好了 快到期中了 OK, so we are getting close to the midpoint of the quarter
意味着该开始考虑期中考试了 which means it's time to start thinking about the midterm
这是这门课我最不喜欢的部分之一 which is one of my least favorite parts of this class
我确定这也是你们最不喜欢的之一 I'm sure it will be one of your least favorite too
因为关于考试有趣的是 Because what's fun about taking an exam
在准备过程中 有一些不同的 in preparation for that, there's a couple of different things
相关事宜 that are relevant
这周某个时间你们将有个在线模拟考试 we will be getting a practice exam online for you sometime this week
可能在周四或周五 it would be probably Thursday or Friday
那会挂在课程网站上 so that'll get posted on the course website
将有个模拟考试 也有个单独的考试答案文档 There will be a practice exam as well as a separate document with
我建议先不要看答案 the answers to the exam, I recommend not looking at that one first
还将有个复习表也会挂在网上 So, there will also be a review sheet that gets posted there as well
复习表将只会涉及 The review sheet will only be related to
你们需要知道的章节知识 what you need to know from section
然后另一件事是下周一五点在这个教室 And then the other thing is next Monday, 5 o'clock, this room
将会有复习课 will be the review session
下午五点在这里 OK, 5 pm in here
怎么了？ Yes?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
什么？ What?
学生:我们可以投票吗？ Student: Can we vote?
教授:对不起 没必要投票 Prof: Oh sorry, there was no need to vote
登记员能安排的只有一个时间 There was only one time that the registrar could do it
所以我们可以投票 然后结果还是那个时间 So, we can take a vote and then it would end up being that time
因为那是唯一的时间 because that's the only time
我问过他们什么时候可以给我们安排教室 I asked what the ranges of times were that they could give us a room
好让学生来投票选择 With the intention of having folks come in and vote
但他们说那是唯一的时间 but they said that was the only time
所以时间定在周一五点 So, it's Monday at 5
我申请某人给我…… I have a request in to have someone give me...
基本上就是建个音频播客 To set it up basically so that it could be audio podcast
以便不能来的学生 So that for those of you who can't be here,
也能听到答案 you can hear the answers
下周三考试之前 I will also be having my office hours next week on Wednesday
我也会在办公室 Before the exam itself
所以如果那些不是好的选择 so if those things aren't good enough options
或者有另外的问题 you can certainly email me
你们当然可以给我发电子邮件 and we can try to figure out some other option as well
我们也可以试着想想其他的选择 if there are additional questions
但通常那两个选择能解决大部分人的 But usually those two end up covering most people
大部分问题 for most of the questions that they have
所以我还没有得到确认复习课是否会上播客 So, I do not have confirmation yet that it will be podcast
我申请把复习课放到播客上 I have a request in to have it podcast
过去我们成功过 In the past, we've had success
这里有人用自己的设备对讲课内容录音吗？ Does anyone in here, record the lectures on their own device?
通常会有一些人这么做 Usually, there are few people who do
没有吗？ No?
你在后面录了 You do back there
录音在电脑上是MP3或者其他格式的吗？ Does it come out as an MP3 or something on your computer?
学生:我不知道 Student: I don't know
教授:你不知道 好吧 Prof: You don't know. OK
谁提醒我一下 Someone try to remind me
我也会把复习课的内容录到我手机里 I will also record that review session on my phone
因为我们有时把那同别的东西 because we do have problems on occasion
一起挂到网上 with getting that thing posted
作为定期播客之一时偶尔会有问题 as one of the regular podcasts with everything else
所以如果我们有自己的拷贝 And so if we have our own copy
比如我在手机上拷一份的话 I make a copy on my phone
也就确保了我们能把它挂到某个地方 that will ensure we will be able to get it posted somewhere
有什么问题？ Yeah?
学生:复习课是从五点到…… Student: it's from five until...
教授:6点或6点半 教室我们能用到6点半 Prof: Until six or six thirty, we have the room until six thirty
一般复习课会持续大约一小时甚至更短 Traditionally, they've last about an hour or a little less
但我能待到6点半直到教室不归我们用为止 But I can stay until six thirty until the room ceases to be ours
复习课上我会讲解 So, in that review session I will be talking about lecture
课程复习材料 review material
所以如果有关于章节复习材料的问题 So, if there are questions about the section review material
那些问题应该问你们的助教 Those questions should be going to your TAs
有时有人来办公室找我说 Occasionally, someone comes to my office hours and says
我想问您关于埃伦·兰格的书《专念》 "I want to ask you about Ellen Langer's book Mindfulness"
然后我说 如果在过去15年中我读过那本书 And then I say, "Well, ok that would make sense if I had read
倒没问题 但我没读过啊 that book in the last fifteen years but I haven't"
所以我指定的书是我喜欢的和过去很熟悉的 So, I am assigning books that I like and have known well in the past
但我不是每学期都读 你们的助教是的 But I don't keep reading them every quarter, your TAs do
因为他们才是 because they are the ones
实际上教那些书的人 who are actually teaching from those books
所以如果有章节和书的问题 So, if there is questions for sections and questions for the books
那些问题应该问你们的助教 Those questions should be going to your TA
还有其他问题吗？请说 Any other questions, yeah?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:对 一个模拟考试将挂到网上 Prof: Right, so what will be posted is a practice exam that
其中包括一些集中在书上的问题 includes some questions that will focus on the book
但复习表将会非常清楚地告诉你 But the review sheet will tell you very clearly
哪些是你需要从书上知道的材料 this is the material you need to know from the books
大多数情况下当我们根据书本提的问题 For the most part when we ask questions from the books
都试图设计成 we want them to be questions that
你看了书就能做对的题目 If you read the books, you get them right
想法是我们想 The idea is that we want there to be an incentive for you
你有个动机去读书 to read the books
而在期中考试中安排一些书本上的题目 And essentially getting some right on the midterm
可以说是个很好的方法 is a good way to do that
如果我不这样要求 你们有很多人 If I didn't have them ever required, there's a good portion of you
从来都不会读任何书 that would never read any of the books
可惜人性本就如此啊 Unfortunately, that's human nature
当我是个大学生时我也会做同样的事情 I would have done the same thing when I was an undergrad
即便是现在 在你们的处境下 我还是一样 Or this week if I was in your situation, hasn't really changed
好了我们就是这么安排的 So yeah, that's the way we do it
学生:下周还有一章吗？ Student: Is there a section next week?
