教授:今天是期中考前最后一堂课 Prof: It's the last day before the midterm
期中考定在周四 大家请早点过来 The midterm is on Thursday, be here bright and early
周四我不在 但助教到时都在 I will not be here on Thursday, but all of the TAs will
一旦有事 助教就能通过电邮 短信 And all of the TAs will be able to email/text/call me so
或电话联系上我 if anything comes up
所以 我仍能远程掌控情形 I will still be able to monitor the situation and basically
定夺裁决 suggest what should happen
虽然说我人不在 But I will not be physically here
很不幸 这也将是我缺席的第一场考试 unfortunately this is the first exam I will ever have missed
我是很想来的 I'd like to be here
那么情况基本就是这样 到时会有助教在 And yeah, so that's the situation, so the TAs will be here and
大家还想了解些什么呢？ what else do you need to know?
昨天复习课上我已经说过了 I said yesterday at the review session
也答应过 复习课视频今天会上线的 which I have been promised will be podcast online today
我还被告知 I have also been told that
今天的课今天下午5点前必须上线 today's lecture will be podcast online by 5 pm today
考试题目共47道 There are 47 questions on the exam
题目考点按各节课 The exam is mostly evenly split
内容平均分配 between each of the lectures from class
全部小考 跟大家读过的小考参考书 All of the sections and the books that you read for sections
全部加起来差不多等同于 altogether essentially account for the equivalent
考试里一课的内容 of one lecture on the exam
今天的课 And today's lecture on
"自我与自控丧失"也会考到 "Losing the Self and Losing Control" is on the exam
但内容不会太多 But it's represented less heavily on the exam
因为是考前才学的嘛 since I am only giving it to you right before the exam
过去两天里 也有人跟我说 I have also had about five people in the last 2 days or so tell me
苹果Mac系统下 课程视频无法播放 that the video podcast don't work if you are on a Mac
显然有人临时抱佛脚 Obviously some of you are going to the video podcast
破天荒头一回跑去看视频了 for the first time right now
我要跟大家说 and what should I tell you is as someone
作为一个购买过无数台苹果电脑的人 who has bought 50 Macs
我上传的视频在Mac in my life, I would never post something online
下是不可能无法播放的 that did not work on a Mac
请大家下载RealPlayer播放器 You just need to download the RealPlayer programme for it
这个软件是免费的 It's a free programme
播客的网站上应该有下载链接 there's probably links on the podcast website
装了RealPlayer 在Mac上应该就没问题了 but you need RealPlayer and then they work just fine on a Mac
还有问题吗？ Any questions about the...
再说下周四考试须知: Just the basics on what you need to know for Thursday
请带一枝2号铅笔 橡皮擦 别带小抄 Bring a No.2 pencil, bring an eraser, don't bring your cheat sheet
差不多就这些了吧 That's kind of all you need to know, right?
还有别的吗？ Anything else?
没了？ No. Ok
上节课 我们讲了自控力 So, last lecture, we talked about self-control
自我意识 客观自我意识 self-awareness, objective self-awareness
今天要讲的内容 and what we are going to talk about today
本该属于上一课的一部分 used to be just part of that lecture
但我从来都讲不完 But I never finished that lecture on time
而且每次又都正好赶上期中考 and it was always right around midterm time
所以我希望有点机动性 把这部分 so I'd like to having the flexibility of taking this piece and
根据具体进度 要么安排在考前 putting it before or after the midterm depending on
要么在考后 how things played out
今天我们不讲自控跟自我意识 So, Instead of talking about self-control and self-awareness today
今天我们要讲自我和自控的丧失 we are going to be talking about losing the self, losing control
今天的课跟上堂课 Obviously in some ways these are the two sides of the same coin:
其实有点像同一枚硬币的两面 today's lecture and the last lecture
比如说 讲客观自我意识时 When we think, for instance, about the objective self-awareness
我们讲到了 we talked about the fact that
当我们的客观自我意识觉醒时 there are different things we can do
可以有不同的一些行为 when we are made objectively self-aware
我们会规范自己的行为 We can bring our behavior in the line with
以符合概化他人(generalized other)对我们的期许 what the generalized other would have us do
比如考试作弊 So if you thinking about cheating on an exam
谁想过作弊呢？ not that anyone's ever thought of such a thing
但如果我们考虑过作弊 But, if we were thinking about such a thing
且对此有自我意识的话 and we are made self-aware
那应付机制之一就是…… One of the ways we can deal with that...
这种负面的自我意识 negative state of self-awareness
类似于"妈妈在背后看着你 并且一直念叨" the sort of the eye of our mother looking over our shoulder saying
"别做坏孩子 别去作弊" "Don't be a bad person don't cheat"
应付负面意识的一种方法就是不去作弊 One of the ways we can deal with that is by not cheating
我们会采取一种符合重要的人的 by engaging in behavior that is consistent with the evaluations
对我们的看法的行为 that we would be getting from those significant others
我们还讲过另一种方法 Ok, another option that we had, that we talked about
那就是"离开有镜子的房间" was leaving the room where the mirror was
韦克郎德教授做过的研究之一就是 So, one of the studies from Wicklund
在房间里的镜子让受试者 was about how quickly did people left the room
自我意识强烈的情形下 where they were confronted with a mirror
受试者会坚持多久再离开房间 that made them feel self aware
除此之外 还有一种方法 But another way we can deal with this
就是通过改变自己的想法 is to actually sort of change what's going on in our own mind
完全抹除掉 such that we no longer feel
自我意识的负面效应 the aversive affects of self-awareness. Ok?
我们可以改变自己的思维 We can change the nature of our thoughts
心智行为的本质 and what our mind is doing
好减少自我反省思考的 such that we are less able or less
能力和几率 likely to engage in self-reflective thinking
减少对自我的思考 评估式思考 about the self, in evaluative thinking about the self
通过改变想法 我们就可以去除 We can essentially make the generalized other and
概化他人 self-awareness go away by changing
与自我意识的影响 what's going on in our minds
若要改变想法 可以有几种方法: We can do this a couple of different ways:
这是做得到的 We can do this and we will talk in more detail
我们呆会再详细讲 about this in just a minute
我们可以通过改变思维的 We can do this by literally changing the focus and nature
焦点和本质 of our thoughts
去关注我们周围发生的事件的细节 to focus on kind of the details of what's going on around us
而非关注事件的意义 rather than kind of the meaning of what's going on
关于这一点 有整整一张幻灯的内容呢 And there will be a whole slide on that
现在可能听起来荒谬 但马上就不荒谬了 so that probably doesn't makes sense yet, but it will
我们可以让自己分神 We can distract ourselves
可以让自己去想别的 we can try to engage in thinking about something else
可以利用"白熊实验" So, if you sort of take the white bear's idea
"红色大众车"的实验 and the red Volkswagen idea which
这个我就不解释了 I shouldn't have to explain
因为大家都读过材料 what that means because you all read that
周四考试 you know that's all fair game
这种东西是很有可能考到的 for something like an exam on Thursday
大家都知道 Then you know
如果我们无法停止对自身作反思的话 that if you are sort of ruminating on yourself
方法之一 就是转换思维 one way to deal with that is to engage your thoughts
想点别的 on something else
也可以改变自我意识的倾向 And we also can change our tendency
或能力 or capacity for self-awareness
怎么做到呢？通过操纵大脑来做到 by basically messing with our brains
药物 酒精 性爱 这些都是非常有效的分心因素 So drugs, alcohol, sex, all of these things are powerful distracters
它们也能改变我们负面自我思考 but they also change our capacity to be thinking about ourselves
负面自我评判的能力 in negative evaluative ways
这三样里的任一样 都能减少反思行为 So, each of these will lead to diminished reflective processing
只要我们不反思 概化他人 and if you are not reflecting
就无法将他们的标准强加于我们 then the generalized other can't be imposing its standards on you
我们的自我感觉就不会变糟糕…… it can't be making you feel bad and...
幻灯片上这最后一点 我们暂且先不讲 I am going to ignore the last bullet point for just a moment
稍后再讲它 I will come back to that
那么这…… So on the...
这里的第一点说 Ok. So, the first bullet point said here
"改变思维本质 关注低层次细节" "changing the nature of thoughts focusing on low level details"
这张幻灯片讲的就是这个 that's what we are talking about here on this slide
这里有两个相互关联的概念 They are two inter-related concepts
分别叫做行为识别 和行为解构 called action identification and deconstruction
行为识别是丹·韦格纳教授的 Action identification is actually
成名概念之一 another one of Dan Wegner's greatest hits
80年代 他跟Robin Vallacher提出了 So back in the 80's, he and Robin Vallacher came up with
"行为识别"这个概念 this concept of action identification
其理念是 同一行为 可分别借由高层次 and the idea is that the same action can be described
中层次 低层次识别用语来描述 in high, medium or low identification terms
他们认为 要描述某事物 And actually they will say there is an infinitive number of ways
方法可以是无穷无尽的 that we can describe something
它的核心是这样的 比如说我坐在电脑前 But the key thing is, let's say that I sit down at my computer
或者说坐在桌边 or let's just say we are sitting at a table
你坐在我对面 然后我做了这么一个动作 you are sitting across from me and you see me do this
哈 大家的头一下都抬起来了 Yeah, you have to look up now
一瞬间 300人同时抬头看我 You see I just saw a wave of 300 heads look up simultaneously
我晃了一下笔 然后我说 You see me do this and I say
你想 或者说我问你 "刚才我干嘛了？" you think yourself or I ask you "what did I just do?"
"我干嘛呢？" or "what am I doing?"
最简单的答案就是 "把笔拿起来" The obvious answer is "picking up my pen"
这种答案属于中层次答案 And that's kind of the medium level answer
也可以用低层次答案来作答 比如 We can also give a very low level answer like
"我动了动胳膊" "I moved my arm"
这用于描述我刚才的行为 That's technically an accurate description of what I just did
技术上是正确无误的 对吧 what did I do?
我动了动胳膊 I moved my arm
我们还可以把层次大大降低 You could also go in at a much lower level
去描述肌肉运动 and describe literally the muscle movements
骨骼运动 物理 力学运动…… the bone movements, the physics, the mechanics...
一路往下 you could go all the way down
同时 也可以将层次提高 On the other hand you could go up higher
可以不说"我把笔拿起来" So instead of just saying, "I picked up my pen"
而说 "准备写东西" Could say, "I am getting ready to write"
这也是对我的行为的一个准确的 同样的描述 That's actually the same, accurate description of what am doing
我在准备写东西 I am getting ready to write
可这跟"我拿起笔"的意义就不一样了 But it has a different significance than saying "I picked up my pen"
拿起笔 可能是为了递给别人 You can pick up your pen in order to hand it to someone
也可以是准备开始写作 you can also pick up your pen in order to start writing
还可以将层次提升到更高 And then you can go up to higher levels
不说"我拿起笔" Instead of saying "I picked up my pen"
也不说"我准备写作" or "I am getting ready to write"
而是说 "我准备写社会心理学的讲稿" You can say "I am preparing to write a lecture for social psychology"
这种说法算正确吧 And that would be accurate
"你干嘛呢？" "what you doing?"
