say, I am going to say I am 20 points smarter than I am
因为我想那样说 just because that's what I want to say
他们实际上是相信自己所说的话的 They actually believe that when they say it
问题是 我们是如何最终选择相信这些的？ The question is how do we end up believing these things?
请说 Yeah
学生:自我实现预言 Student: Self fulfilling prophecy
教授:自我实现预言代表的是真实的 Prof: Self fulfilling prophecy would mean it was true
除非你的意思是试图 Unless you are saying you are trying to
建立一个自我实现的目标并且使它成真 set up a self fulfilling prophecy and make it come true
我认为你说的有道理 I think that's a reasonable account
如果那就是你要表达的观点 if that's what you are pointing to
如果我不给自己设置一个较高的期望 is that if I don't set high expectations for myself
我怎么能达到那个高度呢 对吧 how am I going to get there, right
好的 Yeah
学生:(听不清)信息 Student: (INAUDIBLE) information
教授:你的意思是我们无法辨明某些信息 Prof: So we are evaluating information that's hard to assess
因为我们不了解那些人 because we don't know all those people
但是现在这里有件有趣的事 But now here is the interesting thing
想想你的朋友们 想5个你的朋友 Think about your friends, think about 5 of your friends
你觉得比起其他人他们有多么聪明 and how smart do you think they are relative to everyone else
我们在思考方面没有任何问题 We don't have any problem thinking
我们可以很准确地进行思考 we can do that pretty precisely
我们知道五个人中哪一个是最聪明的 We know which of the five is the most smart, we know which of
也知道五个人中哪一个可能是最笨的 the five is probably the least smart
又或者随便挑一个主题 没有必要非跟智力有关 Or pick whatever, it doesn't have to be intelligence
我们仍然很清楚他们对比其他人 And we have a sense of where they fall relative to
在哪些方面有明显不足 the whole distribution of people
还有些更阴暗的东西呢？ What about anything darker?
现在没有人读弗洛伊德了吗？ Nobody reads Freud anymore?
我的意思是我个人并不推崇弗洛伊德 I mean I don't like Freud personally
尽管我跟他有某种意义上的亲戚关系 although I am vaguely related to him
非常不亲近的那种 只是曾经我家族有人 Vaguely, like my family married into
和他家族的人结婚了 his family at some point
但我没有他的血统 So I don't have his blood
我觉得很好 I am okay with that
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:噢 那很好 Prof: Oh that is good!
我之前没有想到过这一个 I hadn't thought of that one before
我现在要稍微换一下 And I ask the question a little bit differently
问问题的方式了 this time then I do, how do you
你对你自己和你的朋友的看法 think about you and your friends
可能会使你处在一种积极的情绪里 which might put you in a positive mood
而当你处在这种积极情绪里时 And when you are in a positive mood
你可能会产生更加积极的评价 you might make more positive estimates
你有点像是在为积极的回应做铺垫 You are sort of priming a positivity response
我觉得这是一个很好的答案 I think that's a really great answer
情况也可能是 尽管我没有做任何铺垫 Now I could do this in probably such a way that I didn't prime that
仍然能够获得同样的效果 and you would still get the effect
但是如果确实如你所说做了心理铺垫的话 But given the way that I actually did it
我认为那是一个很好的答案 that's a really really nice answer
那么弗洛伊德基本上这样说过 So Freud basically said
他说人的脑中有一些小恶魔 you have these little demons running around in your head
他们是你的潜意识 试图保护你 and they are your unconscious, and they are trying to protect you
避免因了解黑暗事实而受到伤害 from knowing the dark truth about yourself
也就是说很多人认为 Right, so there are lots of things
我们的潜意识一直防止我们知道 that a lot of people think our unconscious prevents us
一些事实 知道这些对于我们来说 from knowing about ourselves
会很痛苦 because it would be too painful
所以不只是我们意识到的欲望 So it is not just about our conscious desire
让我们从正面看待自己 to see ourselves positively
我们天生的潜意识的 but it is about the sort of this inborn
恶魔 sort of unconscious demon we have
也充当了保护我们免于知道 that is always sort of shielding us from knowing
关于自身丑恶真相的盾牌 the nasty truths about ourselves
还有别的原因 There are also other issues
所以你们大家都把注意力集中在 So you folks are mostly focusing on what went on at the moment
我向你们提问的那一刻发生的事 that I asked you the question
但是答案却跟那一刻之前的你们过往的 But a lot of the answer has to do with, what happened
人生经历相关 in the years of your life leading up to that moment
你看 你总认为你 See, one of the reasons you might think
比别人在某方面优秀 you are better at things than sort of statistical date
而其实毫无根据的原因是 that would actually suggest you are
我们生活的这个社会 is because we don't as a society
并不总是给人否定的反馈 give a whole lot of negative feedback to people
在你小的时候 So when you were little
如果你跟一般家庭的小孩一样的话 if you are like most kids in most families
你的父母和祖父母总会在能想到的 your parents and grandparents spent a lot of time telling
各个方面夸奖你 you how awesome you were in every dimension imaginable
比如 你有多么可爱 how cute you were
有多么多么聪明 how intelligent you were
多么多么风趣 多么多么有运动细胞 how funny you were, how athletic you were
可能每个孩子的情况都有点不一样 It is going to be a little bit different for each kid
但是父母总倾向给出很多充满感情的回答 But parents tend to give a lot of effusive feedback
而且越来越多的老师也开始避免 And more and more teachers are kind of restricted from
给予学生否定的反馈 giving negative feedback
这也是我们待会儿在课的最后会讲到的 There is a big movement that we will come back to
提高自尊 at the end of the lecture, about enhancing self-esteem
比方说 当学生玩社团或者玩乐乐棒球的时候 So there is the thing where you play like little league or tee-ball
每个队的每个成员都能得到奖杯 like every player on every team gets a trophy
对吧 看 这是个失败者奖杯！ Right, like look, it's the loser's trophy
太棒了！ Awesome!
这是因为我们不想任何人 Because we don't want anyone to
因为什么都没有得到而沮丧 actually feel bad about not having achieved
但是从不给否定反馈的部分后果是 But part of consequence of never giving negative feedback
人们从来没有得到过准确的反馈 is that people don't have accurate feedback
那么也有一些不同的解释 So there is a bunch of different explanations
我们试图去做一个好的朋友时 We have more insights
我们自己会有更多的个人见解 in our own attempts to be a good friend
这又是一个原因了 That's another one
这样我们就会在脑中栩栩如生地构想 So we can very vividly imagine the things
我们会做什么来变成一个好的朋友 we have done to be a good friend
不过这也让我们更难以去想象 But it's harder to imagine what the random masses ever did
别人是如何对他们的朋友好的了 that was nice to their friends
这一个实际就是之前那位同学 This last one here though is the one
最先提到的观点 that was brought up first
实际上 在以往上课的时候这点很少被学生提到 And actually that one almost never gets brought up by the class
所以我觉得这一点能被想到真的很棒 So I think that was particularly nice that that got brought up
这其中存在一个误区就是每个人都从自己 But one of the sort of tricks of this is that each of you
认为怎样算一个好的朋友的角度来分析 defined for yourself what it means to be a good friend
那么我们会用什么词来形容 So. What are the different definitions
一个好的朋友具备的品质呢？ that we might give to being a good friend?
举手告诉我 Raise your hand let me know
你们认为一个好的朋友 what is the most important quality
应当具备的品质是什么？ someone can have to be a good friend?
学生:忠诚 Student: Loyal
教授:忠诚 Prof: Loyal
还有呢？ What else?
学生:诚实 Student: Honesty
教授:忠诚 诚实……还有什么？ Prof: Loyal, honesty...what?
信任 Trusts
学生:包容 Student: Acceptance
教授:包容 Prof: Acceptance
学生:同情心 Student: Compassion
教授:同情心 Prof: Compassion
还有呢？ What else?
学生:能够陪你玩 Student: Having fun together
教授:对 虽然 能陪你玩从来都不是 Prof: Yeah, having fun together is never one of
人们描述好朋友具备的品质中的排名前五 the first five things people list for being a good friend
每次问这个的时候 我总是觉得很惊讶 Every time I do this, I am always amazed
因为大家讲的都是很严肃的内容 that people sort of say all these really serious like
像是他必须得忠诚 必须一如既往支持我 they must be loyal, they must always be at my side
可就是没有人说一起享乐的酒友什么的 And like no one ever says like fun, drinking buddy
它总是排在人们 That's always like number nine on the list of things
能想到的第九名的位置 that people come up with
学生:他们有没有卡车？是否愿意帮你搬家？ Student: Do they have a truck? Will they help you move?