教授:我想没有 我们取消了下周的一章 Prof: I think there isn't. We cancel section for next week
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:好的 感恩节后星期三有某事 Prof: OK there was something about Wednesday from Thanksgiving
那是…… Is that the...
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:对 因为退伍军人节周三的课不上 Prof: Oh right. Because the Wednesday's session won't have section
下周三的一章会补起来 on Veteran's Day, the Wednesday's section of next week are meeting
跟你们的助教确认一下 Check with your TA
所以如果不是在周三 So if you're not on a Wednesday,
你们下周就没课 you're not having section next week
还有其他问题吗？ Any other questions?
我必须告诫你们的唯一一件事就是今天的课 The only other thing that I have to warn you off, is that
结束时 我确实要"跑"出这里 at the end of lecture today, I literally need to run out of here
当人们不是当真时 他们决不应该说"确实" People should never say literally when they don't mean it
我不会真的去跑 I'm not going to actually run
但基本上这堂课一结束我就要走 But I need to leave basically the second lecture ends
因为这堂课结束10分钟后 我将穿过校园 Because I am giving a talk across campus, ten minutes
去作报告 after this class is over
所以我要走 下课后不能像通常一样 So, I will need to leave and I won't be able to take questions after
回答你们的提问 like I usually like to be able to do
学生:有多少道题目？ Student: How many questions?
教授:期中考试有多少道题目？你是问这吧？ Prof: How many questions on the midterm? Is that it?
这一点我不太清楚 I don't know exactly this point
但通常是45到50道多项选择题 But typically it's forty five to fifty multiple choice questions
学生:是答题卡形式的吗？ Student: Is it a scantron?
教授:是的 我们会带答题卡 Prof: It's a scantron, we will bring the scantron
请带二号铅笔 Please bring number two pencils
如果你没带 We will have the stubby embarrassing pencils
我们会有粗短的令人尴尬的铅笔 if you don't bring your own
但那些铅笔没有橡皮擦 But those don't come with erasers
所以如果你没带自己的铅笔 So if you don't bring your own pencils, make sure you get it right
确保你第一遍写的答案是对的 the first answer you put down
几乎所有人在1小时15分钟的时限内 And almost everybody finishes well before the hour and
都完成的很好 fifteen minutes that you have
从以往的考试来看我知道这点 I know this historically
有5到7个人会一直做到考试结束 There will be five to seven people who will stay to the end
但根据我的经验 考试就算是长达6个小时 But I know from experience, they would stay
他们也会一直做到考试结束 to the end of the exam if it was six hours long
你们还是有我给你们的相同的题目数量 And you still have the same number of questions that I am giving you
所以对你们大多数人来说 So, for the vast majority of you
你们将在40分钟左右完成 you will finish at about forty minutes
这不是个很长的考试 It's not a real long exam
我还告诉你们 期末考试将是同样的方式 And just to let you know, the final exam will be the same way
所以粗略地说期末考试 So, you will have more time for the final
你们将有更多的时间做 same number of questions that will take you same amount
同样多的题目 of time roughly speaking
学生:是普通的绿色答题卡吗？ Student: Is it the regular green scantron?
教授:普通的绿色答题卡？ Prof: The regular green scantron?
我在加州大学洛杉矶分校 I've never seen a green scantron
从没见过绿色的答题卡 at UCLA
是白色的带红蓝方格 It's the white scantron with like red
或类似的答题卡 blue boxes or something all about it
是标准的答题卡 上面有给你们填的空格 It will be a standard scantron with spaces for you to fill in
还可以让我们改卷时不废吹灰之力 and a way for us to grade it without doing any work
像那个 后面那里 她正举着一个 Like that one, right back there, she's holding one up
好了 上一讲结束时我们讨论了 OK alright so, at the end of last lecture, we had talked about
叔本华和尼采 Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
讨论了每个人内部的这两种动机力量 talking about these two motivational forces within each person
他们那个时代 人们谈论的自我 This is the era in which the folks who were talking about
其组成部分之间是敌对性的 the parts of the self that were kind of at war with one another
所以尼采从阿波罗神和酒神力量的角度 And so Nietzche talked about them in terms of
进行了讨论 the Apollonian and Dionysian forces
他没有讨论所有这些事物本身 And he doesn't talk about all of these things per se
相反 我认为如果我们着眼于这些不同的特性 But rather, I think, if we sort of look at these different characteristics
我们就能在阿波罗神对酒神体系内 we can talk about how you might think about them differently
讨论你如何有区别地考虑它们 within kind of the Apollonian versus the Dionysian system
关于这另一件要注意的事是它 And the other thing to notice about this
与"我是谁"的那个演示之间的联系 is the way it kind of maps onto the "Who am I" demo
演示我们上次或者两次前在这一讲的开头做过 we did in the beginning of this lecture last time or two times ago
所以当人们回答我是谁的问题时 And so most of what people answer
他们大部分人的回答 when they answer the question who am I?
他们正在做一些把他们直接放到阿波罗神 They're doing things that put them squarely on the
一面的事情 Apollonian side of things
所以他们说关于他们是谁的事情 So, they say things about who they are
而不是他们正在做什么 对吧？ Rather than what they are doing, right?