"给社会心理学写讲稿呢" "I am preparing to write a lecture for social psychology"
还可以更宽泛点啊 or you can go even broader than that
可以说 "我备课呢" you can say "I am getting ready to teach"
如果有人问我 "你干嘛呢" My answer to, "what am I doing?" when I do this
我就可以回答 "我备课呢" could be " I am getting ready to teach"
这样一来 我所描述的不是笔 不是别的 And now I am not describing anything about the pen whatsoever
你也不知道我究竟是在写作 思考 and you don't know whether I am writing or thinking
还是整理幻灯片 or putting together slides
但这种描述仍然可说是正确的 but it's still an accurate description that I might give
而且是一种层次很高的描述 And this is very high level description
这是自成一套等级制度的 So there is this whole hierarchy
名唤"行为识别等级体系" what's called the "action identification hierarchy"
同样的行为 可以用完全不同的用语来描述 and we can describe the exact same behavior
从低层次到高层次 in very different terms to the lowest to the highest
无论低层次还是高层次 范围都非常广 And we can keep going further in either direction for quite a while
比如这里给出的例子是 So just the example I gave up there is
如果我在刷牙 if I am brushing my teeth
那我可以说"我在动胳膊呢" I could also say "I am moving my arms"
但我也可以说"我在保持个人卫生" but I could also say "I am maintaining my hygiene"
还可以这么想 So one way to think about these is
比如说任意一个给定层次 "我在刷牙" if you take any given level like "brushing my teeth"
如果问 "你是怎么做的呢"？ If you ask the question "how are you doing that?"
答案肯定属于层次更低的识别 The answer will always be a lower level identification
"我挥动胳膊 把牙刷挤到牙膏上 "I am brushing my teeth by moving my arms
这样来刷牙" by putting toothpaste on the toothbrush"
这肯定属于低层次的识别 Those are always going to be lower level Identifications
反之 如果问 On the other hand, If you ask the question
"你为什么要这么做？" "why are you doing something?"
那么这必然会导向层次更高的识别 That's always lead to a higher level identification
"你为什么要刷牙？" "Why are you brushing your teeth?"
"为了保持个人卫生" "To maintain good hygiene"
问"怎么"会提高层次 "为什么"则降低层次 So, "how" moves you down, "why" moves you up
如果你说 "我借由做A事来实现做B事" If you saying "I did this by doing something else"
比如"我借由挥动胳膊来刷牙" So "I brush my teeth by moving my arm"
"借由"后面跟的一般是层次较低的识别 The thing that follows "by" is a lower level identification
如果换成"为了"呢？ If you are saying "in order to"
"我刷牙是为了保持良好个人卫生" "I brush my teeth In order to have good hygiene"
"为了"后面跟的就是更高层次的识别 That's going from a lower to a higher level identification
一般来讲 In general, human beings prefer to
人偏爱在高层次识别上思考和生活 think and live at higher level identifications
我们自然会趋向中等 高等层次 We tend to go at the medium and high levels
而不太喜欢降到低层次上去 We don't really like going down to the low levels
描述具体的生理 describing our specific physical
手臂动作 身体动作啊 什么的 arm movements body movements and so on
我们做得到 但不喜欢这么干 We can do it but we don't like to
这一点造成的限制是 The limitation or constraint on this
当我们面临新事物时 is that when we are new to something
比如初学打字 初学某项运动的时候 when you are learning how to type
初学做某事的过程中 when you are learning how to play a sport, when you are learning
我们会倾向于 how to do anything for the first time
重点关注低层次识别 you do a lot of focusing on the low level identifications
学打字的时候 我们的注意力集中在 So when you are learning how to type, you focuse on
"挪动手指 放在J键上" "I am moving my finger here and putting it on the J key"
"再次挪动手指 放在D键上" "I am moving my finger here and now am putting it on the D key"
我们的注意力集中在层次很低的识别上 So, you are focused on those very low level Identifications
但随着习得的新技能不断自动化 but as we automate any new skill that we are developing
我们关注的层次也就越来越高 we tend to move up to higher and higher levels
刚学打字时 我的行为 So when I first started typing
可能识别层次非常低 I was doing something that I identified at a very low level
主要去关注手指挪动 移动到正确键位上 focusing on the actual moving of my fingers to find specific keys
现在 当我坐下来打字 Now when I sit down to type
写讲稿 写论文 I am writing a lecture. I am writing a paper
我思考的不再是运动动作了 I don't think about the motor movements
因为我的注意力集中在高层次的东西上 because I can focus on the high level and the low levels
低层次就自行解决了 can take care of themselves
这是一种思考自动技能 That's one way of thinking about
自动习惯的方法 what automatic skills and habits are
自动技能和习惯是一种方法 They're a way to shift our thinking and efforts
使我们的思考和行为摆脱低层次的桎梏 away from having to focus on those low levels
一旦识别层次提高了 When we have a higher level identification
就有了更高的机动性 it provides more flexibility for us
如果我的想法层次是 So if I am thinking that, my identification is
"我想锻炼锻炼" I want to get some exercise
要锻炼 可以有很多方式 There is lots of different ways to get exercises
很多种不同方式 an enormous range of ways to get exercise
但如果我把自己定位成 靠游泳锻炼 But if instead I think of myself as someone
或者靠跑步来锻炼的人 who gets exercise by swimming or by running
这就是一种特定的 中等级别的识别了 that there's some specific medium level identification
如果无法跑步/游泳 那我就一筹莫展了 If I can't do that thing, I can sort of get stuck because
因为我对自己的定位不是做锻炼 I think of myself not as someone who's exercising
而是跑步 but someone who runs
如果你对自己的定位是跑步 And if you think of yourself as someone who runs and
但跑步鞋扔在别的地方了 跑不成 you left your running shoes somewhere else, you can't run
这是有实验证实的 大家也许想不到 And it may not occur to you and there are studies to back this up
如果你对自己的定位仅仅是跑步 you are less likely to think of other ways to go out and exercise
而不是多锻炼 保持身体健康的话 if you think of yourself as an runner as opposed to
那你主动想别的方法锻炼的机会也就更少 someone who's trying to get exercise and stay healthy
那么高层次识别的优点在于 So that's all kind of the good news about high level identifications:
我们喜欢在高层次识别上生活 we like to live at that level
下一点也是我们所喜欢的 And for the most part this next point, is something we like as well
那就是 高层次有意义 which is we have meaning at the high levels
低层次则不然 but not at the low levels
如果用"动动手臂"这种低层次机械 So, if you describe my arm moments in terms
属于来描述手臂动作的话 of the low level mechanics of moving my arm
这里边就没有一般人类层次上的意义 含义 there is no meaning or significance that's generally human-level
但如果我说 "我准备写一部伟大的美国小说" But, if I say, "I am getting ready to write the great American novel"
那这里边包含的意义 内涵可就多了 Okay, that has a lot of meaning and significance
你可能觉得我是疯了 但至少你会明白 You might think I am crazy, but at least you know
我所做的事情对我而言是很重要的 he's doing something that is really important to him
如果不顺利 我会很失望 And if doesn't go well he's going to be really upset
高层次的识别是有意义 有涵义的 There's meaning and significance at high levels of identification
也正因此 And that's exactly
当涉及到客观自我意识时 why the high levels of identification get us into trouble
高层次识别会造成问题 when we are objectively self-aware
当注意力集中在高层次识别上时 If you are focusing on the high levels
我们所关注的 that's where all the meaning and significance is
就是各种意义 涵义…… that's where you are going to think about...
如果说你想作弊 you know, if you are thinking about cheating
然后你又一想作弊的道德内涵 and you think about the moral significance of that
这可是层次相当高的描述了 which is a very high level description
那么 这就会导致大量的 you're going to lead yourself to more negative evaluations
对自我的负面评估 of the self
这是假设说 你在考虑作弊 If you are considering cheating or
且实际作了弊的情况下 if you actually go through with it and are thinking about
回头去看既成的行为 the fact that you already cheated
但如果你将注意力放在 But if instead if you focus on
层次非常低的描述上 very low level descriptions like
例如"我不过是将头转侧45度" "I am just turning my head 45 degrees
"去看一张纸" and looking at a piece of paper
"再誊写该纸上写的内容罢了" and coping what's on that piece of paper"
说不定你是艺术系学生呢! You could be an art student doing an exam
你的任务说不定就是 you know, doing an exercise of coping
照样临摹那边那张草图呢! what's on a tracing over there
当然你也可以是在作弊 or you could be cheating
这种低层次描述不一定是具有内涵的 The significance isn't intrinsic to those low level descriptions
于是当我们关注低层次而非高层次时 So the behaviors that we engage in have less self-relevance
我们的行动就少了自我关联性 and in some sense
也可以说 are less self-infused when we focus on low levels
自我的浸润度也降低了 of identification than when we focus on high levels
Roy Baumeister 就是写过 And so, Roy Baumeister
"自我"的历史观的那个人 the guy who had the historical view of the self
"自我"的理论史的那人 the historical theory of the self
他认为 低层次识别中 He suggested that the self is what he called "deconstructed"
自我可被看作是"解构"了的 at low levels of identification
这里的解构(deconstructed)并不是取它的哲学含义 "Deconstructed" I am not going into deep meaning of that
什么后现代主义啊 艺术啊 if you know, the sort of post-modern, artistic
文学批评解构主义啊 lit critic view of the deconstructionism
鲍迈斯特指的不是这个解构 he's talking about that here
但我就不细讲了 but I am not going go into that
因为跟本课内容并无多大关系 because it's not really essential for what we are doing here
关键是 他认为 The key thing is really this
当我们将注意力集中在低层次上 that when you focus at low levels
我们的行为 he's basically saying that
跟自我的关联性就减少了 there's less self-relevance to what you are doing
他指出 And he suggested
如果你想去商店里偷点糖果 if you want to go and steal some candy from a store
那么 如果你只注意 "伸出手 抓住糖果" you are going to be more likely to carried out that behavior
"放进口袋 再松手"这样的事实 if you focus on that fact that you are
则付诸实践的几率 "reaching out grasping putting your hand
要大得多 in your pocket and releasing"
因为这听起来不像偷东西啊 That doesn't technically sound like stealing
完全不具有"偷"的意义或者内涵 it doesn't have the same meaning or significance to it
你可以这么想 而不是去想 So, if you think of it that way rather than thinking of
"我在偷别人的东西" "I am stealing from somebody else"
将注意力放在低层次上 it's easier for us not to feel bad about that
可以改善自己的感觉 if we focus on the low levels
请说 Yeah
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:刚才提的问题是 Prof: Yeah, so the question was "when people were masks
戴面具算是自我解构的例子之一吗？ is that an example of deconstruction of the self?
不算 但下半堂课我们就会花时间 It's not. But we are going to spend the second part of this lecture
讲到戴面具等问题 talking about things like people wearing masks
这涉及到一个相关概念 and it's a related concept
叫做去个性化(deindividuation) called deindividuation
这两个术语很像 So they are very similar terms
但去个性化这个概念的历史要长得多 but deindividuation has a much longer history
我们稍后细讲 and we'll come back to that
它也属于同类概念 It's certainly from the same ballpark of things
但作用机制不同 but this is a different mechanism
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:"什么"属于中等层次 Prof: The medium is the "what"
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:基本上从高到低分别是 Prof: So essentially going from high to low
"为什么" "什么" "怎么样" you have "why", "what" and "how"
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:Baumeister的想法是 Prof: That's...so Roy Baumeister's thought is
如果你考虑去偷糖果 If you are thinking about stealing candy and
并且是在高层次识别上来思考的话 you think about it in a higher level of identification
则此事让你感觉不好的机率更大 you are more likely to feel bad about it
所以成事的机率也就更小 you are more likely not to go through with it
嗯 非常对 Yes, that's exactly right
为了支持该观点 And one of the kinds of evidence
他收集到的证据之一就是…… that he garners to support this idea...