教授: 他们有没有卡车？是否愿意帮你搬家？ Prof: Do they have a truck? Will they help you move
对的 那可以 yeah, that is right
好的 Yeah, right
所以这些都是我们在乎的事情 比如 让我笑 So there is all these different things that we care about
一同娱乐 踢球时候的得力队友 对吧 make me laugh fun to go out with, good wingman at a club, right
我意思是不管是什么 I mean whatever it is
我们总有一些在意的事情 there is all these different things that we care about
但最重要的是 当我问你的时候 But the critical thing is, whichever one you thought of when I asked you
你觉得最重要的标准是哪一项 what's your most important dimension
而往往你自己就具备那个品质 You have that quality in spades
实际上是当你们每个人在回答 That's the thing is that each of you probably
作为一个好朋友必备品质是什么的时候 generated an answer for what is the most important quality
你通常会回答你自己所具备的那些品质 for a friend to have that you have
所以实验早就开始了 So the game is already up
因为当你定义 Because if you define
好朋友应该具备的品质的时候 what makes a good friend in terms of the specific quality
你说的都是你自己认为 that you have
友谊关系里应当拥有的品质 that you are using to define friendship
你很有可能确实在那些特定的方面上 You probably are better than most people
比很多人都表现得好 on that specific dimension
不知道你们还记不记得汤姆·吉洛维奇 If you remember back to the study by Tom Gilovich
做的关于60年代和80年代音乐的研究 on the 60s and 80s music
两个人不同意对方的看法 where two people sort of said they disagreed
一个说喜欢60年代的音乐 One said that they like 60s music
另一个说喜欢80年代的音乐 one said they like 80s music
但实际上他们比较的是完全不一样的乐队 But really they were talking about different bands
而如果你让他们说出 And if you got them to actually agree on
能代表60和80年代音乐的乐队 what bands were representing the 60s and the 80s
他们又能达成一致 They tended to agree
这是一个非常相似的案例 This is a very similar phenomenon
在这里人们从不同角度定义他们对友谊的理解 Here you've got people defining what friendship is in different ways
而他们可能说得也对 And they are probably each mostly right
因为他们确实在某些特定的方面 that they are better than most people
是要比其他人出色 on that particular dimension
因为那些都是他们个人所强调的方面 Because that is the thing that they themselves emphasize
所以强调忠诚的人往往自己对朋友很忠诚 So the person who values loyalty is loyal
强调风趣的人往往自己就很风趣 and the person that values fun is fun
我们没想到的 And what we don't think about
正是其他人所在意强调的 is all those other definitions that other people might be applying
所以从你思考问题的特定角度来看 So this is a case where in terms of where you are specifically
你很有可能是正确的 thinking of you are probably right
但当你将自己的看法推广 说 But when you generalize that to saying
这是判断所有人能否成为好的朋友的方法 well this is what defines in being a good friend in general
那么你们每个人运用的标准都不一样 Well now you all are using different definitions
不过如果我们的判断标准完全一致的话 And if we all sort of came up with an agreed upon definition
我们就发现不到那个小陷阱 then it is harder to sort of run that trick in
和它在其中起到的作用了 and have it work
如果由你而不是他们自己 People will still say that they are better than
来给出特定的定义 average even if you give people
人们仍会认为他们比一般人更强 a very specific set of definitions
但这样的话实验效果就减弱了 but the effect is attenuated
康奈尔大学的大卫·达宁教授 Now David Dunning is a professor at Cornell
曾经做过一个非常棒的实验 who does really amazing research
他的实验主要研究 And he did these studies on
对比较标准的定义 this sort of defining of the comparison standard
让人定义什么维度是相关而且重要的 Defining what dimension is relevant and important
他是这么做的 What he did in these studies is
他请人参加实验 让他们写出他们认为 he would have people come in and he would have them list you know
作为朋友最重要的品质 what is the most important in a friend
他做过各种不同主题 He would do with lots of different things
就让我们来特别讲一下关于朋友的 But let's stick with that example
那么他让每个人列出 So he would have everyone list
他认为朋友应拥有的最重要的五个特征 you know what are the five most important
并且以最重要为首 characteristics in a friend from most important to next most
重要性依次减弱的顺序排列 important to next important till you get these five things
然后他要求他们填写关于性格的调查问卷 And then he would have them fill out some personality questionnaires
随后给予他们假的反馈 And he would give them fake feedback about themselves
对于某些人 And for some people he gave them feedback
他会告诉他们第五个最重要的特点 that the fifth most important characteristic
是他的弱势 was something that they weren't very good at themselves
但对于另一些人 他会告诉他们 But for some people he gave them feedback saying
他们写的最重要的特点 their most important characteristic was something
是他们自己不具备的 they weren't very good at themselves
所以有人在第一题回答忠诚 So some people who said loyalty is really important
非常重要 in that intake questionnaire
然后拿到所谓的根据他们性格测试得出的反馈 When they got their feedback based on their personality data
反馈声称根据性格分析得出结论 They said how will you ever just review your personality data
告诉他们自己 And one of the things that they have noticed is
其实不是一个很忠诚的人 you are probably not very loyal person
虽然我不认为他们回答问题时百分之百诚实 I don't think that they did it quite so bluntly
但是他们是如何做的更重要 but that was essentially what they did
然后发生了一件有趣的事 Here is the interesting thing
被试者在下一轮测试里又被要求列出 they then asked them again in the next testing period
他们认为好的朋友应具备的特点是什么 list the things that are really important in being a good friend
如果某人列出的第一项 If your first thing was something that
曾被告知自己并不具备 you have been told you weren't very good at
他们就不再把它放在 they now didn't list that as the most important characteristic
最重要的位置了 in being a friend
而是用他们被告知自己有优势的特点 Now they listed something else that they were told
来替代那个最重要的位置 they were good at
他们对好朋友的定义 So there was this subtle movement in
产生了微妙的变化 how they defined in what being a good friend
事实上这些定义变成了 is as a function of what they currently believed
他们当时认为自己有优势的特点 they were good at
所以你能够扭转人们对某事的定义 So you could get a person to change their definition on the fly
仅仅通过让他们相信自己在某些方面很擅长 by changing what they were told that they themselves were good at
我认为这个实验太棒了 I just think that is brilliant
我希望我也做得出像那样的研究 I wish I had done that study
但我可能永远也设计不出像这样的实验 but I never would have come up with a study like that
我认为这个实验真的很酷 But I think it is really cool
也很能解释我们现在讨论的内容 and really illuminating about how we work
请说 Yeah
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:噢第二个……唯一关键的条件是 Prof: Oh the second...the only condition that really matters is
他是这样告诉被试者的 所以 that he told people so
我讲到过的那个条件很重要 there's the condition that I told you that matters and another condition
但是我没有提到的那个条件也同样重要 that I didn't tell you about that also matters
我应该说到它的 that I should have mentioned
所以我之前告诉你们的是试验中的被试者被告知 So the one I told you about that matters is one people were told
他们认为最重要的特点 that the thing they had listed as the most important characteristic
反而是自己的弱势 they were told they were bad at that
还有另一些人则被告知 And then there were other people
他们认为不那么重要的特点 who were told
反而是他们出色的地方 they were really good at something that they listed lower
而被这样告知的人在后来 And the people who were told they were really good at something
往往把曾经排在后面的内容 that was listed lower moved up the importance of
调到了靠前的位置 that characteristic later on
有个人在教室里四处走动巡视 There is a guy sort of circling around, checking out the classroom
一会儿站在教室后面 一会儿又站在那里往这看 He stood back there and is just looking in from over here
我很欢迎他 不过我不知道发生了什么事 he is welcome but I don't know what is going on
那么我现在要讲一下 Aright so I want to talk about some empirical research on
关于自利偏见的研究 what I refer to as Self-Serving biases
积极幻觉也属于自利偏见 And positive illusions are also self-serving biases
那么自利偏见是指某些认知 So a self-serving bias is essentially some cognition
某些对自身有利的思考 some way of thinking or seeing the world
或看待世界的方式 that benefits you to see it in a certain way
早期罗斯和希克里曾做过一个关于自利偏见的实验 So one of the classic early self serving biases
在那时也被称作 and back then they were also referred to
自我中心主义偏见 as ego-centric biases was done by Ross and Sicoly
注意并不是我在课上经常提到的李·罗斯 This is not Lee Ross, the one that I have talked about a lot in here
而是麦克·罗斯 this is Michael Ross
而且直到去年我还认为这两个罗斯先生是兄弟 And up until last year I assumed Michael and Lee Ross were brothers
可事实上 他们没有任何关系 But it turns out no relation whatsoever
总之是完全不一样的两个人 So really different Ross altogether
在这项研究里他们询问夫妻 And in this study they had couples come in
让他们对20项不同的家务劳动 and they rated sort of what percentage responsibility
评价自己和对方付出所占的百分比 they and their partners each took for 20 different
像是倒垃圾 洗碗 sort of household tasks Taking out the trash, doing the dishes
几乎都是些日常的家务活 all the different things that you
还有 拖地 might have to take care of, sweeping
这20项家务活里 你干的活占了多少百分比 What percentage of the work that you do
而你的另一半干的活 what percentage of the work does your partner do
又占了多少百分比 on each of these 20 tasks
他们发现 平均来说 And what they found is that, on average
被试者都认为自己负责了20项中的16项家务活 subjects thought they were responsible for handling 16 of the 20 tasks
这当然不太可能 which of course is impossible
如果其中一个说了16项 If one of them said 16 accurately
那另一个应该说4项才符合常理 the other one would have to say 4 to be accurate
这样平均才能为10 And that would average out to 10
如果没人看法有偏差的话平均数应当是10 So the average should be 10 if nobody is biased
在这个研究当中也没有必要 And they don't have to figure out
弄清楚谁说的是真话 in this study who is telling the truth
只是不太可能出现 配偶中两人都各自负担 It is just not possible, for on average, each person in the pair to be
16项家务活的情况 more responsible for 16 of the 20 chores
还有一件事 And so the other thing
对于这个现象 So there is a sort of a couple of different ways
我们可以通过好几种角度来解释 that you can understand why this might have happened
为什么你会得到这样的实验结果？ Why do you get this kind of effect?