现在我可以说我是个教授 Right now, I can say I am a teacher
但当我说我是个教授时 But when I say I am a teacher
是在假定这是个持久稳定的特性 it's presupposing that it's an enduring stable characteristic
该特性会无限期地持续下去 that will kind of last indefinitely
一些人会认为把我自己定义为我在教书 Some would argue that it is a lot more accurate for me to
更准确一些 define myself right now and it turns of the fact that I am teaching
结果是当你做不同的事情时 And it turns out that there are psychological consequences based on
有一些基于你用哪种方法 which of those two ways you think about yourself
思考你自己的心理结果 when you are doing different things
我不会细究 但结果肯定有 And I'm not going to go into that but there are consequences
这时你基本上在用名词和形容词 When you use this, you are basically using nouns and adjectives
描述你自己 to describe yourself
而不是用动词和副词来描述自己 as opposed to verbs and adverbs to describe yourself
因为你在谈持久的特性 Because you are talking about enduring characteristics
你倾向于指发生在过去 you are tending to refer to things that occurred
并且将持续到将来的事情 in the past and will endure into the future
而不是现在实际上正发生的事情 rather than what's actually happening right now
我们今天稍后讨论威廉·詹姆斯的时候 We will come back to this when we talk about
会回到这个问题上 William James a little bit later today
但当我们讲威廉·詹姆斯 But when we get to William James
并且讨论主题自我和客体自我时 and talk about the "I" versus "me"
这样区分到时就比较合理了 It ends up dividing this way that will make a little bit more sense then
好了 尼采还说了另外一点 Alright, now Nietzsche said one other thing
我认为这一点对社会心理学 that I think is profoundly important for social psychology
关于自我的社会心理视角 and sort of social psychological perspectives on the self
乃至本讲之后的的整个下一讲 And in fact the entire next lecture that we are going to do
都非常重要 after this one
他的文风如同很多哲学家一样 So he wrote like many philosophers
喜欢攻击而且尽其所能 they like to be offensive and offend our sensibilities
冒犯我们的情感 as much as they can
所以他写道 And so he wrote that
不管他们关于自我想什么和说什么 "Whatever they may think and say about their self
大多数人也就是你们所有人 the great majority i.e. all of you
在他们整个一生中对"自我"本身 The great majority nonetheless do nothing for their self
却什么也没做 their whole life long
他们所作所为的着力点不过是自我的幻象罢了 What they do is done for the phantom of their self
该幻象在他身边之人的头脑里成型 which has been formed in the heads of those around them
然后传达给他们本人 and communicated to them"
所以他在这里暗示的是 And so, what he's suggesting here is
你有根深蒂固的自我感觉 you have your sort of ingrained sense of self
你认为它是个人的 You think it's personal
你认为它来自于你 You think it comes from you
它是源自于你的某个事物 That it's something that emanates from you
是特别的 独特的 为你所有 it's special, unique and it's yours
但是尼采却说那不过是个幻觉 And what he's suggesting is that it's an illusion
那些你感觉与自己密切相关的自有事物 Those things that you feel intimately connected to as your own
比如你的信仰 偏好和身份 your own beliefs, your own preferences, your own identity
都深深地经受由你之外的力量 are all things that have been profoundly shaped by forces
大多以你意识不到的方式深刻影响着的 outside of you in ways that we do not recognize most of the time
那些力量大部分是为了 And most of those forces are geared towards making us
我们的自我意识及价值观有益于社会 have identities and values that end up benefiting society
至于对自身是否有意就不一定了 and maybe or maybe not benefiting us personally
用刚刚讲过的阿波罗神和酒神 So putting this in the terms of what we were just talking about
等术语来说 with apollonian and Dionysian
他意思就是社会主要帮你构建你自己的 What he suggests is that society is basically helping you
阿波罗神一面 construct the apollonian side of yourself
一系列特别的规则 标准和价值观 That a particular set of rules, norms and values
所有那些事物与你的文化也许你的家庭有关 all those things associated with your culture, perhaps your family
但是一旦它们进入我们的思想 我们会认为 But once they get inside us, we think they are really ours
它们真的是我们的而且不知何故它们来自我们 and somehow they came from us
所以我倾向于重提的一个例子 And so you know one example that I tend to go back to
就是那个刚上大学就准备 is you know the freshman who shows up at college
以后报考医学院的新生 prepared to go to Med school
你们要不就是这种人 要不认识这种人 OK, you all either are or know this person
跟我一起上学的有一半是这种人 OK, half the people I went to school with were this person
在大一或大二的某个时候 And sometime during freshman or maybe sophomore year
其中很多人意识到这是个糟糕的主意 a lot of these folks realize this is a terrible idea
我的有机化学很糟糕 对吧？ I am terrible at organic chemistry, right?
我认为我不喜欢这方面的任何东西 I don't think I like any of this
我一看到血就害怕 对吧？ I am scared of the sight of blood, right?
我真的想成为舞蹈指导 And I really want to be a choreographer
不是我 Not me
但就在昨天我吃晚饭的时候 But as I was having dinner last night
有人从医学院辍学 there was someone who dropped out of med school
做了舞蹈指导 to become a choreographer
但后来又回到了医学院 but then went back to med school
所以人们上高中 So people would go through high school
努力学习 尽力拿高分 working so hard to get the best grades they can
然后去他们能去的最好的大学 to go to the best colleges they can
因为他们死心塌地想成为一名医生 Because they are dead set on becoming a doctor
为什么？ Why?
我家里有人都想成为 Well, in my family the reason why anyone ever wanted to
一名医生的话 become a doctor
原因是因为我有个犹太奶奶 is because I had a Jewish grandmother
她从我很小的时候 who from the time
就说 难道你不想成为一名医生吗？ I was very little, said "Don't you want to become a doctor?"
家里需要一名医生 对吧？ We need a doctor in the family, right?
我说 博士算吗？头衔和医生类似的 And I said, "Doesn't a PhD count? That's a doctor"
不 那不算 No no, that doesn't count
我兄弟叫丹尼尔·罗伯茨 My brother's name is Daniel Roberts
他名字的缩写是医生 His initials are doctor
不 不算 No, doesn't count
在很多家庭 孩子们都会这样内化 But in a lot of families, this gets in and we internalize kind of
父母 祖父母或者社会告诉我们的 what our parents or grandparents or our society
什么才是一个好职业 tells us about what would be a good thing for us to do
我们相信这些说法 然后全力去实现 And we embrace that and we go sort of full steam at it
却并不真正知晓自己当下想要的是什么 without actually knowing what it is that we are now wishing for
当一个14岁的孩子决定他想当医生的时候 When a fourteen year old decides he wanna be a doctor
关于医生的工作他们知道什么？ What do they know about what a doctor does?
他们知道怎么处理医疗事故保险吗？ Do they know about dealing with malpractice insurance?
大概不知道 Probably not
他们知道怎么处理健康维护组织吗？ Do they know about dealing with HMOs?