他就这个题材已经发表了好几篇论文 and he has done a number of different papers on this now
最令人惊奇 but one of them which I think is the most surprising
也最看似矛盾的一篇里 and paradoxical is he went
也不知他怎么做到的 and somehow managed to get access
总之他获许查阅某警察局收集的自杀遗书 to some police department's collection of suicide notes
都是自杀场景里收集来的遗书 that have been collected from suicide scenes
有的遗书 Some of the suicide scene notes
来自成功自杀案例 were collected from successful suicides and
"成功"指的是 by successful that actually means that
此人自杀身亡 the person killed themselves
这究竟算成功呢 还是不算 尚待商榷 You can disagree about whether that means success or not
但技术上来讲 指的是此人自杀成功了 but technically, that means the person carried out the suicide
有的遗书则来自有自杀企图 Others were from people who didn't end up ending their lives
但未遂的人 but were trying to
计划自杀 或者有某种程度的自杀意向 planning to, hoping to in some sense and at some level
鲍迈斯特对这些遗书做了一个内容分析 He did a content analysis of what was written in those notes
奇特的是 and the surprising thing is that
实际自杀成功的人 those who went on to actually commit suicide
遗书里写的东西识别层次较低 wrote in lower levels of identification in their suicide notes
这些亲手结束自己生命的人 So these folks who actually are ending their time here on earth
我们电影啊之类的看多了 You would think when we sort of imagine
就想象 他们多半会遗言: from the movies or whatever else that they are basically saying
"局势至此 太遗憾了 "I am so sorry the way things turned out
我让家人失望了" I have let my family down
"人生如此 真是无法接受" I can't believe these horrible big important things
"人生如此 真是无法接受" that have happened to my life"
可自杀成功的人 遗书就根本不是这么写的 That's not what the people who actually killed themselves wrote
他们的遗书里写的是 The people who actually killed themselves wrote things like
"这是保险箱的密码" "The safety deposit box number is this"
"钥匙在那里" "The keys are here"
这种低层次的东西 非常低层次的细节 Very low level details. Very low level details
而罗伊·鲍迈斯特从中总结出的意义是 and the implication, the inference that Roy Baumeister drew
写遗书关注的 is that those folks that who actually are writing out these notes
是高层次细节的人 focusing on the very high level details
可能很丧气 但这也帮助他们去关注 it's distressing for them, okay?
社会对自杀行为的评估 but it keeps them focused on this sort of "inappropriateness"
社会将自杀看作"不当行为" the societal evaluations of committing suicide
纯粹的自杀在每个社会中都被看作负面行为 Every society views pure suicide negatively
某些社会有时认为 sometimes in different societies we think it's ok to die
献身战争而死啊 in the service of battle or
为别的什么而死啊 whatever it is
是可接受的 但纯自杀从来都不是的 but not just pure, straight-up suicide
以上这算一条证据 我之所觉得它自相矛盾 So, that's at least a piece of evidence, so I think it's paradoxical
不是因为我们对遗书内容的预期 it's not what we'd expect to see in those letters
而是实际遗书内容的矛盾 but it was what was there
我以前讲到这个的时候 One issue that has come up when I've
也出现过一点问题 talked about this before
在这里我只提一句 那就是 that I will just mention in passing
对自我的解构并不意味着 is that deconstruction of the self doesn't mean you've obliterated
反思意识被全数抹除了 reflective consciousness altogether
而是意味着 What it means is that you are not focusing
你的反思意识所关注的 your reflective consciousness
并非当下行为的高层次方面 on the high level meaning aspects of what you are doing
你在利用反思意识去思考 So, you are using reflective consciousness
"保险箱放哪儿了？" to think about here's where the safety deposit box is
或者"我伸出手去 or to think about I am reaching out
拿个什么东西" and grabbing something right now
但这种思考是通过反思意识达成的 or at least you could be using reflective consciousness to do that
并不是说意识就没有了 It's not that the consciousness is gone
而是意味着 你所使用的反思意识 it's that you are not focusing reflective consciousness
不会以一种负面评估的方式 on the ways of thinking that bring attention back to the self
再度投射回自我上去 in a negative evaluative way
就此还有问题吗？ Ok. Questions on this?
请说 Yeah
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:明显跟自杀没关系啊 Prof: Obviously not suicide
没听说他们有做过 I don't know that they have ever done that
这两个领域都…… So, these are both areas...
我觉得这个想法很好 I think this is a really important exciting idea
但后续研究很少 but very few studies have actually followed up on this
相比我们本课讲的一些其他东西 I mean compared to other things we have talk about in here
做了无数个实验的 where two thousands studies have been done
这个呢 相关实验可能连10个都不到吧 There's may be 10 studies that have been done on this
近10年来 多亏雅科夫·特罗普的工作 This has sort of gotten new life in the last 10 years
才获得了新的生命力 in work by Yaacov Trope
特罗普提出了"时间距离"的这么一个概念 where he talks about what he calls "temporal distance"
所谓"时间距离" 就是 And the idea is that when I think about things
当我思考距离我时间久远 that are further away from me in time or
或空间距离遥远的事物时 further away from me in space
会更倾向于使用高层次识别 I tend to think of those in more high level identifications
而当思考距离很近的事物时 And when I think about things that are close to me
会使用较低层次的识别 I tend to think about them in lower level identifications
为了不让大家感到太糊涂 举个例子 Just to make that not completely confusing
比如有人问你 when someone asks you
"6个月之后有一场派对 想不想帮忙组织？" "would you help organize a party in 6 months?"
我们一般会觉得这事儿还非常遥远 We tend to think about this thing as far away in distance
会想到相关的许多高层次的好事儿 in terms of all the high level good stuff associated with it
"我就喜欢开派对" "我喜欢组织派对" "Oh I like parties", "I want to organize a party" and
"等大家知道是我策划的 "when people know that I have organized that party
肯定都很喜欢" so people would like me for having done that"
诸如此类的高层次含义想法 So those are kind of high level meaning things
等到派对前一周 你的念头就都变成了 and then the week before the party, all you focused on was like:
"啤酒够不够？" "盘子够不够？" "did I get enough beer?" "do I have enough plates?"
"当初我干嘛要揽下这摊子事？" "Why the hell did I agree to do this?"
这种烦人的琐碎小事 All this little tiny detailed stuff that's really annoying
当事物遥远 我们倾向于使用高层次识别思考 So, far away we think about the high level stuff, and you say
你之所以答应"六个月内你的事儿我都帮你办" "sure I will do whatever you want to do in six months"
是因为我只想到事情泛泛的价值 because I think only about the big value of it
但随着时间迫近 but when it gets closer we tend to think smaller
我们就会想到各种琐事 细节 并觉得烦 about all the details that need to go into and
这是很典型的 then we are annoyed, typically
以上是对"逃避自我意识"的现代解读 Ok, this is sort of a modern take on escaping self-awareness
对"逃避自我意识"的古典式解读 The classic take on escaping self-awareness
涉及到我提过的一个概念 comes in the form of a concept
叫做"去个性化" that I already mentioned, called deindividuation
本学季内我用到的术语"去个性化" Deindividuation might be the longest word
大概要算最长的一个单词了 I would use in here all quarter
概念比较难理解 It's kind of a hard concept but
但大家可以从个性化入手 if you think about individuation
想想看 怎样你会觉得自己有个性？ What makes you feel like a specific individual?
去个性化跟这就刚好相反 Deindividuation is kind of the opposite of that
去个性化…… So, de-individuation...
我的电脑真是和这张讲义不兼容 well my computer did not like this slide
第一排文字全塌下来了 or maybe the top line just got tired and sank
这个概念的历史很悠久 大家看得见吗 So this concept's very old, if you could see under the mush there
始于古斯塔夫·勒庞 1895年 it says Gustav Le Bon, 1895
1995年 勒庞写了一本书《乌合之众》 In 1895, Gustav Le Bon wrote a book called "The Crowd"
书中他首次提出了"群体心理"这个概念(group mind) where he essentially invented the concept of the "group mind"
指的是人在聚众的情况下 The idea that when everyone gets together in a group
容易产生勒庞所说的"群体心理" you tend to get what he called a "collective mind"
像一种单个的超级庞然大物 that acts like a single, big, super organism
若群体行动一致 Where the crowd kind of acts together
便会产生这种群体心理 And this group mind that emerges
被勒庞形容为 he described as
"原始冲动" "导致受抑制行为失控" "primitive", "causing inhibited behavior"
这是史上首次有人提到 So this is the first place
去个性化的概念 where anyone has talked about this concept of de-individuation
后来 大多数人都将去个性化形容成 and most of the folks who have talked about this
因为身处群体之中 而失去个人意识 described it as a loss of self-awareness and a loss of
失去个人责任感的一种现象 individual accountability that results from being in a group
大家有没有注意到 Now you'll notice, I have these two definitions
这里这两个定义很相似 that look very similar to each other
我不是要大家去区分它们 I won't ask you to differentiate between this two
之所以提这个 是 but I just mentioned them
因为我自己的定义跟这还有所不同 because I think my own definition is a little bit different
比起是否身处群体当中 I tend to focus on people's experiences
我更关注人的经历 more than whether they are in a group or not
身置群体中 的确可以提高 So being in a group is certainly one way to increase the likelihood
丧失自我意识 that someone will lose self-awareness
丧失责任感的机率 and lose their sense of accountability
但我觉得还有别的途径 but I think there are other ways as well
关键在于 去个性化不仅牵涉到 I think the key things are that deindividuation involves
自我意识的丧失 a loss of self-awareness and a loss of your sense
还牵涉到个人身份的丧失 of individual identity
你不仅仅跟以前的自己不一样了 So it's not that you literally stop being the same person you were
而且你已经不再认为自己是独特的 but you stop thinking about yourself as an individual person
负有责任的人了 that can be picked out and held responsible
你失去了身份感 And so when you lose your sense of identity
同时也失去了个人责任感 you also lose you sense of personal accountability
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:对 问题是"这跟责任分散效应有何不同？" Prof: Right. So "how is this different from diffusion of responsibility?"
责任分散效应更类似于你跟自己讲 Diffusion of responsibility, you might be sitting there saying
"我知道自己是谁 我得想想看 "I know exactly who I am and I am going to figure out
是不是要为接下来的事情负责？" Am I going to be held responsible for what comes next?"
你完全可以说 And you might say
"有太多人跟我一起了 "you know I am surrounded by enough people that
不能说我个人要对此完全负责" I don't think I can't be personally be held very responsible for this"
同时仍然关注自我反思 But you can still be very self-reflectively focused
责任分散更类似于 你认为自己的责任少了 So diffusion of responsibility is: any time you feel less responsible
因为群体承担了你应负的责任 because there is kind of group that's taking the blame
这不妨碍你同时具有个人身份和反思意识 you can do that with a sense of individual identity and self-reflection
但失去这些意识的情况下也可以 or you can do it when you've lost that sense
区别在于 So there's a difference between
我是否能辨识你 whether I can identify you
作为个人 like on the first day whether I can identify you individually
还是你当下是否感觉自己是个人 verses whether you feel like an individual at that moment
我关注的是对个人身份的感觉 And I am focused on the feeling of the individual identity
而非他人是否实际上能识别你 not whether someone else can actually identify you
请说 Yeah
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:恶性帮派 Prof: A bad gang
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:这是可能的 无论是帮派 Prof: Yes, conceivably, so you know
还是别的团体 都有多种机制 gangs or any groups work in all sorts of ways
有时 它们会集体聚众 Sometimes they collectively get together and
并有意地去采取某些类型的行动 very intentionally decide to engage in certain kinds of behavior
遵循其作为一个集体 because it's what they want to do as a group
一个组织的愿望行事 as an organization
这时 团体内部可能就没有自我意识的丧失 and in those cases they might not be any loss of
也没有个人身份的丧失 self-awareness, there might be any loss of individual identity
但是 责任分散效应可能仍然是存在的 within that group, but there might still be diffusion of responsibility
因为置身团体之外的人 because people outside the group
可以去追究团体内个人的责任 can hold the individual as responsible
但有的情况下 But certainly there are times when there's that sort
自我意识的丧失的确是存在的 of loss of self-awareness
接下来几张幻灯片会讲到 and we will get to that in the next couple of slides
继续之前 还有问题吗？ Other questions about this before I go on?