有两种解释 一种是认知解释 There are both cognitive explanations
一种是动机解释 and motivational explanations
长年来一直在社会心理学领域让人争论不休 And for years, this was a huge debate within social psychology
这些偏见 积极幻觉 Whether or not these kinds of biases, these positive illusions
自利偏见 these self-serving biases
它们是否仅仅是我们大脑处理信息方式的结果？ Are they the result of just the way our mind processes information?
还是一种激发我们去 Or is it something about the way
更积极地看待自己的原因呢？ that we are motivated to see ourselves more positively?
所以动机性这方面的原因更加显而易见 So the motivational side is easy to see
我想要去认为我在两人中是更加负责的那个人 I want to think that I am a responsible member of the pair
这样我才能感觉良好 so I feel better about myself
如果我能让自己相信我承担了16项家务活的话 if I can tell myself that I am responsible for 16 of the 20
我如果是那样的人的话我就是一个更好的人 I am a better person if I am that person
所以你就能明白人们之所以这么做的原因了吧 So you can see why people might be motivated to have this position
另一方面就比较难看出来了 The other side is a little harder to see
也就是认知方面 关于信息这方面 and this is the cognitive side, the informational side
他们在发表的论文里给出的一个解释是 And one of the explanations that they gave in this particular paper was
人们更擅长于记住自己的行为 that people were better able at remembering their own behaviour
而不是他们另一半的行为 than their partner's behaviour
明白吗 就像是你进入自己的大脑 对自己说 See, let's say you mentally go inside your head and you say
想想我自己干家务活的时候 okay I am going to think of all the times
是什么样子 that I have seen myself do these chores
然后我再想想我的另一半 And I am going to think about all the times
干家务时候的样子 when I've seen my partner doing these chores
这个似乎是解答问题的 And that might seem like a legitimate
符合常理又科学的方式 kind of scientific way to approach the question
问题是 The problem is
你自己做家务的时候你通常会注意到 that you are always there watching yourself when you do the chores
但另一半做家务的时候 你并不能总在旁边看到 and you are not always there when your partner is doing the chores
所以关于你自己和你另一半的行为 So you have a different database of information for yourself
你拥有的数据库是不一样的 than you do for your partner
所以尽管你能诚实地搜索回忆 So if you just go through and honestly as you can think of all the time
回想所有你自己和对方 that you've seeing yourself do chores
做家务的片段 and all the time you have seen your partners do chores
你得到的都是一个有偏差 You are going to come up with a biased answer
并且让你的形象更高大的结论 that makes you look better
尽管你原本的动机不是为了 And you can do that with no motivation
使自己的形象更加正面 to see yourself in a positive light
事实就是你从一个对你自己和对方 It's just the fact of how you sort out
不太公平的记忆数据库 the information in what wasn't really a fair database to be considering
里获取信息 your memory for you versus your partner
所以这是个单纯从认知方面给出的解释 So this would be a purely cognitive account
避免使我们觉得 that doesn't require us thinking
人们这样做是想要别人对他们产生更积极的印象 that a person wants us to see themselves in a positive light
我认为这非常重要 And I think this is very important
这非常具有颠覆性 This is striking, the fact that something
尤其是这样看似只跟动机有关的某事 that looks clearly and purely motivational could be
事实上却是我们大脑处理信息机制造成的 the result of just the way our information processing in our mind works
我认为这是一个非常有力的陈述 也比较难接受 It was a very powerful statement, a hard pill to swallow I think
这是出现于80年代 But a very powerful statement in the early 80s
并贯穿整个80年代的非常权威的论断 and kind of throughout the 80s
那么…… So
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:好的 这句话是这么说的: Prof: Sure, so the statement was:
是不是类似反省错误 isn't this like the introspection error
这就是反省错误 introspective thinking error
这当然是正确的 And this certainly is, right
这也是一个例子 人们常常在自己脑中搜索信息 This is another example where what people went to sort of look for in
这些信息往往不是最正确的 their own mind wasn't the right stuff
而是最容易获得的 because what is easily accessible
就像在蒂姆·威尔逊做的实验里一样 Just like in the Tim Wilson study
有些东西比其他东西更易于用文字表达 it was easier to put certain things into words than others
获取关于你自己的记忆 It is easier to retrieve memories about yourself
比获取别人的记忆容易得多 than someone else but that
而通常这些都是在你无意识的情况下发生的 might not occur to you when you go use this strategy
你可能会想 You might just think
让我试试记起我看到的关于别人的事 well let me just try to remember what I have just seen of each
这看上去挺公平 that seems fair
结果是这其实根本就不公平 It just turns out that it accidentally not fair
我不是说这种现象单单是 Now I don't want to suggest that
由于认知方面的原因造成的 phenomenon like these are only cognitive
但是在那个时期 But at the time
弗洛伊德的理论占据了半壁江山 coming on the hills of you know, Freud being a big deal
整个二十世纪 for most of the twentieth century
人们都在说 it was a really big deal to say you know
人类大脑像电脑一样运转 the more humans work like computers
这个新的比喻好像从70年代开始兴起 And that was kind of the new metaphor coming in the 70s
人们认为人脑像电脑一样也会出毛病 that the human mind is like a computer and that has its own problems
但是这个比喻导致大家都认为 But that metaphor for a while lead people to think
我们也能擅长于做各种事 well we are just going to be really good at doing things
因为电脑就是既准确又精密 because computers are accurate and precise
但是电脑是在运行指令的情况下 But computers are accurate and precise
既准确又精密的 at carrying out the instructions
他们有可接入的数据库 they have on the information that they have access to
那个数据可能是有瑕疵的 可能是不准确的 And that information can be flawed, it can be inappropriate
这样一个没有动机性偏见的系统 And so you can have a system that has no motivational bias
仍能产出带有偏见的结果 that produces biased outputs
所以这个非常非常重要 So that was a pretty big deal
与此同时 还有另一个非常有力的证据能证明 At the same time, there is really strong evidence for
造成这一现象的动机性原因 motivational components to phenomena like this
举例来说 如果我让你在一项测试失败了 So for instance, if I make you fail at a task
我不会告诉你失败的原因 I am not going to show you a study on this
而是更多提成功的原因 but I will just mention it in passing
如果我宣布你没通过某个测试 If I make you fail at a task
你往往会比在通过的情况下 you will show a bigger over estimate here
产生更夸大的估计 than if I don't make you fail at a task
这是为什么呢？ Why?
是因为你试图在某种程度上让自己感觉更好些 Because you are trying to make yourself feel better at some level
所以你无法用认知方面的原因 So you cannot explain that one
很好地解释这一点 in the cognitive terms so easily
不过 我还想向你们展示 But I want to show you a study
一项关于动机原因的研究 that is also motivational
据我所知 这项研究要更为新颖 更为创新 That is a sort of newer, flashier study
很难从认知角度着手解释 that really cannot be explained cognitively as far as I can tell
我要介绍的是尼克·艾普雷曾做过的一项实验 So this is the study that Nick Epley did
他来自芝加哥商学院 and Nick Epley is a university of Chicago Business School
师从研究比较标准的大卫·达宁 and he was a student of David Dunning who did the standard of
和研究60与80年代音乐的 comparison stuff and Tom Gilovich
那个汤姆·吉洛维奇 who did the 60s and 80s music stuff
噢 所有人都联系到一起了 Oh, it all goes together!
那么在这个实验中 Okay in this study
每个被试者 each subject had a picture of them
自己的照片都被放在正中间 taken and that's this picture here in the middle
并且这张照片按照某种 And that picture was morphed together with what was decided to
吸引人和不吸引人的标准变形了 be an attractive and unattractive face
所以就是被试者的照片不断变化 And so your picture as a subject gets morphed
正中间是他们真实的样子 your actual picture is here in the middle
这里是你的照片 And here is a picture with you
这边是你10%接近迷人状态的照片 and 10 percent of the more attractive person
这是20% 一直到50% 20 percent, so on up to 50 percent
另外一个方向是同样的道理 And they do the same thing in the other direction
并且这个实验也超级简单 And this study is incredibly simple
他们会打乱次序 You are presented with these faces
随意向你展示这些不同的照片 in some random configuration
你被要求从中挑选出你自己的照片 and you are asked to pick which one is actually you
哪个才是你的脸 Which one is your actual face
他们发现了 平均下来 And what they find is that, on average
这个代表选择自己照片的人 有一些人选对了 this is their actual picture, you get some people picking that
但是请注意 But look you get almost no one
几乎没有人选择被丑化的照片 picking over here where you are morphed
觉得那是自己 at all with the negative face
而很多人选出了美化过的照片 And lots of people pick faces that are morphed in with
认为是真实的自己 the more attractive face
好吧 这些人确实说了 嘿 那是我 Okay, so these people are literally just saying, that's me
但其实不是 And it is not
那些是他们原本的照片经过美化的结果 it is them plus an attractive face morphed in
我们觉得很好笑 但这些人也可能是你们 We giggle this but those people are you
对的 那很有趣 Yep that's funny too
我想花更多时间来谈一下自我处理过程中的 Ok so I want to spend some more time talking about
动机性原因 kind of the motivational side of self processing
实际上今天课程 And specifically kind of the major topic
围绕的主题就是自尊 for today's lecture is Self-Esteem
也是自我最基本的动机因素 which is sort of the most fundamental motivational aspect of the self
我们有多喜欢我们自己？ How much do we like ourselves?