大概不知道 Probably not
成为一个医生有许多好处 There are many things that are great about being a doctor
成为一个医生也会面对许多坏事 There are many things that are terrible about being a doctor
确实有某种性格的人适合当外科医生 And certain people really have a temperament suited to
或者全科医生 being a surgeon or being a general practitioner
但有很多人因为社会对医生的重视 But there is a lot of other people that
而受到吸引 because our society values having doctors
并内化这种想法 People get encouraged and they come to internalize that
逐渐长大后 In a way that as they get older
他们意识到这个职业实际上并不适合自己 they realize that doesn't actually suit me
但转变的过程是痛苦的 But it's very hard to go through that transition
因为我们确实会内化 Because we really do internalize those things
周围人的观念 that come from those around us
有时我说起这件事时 And sometimes when I talk about his, people say
会有人说你为什么刁难医生 why are you picking on doctors
我并不是这个意思 医生很了不起 I'm not. Doctors are awesome
没有他们我们就麻烦了 We'd all be in a lot of trouble without them
而这正是上述现象发生的原因 That's why this phenomenon occurs
正因为医生对社会如此重要 It's because they are so valuable to society
才会出现这种循环 that it sets up this sort of circular process
人们普遍地受到鼓励去成为医生 where people are more generically encouraged
而不是去做适合自己的事情 to become doctors than may fit their temperament and so on
任何其他得到高度重视的职业也是一样 But you can do it for anything else that is highly valued
我肯定 I'm sure
所以最后一组哲学家讲完了 So, our last group of philosophers and now
现在我们开始学习既是哲学家 we start bleeding into people who are both philosophers
也是心理学家的人 他们都有大智慧 and psychologists who think big
这时候各种概念交融混杂 Here is, there's a bit of a more mish-mash of ideas
事情也似乎变得后现代起来 and things get a lot more kind of post modern seeming at this point
那位同学 Yeah
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:什么为什么？ Prof: Why does what?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:为什么有些人说他疯了？ Prof: Why does he have the image of being crazy?
因为他确实疯了 Oh because he went crazy
我是说在他人生的最后15年 I mean he like in the last fifteen years of his life
他差不多疯了 literally lost his mind
四处游荡 往墙上扔粪便 You know he was running around, throwing feces on the wall
非常疯狂 Kind of crazy, crazy
有些人因为不同意他的观点 Now other people think that he is crazy
就说他是疯子 because they don't agree with him
但这里我们回到"理性人"标准的 But here we go back to our very good example
好例子上来 of the reasonable person standard
如果你觉得他说的有道理啊 And you think well he make sense to me
可是为什么其他人会认为他疯了？ therefore why would anyone else think he is crazy?
如果我把那当作考试题目 If I put that as an exam question
那会是什么的例子呢？ that would be an instance of?
有人知道吗？ Anyone?
你们有些功课要做了 Oh, you got some studying to do!
这涉及到主观解释 Well, it involves subjective construal
但他的行为是朴素现实论的一个例子 But what he did would be an example of naive realism
我听到有人在说了 I heard someone say it
朴素现实论 Naive realism
不过我有同感 but I feel the same way
因为我也认为他并没有疯 Because I don't think he is crazy either
谁不赞同我的观点 谁才是疯子 Everyone who disagrees, you're the crazy ones
我开玩笑的 I'm kidding
什么？ What?
他是德国人 He was German
我也是 我们德国人团结在一起 As am I, us Germans we stick together
不 我开玩笑的 No, I'm kidding
去过德国一次 不是什么好玩的地方 Went to Germany once, not a real fun place to visit anyway
德国？夏威夷？好吧 Err Germany? Err Hawaii? Hmm yeah, ok
让我们离开德国前往法国 OK, let's leave Germany and go to France
让·保罗·萨特写过一本书叫 OK, Jean-Paul Sartre wrote a book called
《自我的超越性》 the Transcendence of the Ego
世界上读过这书的人只有我和其他六个人 That I and six other people in the world have ever read
因为这本书不是他的名作 Because it's not a very well known book of his
但其中的见解十分深刻 but it's a really insightful book
他在书中写道 and in this he wrote the following
在无反射层面是没有我存在的 He wrote, "There is no "I" on the unreflected level
当我追赶一辆电车时 看时间时 When I run after a streetcar, when I look at the time
沉浸于对一幅肖像的凝视时 when I am absorbed in contemplating a portrait
我是不存在的 there is no "I"
有电车必须被追赶的 There is consciousness of quote
意识等等 the streetcar-having-to-be-overtaken
事实上 我陷入了物体的世界 In fact, I am then plunged into a world of objects
而这些物体又构成了我的意识 it is they which constitute the unity of my consciousness
物体用价值以及吸引和排斥的特质 it is they which present themselves with values
呈现它们自己 with attractive and repellent qualities
而我呢 我已经消失了 But me, I have disappeared
我已经消灭了我自己 I have annihilated myself
这个层面上没有我 There is no place for me on this level!"
所以他争辩的不再是自我是否存在的问题 OK, so, he is no longer debating whether the self exists or not
他认为当我们思考自身时想到的那种身份 What he is suggesting is that the identity that we sort of think of
其实常常是不存在的 when we think about ourselves is often not actually there
当我们停止思考时 它才会出现 It's there when we stop to think about it
就像冰箱 当你打开它的门 It's like the refrigerator, when you open the door
看见灯亮着 You see the light on
关门之后 你会假定灯仍然是亮着的 When you close the door, you assume the light is still on
因为你没有看见它熄灭 Because you didn't see it go off
但只有你打开门看到灯亮的时候 but it's only there when you pull the door open
才能确信 And look at the light, ok
他认为自我与冰箱灯有些相似 And what he is suggesting is the self is kind of the same way
当你去寻找自我时它就会出现 这很奇怪 Self is there whenever you go look for it, which is odd
因为休谟的观点正与此相反 because Hume said the opposite
但我可以思索自我 Right, but you know I could be reflecting on myself
这种思索可以被看作是自我的行动 and that could be taken as action of the self
作为自我的证据而且康德的理论也支持该观点 Evidence for the self and Kant's perspective supports that
他说我一生大部分时间 But he said most of the time in my life,
都在四处奔走做事情 I am running around doing things
而我以为与我一致的自我没有存在的证据 And the self that I identify with, there's no evidence of it
我忙着生活 I'm busy living life
有经历但不是我思考我的经历 There's experience but not me thinking about my experience
所以这追溯到了笛卡尔 So, this goes back to Descarte
笛卡尔说我不能怀疑我存在 Descarte said, "I cannot doubt that I exist
因为我存在才能怀疑 Because I would be doubting that I exist"
但笛卡尔的思辨 But when Descarte is doing that,
是一种有意识的行为 he's engaged in reflective conscious acts
萨特本质上是说 And what Sartre is essentially saying is
如果笛卡尔现在没有忙于怀疑会怎么样呢 what if Descarte wasn't busy doubting right now
他还存在吗？ Would he still exist?