好 Okay
不知大家有没有看过《探索》节目心理学系列 So, Philip Zimbardo, If you've ever seen
菲利普·津巴多是该系列的主持人 the Discovery in Psychology series at all, he's the host
这人生得一脸恶相 The guy with the devil thing on his face
犹如魔鬼化身 that look like he's actually the devil
可能也真是哦 And he might be
职业生涯里他做过不少很有争议的事 he has done a lot of disturbing things in his career
不知怎么一来 这人成了心理学的代言人 Somehow he got selected as The Face of Psychology
真是让人搞不懂啊 I don't know how that happened, but it did
1969年那会儿 他就去个性化写过文章 Back in 1969, he wrote about de-individuation
也是他最优秀的文章之一 It's actually one of the best stuff that he did
他指出 and he suggested that
要创造出去个性化的心理状态 there is a variety of ways that you could create this psychological
让人丧失独立个体之感 state of deindividuation
是可以有很多种途径的 the state of feeling less like single individual
他指出 匿名很关键 可导致去个性化 So he suggested that anomity was critical or could cause it
还有责任感缺失 lack of accountability
即无法追究你的责任 if you can't be held responsible for your actions
他还指出 提高的觉醒性(也是因素之一) But he also said increased arousal
若觉醒度较高 则去个性化的几率也较高 If you are more aroused, you are more likely to feel de-individuated
结果证明 觉醒 And it turns out that arousal
可以部分关闭大脑中负责理性的部分 can basically shut off the reasoning parts of your brain a bit
并开启大脑中负责情感 冲动的区域 and turn on more emotional, impulsive parts of the brain
我觉得这是相当好的证据 So I think there is pretty good support for that one
津巴多指出 置身于大型群体中 He suggested that being in a large group
可提高去个性化 was a way to increase deindividuation
若置身庞大群体中 And of course if you are in a large group
自然就有了匿名感 you are likely anonymous
责任感也降低了 have a lowered sense of accountability
根据群体行为不同 and depending on what the group is doing
觉醒度一般也更高 a higher sense of arousal
这时 如果你做出引爆炸弹之类的举动 So if you act like a big bomb firer or something, right?
那整个团体也不会置身事外 The group is going to be associated with all of those
同时 也会造就感官过载 And it's also going to be associated with sensory overload
想想看 If you think about it
这不正是摇滚演唱会梦寐以求的效果吗 this is exactly what every rock concert tries to achieve
举个例子看看吧 Right, it's a list of like
"要打造一场火爆的摇滚演唱会 该做到哪些？" "We want to make a really good concert what do we want?"
做到这些就够了啊 This is that list
这说明了去个性化自有其魅力 So, it suggests there is going to be something really desirable about
因为演唱会每次都赚得盆满钵满的 the state of deindividuation, because concerts make a lot of money
我们都喜欢去演唱会现场 也很享受这种状态 And we really want to go to them and we enjoy this kind of state
去看演唱会的人里头 很有一部分 And when we go to concerts, a good portion of us
会通过药物 酒精 睡眠缺乏等手段 also try to alter our states even further through drugs
进一步强化这种状态 对吧？ alcohol and lack of sleep. Okay?
我看过的优秀演唱会都是这样的! So this is, you know, every good concert I have ever been to
这是一种导致去个性化的理想途径 So, that's a really good way to cause deindividuation
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:觉醒指的是生理觉醒 Prof: Arousal means physiological arousal
例如体内去甲肾上腺素水平升高 Like Noradrenalin, increased noradrenalin in your system
体内肾上腺素水平升高 Increase in adrenalin in your system
比如跑步的过程中 生理觉醒度就会升高 So if you're are running, that increases physiological arousal
倾听大音量音乐 if you are listening to loud music
生理觉醒度也会升高 that increases physiological arousal
津巴多认为 So these are things that Zimbardo says are the inputs
这些输入均可导致去个性化 that can cause deindividuation
他还列举了 But he also goes on to say
去个性化造成的心理后果 what are the psychological consequences of deindividuation
去个性化会对我们的心智造成什么？ What does deindividuation do to our minds?
津巴多指出 And he suggests that
经过前面讲的内容 大家现在不应该惊讶了 this is not going to be a surprise after we have talked about
他指出 去个性化会降低自我意识 he suggested that deindividuation minimizes self-awareness
并减少我们对社会评估的顾虑 it minimizes our concern for social evaluation
一般人对我们的看法于是变得无关轻重了 We stop caring so much people in general would think of us
于是 作为结果……部分结果吧 We then, as a result of this, well partly as a result of this
我们的抑制少了 更冲动了 we have less inhibition and we are more impulsive
因为"我才不在乎别人怎么看呢" because "I don't care what anyone thinks about me"
"我要随心所欲" "I just going to do whatever crazy thing I want to"
对吧 这样一来你的行为 Right, you start acting like, you know
就变成了跟独处 you are in your room alone
或身居孤岛的情景下一样 or on a deserted island or something like that
变得肆无忌惮 and start doing crazy stuff
津巴多还提出 当过于关注/沉浸于当下 He also suggests it lead to time distortion
而对过去和未来的 where you become much more focused
关注/意识/顾虑远远不足 and enmeshed in the sense of now
就会导致时间扭曲 and far less focused/aware of/concerned with the past or future
打个比方 你会考虑别人对你的看法 So if you are thinking about what other people think of you
但完全不去考虑过去 也不去考虑未来 and you are not thinking about the past or future
这样的话 会导致你的行为 that's really just going to leave whatever impulse
完全为当下的冲动所掌控 you have for this particular moment to dominate your behavior
津巴多还谈到 当处于这种状态中 He also talked about the idea that our sense of differentiation
我们与他人的差别感也减小了 from other people is diminished when we are in this state
差别感指的是 Like a literal sense of not being aware of the differences
意识到我们和他人之间存在差别 between us and other people
不知大家有没有参加过 So, you know, if you are ever been like
大型的演唱会狂舞(mosh pit)之类的 in a giant mosh pit or any place
整个群体很紧凑 距离很近的那种 where the crowd is really pressed up and it's all tight
大家好像都融为一体 it's like everyone becomes one blob
可能会导致擦伤 冲撞 这样的后果 and it can involve lots of bruises and things
你事后可能会后悔 that you will regret later
但那一刻 却觉得自己成为了 but at the moment you just feel as part of
某个庞然大物的肢体一部分 this one bigger organism
完全无法抽身 and there is no way to extract yourself anyway
这些都可能导致反思过程减少 So all of these things can lead to diminished reflective processing
冲动增强 自我评估减少 more impulsiveness, less self-evaluation
客观自我意识减少 less objective self-awareness
这就是一种逃离自我的途径 And so this is a way to escape the self
还记得萨特说过吗 If you remember Sartre said
无反思的层面上 是没有"我"的存在的 there is no "I" on the unreflected level
存在上述这些条件 when you get all these things going
存在上述这些条件的情况下 when you get all of these things going
反思的层面也就消失了 there is no reflected level anymore
只存在反思前的经验 There is only pre-reflective experience
你所置身其中的"当下" The Moment as you are enmeshed in it right now
客观的自我意识 概化的他人 and so objective self-awareness, the generalized other
都消失了 those are out the window
津巴多最后指出了 The last thing that Zimbardo talks about
去个性化会对人的行为造成什么影响 is what the deindividuation does to our behavior
这个我讲过的 好吧 And I already said this, okay?
一旦进入这种状态 Uninhibited, impulsive behavior
我们的行为就完全被抑制的缺席和冲动所控制 becomes the rule of what we do once we are in this state
我们的行为不再遵从概化他人的指引 Our behavior is not guided by the generalized other
以一种深思熟虑 自我评估的方式呈现 in some sort of thoughtful self-evaluative way
我们所闻所见的 周围的人的行为 but there is sort of a contagious effect of what we literally see
具有一种传染般的效应 and hear around us in terms of the behaviors of those around us
于是最后 So our impulses end up being guided much more
我们的冲动也为即时情景 by the immediate situation
受我们当下的所见所指引 what we see around us at this moment
这就是为什么我们认为群体的 So this is part of why we see sort of groups that
集体行为是有组织 look like they are acting together in an organized
有序的 coherent way
因为各个个体都倾向于盲从 because everyone is more likely to just do and mimic
模仿集体的行动 what's going on in the group
这种响应不怎么会受到抑制 They are less likely to inhibit that response
去个性化状态结束后 And after a de-individuated state, you'll have poorer memory for
你对所发生事件的记忆会 what happened while you were being de-individuated
比平时个性很强的情况下的记忆要差 compared to other times while you were highly individuated
个性意识强的情形下 So while you are individuated
对周围的事件都有很强的意识 you are very aware of what's going on around you
因此记忆也很鲜明 you form strong memories for that
你对时间有意识 you are aware of that time
对自己和别人的差别也有意识 you are aware of the difference between you and other people
因为你的注意力集中在他们对你的评估上 because you are focused on them evaluating you
你会真切的意识到 So there are that different roles there that
各种不同的角色 you become acutely aware of
而去个性化期间 and our memory is going to be less good
人的记忆力也会变差 for the times that we are de-individuated
津巴多所说的去个性化 So when Zimbardo talks about deindividuation
明显指的是 he is clearly talking about it
叔本华所说的那种 kind of in a way that Schopenhauer would say
"这是坏事 缺乏反思控制 完全任性所至 "this is a bad thing this immediate willfulness
缺了它们 我们就不成其为有尊严的人类" without the reflective control that makes us dignified human beings"
叔本华认为这是负面的 He's talking about it as a negative thing
而50-60年代去个性化 and so one of the questions or one of the reasons
为诸多研究所追捧的原因之一也是 that it was studied so much in the 50s and early 60s
"失去自我意识/去个性化 was the question of "whether losing self-awareness/deindividuation
是否会导致越轨社会行为？" causes socially deviant behavior?"
这种经验会导致人 Does it make people engage
采取不当的社会行为吗？ in more socially inappropriate behavior?
相关的首项研究是杰罗姆·辛格做的 The first study that looked at this was a study by Jerome Singer
他的做法是 What he did was
将受试者招募到实验室 he brought people into the lab and I think...
让我想想看……他究竟是怎么做的…… I am trying to think about...what he actually had people do here...