自尊的意思是尊重自己 Self-esteem literally means, esteem for the self
自尊在字面上的意思是带着尊敬看待自己 and an esteem literally means to regard with respect
所以意思是你有多喜欢你自己 So it is how much do you like yourself
有多么尊重自己 how much do you respect yourself?
倘若你做关于自尊的调查问卷的话 And if you ever take a self-esteem questionnaire
这些肯定也是你会碰到的问题 these are exactly the kinds of questions that you get
你如何评价自己 How much do you value yourself?
这实在是很怪异 This is bizarre!
怪异的是我们对自己进行评价 It is bizarre that we have an opinion about ourselves
首先呢 如果是关于我们自身价值的问题的话 First of all we are the last person who should be you know
我们是最不应该被问到的人 asked to generate an opinion of our own worth
这就像是当你属于比赛里其中一队时 That's like going to a player on any team
被问到你认为你的队伍有多好 and saying you know, how good is your team?
问这种问题毫无意义 And taking that as a meaningful estimate of anything other than just
只会得到 他们想说和希望在未来成真的回答 what the player wants to say or hopes is true or hopes is true someday
这就像是去那些银行问他们 It is like going to all the investment banks and saying
你们银行好不好一样 how good of a bank are you?
我们不相信自己为自己回答问题的人 We don't trust them to answer for themselves
我们希望有别人从侧面做出评价 We want somebody else to go in there and do the assessment
但是我们常把注意力放在自尊上 But we focus a lot on our own self-esteem
我们被驱使着拥有强烈的自尊心 We are motivated to have high self-esteem
我们被驱使着去喜欢我们自己 We are motivated to like ourselves
虽然听起来奇怪可是是真的 which is weird, right
那很怪异 That's weird
因为我们并不是被驱使着去做一个好人 we are not necessarily motivated to be a good person
我们被驱使着去认为自己是一个好人 We are motivated to think we are a good person
这两个不是一回事 Those are not the same thing
坏人实际上认为他们自己是好人 Bad people typically think they are good people
所以我们在成长中一直被塑造成 So we are built to make sure
认为自己是好人的人 we think we are good people
而且当然 如果你的成长经历是这样的话 and of course if you are built that way
所有的偏见就很容易 then it is easy for it to be all sorts of biases
隐藏在你的动机里 that creep in motivationally
使你认为自己是好人 to make us think we are good people
一旦认为自己是好人比成为好人更重要 If what is important to think you are good rather than to be good
一切都变得很简单了 well that's a lot easier
成为一个好人很困难 Being good, that's hard
需要时时的付出和努力 takes a lot of work, lot of effort, all the time
而认为自己是好人 我只需要欺骗自己一次 Thinking I am good, I just have to trick myself once
那就够了 我就满意了 I am done, I am good
学生:我认为很多人都有低自尊 Student: I believe there are a lot of people who have low self-esteem
教授:真的吗？ Prof: Really?
要知道其实真正低自尊的人很少 You see actually there are very few people who have low self-esteem
有两种方法检测是否是低自尊 so there are two ways to think about low self-esteem
一种是 这里有所有人 这边的是高自尊的人 One is, here is everybody, here's the people of high self-esteem
这边的人处于自尊评价比较低的位置 Here is the people who are on the low end of the spectrum
根据某种变量 Now on any variable you are going to
你能得出这些人的分布 get a distribution of people across the variable
有的人归为高自尊 有的人被归为低自尊 There is going to be people of the high end and the low end
那么当然我们就可以说 So of course we can say
如果我们把中间当做分界点的话 if we split it right at the middle
那么这一半是高自尊的人群 we can say half the people have high self-esteem
这一半就是低自尊的人群了 and half the people have low self-esteem
我们可以那样做 So we could do that
我们可以用任何我们想要的方式来定义 we can define that anyway we want
这种方式其实并不是很有说服力 That doesn't actually get us very far
取而代之 我们可以用另一种方法检测 But if instead we say, take a one item self-esteem measure
你有多喜欢你自己？ How much do you like yourself?
好的 这一题可以从1到7分选择打分 Okay, one item scored from 1 to 7
高自尊的人通常给他们自己 People who have high self-esteem
在这一题打6分或7分 will typically give themselves a six or a seven on that item
而低自尊的人通常给自己4分或5分 People, who have low self-esteem, will give themselves a four or a five
几乎没有人给1 2 3分 Almost no one says one, two, three
客观来说 几乎所有人 So if we think about it in some objective sense
对自己喜欢的程度在中间 almost everyone says that I am at the midpoint
或者达到更高的程度 or higher in terms at how much I like myself
我们谈论的情况是在排除临床诊断 So in terms of that, if we are not talking about
有抑郁症的人群的情况下发生的 individuals who are clinically depressed
如果我们讲一般的人群分布的话 If we are talking about the normal distribution
300人的群体 we are talking about this group of 300 people
会有95%的人会给自己4分及以上 95 percent of the people in here will give themselves a four or higher
而且我敢说有85%的人 And I would guess 85 percent
会给他们自己五分或更高 would give themselves a five or higher
不管是什么原因 我们都被塑造成了这个样子 We are built that way for one reason or another
我的问题是 Now the questions
也许我应该谨慎使用"塑造"这个词 I should be cautious in my use of built
因为一直有争论说这个概念 because there are debates about
在不同文化背景下是否仍然适用 how culturally universal this is
但我认为现在已经有证据 And I think the evidence currently comes down
证明那是适用的 on the side that it is culturally universal
只是运用的形式不太一样 but the form that it takes is different
在美国 我们通常说 我很棒 So in America, we say, I am great
在欧洲 抱歉 在东亚一些国家 And in Europe, I am sorry, in Eastern Asian countries
人们总说我在一个优秀的团队里 there is a tendency to say I am a part of great groups
我不需要讲任何关于我自己的事 I don't have to say anything about myself
我只用说我是一个伟大团队的一份子 I just say I am part of great groups
但是如果你是精英团队的一份子 But if you are a part of great groups
而这个团队又是你生存的文化下所倍加推崇的 then groups are part of a sort of analysis that your culture values
那就像是在说 嘿 我很棒 That's like saying, hey I am great
我进入了精英团队 I got into great groups
所以是存在 so there are different manifestations of
对积极的自我尊重的需求的解释的 this sort of need for positive self regard
尽管外界一直争论不休 but that is still out there being debated
有人还有问题 There was another question over here
一样的 好的 Same, okay
没有了？好的 No? Okay
所以我们了解了人们希望有高自尊 So we know that people want to have high self-esteem
我认为客观来说 I think objectively speaking
大多数人都有高自尊 we can say that most people have high self-esteem
而且我在之后谈到的 "低自尊" And whenever I talk about low self-esteem for the rest of lecture
都是指代那些在7分满分情况下 I am referring to those people
给自己4或5分的人 who gave themselves fours and fives on a seven point scale
在剩下的时间里 I am going to call those folks
我会称呼他们是低自尊的人群 low self-esteem for the rest of the time
再来讲讲自尊 I talk about self-esteem
你们还是要记住 他们并不是真的低自尊 But just remember, they are not really low
他们更像是处于中等自尊水平 They are more like middle self-esteem
几乎所有人身上都会出现 There is high and middle self-esteem
高自尊和中等自尊的情况 for almost everyone
那么我们可以问自己 So we can ask ourselves
自尊能为我们带来什么 what does self-esteem do for us
我要这么努力去得到它？ that we work so hard to get it?
我们真的非常努力去使自己给人留下正面的印象 We work really hard to see ourselves in a positive light
在我看来很多情况下 甚至超过了 Harder than we work to be good
我们想要成为更优秀的人所付出的努力 people I think in a lot of cases
所以自尊能为我们带来什么？ So what does self-esteem do for us?
关于自尊的价值以及自尊给我们带来的东西 Any thoughts on why it is worth having self-esteem
任何人有任何想法吗？ and what it gets you if you have it?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你说什么？ Prof: What's that?