我是说作为人他自然存在 I mean as a person, yes,
但他的自我是否存在？ but would his self exist
萨特怀疑这一点 And Sartre questions that
我觉得这个问题很有趣 And I think it is an interesting thing to question
再一次 你不必赞同他的理论 Again, you don't have to agree with him
但我认为这样说是个十分有趣的观点 but I think it is an interesting perspective to say
当我忙着过日子时 When I'm busy living my life, where is that I
那个我认为对我如此必要 that I think is so essential to me
我为之做所有这些事情的"我"在哪里？ that I'm doing all this stuff for
后面的那位同学你说 Yeah in the back
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:对 Prof: So, right
所以问题是 他是否认为自我是构建起来的 So, the question is, does he pose that the self is constructed
而且每次都是新的自我？ and new every time?
他并没有真正研究过这个问题 He doesn't really get into that
从他写的其他东西来看 and just from other things that he has written
我推测他认为自我是持续存在的 My guess is he thinks the self is enduring
它一直会出现 That it is keeps popping back into existence
每次你打开冰箱的门 亮的都是同一盏灯 Every time you open the refrigerator, it's the same light that goes on
但他最著名的一句话是 But he also, I mean what he's most famous for saying is
你对自己的每个方面都负有全部责任 You are completely responsible for every aspect for who you are
我们所做的每件事都是一种选择 that you know everything that we do is a choice
大学时我觉得这个观点很酷 And in college, I thought that was a really cool idea
现在我对心理学和神经科学有了更多了解 Now, that I know more about psychology and neuroscience
我认为这是疯狂的想法 I think that's insane
你的大部分特质 You know a vast portion of who you are
已经由你的基因决定了 was determined by your genes
在你来到这世上之前就决定了 you know before you took your first breath out here
但有很多事情在于你的选择 But a lot is decided based on your choices
我认为这是个合理的观点 and I think that's a reasonable perspective
但他关注的重点是当冰箱门关着时 But he's more focused on the fact that the light isn't on
灯并不是亮着的 when the refrigerator isn't open
我们推测是亮着的但并没亮 And we assume it is but it isn't
我们不该这样推测 and we shouldn't assume that
所以他的意思是 So what he's suggesting is that there's something
自我和反思的过程之间联系紧密 intimately connected between the self and reflective processing
只有当你有所思考的时候 That you only get the self
你才能找到自我 when you are trying to reflect on whatever it is
那么最初是什么使我们拥有自我的呢？ So, what causes us to have a self in the first place?
自我从何而来？ Where does it come from?
反思又源自何方？ Where does this reflective processing come from?
这些引发我们思考我们是谁？ That causes us to think about Who we are?
据我们所知 除人类外没有其他动物这么做 As far as we know, no other animal does this except for us
在萨特最著名的作品存在与虚无中 Now, in Sartre's most famous book "Being and Nothingness"
他因为这本书获得了诺贝尔奖 The one that he got the noble prize for
与今天的某些获奖者不同 and unlike some other people who recently got noble prizes
萨特事实上拒绝接受诺贝尔奖 Sartre actually turned down the noble prize
我倒希望奥巴马哪天也该拿个诺贝尔奖 I'd like to think Obama would someday deserve getting a noble prize
我是他的粉丝 I'm a fan
不过可能吗？ 他要能得我都能得呢 But really? Like I deserve one as much as he does
以前我的兄弟打架的时候 我会去拉开他们 Right, like my brothers used to fight and I got them to separate
和平使者 You know, peacemaker
在萨特最出名的作品存在与虚无中 OK, in Sartre's most famous work Being and Nothingness
有很多确实让人困惑的东西 There's a lot of really confusing stuff
对于我下面要读给你们听的部分 and maybe you'll feel that
你们可能就会有这种感受 about the part I am going to read to you
书中有个部分叫做注视 But there's a section in the book called "the look"
萨特认为最初引发我们反思 And Sartre's idea is that the thing that makes us
并且思考我们是谁的东西 reflect in the first place and think about who we are
就是这 差不多是这 对吧？ is this, almost this, right?
是被注视 被他人看着 Being looked at; being seen by others
我本来想找一张像这样的人类眼睛图片 I wish I had a picture that looked like this was human eyes
但我在谷歌上能搜到的所有 But for instance, all the pictures I could find on Google
在黑暗中只有眼睛的图片 that are just eyes without nothing in the dark
都是猫眼 全部都是 我看过了 Are all cat eyes, all, I looked
所以他认为他人的眼光对于我们塑造自我 So, he thinks the eyes of others are profoundly important
非常重要 in shaping us having a self
这种说法有些夸张了 我不知道我们是否应该 And this is kind of hyperbolic, I don't know if we should take
从字面上理解我接下来要读的部分 what I am going to read to you in any way literally
但我认为它们颇具争议性 but I think it's provocative
他描述了一个场景 So, he describes a scene
他描述了他自己 但是某种程度上虚构的自己 He describes himself, but kind of a fictional himself
他说 我在一个公园里面 不远处有片草地 He says, "I am in a public park, not far away there is a lawn
草地的边缘有一些长椅 Along the edge of that lawn, there are benches
一个男人走过那些长椅 我看见了他 A man passes by those benches and I see that man
我把他同时理解为一个物体和一个人 I apprehend him as an object and at the same time as a man
这意味着什么呢？ What does this signify?
当我把这个物体判定为人时 我是指什么？ What do I mean when I assert that this object is a man?"
我们之前讨论过这个问题 对吧？ We've talked about this, right?