他让受试者来到实验室 So he brought people into the lab
受试者被告知 接下来有一场小组讨论 and they were told that they would have a group discussion
大约五人 围桌而坐 so there might be 5 people sitting around a table
准备进行小组讨论 they are going to have a group discussion
辛格下了功夫 让某些小组去个性化 and he worked to either make these groups feel
某些则不 de-individuated or not
个性化的小组来参加实验时 So the individuated group, they came in
每人会分到一个名牌 上边有名字 and each person got a name tag that had their name on it
五人围桌而坐 各人的名字 So there's 5 people sitting around and everyone's name
都写在名牌上 is written there
他们作为独特的个人 身份是很易辨识的 So they are very identifiable as particular individuals
这些受试者首先会做独一无二的自我介绍 They each started by saying something unique about themselves
介绍自己的名字 并互相通报姓名 saying their names and introducing themselves to each other
另一种小组 In the other group
前来参加实验时 会被要求穿上罩衫 when they came in, they were asked to put on smocks
将自己的衣服全都盖住了 that covered all their clothes
于是 去个性化的小组里 So now the de-individuated group
光靠衣服是没法将人与人区分开的 there is no clothing that differentiates you from the next person
不给他们名牌 整个实验过程中 No name tags were ever given
也不会用到受试者的名字 and your names were ever used at any point during the study
一次都没有 Not once
这就形成了一种对照的情形 So here you have a comparison of situation that makes you feel
个性化高低程度的对照 more or less individuated
接下来 And when
受试者被要求就"淫秽品"的定义展开讨论 they were asked to discuss the definition of pornography
1963年做实验那时 which in 1963 when this study was done
这还算是个禁忌 was a taboo thing to do at all
当被要求讨论时 but when asked to do it
受试者谈论"淫秽品"时所使用的言辞 the language that they used to talk about pornography
较之个性化小组而言 经历了去个性化的那组 was more taboo if they had been put in the de-individuated condition
言语禁忌程度更高 compared to the individuated condition
换句话说 如果事先匿名感有强化 So, the language they used is less sort of less socially appropriate
那受试者所使用的言语会更不符社会规范 if they have been made to feel anonymous
他们作为个体的辨识度降低了 Not identifiable as an individual
因此在语言使用上有了较大的自由度 they somehow feel freer to use these words
他们使用的言辞在公众场合一般是不恰当的 which we don't typically use in public
更别提1963年了 and certainly did not back in 1963
这算是证据之一 This was a little bit of evidence
也是去个性化的首个实证研究 this is one of the first empirical studies to look at deindividuation
津巴多本人还观察过受试者电击其他人 Zimbardo himself looked at people shocking other people
不知大家知不知道 值得提一句 or I should mention if you don't know this
津巴多跟米尔格拉姆上的高中是同一所 Zimbardo and Stanley Milgram went to high school together
真的 I am serious
而且津巴多一直有点嫉妒米尔格拉姆 And Zimbardo was always, I think, kind of jealous of Milgram
他在自己书里这么说过的 he says as much in books that he's written
所以米尔格拉姆对受试者搞电击 So he always sort of one-up Milgram
津巴多也不甘示弱 so that involved trying to shock people a lot
斯坦福监狱实验也是津巴多做的 He also did this Stanford Prison
不算是实验 it's not an experiment, which
大家可能在心理学第一课上听说过 maybe you have heard about in Psych 1
名唤"斯坦福监狱实验" It's called the Stanford Prison Experiment
但实际上不算实验 but was actually not an experiment
只是一种折磨人的方式罢了 It was just a way to, kind of, antagonize people, I think
反正折磨人的程度提高了: In any event, here's more antagonizing:
去个性化和强加痛苦 这是个电击实验 deindividuation and inflicting pain, so this is a shock study
该实验中 受试者也被告知 And it's another of these ones where you are told that
受试者所施加的电击和电击对象 there's some relationship between the shock
完成任务的学习能力之间存在某种关系 you give and person's ability to learn on some task
但这里 受试者并未被告知 But here they don't tell you
电击是好事还是坏事 whether shocking is a good or bad thing
每次实验 都必须对某个对象施行电击 Instead you are going to have, on each trail, shock this person
首先 在从未见过此人的情况下 and you have to spend some time shocking them on each trial
要求受试者每次实验都对此人进行电击 before you ever meet the person
然后 受试者有机会跟对象见面 And then you are going to have some time
并交谈十分钟 where you are going to be shocking them
之后再进行相同的电击实验 after you had a chance to talk with them for ten minutes
见过对象之前 So, before you know them
要对他们施行电击 you do the task where you are shocking them
然后再有十分钟的时间去了解他们 and then you get to know the person for ten minutes here
之后再继续进行电击 and then you do more the shock task
实验中被受试者电击的人要么是那种很友善 And the person that you are shocking, you find out here
要么是很讨厌的那种人 is either really obnoxious or really nice
唯一关键的因素是 The other key variable is whether or not
电击施行者本人是否感觉去个性化 you the shocker, feel individuated or not
这个实验里 So the de-individuated person
去个性化的受试者会穿上罩衫 is put into another one of these smocks
并戴上面具 they actually wear a mask in this one
这又引出了刚才我们讲到的面具那一点 So that brings up the mask comment that was raised before
而且不使用受试者的名字 And your name is never used
这些都是为了让受试者觉得匿名化 so all these things are done to make you feel as anonymous
对周围所发生的事件缺乏责任感 as unaccountable as sort of lacking individual identity
缺乏个人身份 with respect to what's going on in this environment
首先 我们来看看个性化的受试者 So first, we'll talk about the people who are individuated
佩戴有名牌 实验全程使用名字的受试者 These folks had a name tag on, their name was used throughout
个性化程度很高 they were highly individuated
这些人一开始会施行中等程度的电击 And these folks do a moderate level of shocking at the beginning
随后 对电击对象有所了解后 可以看到 and then you also see that as they get to know the person
对方的人格会影响到他们 they become sensitive to the person's personality
如果见到的人是那种很友善的 So the person who they get to meet is nice
受试者会稍微减轻电击 they start to shock a bit less
因为不愿给予朋友以电击 because you don't want to shock you friends
如果遇到的人是很烦的那种 那么电击会升高 The person who is obnoxious, they increase the shock
因为受试者不喜欢这人 所以就提高电击 for they don't like that person, so that they shock them all the more
但实验里最关键的变化出现在 But the key thing really is that what happens when
去个性化电击者的情况下 these shockers are made de-individuated
在去个性化的情况下 受试者会增强电击 When they are made de-individuated, they always shock more
他们才不管电击对象是友善还是讨厌呢 and they don't care if the person is obnoxious or nice anymore
无关紧要 他们只管电击 It doesn't matter. All they do is they shock
时间越长 电击越强 and as time goes by, they shock more
因此 去个性化的情况下 人不会关心 So when you are de-individuated, you are insensitive
是否有伤害到别人 to who it is that you are hurting
而且比起其他情况来 and there is a greater tendency to shock
大大倾向于提高电击 more than you would have otherwise
这是一条证据 So this is evidence
还有一些研究也显示了相似的数据 and there are number of studies that show data like this one
该证据表明 去个性化的人 This is evidence that when people are de-individuated
倾向于采取不当的 they tend to engage in socially devian behavior
会对他人造成伤害的社会行为 behavior that can hurt others
并不去考虑行为的 without sort of thinking through
道德后果 the moral consequences of their behavior
这一节我是以这么一个问题开场的: So I started this section with a question of
"自我意识缺乏/去个性化 "Is lack of self-awareness/deindividuation something
是否会导致不当的社会行为？" that leads to socially deviant behavior?"
答案是肯定的 And the answer is, "it can"
但如果我们追问 but if we ask the question
"始终从来都如此吗？" "does it always lead to socially deviant behavior?"
答案则是否定的 the answer is "No"
我们之所以去看演唱会 去刻意营造这种 So, there is reason why we go to concerts
自我意识缺乏的状态 or there's a reason why we do things to ourselves to create
是有原因的 this state of lacking self-awareness
有的时候 是为了 And sometimes it's about, you know
避免思考接下来的行为 not wanting to have to think through the negative consequences
将带来什么样的负面效应 of what I am going to do
我觉得有时这很接近萨特的说法 I think sometimes it's closer to what Sartre talks about
即自我意识从根本上讲不过是一种焦虑状态 whereas self-awareness is fundamentally an anxious state
来源于他人对我的评估的 just because of the general possibility
一种泛泛的可能性 of being evaluated by the others
但是 置身于一种自我意识缺乏的状态之中 But there's something clearly pleasurable
显然是自有其乐趣的 about being in the state where we lack self-awareness
而且不一定会导致恶劣行为 And it doesn't always lead to bad behavior
我跟大家讲过没有 70年代肯·格根 So when I tell you about this one study that was done by
做的一个实验 Ken Gergen, back in the early 70s
他的实验方法是 一个房间 面积大概 And what he did in his study was, he got a room that was about
差不多8英尺……10x15英尺左右 I don't know, 8 ft by... may be 10 ft by 15 ft
没有窗 只有一扇门 No windows, just one door
房间两侧各安一条长凳 and the two long sides were lined with benches
房间两侧各放一条长凳 So there was a bench on each side
与墙相接 that was basically attached to the wall
长度基本与墙相等 covering the whole length of the wall
他会找10-15名受试者过来 And he would bring in 10 people, 15 people
参加实验 让他们坐在长凳上 and he would have them come in and sit on that bench
并告诉受试者说 and he would basically say
现在我会关上门 接下来一个小时里 I am going to close the door and for the next hour
你们在这房间里想干什么就干什么 what you do in this room is totally up to all of you
我一个小时之后回来 And I going to, I will be back in an hour
于是他就起身离开 And he would live and he had you know
房间里装了隐藏摄像头 hidden video cameras and something like that
可以监视房间里的动静 could monitor what went on in the room
他唯一操作了 And the only thing
让两个实验组不一样的地方是 that he did to manipulate one group from another
坐在房间里的这些实验组里 有一半是这样的 is half of the groups sat there in the room just as he described
而另外一半呢 他走出去时 The other half sat in the room, and as he left
会把灯关上 he turned off the light
灯是从外边关的 这样受试者就没法再开灯 And he did that from the outside so that they couldn't turn it back on
有一半的受试者都坐在黑暗中 So, half of them were sitting in the dark
还有什么能比黑暗 and what makes you more de-individuated
更去个性化呢？ than literally being in the dark?
你看不见自己 别人也看不见你 where you can't see yourself and nobody else can see you either
没人能看见你 And nobody else can see you at all
格根想知道的是 So his question was
"人们在这种情形下会采取何种行动？" "What would people do when they are put in this situation?"
让我们来看看开灯后房间的情况 So let's see what people did in the light condition
开着灯的情况下 受试者不会干嘛 When the lights were on, people didn't do much of anything
他们坐着 聊聊天 They just kind of sat there, they talked a little
这是无意碰触到他人的人的百分率 So these are the percentages that touched other one's accidently
有意地碰触他人 拥抱了他人 touched someone else on purpose, hugged someone else
感受到性兴奋 felt sexually aroused
不管什么情况 that's quite true for any given group of people
这一点对任何一组都适用 no matter what the circumstances are -
改换座位 换了个座位的人的比率 moved where they were sitting to another seat
接下来是熄灯情况下 Now the percentages of people who did this things
有同样行为的人的比率 when it was dark in the room:
要记得 这可是1973年 And you have to remember it's 1973
当年情况可不一样 Things were different back then
当时盛行换偶钥匙派对这一类东西 This is the heyday of key parties and things like that
不知还有没有人记得 if you know what those are
所以说 黑暗里人的行为完全不一样 So, very, very different behavior in the dark
关键在于…… And the key thing is...
大家必须要考虑到当年社会 you have to look at this from
是怎么看待这类东西的 how society evaluated things then
这些人事后都将自己的经历描述为 These people, they all described their experiences afterwards
"非常积极的一种体验" as a very positive experience
因此他们并不觉得自己的行为 So they didn't think that this behavior on their part
是不当的社会行为 was socially deviant
也不觉得他人的这种行为 and they didn't think this behavior on the part of other people
是不当的社会行为 was socially deviant either
比起有灯的房间来 他们远远更加偏爱 They much preferred the dark room to the light room
熄灯的房间 They much preferred it
这既代表受试者自己的行为 Which meant both in terms of what they did
也代表了他人的行为 and in terms of other people were doing too
所以这真跟我们去蹦迪 So, this is not that unlike
去看演唱会很相似…… when you go to a club, you go to a concert...
蹦迪这个例子更好些 may be a club's a better example
我们会刻意地去这种黑暗 有酒精 where people go to this places where it's dark
等因素助力的场合 where there's alcohol, where there's all these things
因为这是一种使得人们互相沟通的方式 because there is a way in which people connect
有的时候 有的情况下 at least sometimes in those kinds of environment that
有灯光的情况下 个性化的情况下 we don't feel comfortable doing when it's light
要进行某些行为是不太自在的 when it's individuated
不是因为觉得这么做是坏事 And it's not that we think it's bad to do that
而是因为觉得这么做不太自在 we just don't feel comfortable doing it
肯·格根想传达的讯息是 So the message that Ken Gergen was writing about is that
去个性化的情形下 we don't necessarily engage in bad
人不一定就会从事坏的 有害的行为 harmful behavior when we are de-individuated
也一样可以采取正面行为 we can engage in positive behavior as well
亲热行为 affectionate behavior
我觉得可以从该实验 And the, sort of more general conclusion that
得出一个较普遍的结论 I think to take from this is that
即 作为去个性化的后果之一 whether or not you engage in positive or negative behavior
人采取正面还是负面行为 as function of being de-individuated
取决于当时所呈现的机遇 it kind of depends on what opportunities present themselves
比如身边的人都在干嘛？ What are the other people around you doing?