如果你有高自尊的话人们会更尊敬你 So people respect you more if you have high self-esteem
我觉得那是对的 I think that's right
你这样说是想表达什么意思？ so what do you mean by that?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:就像为什么 比如坐在你旁边的女生 Prof: Like why, so you know, like the woman sitting next to you
如果她有高自尊的话 if she has high self-esteem
你为什么会更加尊敬她？ Why do you respect her more?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你说什么？ Prof: What's that?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:好的 Prof: Ok, you know we think that if somebody
如果一个人自己都不尊敬自己 hasn't thought positively of themselves
为什么我要尊敬他 why should I think positively of them
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:啊 我们希望自己被别人喜欢 Prof: Ah, we want to be liked
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:对 所以这就证明了 Prof: Right, so this is one of these cases
自尊有时能转变成 where self-esteem may turn out to be
一个非常矛盾 超出想象的心理学现象 a very paradoxical, unexpected, psychological phenomenon
杜克大学的马克·里亚利 So Mark Leary, is of Duke University
在维克森林大学的时候 and he was actually Tim Duncan's teacher
曾是蒂姆·邓肯的老师 when he was at Wake Forest
他们还曾共同发表过一篇论文 They published a paper together
不管蒂姆·邓肯在哪个地方 蒂姆·里亚利 And whenever Tim Duncan is in whatever town, Tim Leary
抱歉不是蒂姆·里亚利 sorry not Tim Leary
我搞混了 是马克·里亚利 now I have just lost it, Mark Leary
蒂姆·里亚利可能是别的什么名人 Tim Leary would be doing other things
马克·里亚利都会去捧场 Mark Leary is in
并且买场边的位子看马刺队比赛 Mark Leary gets court side seats for Spurs games
蒂姆·邓肯也是NBA里唯一 Only NBA player
一位发表过社会心理学论文的球星 to ever publish a social psychology paper
这是题外话了 Anyway
马克·里亚利提出这么一个惊人的假设 So Mark Leary had this amazing hypothesis
我觉得很惊人 I think it's amazing
这是非常反直观的理论 it is very counter-intuitive
不过我认为它是正确的 But I think it is probably right
他把他的假设叫做 And he called this hypothesis
自尊的社会性测量假设 The Sociometer hypothesis of self-esteem
这个社会测量性假设理论可以让我们联系到 And the sociometer hypothesis refers back to
前几节课讲的内容 the last couple of lectures
他说 事实上我们遵循的是其他人的社会准则 He said essentially, we carry around other society standards
这里指广义的其他人 the generalized other
一旦我们符合这些标准 So if we meet those standards
就代表着我们将会被 it means we are probably going to be accepted
社会上的其他人所接受 by those other people in society
换句话说 In other words
我的自尊代表了我是否符合 my self-esteem reflects whether I am matching
其他人所设立的标准 the standard that the generalized other
因此我的自尊表示了 And my self-esteem therefore is a proxy for how much
我认为我会被社会上其他人喜欢 I think I will be liked
接受和尊重的程度 accepted and valued by other people in society
所以事实上 So it's actually
这不仅仅是衡量我如何看待自己的方法 a measure of not just of what I think of myself
也是我对别人怎么看自己的 but my best estimate of what I think
最好的估计 other people are going to think of me
它预示着我们是否认为自己受到别人的喜爱 It's a predictor of whether or not we think we are likable to others
而不仅仅是暗示我们自己是否受到自己的喜爱 not just to our self
现在 这个假设最震撼的地方在于 Now, what is so striking about this hypothesis is
这跟常人思考自尊的时候 this is not what almost of what anyone thinks of
想到的东西完全不一样 when they think of self-esteem
我们不认为我们需要自尊的原因是因为 We don't think that the reason we want self-esteem is
它是我们受到他人欢迎程度的估计 because it is an estimate of how much other people like us
我们想的是这是个很个人的东西 We really think it is a personal thing
只是关于我有多喜欢自己 just about how much I like myself
并且希望更喜欢自己 and I want to like myself more
但是如果其最终目的是让我更喜欢我自己的话 But why would it matter if I liked myself more if
这又有什么意义 that was the end in itself
可如果自尊是在告诉我们 If it's telling us
我们被别人喜爱和接受的程度的话 how much we are liked and accepted by others
那么 天哪 这个就显得相当重要了 geez, it is really important
因为被他人接受意味着 Because being liked an accepted by others determines
你是否会被选中去参赛 whether or not you are going to get picked last for the game
或者你是否会被选中可以吃到食物 or you are going to be picked last to eat the food
过去的部落里就是这样做的 that the tribe brought back for today
你有可能整晚都饿肚子 and maybe you won't get to eat it at all tonight
想想一两万年的社会而不是现在 thinking ten, twenty thousand years ago, not this week
在我们人类进化的过程中 But when we evolved, knowing that you are accepted
你是否被部落或群体其他人接受和尊重 and valued by the rest of the group by the tribe
在很大程度上决定了你的生活质量 was hugely determinative of how good your life was going to be
所以自尊 如果存在一个广义上的其他大众的话 And so self-esteem, if you have a generalized other
自尊是衡量你自己 self-esteem is a way of assessing whether you are doing
是否在做能让 the kinds of things relative to
广义大众喜欢并尊重你的事 that generalized other to get you to be liked and valued by others
由于很难知道其他人真正在想什么 Because it is hard to know what others actually think a lot of the time
所以自尊可以当做人们想法的代言人 And so this maybe gets used as a proxy for that
关于这个假设的数据非常地复杂 Now the data that speaks for the hypothesis is really complicated
跟我以往向你们展示的那些 and is not the same kind of straight-forward data
直观的数据毫不相同 that I tried to show you
所以我今天就不展示了 So I am not going to show you the data
我认为这些数据 I think the data does a reasonably good job of establishing
很有力地支持了这个理论 the sociometer hypothesis
至少能解释大部分关于自尊的推论 at least part of the story of what self-esteem is
如果你们对那很感兴趣的话 And if you are interested in that
我可以告诉你们论文的名字 I can point you to the paper
你们自己看马克·里亚利的理论 so you can just look up Mark Leary
不过我还是认为他的想法非常令人瞩目 But I think that is a really compelling idea
而且我不打算展示的那些数据 and the data that I am not going to show you
也相当有说服力 is at least reasonably convincing
这就是我想说的 That is what is going on
另外一个认为自尊 Another idea that is sort of a more personally
更像是强调个人的意见是 focused idea for self-esteem
自尊帮助我们克服障碍 is that self-esteem helps us cope
如果我们做某件事失败了 That when we fail at something
我们会想自己是一个失败者 maybe we sort of think about ourselves
或者这只是一个偶然的失误 and think am I a failing kind of person or is this an aberration
我应该从地上爬起来继续努力 Should I get up off the floor and keep going
因为我知道我下次能做得更好 because I know I can do better than this or yeah
或者那就是我 我就是怎么都做不好 is that just me, I don't do that well at things
所以你知道这样其实也说得通 So you know this kind of makes sense
所以你喜欢自己的程度的估计 And so your estimate of sort of how much you like yourself
你认为自己很好或者能做好事情的程度 how much you think you are sort of good and good at things in general
都能帮助你面对逆境 can help you persist in the face of failure
并从负面事件中恢复过来 and recover from negative events
我现在要给你们展示 So I am going to show you
几个能证实这些说法的研究 a number of studies that speak to some of these kinds of issues
首先是在我们学校取得博士学位的乔纳森·布朗 So this first study that was done by Jonathan Brown
和雪莉·泰勒一同做的研究 who got his PhD here with Shelley Taylor
和我之前讲过的很多实验一样 这个实验也是 And in this study and lots of studies I am going to show you
请被试来 然后给他们不同的反馈 People come in and they get some kind of feedback
他们给被试者一些测试 Either they are told something positive about themselves
比如字谜 or something negative
然后故意操纵测试结果 they are given some kind of test, like an anagrams test
从而给出肯定或否定的反馈 which is rigged for them to either succeed or fail
实验内容不重要 For these studies it doesn't matter
重点是实验里有一个威胁条件 all that matters is there is a kind of a threat condition
你可能会被告知你在某一方面表现很差 or you are told something negative about yourself you did poorly
另一方面还有个控制条件 And there is usually some control condition
它是中立或者正面的 比如告诉你你成功了 which is either neutral or positive, you succeeded
Lo SE代表低自尊 Hi SE代表高自尊 And then Lo SE is low self-esteem, Hi SE is high self-esteem
你会在我展示的图表里经常看到它们 that will be on lots of these figures that I am going to show you
你在这里看到的代表 And what you see here is
当两种人获得正面反馈时 when people get positive feedback
比方他们被告知字谜做对了 they were told they succeeded at an anagrams test
他们高兴的程度是一样的 it makes them about the same level happy
不管他是高自尊还是低自尊 regardless of whether they've high or low self-esteem
这个现象也很真实 And this is a generally true thing
自尊并不影响人们 Self-esteem does not affect how people
获得正面反馈时的感受 feel when they get positive feedback
他们得到的感受是一样的 they feel about the same
每个人都喜欢得到正面反馈 everyone likes getting positive feedback
但是当他们得到的是负面反馈时 But when they get negative feedback
你会看到这两组人有着很大的差异 this is where you see divergence between the two groups
所以每个人获得负面反馈时心情都会糟糕一些 So everyone feels a bit worse when they get a negative feedback
但低自尊者比高自尊者 but the low self-esteem folks show a much bigger drop in happiness
情绪低落得更厉害 than the high self-esteem folks
高自尊者似乎 The high self-esteems folks either seem
更擅长于维持积极情绪 better at maintaining their positive
也许是依靠迅速重建积极情绪做到的 feelings of maybe at restoring them quickly
我们不清楚 从这个图里看不出来 we don't know, we cannot tell from this
因为这个数据是在给出负面反馈之后 because this measure came a few minutes
几分钟内得到的 after they were given the negative feedback
学生:自尊的功能跟缓冲器一样吗？ Student: Self-esteem be like a buffer?
教授:自尊会发挥缓冲器的功效吗？ Prof: Would self-esteem be like a buffer?