其他人跟宇宙中的其他任何东西 Other people are different than just about
都不同 anything else in the universe
因为当我们看其他人 Because when we look at other people
并判别他们是人类时 and recognize them as people
我们判定他们有思想 We recognize that they have thoughts
情感和观点等等 feelings, and perspectives and so on
所以某种意义上我们都是物体 So, we are all objects in one sense
但是是特别的物体 but we are special objects
当我们说某人是个人的时候 When we say that someone is a person
(萨特用的是差不多的一个词) is a man, the way he is describing it
我们意思是说 That's what we are referring to
那人有其自身特有的内在体验 is that there is an internal experience associated with that person
萨特继续写道 当我说这个物体为人时 Sartre goes on, "When I say this object is a man
意味着有一次重组 It means there is a regrouping in which
我参与其中却没有意识到 I take part but which escapes me
这次重组涉及到我的世界之中的所有物体 A regrouping of all the objects which inhabit my universe"
我待会儿解释这段话 I'll explain that in a second
绿草地在这个男人的另一边延伸 "The green lawn turns towards the other this man
我没有注意到他的脸 a face which escapes me
我理解绿草地和这另外一个人的关系 I apprehend the relation of the green to this other person
是一种客观的关系 As an objective relation
我不能理解绿草地对于他的意义 but I cannot comprehend the green as it appears to him"
突然一个物体出现了 "Thus suddenly an object has appeared
它偷走了我的世界 which has stolen the world from me
因此世界中另一个物体的出现 The appearance of the other in the world therefore
同整个宇宙的固定的滑动是同步的 corresponds to a fixed sliding of the whole universe
该滑动朝着这另一个人的方向 towards this other
他说的是我们每个人都有各自对世界的体验 So, what he's saying is each of us, have an experience of the world
就像世界在那里等我们一样 And it kind of seems like the world is there for us
我是我人生电影中的唯一观众 I am the sole viewer in the movie that is my life
我现在是看着你们 Watching all of you right now and whatever it is I am
然后看我接下来时间里所做的事 going to do in an hour and an hour after that and so on
我会一直这样看着 and I'm always viewing that
从主观建构我们知道 And we know from the subjective construal that
我的观点与其他任何人的都不会相同 my view of that will be different than anyone else's
与其他任何人都不同 It won't be the same as anyone else's
有时差别很大 有时差别很小 Sometimes in significant ways; sometimes in minor ways
所以当他说草地把脸转向 So, when he says
那个我看不见的人时 "the lawn turns a face to that other person that I cannot see"
他并不只是说如果我在这边 He is not simply saying if I am on this side
我只能看见这边的草地 I can only see this side of the grass
而他只能看到另一边的草地 And he can only see the other side of the grass
他想表达的不是这个意思 That's not what he means
当然这话没错 I mean that's true too
不过但他想说的是 But what he means is, there's a way that
其他人有另一种体验世界的方式 that other person is experiencing the world
他的人生体验我永远也体会不到 And it's a movie experience for him that I can never experience
所以这世界忽然不再只有一个了 And so suddenly the world isn't singular anymore
如果你住在一个荒岛上 四处走动 If you lived on a deserted island and you would just walk around
你会成为唯一一个有体验的人 And you would be the only person having a movie
每件东西都会成为你所认为的样子 And so everything would objectively be however you perceive it to be
因为没有其他人会说 我有不同看法 Because there will be no one to say, well, I see it differently
如果你是色盲的话那些你看不到色彩的东西 If you were colorblind, there simply wouldn't be color
就是没有色彩的 对吧？ For those things that you were colorblind for, right?
你需要一个人告诉你说 You need someone else to come up along and say
我有不同看法 I see things differently
然后你才会意识到有其他的观看角度 before it ever occurs to you that there is another way to see
想象某些动物拥有的 And imagine that there is some sixth or seventh sense
第六感或第七感 that some other animal has
我们永远都不会知道那是什么感觉 对吧？ Well, it would never occur to us, right?
如果我们不了解那种动物的话 我们只能想象 If we didn't know about that animal, we would just think
触觉 听觉 Well, touch, sound, sight, and smell,
视觉和嗅觉就是全部了 those are all the things that you can have
才不呢 那些不过是我们所拥有的感觉罢了 Well, no, those are the ones that we do have
谁知道呢？谁知道还有些什么呢？ Who knows? Who knows?
我不是说我相信鬼魂 I'm not saying I believe in ghosts
虽然万圣节快到了 我只是说 谁知道呢？ Even though Halloween is coming up, I'm just saying, who knows
我不相信鬼魂 但我还是这么告诉我儿子 I don't believe in ghosts but I tell my son
因为这样更有趣 I do because it's more fun
他接着写道 So, he goes on and he says
好像世界的中心 "It appears that the world has some kind of drain hole
有一个洞一样 in the middle of its being
而世界不停地流过这个洞 And that it appears to be perpetually flowing off through this hole"
我们每个人都像自己世界里的那个洞 See each of us is like our own drain hole of experience
世界会主动来到我们面前 对吧？ The world seems to come into us, right?
基本就是光 声音等等 There are basically light waves, sound waves and so on
呈现在我们面前 that are being fed into us and then
我们以一种其他任何人都不能够体会的方式 being perceived in a unique way that
理解它们 no one else can ever experience
意识到其他人经历相同的过程 And to realize that there is somebody else having that same process
却得到了不同的结果 but a different result
在某种意义上 in some way,
这使世界的某一部分对我们是未知的 makes part of the universe unknowable to us
而世上有60亿人在同时进行这一过程 To know there's six billion people doing that simultaneously
意味着几乎每件可知的事物 means almost everything that is knowable
对我们其中一人都是未知的 is unknowable to each one of us
因为其他所有人都在以自己的方式进行认知 Because everyone else is knowing in their own way
我们只有一个特定而有限的方式 And we only have access to our one specific limited way
到目前为止我们并没有在讨论自我 Now, so far we are not really talking about the self
下面是他讨论的 Here's where he does
他说 如果有另一个 不管他可能是谁 He says, "If there is another, whatever he may be
不管他跟我可能是什么关系 whatever maybe his relationship to me
除了他的纯粹存在 他不以何种方式影响我 And without his acting on me in any way except by his pure presence
然后我有个可以看见的外观 Then I have an outside that can be seen
我有个本性 I have a nature"
所以这种想法是当我们看周围的人 So, the idea is when we look around at everyone else
我们看人时会通过表面直接推断人家的本质 We see people and we immediately read the book by its cover
我们根据所看到的来推测他人 We make sense of people around us in terms of the things that we see
并假定内在的持久的品质 and we assume there are enduring underlying characteristics
与我们所看到的密切相关 associated with what we see
他说 我的最初坠落源于其他人的存在 And he says, "My original fall is the existence of the other"
我本质上从一个神 I essentially change from being kind of a God
我荒芜小岛的主观中心 the subjective center of my deserted island
变成另一个带着这种可以被其他人看见的 to just being another inhabitant with this nature
本性的居民 that can be seen by other people
这是个羞耻 "It's a shame like pride
意识到自己有本性却却又观察不到 is the apprehension of myself as a nature
而且自己的本性 Although that nature escapes me
对我又是永不可知的 and is never directly knowable to me"
你们任何人现在 So, the nature, my nature that any of you
都能看见的我的本性 are currently taking in and seeing
我却不能接近它 I don't have access to it
你们看到我的本性 So, you're seeing my nature
我们认为别人各有特性 比如 We experience other people as having specific natures
那个人很外向 That's the extroverted guy
那个人很害羞 那个女人体格健壮 That's the shy guy, that' the athletic woman
不管怎样 我们有不同的方法把人们分类 Whatever it is, we have this different ways of classifying people
那是他们的本性 对吧？ That's their nature, right?