如果说你处于个性化情形中 So if you are de-individuated and people around you
而周边的人都在捡棍子 are picking up sticks and breaking glass windows
击碎商店橱窗 当然你不一定就会照样去做 there is a greater likelihood
但是有更大的机率 not a definite case that you will do this
你会加入他们的行为 but there will be a greater likelihood that you are going to join in
因为去个性化的人 because you will be more influenced
会更易受到周围即时情境的影响 by what's around you immediately
另一反面 如果处于去个性化状态 If on the other hand, you're in this state
而周围的人都在互相拥抱 and everyone around you is just being like
非常亲善 hugging, being affectionate and all of that
那你也有更大的机率会采取此种行为 you'll be more likely to fall into that pattern
取决于周围的情境 环境不同 So you can go either way depending on what the
你的行为也可能截然不同 situational context is around you
处于去个性化状态下的个人 The situation thus has more power over people
会更易受到情境的影响 when they are de-individuated
我们的行为性质本无所谓善恶 And it's not intrinsically good or bad what we do
关键在于情境压力 it's a matter of whether or not these situational pressures
会将我们向正面还是负面道路上推 move us in a positive or negative way
当然正面和负面也都是相对概念 And of course positive and negative is kind of relative
取决于社会对它们的定义 anyway depending on how that's socially defined
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你对情境做分析的同时 Prof: When you are analyzing the situation
多半也是具有自我意识的 sure, you are probably being self-aware
可为什么你会假定说这些人在分析情境呢？ But why do you assume that this folks are analyzing the situation?
他们被要求在结束后 而非过程本身中 They are asked after they are done to tell us
告诉我们 how they felt about it?
他们对此的感受 not during the experience itself
也就是说是当离开房间之后了 So that's after they come out of the room
教授:嗯 Prof: Yep
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:房间里一共有多少人？ Prof: How many people went into the room?
一般每次安排10-15名受试者 It was usually each time, 10 to 15 people
但重复了10到15次 But they did it 10 different times, 15 different times
一共加起来 大概每组150人吧 so in total may be 150 people in each condition
差不多 something like that
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:嗯 是熄灯房间 Prof: Yeah, in the dark room
但如果是一起坐在长椅上 But if they are seated on a beach close to each other
挨得又很近 那就不奇怪了 that's not that surprising
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你是问 去个性化始终能帮助我们 Prof: Does deindividuation
摆脱心理不安全感吗？ always get rid of our mental insecurities?
我觉得 去个性化的程度越高 I would say the more de-individuated you are
不安全感的程度越低 所以答案是肯定的 the less you going to feel that insecurities, so yes
基本人格较焦虑的人 酗酒也往往比较严重 There is a reason why alcohol abuses are greater in folks
这不是没有原因的 who are fundamentally anxious
这其实为负面的自我评估 And it is because it provides a coping mechanism
提供了一种应对机制 for dealing with that negative self-evaluation
接下来…… Now...
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:说得好 非常好 Prof: Yes, good, very good
你说这是"自我"的酒神气质的一面 Yes, this is a really nice example of
说得非常好 what Dionysian aspects of the self is about
置身黑暗中 尼采的酒神概念 Literally in the dark, you know Dionysian
光明与黑暗的概念 Nietzsche concepts of light and dark
提得好 Yeah. That's good
明年我也要这么讲 Next year I am going to say that on purpose
教授:谢谢! Prof: Thank you
我都一边讲课一边做笔记的 I always write notes when I give lecture up here
明年会讲得更好 So that next year, it's better
大家对我帮助很大啊 Sorry, but you all are helping in that process
今天的课程之所以这样 And the reason lectures are whatever they
全要归功于我去年做的笔记 are today because I wrote notes last year
还有前年的 大前年的 以此类推 and the year before that and so on
那么对去个性化的描述一直以来都很负面 Now, deindividuation is described in a fundamentally negative way
而格根给出了一个反例 Gergen gives his counter example
证明它也可以是非负面的 of how it might not be negative
除此之外 还有更多 But there are much more obvious counter examples
更好的反例呢 to how it's not negative
有一个概念 在过去30-40年中 So we have a concept that has become a very
在心理学内很是热门 popular concept over the last 30-40 years within psychology
跟去个性化的概念其实很相似 That is almost the same concept as deindividuation
但却是非负面的 just without sounding negative
有没有人想猜猜看？ Anyone want to guess the name of that concept?
教派化？ Communalization?
词不错 不过猜错了 No, but that's a good word
都不是 是"心流" No, FLOW. Ok
提出心流这个概念的人 FLOW, the concept was developed
他的名字我念都念不出来 by the most impossible-to-pronounce name ever
有没有人敢试试看？ Does anyone want to take a stab at it?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:像那么回事 还差点 Prof: That's close but no
哈 有人说对了 契克森米哈赖 Someone up here said. Cslkszentmihalyi
契克森米哈赖 Cslkszentmihalyi
就是这么念的 That's how he pronounces it
对啦 契克森米哈赖 Yeah, yeah, Cslkszentmihalyi
大家注意 不是日本人名 So...it's not a Japanese name, people
1974年 他提出了"心流"的概念 Ok. So, he in 1974 developed the concept of FLOW
1974年 他写了一本书 And he wrote this book in 1974
《超越倦怠与焦虑》 called Beyond Boredom and Anxiety
书中他指出 And in that book he basically said that
人有一种这样的巅峰体验 there are these sort of peak experiences that people have
通过从事各种行为 使得精神被抽离出来 different things that they do that basically take them out of them
从肉体中抽离出来 take them out of themselves
这是人所能体验到的最为积极的体验之一 and are sort of the most positive experiences that people have
书中他谈到了攀岩运动员 And in this book he talks about rock climbers
还有去迪吧跳舞的人 he talks about people who, you know, go out dancing at clubs
他提到了凡是"迷失"在所从事的活动中的人 He talked about people who get "lost" in any activity they are doing
活动甚至包括读书 it could even be reading a book
有的事情 做事的时候 But there are these things that we do
我们会忘怀自我 when we find that we lose ourselves
而且借此忘怀自我 and lose ourselves in a way
是一种非常愉悦的体验 that it is tremendously enjoyable in that experience
刚才我讲过的 去个性化牵涉到的这些因素 And all those things that I said happened during deindividuation
在心流中一般也都有 they tend to happen during FLOW as well
当人置身心流状态中 When you are in a state of FLOW
时间也会产生扭曲 there is that same kind of time distortion
没有了过去 也没有了未来 唯一重要的是当下 where there is the "now" more than the "past" or "present"
置身于心流状态中 When you are in a state of FLOW
我们也浑浑噩噩 不复记得细节 you are less likely to remember the details that happened
这种感觉很奇特 有点像去迪吧跳舞 There is this weird sense, if you go out dancing in a club or
去派对 玩得很开心 go to a party that is really great and
完全沉浸于其中 you are really sort of lost in it
这种感觉有点像 There is a sense in which
当沉浸于其中 会觉得它无限延续 while it's happening, it seems to last forever
但回头一看 And as soon as it is done you look back
整个夜晚瞬间就这么过去了 and seems like the night went by like that
这也是那种奇特的时间悖论 So, there's this weird time paradox that happens
这是因为我们沉浸于"当下"之中 And that's because in the moment
万事皆空 唯有当下 there's nothing but the moment
就连时间也停止了流逝 there's no sense of time passing
但一旦结束 But after you are done
也没办法很清楚地回想起来 you can't actually remember it very well
一方面是因为酒精啊 什么的 It's partly due to the alcohol and everything else
但也不全是因为酒精 but it's not just about the alcohol
当我们处于心流状态中 So when we are in a state of FLOW
以一种积极的方式迷失自我 when we lose ourselves in this positive way
就会全身心地沉浸在当下所做的事情中 there's this sense of complete immersion in whatever
再没有任何自我评估 you are doing, there's no self-evaluation
这是一种非常积极的体验 It's a very positive experience
因此许多情况下 so that people describe it as feeling engaged
它都被人描述成一种"投入"感 而非"快乐"感 rather than describing it as feeling "happy" in many cases
我们感觉无需刻意控制 便已掌控局面 We feel in control without exerting control
感觉没有必要刻意 It doesn't feel like something
努力去控制局面 where we have to try really hard to stay in control
心流状态中 我们只觉得胸有成竹 We just feel in control when we are in state of FLOW
这是因为我们的自动化习惯 And this is because of our automatic habits
完全能应付当下做的事情提出的挑战 seem up to the challenge of whatever it is that you doing right then
你的自动化程度跟要做的事情之间匹配度越高 There's a match between your automaticities
出现心流的机率就越大 and what you're needing to do to be successfully in this state
根据契克森米哈赖的说法 Now, when Cslkszentmihalyi talked about it
这只跟人积极去做某事的行为有关 he always talked about something that a person was actively doing
但我认为 这种心理状态 but I actually think that the same psychological state is probably
在听音乐的时候 是比较频繁 常见的 most frequently and commonly engaged by listening to music
我觉得音乐是心流体验的一个重要来源 I think music is a major source of experience of FLOW
也是助我们实现心流的古老源泉之一 and probably a lot older source of getting into FLOW
其历史可上溯至数千年前 that goes back thousands and thousands of years
关键是 凡是了解"心流"的人都知道 But the key thing is, everybody that know about FLOW
这是一种正面状态 knows it's a positive state
但从心理学角度上来讲 And yet psychologically it's probably the same state
它很有可能跟 it's probably the same state
去个性化状态是一回事 that people are in when they are de-individuated
是它们所置身的情境 It's just the matter of the situation that they are immersed in
周围的情境压力 the situational pressures that are around them
以及社会对人们所从事行为的 and also how society values or evaluates the activities
评价(造就了这种差异) that these people are engaged in
如果在忘却自我的同时 So, if you lose yourself and you do something
你做的是一种为社会所接纳的行为 that is considered a more acceptable behavior
那么回头看 你就更有可能将这看作心流 you are probably more likely to think back that you are in FLOW
可如果你迷失了自己 从事了某种 But if you lose yourself and you end up engaging in
比如说暴乱行为 sort of, riot behavior
那么回头看时 你就不大可能会觉得 you are not probably going to look back and say
"这是因为我置身心流状态中呢" "yeah you know I was in a FLOW state"
而是会说 you look back and say
"不知怎么一来 我迷失了自我 失去了个性" "somehow I lost myself and I was de-individuated
"我觉得不该为自己的行为所负责" and I feel like I wasn't really responsible for my actions"
你会专注于它负面的一面 You focus on the negative side
近来 We also, you know
我们西方文明也开始关注禅 recently in western civilization
冥想状态这样的概念 and for lot longer in eastern societies
这在东方文化里是源远流长了 have concepts like Zen, meditative states, and in these states
这里也有一种"自我忘怀"的概念 there is kind of a similar sense that the self disappears
坐禅的目的就是忘怀自我 Zen practice is all about trying to have the self disappear
无论是心思 还是体验 都不能有自我的存在 so that it's not present in your thoughts, in your experience
第一个动身去认真学习禅宗的西方人 One of the first folks from the west to go over and really study
去了日本学习冥想 并接受了严格的训练 Zen, meditation directly in Japan and really get trained in it
他就是现代哲学家Herrigel was the philosopher, modern philosopher Herrigel
他去日本呆了10-15年 He went and spent 10 or 15 years in Japan
学习禅宗 还写了一本书 learning Zen and he wrote a book called
《箭术与禅心》 Zen and the Art of Archery
书不错 It's a really nice book
70页左右 It's about 70 pages long
是一本薄薄的小册子 他写到了禅心 It's really short little book and in it he wrote of this Zen state
"禅心里没有定念 没有计划 "This state in which nothing definite is thought planned
渴求 欲望 预期 也没有特定的方向 striven for, desired or expected, which aims in no particular direction
是一种沉到最底 无欲无我的状态" which is at bottom, purposeless and egoless"
无我 没有自我 无欲 也是没有自我 Egoless, no self, purposeless, no self
他继续说 and he goes on to say
"因此被称作正念" "therefore called 'right presence of mind'"
禅宗认为 人心最理想的状态 This is the ideal way for the human mind to be
就是"正念" according to Zen practice
"这意味着心智或精神无处不在 "this means that the mind or spirit is present every where
因为它们没有固定的居所" because it is no where attached to any particular place"
还记得主体/客体的二分法吗？ Remember the idea of subject/object dichotomy?