这绝对算是个假设 That is definitely the hypothesis here
也是很多假设当中的一种 And it is one of multiple hypotheses
假设自尊能够使你 But the idea is that high self-esteem
从负面事件中缓过来 may buffer you against negative events
你可能会这么说 这只是一件小事 Or you might just say well that's just one thing
我知道我整体上能力很强 but I know I am good in general
所以为什么我要那么在意 So why should I be so concerned about
这一件事呢？ sort of this one thing that happened?
那只是一件微不足道的事 沧海一栗罢了 That's just one thing, that's a drop in the bucket
所以这就是高自尊者 So that's one possible answer to why do high self-esteem folks feel better
比低自尊者在失败后仍感觉良好的可能原因之一 than low self-esteem folks after failure
HSE代表高自尊者 HSE is high self-esteem
我们可以从认知的角度研究 We can look pretty cognitively at
成功或失败之后到底发生了什么 what is going on immediately after success and failure
道奇森和伍德曾做过一个实验 So there was a study done by Dodgson and Wood
他们也是给被试者不同的反馈 where they gave people positive and negative feedback
他们可能在某件事上成功或者失败了 And immediately after they got positive or negative feedback
一旦他们得到了肯定或否定的反馈 they either failed at something or they didn't fail at something
他们就会马上接到一个关于反应时间的任务 They were given a reaction time task
他们在任务中会看到 where they were shown words related to
与他们优点或缺点相关的词 their own strengths and weaknesses
研究者想知道他们的反应时间能有多快 And they had to see how quickly they could recognize those
这个测试运用了接近原则 So the idea is, this gets back to the idea of accessibility
某事与人的意识越接近 the closer something is to that line for consciousness
你对它的反应就越快 the faster you can respond to that thing
但你注意到外界某事时 when you see it out in the world
其实它已经接近你的意识了 because it is already close to consciousness for you, okay
如果我先说了罗密欧 你就会比我没说的情况下 So you recognize the word Juliet faster if I have just said Romeo
更快认出朱丽叶这个词 compared to if I haven't just said Romeo
如果你在脑中已经想到某事的话 So if you got something primed in your mind
你就能在外界更快认出它 you can recognize it faster out in the world
这是他们的研究结果 And what they found
绿色柱状图代表 what we have are in kind of the bright green bars are the condition
他们在反应测试前没有失败 where they didn't fail at something before they did the reaction
蓝色则代表 time test. And then the sort of the clay green bars
他们失败了 you have the conditions where they failed
然后这些反映的都是低自尊者的情况 And these are all low self-esteem folks
有趣的是 So the interesting thing here is
比起失败的情况下 that people are slower to recognize their weaknesses
他们没有失败的时候 if they are low self-esteem folks when they haven't just failed
对他们的弱点反应得慢一些 at something compared to when they have
柱子越短说明反应时间越快 So lower bars are faster
因为这代表反应时间 because this is reaction time so the faster you do it
因此反应越快 柱子越短 The lower your bar
而当他们失败的时候 And when low self-esteem folks fail at something
他们能更快认知到他们的弱点 they get faster at recognizing their weaknesses
意思就是说 What that means is
他们在失败之后自身弱点会特别凸显 their weaknesses become salient for them after failure
这并不会令人太吃惊 And that's not too surprising
这是你在通常情况下都能预料到的结果 This is kind of what you would expect to see happening in general
然而 高自尊者的情况很不一样 The thing is, it is not what happens for high self-esteem folks
高自尊者在他们失败之后 So for high self-esteem folks, right after they fail
或许就在失败几秒后 seconds after they fail
他们的弱点不易被他们觉察到 their weaknesses get less accessible to them
他们的弱点被推到意识之外 They get pushed out of consciousness
被推到意识的很远之外 they get pushed further away from their consciousness
反过来 什么变得更容易觉察到呢？ And instead, what becomes more accessible?
他们的优点 Their strengths
所以他们对那些与自己优点相关的词 So words related to their strengths, they now respond to faster
反应得更快一些 than before they failed
也就是说失败使他们更快联想到自身优点 So failure makes them faster in thinking about their strengths
所以进入他们脑海中的 So what is coming to mind
不必非要是我们大脑意识中的 not necessarily consciously
事先植入的想法 just in a primed accessibility sort of way
失败后进入高自尊和低自尊者 What's coming to mind is different
脑海中的信息很不一样 for the high and low self-esteem folks after failure
失败让低自尊者更加注意到他们的负面属性 Failure makes low self-esteemed folks more primed for their negative
而且一旦进入到想法里 attributes and of course if that what's primed in your mind
就会使他们一直维持负面情绪 that might help maintain that negative mood
因为如果那是你最容易联想到的事情的话 Because if that is what you think of easily
你就无法摆脱这种坏情绪 that is not going to help you get out of the mood
但是如果你有高自尊的话 But if you have high self-esteem
当你失败之后你想到更多的会是自己的优点 having your strengths come to mind when you fail
这能促使你得到情绪的缓冲 may help buffer you and get you back into
并且让你更快恢复到正面的态度上来 请说 a more positive frame of mind. Yeah
学生:(听不清)这里有认知差异吗？ Student: (INAUDIBLE) cognitive dissidence here?
教授:噢我不认为那意味着这里存在认知差异 Prof: Oh I don't know that it means there is cognitive dissidence here
这些代表的是 all these means is
就算你在某一件事上失败了 look if you failed at one thing that may or may not be
这也不一定能够证明你这个人怎么样 relevant to saying how you are in general
我们可以客观点说 Like we can say objectively
谁在意字谜测试做对没有 who cares about failing on an anagrams test
那又能说明我怎么样呢 What does that say about me?
好吧 当低自尊者字谜测试做错的时候 Well when someone with low self-esteem fails an anagrams test
他们整体的弱点会首先出现在他们脑海里 their general weaknesses come to mind more
而高自尊者做错了字谜测试 When someone with high self-esteem fails on an anagrams test
他们整体的优点却反而会最先进入到他们脑海 their general strengths some to mind more
所以我认为与其说是个体认知差异 So I don't think it is a dissidence phenomenon
不如说是他们被塑造的结果 so much as just these folks are kind of built
我也真的认为在这个例子里 and I really do think that in this case
我们讨论的就是关于他们被塑造的方式 we are talking about how they are built
这里的塑造的意思是你的DNA And built means, DNA
和社会生活共同影响的结果 and your social life up until that point
但它们会对你产生不同作用 But they change the wiring in you
因此在失败之后某些事情更容易进入你的脑海 such that certain things come to mind more easily after failure
所以这两类人的反应就很不同 and it is different for these two folks
学生:那么高自尊者怎么变成低自尊者呢？ Student: So how does the high self-esteem become low self-esteem?
教授:怎么变成 Prof: How does...
你想变吗？ Are you wanting to?
那么一个人要怎么从高自尊转换成低自尊呢？ So how do I go about becoming one of these low self-esteem folks?
我不知道他们是怎么做的 I don't know that they do
我不知道高自尊者 I don't know that high self-esteem folks
通常是怎么转变成低自尊者的 typically do become low self-esteem folks
所以关于自尊呢…… So things like your self-esteem...
这个 我应该怎么跟你们说呢 真困扰 this is, how should I tell you this, kind of disturbing
我在25岁的时候听到这个 I heard this when I was 25 and it really kind of upset me
什么意思呢 What does that mean?
我40年前大概25岁 你们可能没有什么概念 I was 25 like 40 years ago, that doesn't mean anything to you
我25岁的时候连彩色电视机都还没有问世 Didn't even have colour TV when I was 25
他们说你27岁时的性格和自尊 So your personality, your self-esteem measured at age 27 is almost
基本上可以预测你到81岁时的性格和自尊 a perfect predictor of your personality and self-esteem at age 81
有少量纵向研究证实过 There are a bit studies done, longitudinal studies done
常常让人错误认为 which the wrong take home message that we took home
我们在25岁的时候 and we found this out when we were 25 was that
知道这些那么我们还有两年时间来修正 we got 2 years to fix ourselves
我们不应该这样理解 That's not really the message
不过这些特质很有可能已经确定下来了 it's probably fixed
但是你的这些特点 But the idea is that
在15岁和27岁时候的稳定性是不同的 it is not as fixed when you are 15 as when you are 27
当你27岁的时候 When you are 27
你已经受到社会的影响太深 you are pretty far into the social world where
有可能余生都会保持稳定的性格和自尊状况 you are probably going to live in for most of the rest of your life
所以我不认为你会发现 So I don't think you get many cases of people with very high
很多高自尊者转变为低自尊者的例子 self-esteem becoming folk with a very low self-esteem
还有人对于这一点有疑问吗？ Any other questions on this?