奥巴马有本性 Obama has a nature
乔治·布什有本性 George Bush has a nature
迪克·切尼很明显也有本性 Dick Cheney clearly has a nature
不对？他本性不自然？好了 It's not true? He's not natural. Unnatural? OK
羞耻是自我的羞耻 Shame is shame of self
是认识到我对其他人来说 It is the recognition of the fact that
确实是个客体 I am indeed an object for the other
同理其他人也是我们的客体 In the same way that others are objects for us
也许我们不该把他们当客体 但我们这样做了 Maybe we shouldn't treat them as objects but we do
当我走到冰箱前 You know when I go to the refrigerator
我想知道哪些东西是咸的 I want to know which things are salty
哪些东西是甜的 which things are sweet
哪些东西是这种味道 Which things are going to taste this way
哪些东西是那种味道 Which things are going to taste that way
我们对待其他人时也是差不多的 Well, that's kind of how we treat other people too
虽然不完全一样 I mean not in its entirety
但是还是会将他人看作各有特性的 but treat other people as having particular characteristics
找出他们的特性比较有用 that we seek out as they're relevant
当我在研究所的时候 You know when I was in graduate school
我有一些朋友 和他们一起参加聚会非常有趣 I had my friends who were really fun to go party with
我还有另外一些朋友 和他们进行深奥的 And my friends whom were really fun to have sort of
哲学讨论非常有趣 a deep philosophical discussion with
我很努力地不去把他们搞混 And I really tried hard not to confuse those two
因为和适合讨论哲学的 Because the one
那个朋友 who was really good to have philosophical discussion with
参加聚会时却很无聊 sucked when we went out to parties
嗯…… 他会看到这吗？ OK, just thinking, will he ever see this?
但愿不会 Hopefully not
不管怎样 我们试着把人们分类以便我们知道 In any event, we try to put people into a category so that we know
哪些事想和这些人做 哪些不想 What things we do and do not want to do with those folks
了解某人是个服务员 Knowing someone is a waiter
帮助我们知道如何跟那个人打交道 Helps us know how to interact with that person
我们一直在这样做 We do this all the time
然后当你意识到其他人 And then it gets a little scary
也在对你做同样的事情就有点恐怖了 When you sort of recognize that other people are doing it to you
因此我对其他人来说就是我自己 - "Thus I am myself for the other"
对不起 Sorry
由于意识到我确实是 "It is the recognition of the fact that I'm indeed an object
其他人正看着和评判着的客体 which the other is looking at and judging
因此我对其他人来说就是我自己 Thus I am myself for the other in the midst of a world
在一个朝其他人漂的世界中的自己 that floats towards the other
因此我不仅不能直接认识我自己 Thus not only am I unable to know myself directly
而且我的存在朝其他人那里漂移 But my very being escapes me towards the other
即使我就是那个从我的存在中溜走的 Even though I am that very escape from my being"
所以你有你永远不能直接知道的本性 So, you have a nature that you will never know directly
你可以通过你周围的人 It will be known by those around you
当他们注视审视你的时候 And in seeing them looking at you
你意识到他们可能在判断和评价你 You recognize that they might be judging and evaluating you
以及辨别你的本性 and discerning your nature
按照萨特的说法 这导致了自我意识 And according to Sartre, this is what leads to self awareness
正因此而产生了自我意识 This leads to self awareness
因为我们有了动机去弄清楚我们是谁 Because we're then motivated to figure about who we are
我是谁？ Who am I?
另外 对于"我"这个人 And then, how is that person that I am
周围人的评价又是什么样的 going to be judged by those around me
我想弄清楚 I want to figure out
我是那种将被那些人喜欢的人吗？ Am I the kind of person that is going to be liked by those people?
或者我是那种 Or am I the kind of person
将被那些人揍一顿的人吗？ who is going to get beat up by those people?
或者被他们躲避的人吗？ or shunned by those people?
我想知道他们是怎么看我的 OK I want to know what they think of me
不知道的话我会焦虑 And not knowing creates anxiety
所以我有看得见的客体本性 我们都有 And so, I have an observable object nature, we all do
但我们不能直接知道 But we can never know it directly
你不能看到自己的内部去了解 You can't look inside yourself to know
别人将怎么看你 how you are going to be observed by others
但我们生活中很多事情取决于别人如何对我们 But a lot of things in our life depend on how others treat us
所以试着理解别人如何评价我 So, trying to understand how I would be evaluated by others
是我们每个人的一项主要任务 对吧？ Is a major task that we each have, right?
这个任务会产生焦虑 And this task creates anxiety
所以按照萨特的说法 人类因为有"自我" So, according to Sartre, anxiety is the fundamental aspect
焦虑便成为其最基本的一个方面 associated with human beings having a self
他认为如果没有焦虑也就没有自我 If there was no anxiety, he would argue there would be no self
我是说也许如果你已经有了自我 I mean maybe if you already had a self
你会保留它 You would keep it
但如果起初没有焦虑 But if there was never anxiety in the first place
如果不用担心别人 if there was never worry about what
将怎么看你 anyone else is going to think about you
你可能就不会试着弄清楚你是谁 You might not go trying to figure out who you are
然后就是下一步 And then, there's the next step
仅仅弄清楚你是谁还不够 It's not enough to just figure out who you are
我们试着积极为别人构建正确的看得见的自我 We try to actively construct the right observable self for others
这可以是而不总是一个非常有意识的思考过程 And this can be, not always, a very conscious reflective process
所以我们在生活中做的很多事情 So, a lot of the things that we do in our lives
都是为了使我们成为所想成为的人 are designed to make us into the person that we want to be
我们想成为的人是会被学校里的 And the person that we want to be, is the person that
其他孩子接受的人 would be accepted by the other kids in school
更广的总体来说 Maybe the teachers,
也许被教授 我父母和社会接受 my parents and the society as a larger whole
我们想成为被接受的人 We want to be someone that will be accepted
所以我们努力学习使自己成为 And so we work hard to make ourselves into someone
可接受的 令人喜欢的和重视的人 Acceptable, likeable, valued
所以尼采会说 这是自我的阿波罗神面 And so Nietzsche would say, "This is the Apollonian aspect of the self
把它自己塑造得符合家庭 shaping itself to fit with the accepted values of your family
文化和学校的价值观 culture, school
不管这些价值观具体是什么 Whatever it might be
所以问题是你有关于自己的记忆吗？ So, the question is would you have memories of yourself?