去个性化的状态下 和整个世界 The sense that I am not separated from the world
与周围的人浑然一体的这种感觉？ or other people around me when I am de-individuated?
他描述的这种状态不是很相似吗？ He's describing something kind of similar here
我有点喜欢这个的是 大致上讲来 The other thing, I kind of like about this, just in a general way
如果看这里第一句引用的句子 is that if you look at this first sentence in
这个人 which the person basically
他基本上是无欲 无求 没有目标的 has no desires, expectations, goals or anything like that
说通了就是没有目的 which at bottom is purposeless
如果有人来告诉我说 Right? If somebody came to me
你家上六年级的儿子就是这样的 when my son is in the 6th grade and described him this way
"你家儿子没有目的 "Yeah your son is purposeless
什么都不想 什么也不去尝试" he doesn't think about anything, he doesn't try to do anything"
那我肯定会 I will be like
"天哪 他可别被学校给开除了" "Oh god I hope he doesn't get kicked out of school"
可同时有整整一个社会却认为 And yet there is an entire society that has said
这才是人心的理想状态 that this is the right way for our minds to be
这对社会有好处吗？ Is it good for society?
人没有目标对社会有好处吗？ For people to be purposeless?
如果我们头脑里装的目的 Well if the purposes that our heads gets filled with are
是尼采所说的那种"社会性目的" societal purposes as Nietzsche suggests, then
那么社会肯定希望我们成为有目的的人 society wants us to be very purpose-driven individuals
但是有目的的生活 也是有代价的 But that may come at a cost, that purpose-driven life
因为有目的的生活必然会评估自我 is very focused on evaluating the self and whether
并关注自我的成就是否足够 the self is achieving enough
这会导致进入负面评估 and that leads to the cycle of negative evaluations
自我感觉糟糕的循环 and feeling bad about the self
但如果完全不关注自我 If you never focus on the self at all, you are lot
那你肯定就不会动手修桥 less likely to go and build a bridge
去实现西方文明的这些著名价值 and do all the things that the western civilization is known for
但也许你会成为一个内心更加安定 自在的人 but you may actually be a sort of much more settled
做人很自在 comfortable person, more comfortable in your own skin
因此我认为 对个人的好处 So, I think there is this constant struggle
与对社会的好处之间 between what's good for the individual
存在这么一种永恒的拉锯战 and what's good for society
不是总有 但有时的确如此 Not in all aspects but sometimes
请讲 Yeah
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:嗯 这是里奇·戴维森做的工作 Prof: Yeah, that's Richie Davidson's work
他对至少完成了两万个小时冥想的受试者 He does brain scans on people who have meditated for at least
进行大脑扫描 twenty thousand hours
这些人可算作精通冥想的大师了 So these are sort of meditative masters
要想从这个实验推导出结果来 不是易事 It's tricky really inferring anything from that
大家有没有读过"如何幸福"那期《时代》周刊 you probably saw the TIME magazine issue on being happy
那一期提到了埃德·迪耶内 The actually talked about Ed Diener in that as well
管他叫"幸福教授" 他当然不是啦 不过…… they called him "Doctor happy", which he's not, but...
不过那是另一回事了 But that's a separate issue
埃德·迪耶内做的是万圣节实验 He was the guy who did the Halloween study, Ed Diener
回头讲这些有过两万个小时 But the people they have looked at
冥想训练的人 with twenty thousand hours of training
第一 光靠扫描大脑 first of all you can't tell from looking at someone's brain
是无法判断某人是否幸福的 that they are happy or not
如果有人在文章里声称说做到了 So if anyone who says that in an article or something like that
那就是超出了科学的范围 they are just going beyond what the scientists said
第二点 But the other thing is
有过两万小时冥想经验的人 those people who medicated for twenty thousand hours
也许早在学习冥想之前 were probably different from everybody else before they ever
就已经不同于常人了 meditated for a single hour
是吧？我这种人就不可能有两万小时的冥想经验 Right, I could not become a person
不是那种人 who meditated for twenty thousand hours
我会疯的 I'd go bunkers
因此这些人可能 So, there's probably something different
一开始就与众不同 about those people to begin with
目前还有一些实验正在进行 and there are studies being done
我们也正在做 in fact we do some of them now
我们在做fMRI实验 we do fMRI studies
观察没有冥想经验的人 where we look at people before they've done any meditation versus
与进行过12周冥想的人的不同 after they have done 12 weeks of meditation
就受试者所接受的训练多少 So, we do kind of better experimental control of exactly
我们的实验控制做得更好 how much training they had
我们会确保受试者都是一种人 and we make sure every one's the same kind of person
冥想的确导致了大脑发生变化 这一点是肯定的 But it does certainly lead to changes in their brain, to be sure
而且我认为其中某些变化是积极的 And I think some of those changes are good ones
我们来总结一下这一小节 Now, summarizing this section, okay
失去自我意识究竟是好是坏？ Losing self-awareness - is it good or bad?
这主要取决于环境 Well the contexts matters more
它的本质究竟是好是坏 there is no right or wrong answer to
是没有确切答案的 whether not it's intrinsically good or bad
我们倾向于模仿周围人的行为 We tend to do what others are doing around us
我们较易受到他们的影响 we tend to be more influenced by them
并倾向于不去考虑别人对我们的看法 and we tend not to think about others think about us
这些本质上都无谓好坏 And those things are not intrinsically good or bad
不过是客观事实罢了 It's just what happens
这种状态下人的行为 And whether or not we call it good or bad what
我们说它是好是坏 要取决于环境 somebody does when in this state depends on the context
也取决于进行评估的人是谁 and depends on who is in charge of evaluating you
如果你去看演唱会 非常忘我 So, if you are at a concert and you are losing yourself and
然后事态失控了 things kind of get out of hand
第二天 从众的这些人 the people who are part of the group the next day
回想昨天的事 可能会将这评估成 will probably look back and evaluate it as
一种积极的体验 a pretty positive thing
就算事态多少失控了 也是积极的 even though it kind of got out of hand
可是在媒体上发言的警官 Whereas the police officers who are speaking to the media
大概评估的角度就不一样了 don't evaluate it the same way
社会分不同阶层 So, you know, society has different segments
也会以不同的方式来评估行为 that evaluate behaviors in different way
取决于其目的 需求 价值观而不同 depending on their goals, their needs, their values
心流和去个性化:基本是一回事 FLOW verses deindividuation: they are roughly the same thing
唯一的差异在于 what's different about them is
我们如何评价"处于心流中"的某人 how we evaluate someone saying that "they were FLOW"
和"去个性化"的某人 versus saying "they are de-individuated"
我们一般都认为心流是积极的 We tend to think of FLOW as a positive thing
这里人所从事的是中立或积极行为 where someone is engaged in neutral or positive behaviors
而我们一般认为去个性化是消极的 We tend to think of deindividuation as a negative thing
但心理层面上来讲 But psychologically
这两者本质上都是非常相似的体验 they are probably very similar underlying experiences
本课我还想讲最后一点 那就是 The last thing I want to say on this lecture is that
是约翰·特纳所提出的 there is this interesting idea
一个非常有趣的观点 that comes from this guy, John Turner
他于70年代发表了一篇论文 指出 He wrote this paper in the 70s where he said
"该如何评估 辨认自我？" "How are we going to evaluate and identify the self?"
我们使用"自控"这个词的时候 See, when you use the word "self-control"
其实可以有两种不同的方式去理解它 there is two different ways to parse the term self-control
这既可以是控制人的冲动 We can talk about self-control as the self
与行为的那种自控 that's in control of our impulses and of our behaviors
也可以是受到控制 But we can also talk about self-control
受到约束的自我 as the self being controlled, being restrained
因此光靠"自控"这么一个字眼 So, it's not obvious from the term self-control
无从得知 "自我" whether the self is identified
究竟站在控制者这边 还是被控制的对象 with the controller or that which is being controlled
特纳指出 And what Turner suggested is that
随历史时期不同 作为文化 at different times in history, we identify as a culture
我们要么认同冲动的不管是否可控的自我 more with the impulsive self that can either be controlled or not
要么认同自控的能力 or with the capacity for controlling ourselves
特纳会说 So, if you go back to the 50s
回到50年代 he would say that
"通过自控 "a person demonstrated who they were by engaging self-control
自律展现自我的人" by engaging self-restraint"
这种人会按照社会 sort of doing the things that their family
家庭对他们的期许而行事 and society demanded of them
这证明了人与动物的不同之处 that this showed that you weren't just another animal
证明了你是真实的 有尊严的人 that you were a real, dignified human being that could
有能力自控 是个成熟的人 take control of yourselves and be a real grown-up
人们很认同这种自控能力 And people identified with that ability for self-control
大家想想看 Right, if you think about that person...
大学里遇到这样的人我一直很喜欢 I always love this person in college
他们老吹嘘自己能喝多少多少 who would talk about how much they could drink
却一点也不显醉态 without showing any effects of being drunk
这人将自控看作一场竞赛 That person is valuing self-control it's like a contest
我则认为 I always thought like
"与其这样 干嘛不节省下买劣质啤酒的这笔钱 "why not just skip paying for the bad beer and just not be drunk
不去买醉呢" if that's really your goal"
可此人的目的就是 But for that person, the goal was to demonstrate
在某种能剥夺自控的东西面前 self-control in the face of something that typically
展示自己的自控能力 takes away self-control
另一方面 也有尊崇个人的时代 On the other hand, we also have times,in each of us individually
比如说70年代 but historically like the 70s
那时流行 "老兄 做你自己" where you know, "you got to be yourself, man"
"不能社会要你做什么 你就做什么" "you can't just do what society wants you to do"
"做你自己!" "You got to be yourself"
所以说 如果你控制自己 And so, if you are controlling yourself
按照此人对你的要求行事 and doing what the man wants you to do
那也不是做自己啊 若让社会来定夺 you are not being yourself; you are limiting yourself by letting
自己的行为 实际上是局限了自我 society decide your behavior for you
籍此 我们都会想到叔本华对尼采 And this is making anyone think of Schopenhauer vs. Nietzsche
这很好 that's good
他们谈到了两种不同的方法 because they were talking about this two ways
可用于思考自控与身份的相关性 of thinking about the relevance of self-control to identity
因此 既可以将自控看作一种 So we can either think of self-control as that which
赋予人重要性和意义的因素 makes us important and significant
也可以将自控看作一种 or we can think of self-control...as that which
僵化人的内在身份的因素 stifles our own inner identity
这种东西也没有 So, again, this is one of the things where
绝对正确的答案 there is no right or wrong answer to this
但我觉得这种想法很有趣 but I think it's a very interesting observation that at different
既社会不同时期 points in society
自控与不过度自控的价值 we value self-control versus not being overly
也各不相同 controlled to different extents
还剩10分钟左右 And we have about 10 minutes left
我想借此机会来跟大家探讨下口红 and what I want to do in the last 10 minutes is talk about lipstick
教授:口红! Prof: Alright lipstick
一周前 我给大家布置了一道很简单的作业 See, a week ago I asked you all to do a very simple assignment
我要求你们去找点色彩艳丽的口红 I asked you all to go out and get some bright-colored lipstick
在额头上抹一道 put it in your forehead
独自去公共场合 至少呆上 go out in public without a partner, and just be out in public for
一个小时 并且不许告诉别人 at least an hour without telling people
自己是在完成一项课堂作业要求 that you have been asked to do this as an assignment in this class
多少人真做了？ How many people did this?