好的 Okay, so these are the conclusions from that study
这里是我刚才讲的那个实验的结论 and I have gone through these
失败使高自尊者更易感知到他们的优点 Failure for high self-esteem folks makes their strengths
而更不易感知到他们的缺点 more accessible their weaknesses more remote and this may aid
这可以帮助你恢复信心 in recovery and might buffer you against the negativity
并从失败的阴影中得到缓冲 of what you have just found out about failing at something
这可以避免反省沉思 And it may prevent rumination
因为你的大脑接收到正面的而不是负面信息 because your mind tends towards the positive rather than the negative
而低自尊者则倾向于思考 Folks with low self-esteem, their mind tends towards
他们的负面特征 negative attributes of themselves
更容易引起他们的沉思反省 which may promote rumination
使他们沉浸在消极情绪当中 which may keep them in a more negative mood
这个我已经讲过一点了 Now I've sort of addressed this a bit
我还想让你们稍微思考一下 but I just want you to think a little bit
这些事物之间的相互作用 about the correlational nature of what I am showing you
和内在联系 and the circularity of it
在失败之后高自尊者真的 Is it, that if you have high self-esteem you'd feel better
就比低自尊者感觉更加良好吗 about yourself after failure than if you have low self-esteem
或者这样说 如果你是那种经历了失败 Or is it the case, that you are the kind of person
仍然能积极看待自己的那类人 who thinks better about yourself after failure
你就能说 我有自尊 you are the kind of person who then says
我是高自尊者吗 I have self-esteem, high self-esteem
你可以从任一角度进行思考 You could think about this in either way
我觉得它们最终是密不可分的 And ultimately I don't know that you can tease them apart
但我们更倾向于认为如果你有自尊 but we tend to think that if you have self-esteem
或者简单地是那种说自己喜欢自己的人 or if just got someone to say they like themselves
那么这些好处就会在他们身上体现出来 that these benefits would accrue to them
但是我并不确信这是真的 But I don't know that that is true
我怀疑 鉴于在道奇森和伍德的研究里 My suspicion is that most people have cognitive biases
很多人都存在认知偏差 like the ones shown in this Dodgson and Woods study
而可能正因为这些认知偏差 And it is because of these biases that we end up saying
导致人们会说 我多少还是喜欢我自己的 I like myself more or less
如果你总能保持开朗的心境 If you are always in a good mood
而那是由认知机制造成的 because you have cognitive mechanisms that support that
然后当你审视自身的时候 then when you think about yourself
你可能会说我比那些 you might say I like myself more than someone
由于认知机制而总处于否定或中立情绪的 who has cognitive mechanisms that tend to
人们更喜欢自己 keep them more often in negative or neutral moods
学生:有没有办法使低自尊者 Student: Can you prime someone with low self-esteem
拥有高自尊呢？ to have high self esteem?
教授:有没有办法使 Prof: Can you prime someone with
低自尊者拥有高自尊呢？ low self-esteem to have higher self esteem?
你可能能够暂时地做出一些小的改变 I mean that you can probably temporarily create some minor shifts
我没听说过有谁能产生永久性的改变 I don't know if anyone has shown indolent changes
而且现在还不清楚 And again it is not clear
你是否能让某人更喜欢自己 whether you get someone to like themselves more
是否能够让这些人 whether you get all the benefits
因为这样带来的好处自然而然地更喜欢自己 that support the natural liking of oneself more
这是我今天准备的最后几张幻灯片 So this is sort of the last slides I have on here
这有点像 好的我举个例子 but it is a little bit like saying
就像我油箱里有油 okay, I got gas in the tank
这个认知机制就是我油箱里的油 And all these cognitive mechanisms are my gas in the tank
使我能够在马路上行驶 that allow me to sort of navigate the world
也就是让我对自己感觉良好 and feel good about myself
让自己能在经历负面事件后重拾信心 Feel sort of like recover from negative events and things like that
然后我的车上也有油表 But then in the car itself I have the gas gauge
上面的刻度显示我的油还剩多少 that tells me how far my gas tank is
是满的还是空的 you know towards empty or full
自尊就好比是油表 Self-esteem is kind of like the gas gauge
拥有这些认知机制就好比你真的拥有一个油箱 And having these mechanisms or maybe like the actual gas tank
问题是 如果某人把油表上的刻度 So the question is, if somebody goes in and pushes the needle
拨到油满那里 on the gas tank up to full
那能代表你的油真的重新加满了吗？ does that mean you are any more full?
不 这不可能 No, it doesn't work that way, right
所以你可以拨动油表的刻度 So you could push the needle on the gas tank
你可以在仪器上动手脚 You can trick the meter
但那不代表你真的有满箱的油 but that doesn't mean you get any of the benefits of
可以跑 having a naturally occurring full tank
我觉得这个跟我马上要说的话题也很有关联 So I think that's kind of one of the issues that comes up
这跟教育是一样的道理 And this really comes because of issues related to education
我们到底是否应该 and whether or not we should be trying to sort of take our kids
把孩子的油表拨到最满格去呢？ and push their gas meter up to the top of the charts
这依赖于你对自尊作用和运作的理解 And then depends on how you think self-esteem does and how it works
我们回头再讲 but we will come back to that
还有另一个相似的研究 Here is another sort of similar study
在这个实验当中 In this study, people were made to succeed or fail
你会在字谜测试之后被告知测试的结果 said in an anagrams test
然后就会被问到 你可以看一下这个吗 and then they were asked, would you like to watch this...
然后你就在剩下的时间里观看一个录像 so you have to watch a video for the next portion of the study
你是愿意看有趣的喜剧 Would you like to watch this funny comedy video
还是看一些平淡甚至无趣的录像呢？ or do you want to watch some neutral, non-funny, non-interesting video
人们发现 And what you see is that
高自尊者在被宣告失败之后 high self-esteem folks seem to appreciate that after failure
他们似乎更愿意看一些有趣 something that is funny
能够分散注意力的录像 and especially distracting is something
来帮助他们恢复心情 that will help restore their mood
那么高自尊者就说 So high self-esteem folks say
给我看点有趣的东西吧 give me the funny video
特别在我失败之后 especially if I have just failed at something
然后低自尊者则会说 And low self-esteem folks say
我情绪不佳 我不要看好笑的东西 I do not want that funny video if I am in a bad mood
他们说 不 我很好 They say, no, I am good
我就打算沉浸在这个坏情绪里面 I am going to stay in this negative mood right now
不要给我任何能让我摆脱这种情绪的东西 and don't get me anything that might get me out of it
你们看这里是低水平选择 So here sort of this low level choice
这里还有另一个关于低水平选择的例子 Here is another low level choice
我觉得跟前者的效果是一样的 that I think seems to have similar effects
人们在成功或失败之后 So people were given an opportunity to volunteer and help someone else
获得一个自愿帮助他人的机会 after they succeeded or failed at something
你们看这个例子里的结果与前者是相仿的模式 And you see the same pattern here
高自尊者显然知道 Folks with high self-esteem seemed to at least
帮助别人是让自己感觉 implicitly know that helping someone else
更良好的有效方法之一 is one of the best ways to make yourself feel better
帮助别人能让你感觉非常好 Helping someone else makes you feel good
高自尊者在失败之后 People with high self-esteem
增加了帮助他人的概率 increase their volunteering rate when they fail
因为他们需要激励 when they are in need of a boost
而低自尊者在情绪低落的时候更不愿意去 Folks with low self-esteem are less likely to help someone else
帮助他人 When they are in a negative mood
所以 高自尊者对自己持更有利的观点 So, folks with high self-esteem have more favourable self views
并且更擅长于维持或恢复 and they seem to be better at maintaining and restoring
这种观点 these favourable self views
经历失败之后 After failure
他们会对自身产生更多的正面看法 more positive self thoughts are salient for them
他们面对失败的时候更能坚持下来 They persist more in the face of the failure
我应该没有给你们看那一张幻灯片 I actually showed you the slide on that that I used to show
更有动力去恢复他们的情绪 More motivated to restore their mood
并且更愿意帮助他人 and more willing to help
那么这里提出问题 这个是怎么回事？ So apart from the question of why did this happen
这跟我在课前在自己电脑上看到的不一样啊 Because that is not what looked like on my computer before class
那个字下面写的是 不知道你们看不看得清楚 But that says underneath it, if you can actually read what it says there
下面写的是 高自尊会一直产生良好的影响吗？ It says, is high self-esteem always a good thing?
有一个原因能证明 And one reason it might not be
那就是高自尊常常造成过高的标准 is because it creates a high standard to be maintained
如果你有高自尊的话 If you have high self-esteem
你会认为好事 then you think you are the kind of person
永远会发生在你身上 that good things should be always happening to
你总是能赢 who should be always winning
总是能成功 who should be always succeeding at things
如果你对自己的期望不怎么高的话 If you have low expectation of yourself
就算你没有成功 给你带来的冲击也不会很大 when you don't succeed, it is less of a shock to the system
鲍麦斯特和托德·赫塞顿曾做过一系列研究 So Roy Baumeister, Todd Heatherton had done a series of studies
他们探索了关于高自尊的阴暗面 where they looked at sort of the dark side of high self-esteem
这个鲍麦斯特就是那个提出 This is the same Roy Baumeister with
关于自我的经典理论的鲍麦斯特 the historical theory of the self
他从科学的角度剖析了人格 but in his purely scientific persona
他做的实验和我之前讲到的很相似 So what he did similar to other studies I have shown you
他对某些人的自尊做出威胁暗示 He threatens some people
故意使他们失败 so he makes them fail
告诉他们在某件事上表现得多么糟糕 and tells them they are bad at something
或者保持中立 没有威胁也没有失败 or just neutral, no threat, no failure
只是高自尊者和低自尊者 High and low self-esteem
然后他给这些被试者一个机会去玩 And then after this he gives them an opportunity
一个赌博游戏 to play this gambling game
这个游戏有冒险 And the gambling game kind of has a risky
和不冒险的玩法 and non risky strategy that you can play on any trial
我的意思是赌博游戏总会有风险的 I mean there is always risk involved
但是有一个更冒险的玩法 but there is a riskier
和一个不那么冒险的玩法 and a less risky strategy
他要研究的是他们能赢多少钱 And what he looks at is essentially how much money they win
我记得他们应该是用硬币或者类似的东西来玩的 I think they were playing with nickels or something like that
这里表示有个人在五分钟的游戏时间结束之后 And this is like someone winning two dollars and eighty cents
赢得了2块80分 at the end of like the five minute gambling period
他发现 关键点在于 So what he finds, the critical thing on here
高自尊的人在经过自尊的威胁暗示之后 is that folks with high self-esteem who just had their ego threatened
输光了所有的钱 lose all their money
自尊受到威胁的高自尊者在赌博的时候 Threatened high self-esteem folks are not the people you should be
你最好不要把钱押在他的身上 betting your money on when they are betting
因为他们把所有的钱都押进去了 Because they bet all their money away
奇怪的是 我不认为实验者很看重这一点 And strangely, I don't think they have a great story for this
那就是低自尊者受到自尊的威胁之后 low self-esteem folks make a ton of money
居然赢了大笔的钱 when they have been ego threatened
有任何关于高自尊者 Any guesses as to why the high self-esteem folks
最后只赢这么点钱的猜想吗？ end up down here?
他们为何输得更多 后面的同学请说 Well, they have more to lose. In the back
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你认为是他们的自尊心膨胀 Prof: So their self-esteem is inflated
那这个跟赌博有什么关系呢？ and what does that do in terms of the gambling?
我认为是这样子的 So I think what happens here
这些高自尊者感觉很受伤 these folks with high self-esteem are hurting
因为他们过去总是自我感觉良好 because they are so used to feeling good about themselves
而一旦得知关于他们自己负面的信息 that being told something negative
他们会觉得更受伤 about themselves hurts more momentarily
他们能做的就是 And so what they are doing is
观察周围的环境 they are scanning their environment in some way
设法使他们自己能够感觉好一点 to make themselves feel better okay?
我们知道他们愿意通过帮助别人 We saw that they are willing to help someone more
来使自己感觉好一点 because that is one way of making yourself feel better
还有另外一个方法就是通过赌博来赢很多钱 But another way to feel better is to win a lot of money at gambling
那很有趣 对吧 that is fun, right
你们或许去过拉斯维加斯 You have been to Vegas
至少在电影上看过别人去那里赌钱 you have at least seen movies with people going to Vegas
赢到大把的钱确实很令人开心 it is fun to win a lot of money
那么似乎利用冒险的玩法 And so what looks like the way to win lots of money
才能赢到大笔的钱 is to take the risky gambling strategy
因为如果你选择了冒险玩法而你又赢的话 Because if you win at the risky gambling strategy
你就能赢到更多的钱 you get more money
但是这个方法有时也不奏效 But of course, risky gambling strategies don't ever actually pay off
运气不好的时候你会输光所有的钱 they lead to you losing all your money
所以当你能赢钱的时候 So will you could win more money
你几乎不会轻易尝试冒险策略 you almost never do when you take risky strategies
然后高自尊者就会说 So the high self-esteem folks say
所有钱押13点 开始吧 put everything on 13, led it ride!
于是他就输掉了所有钱 And then they lose everything
而低自尊者对自身感觉一向不怎么样 The low self-esteem folks aren't feeling good about themselves
你知道的 于是他们决定做保守派 you know what I am just going to be conservative here
我不要那么疯狂 I am not going to go crazy or anything
然后他们反倒赢了很多钱 and they end up winning a whole lot
还有另外一个例子 There is another example
还有一个原因可以解释 another reason why
为什么当高自尊者 you don't want to be around a high self-esteem person
经历了负面事件之后 necessarily right after
你不想待在他们旁边 they have had negative things happen to them
心理学家们 So this, there is a variety of aggression games
曾经引入过很多冒险类游戏 that are used by psychologists
在其中一个游戏里 And in this particular aggression game
你和另外一个被试者坐在测试房间里 what happens is you are in separate testing rooms
你戴着一个耳机 you and another subject, you are wearing
你的面前有一个按钮 headphones and there is a button in front of you
当你们听到耳机传出声音时 And when you here a sound
你们两人要比赛看谁最先按到按钮 the two of you have to race to see who can hit the button first
谁先按了按钮 就赢了这一轮游戏 Whoever hits the button first, wins that round
他就有权利让对方 and they get to administer kind of a loud noise blast
通过耳机听到噪音 into the other person's headphones
你还可以选择噪音持续的时间 And you get to choose, how long
和噪音的种类 and how intense that noise blast is going to be
所以他们邀请那些受到肯定或否定的 So they had folks who were threatened
高自尊者和低自尊者 or praised, low or high self-esteem
大体上没有人真的想要施行 And in general nobody wants to actually give these loud
音量大持续时间又长的噪音惩罚 intense long noise blasts
除了当那些高自尊者的自尊受到否定的情况下 except for folks with high self who have just been threatened
这就像是 如果我能让你受苦的话 And this seems to be case where it is like, if I can make you suffer
和你相比 我当然更棒 relative to you I am doing better
所以我愿意让你受苦来让我自己感觉更好 So I am willing to make you suffer to make myself feel better
这是当高自尊者的自尊心 That's what the folks with high self-esteem do
受到威胁时会做的事 when their ego is threatened
所以为什么高自尊并不总能带来好处呢？ So why isn't high self-esteem always good?
因为受到否定时 There is more pride
他们有更多的自尊和骄傲需要保护 or ego to protect when threatened
当然我们想问 Of course we want to ask
自尊到底会导致帮助他人还是伤害他人？ does self-esteem lead to helping or hurting others?
这两种情形我们都看过了 We've seen both
高自尊者这两件事都会做 High self-esteem folks will do both
而他们这么做的动机依赖于 And what it seems to really depend on is
哪件事在当时让他们 which opportunities are available to them
提升自尊的机会更大 at that moment to raise their self-esteem
所以只要能让高自尊者重拾积极的情绪 So high self-esteem folks will help
不管是帮助他人 伤害他人或是观看有趣的电影 hurt or just watch a funny movie, whatever it is
他们都会去做 that is available to help them restore their mood
所以 我们是否应该提升自己的自尊呢？ So, should we be trying to increase peoples' self-esteem?
我们已经谈过了 Well we have already talked about
这些现象是互相影响的 the fact that a lot of this is co-relational
所以我们并不是很清楚 so we don't really know
这其中到底何为因何为果 what direction the causal effects go in
自尊可能是油表而不是油箱 Self-esteem maybe the gas gauge not the gas tank
所以如果你真正关心的是 So you shouldn't be messing with the gas gauge
油箱你就不要乱动油表 if what you really care is the gas tank
实际上这是在说 Essentially this is saying
我要在不努力去变得更高尚的情况下 I want to increase my self-esteem
提升自尊 without trying to be more esteemable
如果你想要拥有更高的自尊 If you want to have higher self-esteem
那么就变得更高尚 be more esteemable
但是这不是一回事 But these are not the same thing
我们知道有的人很高尚而且我们也觉得 We know people who are very esteemable who we think are amazing
他们很优秀 他们却是低自尊者 who have low self-esteem
而跟高尚二字毫不相关的人 And people who haven't done anything to warrant being esteemed
却拥有高自尊 by others who have very high self-esteem
这个发现很重要 因为在20世纪80年代政府 So this is important because in the 1980s
曾任命一个特别小组来提高国民自尊 there was a government led task force on increasing self-esteem
所有的政治家都说 我们能成功 And there were all these politicians who said, we have got it
如果我们可以提高孩子们的自尊 Ok if we can increase self-esteem in our children
这样就能改善我们的教育 it will improve our education
控制犯罪率 毒品滥用 未成年儿童怀孕率 crime rate, drug abuse, teen pregnancy
这些社会问题全部都能得到清除 it will make all these problems of society go away
但是你应该知道 而且这很重要 But you should know, and this is important
过去二十多年来的 all the best data that has been garnered in the last twenty
研究数据表明 something years to assess whether improving someone's self-esteem
提高某人自尊能带来的好处并不十分确定 actually leads to any benefits, it doesn't, okay
即使你用合理的方式 There is no affect that has been determined
做相关的研究也不会出什么效果 when you do the studies I think in the right way
因为涉及到的研究太复杂 which are complex studies to run
研究里缺乏长期性可观察量和长期效果 There is no long term observable affect
那表明 当你改变了自尊 which suggests, when you change the self-esteem
相当于你伪造了油表 you are fudging the gas gauge
你并没有往油箱里加油 you are not filling the tank
那么你怎么才能给油箱加油呢？ And so how do you fill the tank?
那又是另外一个难题 That is a whole separate hard question
但如果我们只把注意力放在如何弄乱油表的话 But if we are focusing our efforts on messing with the gas gauge
我们不会获得任何效果 that is not really going to get us anywhere
好的 就这样 你们觉得如何 Alright, that's it, how about that!
我没意识到课就这样上完了 I didn't think we would finish that lecture