四个 五个 六个人 Four, five, six
三百五十人里头 六个人做到了 Six out of three hundred and fifty
也就是2%的人 2%, 2% of you did this
大家还记得吗 大家在应试复习的过程可以 Now, if you recall and you are all reviewing your notes and slides
看笔记 幻灯片 授课视频 and the video podcast for the exam
那你们就该记得上周二 you'll recall the last Tuesday
我说过 你们中间没人做得到的 I told you that none of you would do this
我就要看你们敢不敢 I dared you to do it anyway and
我当时问过 大家都清楚作业内容吧？ I said, everyone know what the assignment is, right?
所有人都举手了 回答 and everyone raised the hands and said
"明白" "Yes I do"
我们先来盘问下没做作业的人 So let's start with the people who did not do this assignment
说说看 为什么没完成作业？ Tell me why you did not do this assignment?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你说想等到万圣节再做？ Prof: You wanted to do it on Halloween?
别的日子都不行？ You couldn't do it any other day?
我给了你们七天 You've had seven days
刨开万圣节不计 还有六天 There was six other days besides Halloween
而且万圣节当天你也没做啊 and you did not do it on Halloween
因为我没看到你举手说 我做到了 because you didn't raise your hand and say I did it
那万圣节你也没做啊 So, you even didn't do it then
回答得不错 So, that's a good answer
还有人吗？为什么没做？ Anyone else, why didn't you do it?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你摔断了腿 觉得已经够招摇的了 Prof: I broke my foot and I felt like
就没必要再火上加油了？ I was standing out enough already and I didn't want to add to it
有意思! 因为本课历史上 Which is interesting
敢这么做的人 because historically some of the folks who do it most
一般都是 are the folks who already
本身就比较惹眼的人 have some kind of visible stigma to begin with
他们会觉得"反正我都习惯了" because they say "I am already used to it"
做做看也不算什么新事 There's nothing new about doing it
你这种可算是一种暂时的 but you had a temporary
明显的惹眼 sort of visible, stigma of some kind
请说 Yep
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:哈 你觉得这没必要 Prof: Ok, I don't need to hear about that
以前就做过差不多的 没必要重蹈覆辙对吧? I have done something like that before, I don't need to do it again
该学的都学到了 I have learned everything there was to learn
作业什么的见鬼去吧 Screw the homework
嗯？ Yeah
这多丢人啊! It's embarrassing!
班里终于有一个诚实人了 Ok. So, there is one honest person in the room
有多少没做作业的是因为忘了？ How many of you didn't do it because you forgot to do it
那好 Ok. Good
周四你们可别忘了 Well I hope you won't forget to show up
来考试啊 for the exam on Thursday
当时我花了好几分钟 Because I spent a couple of minutes saying
来跟你们确认会不会忘 are you going to forget to do this?
你们都说 "记得的 会记得的" and you all said, "we will remember, we will remember to do it"
又有多少人找不到人借点口红的？ How many of you couldn't find someone to give you lipstick?
是啊 这班里就没人带了口红的 Ok, because nobody else in this room who has it
也找不到人能借你点儿 whom you could have borrowed any from
大多数人 So most of you
如果我布置作业的当时有仔细想想 if you thought about it in the very moment that I told you to do it
就该知道自己是做不到的 you knew you would never do it
你们知道自己是做不到的 You knew you would never do it
这就是90%人的真相 That's the real truth for 90% of you
你们都知道自己做不到 You knew you would never do it
因为太丢人了 because it is horribly embarrassing
额头上带着唇膏印招摇过市 to walk out in public with this thing on your head
可是为什么？ But the question is why?
为什么这样很丢人？ Why is that so embarrassing?
不过是一小道印记罢了 It's just a little line
看看近二十年来流行的潮流吧 You should look at fads over the last 20 years
不少潮流比这丢人现眼多了 there's a lot more fads that are way more embarrassing than that
不过是一道口红印! little line of lipstick
可它并不为社会所认可 But it's not a socially sanctioned one
不是社会所认可的潮流 it's not a socially sanctioned fad
如果是的话 你们就会骄傲地带着它招摇过市 if it was, then you'd all show up with lipstick on your foreheads
两个月都行 for like 2 months
直到像《暮光之城》一样 and then someone from, like Twilight
热潮褪去了 will stop saying that it's cool
然后就 and you know
来得快也去得快 that will just be the end of it
大家都不在额头上画口红了 no more lipstick on the forehead
可能接下来又流行在后颈子上涂口红了 and you have to put on the back of your neck or something
谁知道呢 I don't know
这种"丢人"正是萨特所受的东西 But that embarrassment is exactly what Sartre was talking about
这种丢人意味着什么呢 We can say what that embarrassment means
它意味着你不愿别人 it means you don't like to be seen
看到自己的形象 by others in a way that you think
会导致别人对你做出负面评估 might lead them to evaluate you negatively
你不敢在一群全然的陌生人面前这么干 You are afraid to do it in front of complete strangers!
愿他人看到自己积极的形象 that's how basic this motivation
这种动机就是有这么强大 to be seen in a positive light by others is
大家不愿意在额头上涂一道坎口红 So, you won't put this on your head
并走到一群不认识的人中间 and go somewhere no one actually knows you
因为大家不希望看到别人的眼光 because you just don't want the look
那种来自他人的眼光 the look from other people that makes you go
"神经病吧？" "What the hell is that?"
"我才不要在公车上挨着那人坐呢!" "I am not going to sit next to that person on the bus"
下面我想采访下 I want to take a few minutes and talk to the folks
头顶口红印走出去了的人 who put the lipstick on their forehead
谁做到了的？ So, who put the lipstick on the forehead?
这五位猛士都是谁？ Let's see those five brave souls
好 Ok
讲讲看你的经历 Tell me about your experience
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你去了一趟杂货店 期间平安无事 Prof: You went to the grocery store with nothing weird happened...
可你的额头被刘海遮住了吧 now your hair comes down over your forehead
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你有把头发撩开？好的 Prof: You put it out of the way? ok
什么怪事都没发生？ And nothing really weird happened
那大家有什么好担心的呢？ So all these people are worried for nothing!
有没有人看你？ Did anyone look at you?
你有没有注意到…… Did you notice any...
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你都忘了头上有道印子了 Prof: Ok, you forgot you were wearing it
这点很关键 That's part of the key thing
有没有人遇到了什么特殊事件的？请说 Anyone else have anything more specific happened to them? Yep
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你的祖母 老人家怎么说？ Prof: Your grandmother. And what did she say?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:那你又怎么跟她说的？ Prof: And what did you say to her?
"我就喜欢？" "Because I feel like it"
祖母年纪也够老了 有资格说 And she is old enough that she went
"这年头的孩子啊" "Crazy kids today"
做到了的人 一般会赢来一些侧目 When people go out and do this, typically they get some looks
但都很短 然后生活继续 but they are brief looks and life goes on
另外 如果班上有同学做到的话 The other thing is typically when someone do it in this classroom
一般来讲 there is a
会至少有一小部分人做到 at least a few people of the small number of people who do it
但每次从来不超过六 七个人 and it's never more than 6 or 7 people every time I do this. Ok?
总是会有少数人完全无视独自行动的要求 There's always a few people who completely ignore
他们会跟班里其他人 the instruction to do this alone and they go out and do this
一起做 along with someone else from class
当然这比完全不完成作业要好 that's definitely better than not doing it
但也说明了非常重要的一条原则 but it also demonstrates a very important principle
那就是如果我是跟别人一起做某事 which is, if I am doing something with someone else
那就意味着至少也有人是认同的 that is, at least somebody else has sanctioned it
于是就没关系了 that it's ok
我成了群体的一员 I am part of a group
当做事的是群体 And if a group is doing something
责任就不会分担到个人头上 it doesn't get attributed to the individual
也许这些人是兄弟会 姐妹会搞活动的呢 May be they are rushing a fraternity or sonority
也许这些人是打赌打输了呢 Maybe they are just part of a weird prank group
不是一个人 这一点很重要 it does matter if you are not alone
这样的话就没有那么吓人 it's lot less terrifying to do it
只多一个人 Adding one person
就完全消除了自我评估的强大压力 takes off that intense pressure of self-evaluation
还有一个学生 他是做到了的 我知道 And then we had one person in class who I knew did this
因为他在答疑时间来办公室找我 because they came to my office hours
额头上涂着口红 wearing the lipstick on the forehead
但他不仅仅头上涂了口红 but not just wearing the lipstick on the forehead
脖子上还戴了一块牌子 wearing a sign around his neck
牌子上写着 and the sign said something like
"问问我为什么？" "Ask me why?"
显然…… And apparently...
基思人呢？请站起来 Where is Keith? Please stand up for me
他戴着这玩意儿过了两天 He walked around with that for 2 days
还编了个离奇的故事来解释 and he made up some crazy story about
为什么头上要涂口红 why he was wearing lipstick on his forehead
但大家请注意 通过编造离奇的故事 But notice, by making up a crazy story about it
他也摆脱了这种 it takes the pressure off him
"我就是想这么干"的压力 "I just decided to do this"
这看似微不足道 So this is just a minor little thing
不过是往额头上擦一道口红 putting the lipstick on the forehead
我完全可以要求大家 and yet I could have told you
多做一个小时的额外家庭作业 you have to go and do an hour of additional homework
你们90%的人都会去做 and 90% of you would have done it
这个你们是会去做的 That you would have done
但一个小时的时间 该干嘛干嘛 But an hour just going about with your business
不过额头上多了一道两寸长的口红印？ with two inches of lipstick on your forehead
"想都别想" "no way no how"
"要我这么干 不如先退课" "I will quit the class before I do that"
"你才没法逼我这么做呢!" "No way you are getting me to do that"
这值得我们都好好思考 I think it is worth thinking about
它的意义究竟有多大？ How significant that is?
嗯？ Yeah
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你有收到回应吗？ Prof: Have you turned in a response?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:我觉得绝大多数人都会胡编个故事 Prof: No, I think most people just make something up
要让群体做到 基本是不可能的 I think it would be virtually impossible to get the group to do this
除非我手拿口红 unless I went around with the lipstick myself
亲自往每个人的脑门上涂一道 and put it on everyone's forehead
但大家半数人都会看见我撒腿就跑 and half of you will run away from me any way
大家都知道目的并不在此 So you know the goal isn't to do that, but the goal is
而是为了展示大部分人 to demonstrate, which is most of you probably
都已经明白的一个道理 那就是 know individually, which is
这既是小事 也不是小事 this is something trivial and yet it's not trivial at the same time
这是萨特所言最好的力证 It's a powerful indicator of what Sartre was talking about about
"我们究竟有多在意 "How much are we concerned with
周围他人对我们的看法？" how we are seen by others around us?"
今天的课就上到这里 That's the end of class
祝大家考试好运 I wish you all very good luck
我明天的答疑时间 My office hours tomorrow will be 12:00 to 3:00
是12:00到下午3:00 12:00 to 3:00 tomorrow
祝大家考得好 Good Luck on the exam
下周二见 see you next Tuesday