如果周围没有其他人的话 if there were no other people around and
我们不知道 we don't know...
有些个别的人是被狼养大的 There are very few people who have been raised by wolves
但被狼养大的人跟我们相比 But the people that have been raised by wolves, seem to have
似乎有根本不同的自我 a fundamentally different kinds of selves than the rest of us
是的是有人被狼养大的 And yes, there have been people raised by wolves
如果你不知道那 我也不知道具体怎么养的 If you didn't know that, I don't know how that works
但终究是养大了 But it does seem to work
你会有记忆吗？ 会的 Would you have memories? Yes
你曾经停下来思考过它们吗？ Would you ever stop to think about them?
我不知道 I don't know
如果你正坐在一个岛上 If you were sitting on an island and there was a machine that
有台机器不停地向你送椰子 kept rolling coconuts towards you
给你吃 而且水是华氏82度 So, you could eat them and the water was eighty two degrees
一切都很完美 从来没有风暴的话 and it was perfect, and there were never storms
你会发展自我吗？ Would you develop a self?
你会回想过去的经历吗？ Would you think back on past experiences?
如果你从没有那样做的习惯 If you never had got into the habit of doing that
我认为这是个没有定论的问题 I think it's an open question
我认为答案未必是简简单单的肯定 But I don't think the answer is obviously necessarily yes
你的自我未必肯定和我们看来 You'd have a self that looks anything like the selves
都有的自我一样 that we all seem to have here
我们的自我莫名其妙地 The selves that somehow support,
支撑了商场里所有不好的书店 you know every bad book store in the mall
那里有成百上千关于自我帮助 自我提高 Having a thousand books on self help, self improvement
等等类似的书籍 or something like that
如果你住在那个岛上 I don't think you'd have that kind of self
我认为你不会有那种自我 if you lived on that island
我们会回到这个问题上 有另外一种等式 But we will come back to this
这里还有另外一个方面 there is another piece to this equation that
下面我们讲的一个人会谈到 one of the next folks that we are going to talk about gets to
但这暗示我们过于关心 But this suggests that we are unreasonably concerned
别人对我们的看法 with what others think of us
过于想成为为人所喜欢的人 And getting us to be the kind of person who will be liked
我们的父母也非常关心 And our parents are very concerned with us
我们成为受人喜欢的人 becoming the kind of person that other people will like
因为他们也关心我们的幸福 because they care about our wellbeing as well
从我2岁半的儿子身上 And I've already experienced this very directly
我已经有切身体会了 with my two and half year old
比如他在学校做的事 like he's doing the things in school
会使其他孩子喜欢他 that will make other kids like him
好像当他们不再用尿布长大成人时 as if he's going to know these kids twenty years from now
他们还会彼此认识一样 when they are not in diapers anymore
估计不会 Nah, probably not
因为我说过这是个有意识的思考过程 Probably not because I said it's a conscious reflective process
它为什么不是无意识的呢？ Why isn't it automatic?
在早期 几乎没有什么是无意识的 Well, early on, almost nothing is automatic
在早期 我2岁的儿子 Early on, you know my two year old
甚至当他只有九个月大的时候 even when he was six, nine months old
他经常看那些比他大六到九个月 He was constantly watching what the kids
或者比他大一岁的孩子在做什么 that were six to nine months, a year older than him were doing
我们经常去商场等地方 Constantly, we would go somewhere like the mall
他都一直在观察 and he would just watch
他不想看跟他年龄一样大的孩子 And he didn't want to watch kids his own age
他想看年龄比他大的孩子 He wanted to watch the kids that were older
我认为某事正在发生 And I think there was something going on and of course
当然这是我对所看到的一种推断 this is me (INAUDIBLE) what I can see there
但似乎那里有某事在发生 but it seems like there was something going on there
他就像我试着弄清楚什么将是重要的 where he was like I'm trying to figure out what's going to be important
要成为他们之一我需要学什么 What are the things I need to learn to sort of become one of them?
我认为那是个非常积极的过程 And I think that is a very active process
如果你看五年级或者七年级 And if you go look at a fifth grade or a seventh grade
特别是七年级和八年级学生 particularly seventh, eighth grade
每个人都对自己属于哪个团体都非常着迷 Everybody is absolutely obsessed with you know which group am I in
坏女孩 是一个不同团体的好例子 Mean Girls is a really nice example of the different groups you get
初中 高中的时候更是麻烦 And the jungle that is middle school, high school, whatever
非常在乎自己是否穿对了衣服吗？ There's a very conscious focus on am I wearing the right things
午餐时我是和合适的人坐在一起吗？ Am I sitting with the right person at lunch?
我认为那不是无意识的 I don't think that is automatic
我不是说没有事物也支持无意识的说法 I'm not saying there aren't things that that support this as well
但有很多有意识的思考过程在发生 But there is a lot of conscious reflective processing going on there
我认为也有无意识的东西 Oh, I think there's automatic stuff as well
但我认为自我产生 But I think the reason that it happens at all
是因为那是有意识的思考 is because it's conscious reflective
像我的猫从不那样做 我的猫才不在乎 Like my cat never did that, my cat couldn't care less
我们怎么看她呢 对吧？ what we thought of her, couldn't care less, right?
完全不会在意 因为她没有合适的条件 It just didn't register, because she didn't have the right stuff
她缺少的其中一样条件 One of the things that she didn't have
就是有意识的思考过程 was conscious reflective processing
她有有意识的体验但没有有意识的思考能力 She has conscious experience but not conscious reflective thought
所以我想做一点小演示 不是在课堂上 So, I'd like to do a little demonstration, not in class
实际上将是你们的作业 It's actually going to be homework for you
什么？作业 What? Homework!
这是个有趣的作业 This is fun homework
当我说有趣的时候 是指我布置作业时有趣 And when I say fun, it is fun for me to assign this homework
我将让你们每个人做的事情呢 What I'm going to ask each of you to do
先问下你们 I'm going to ask each of you
这里有多少人知道口红是什么？ How many people in here know what lipstick is?
每个人都举手了 Woohoo! Everyone raise your hand
多少人认识涂口红的人？ How many people know someone who wears lipstick?
要么是你自己 要么是别人？ Either yourself or someone else?
你们都认识涂口红的人 OK, you all know someone who wears lipstick
我将要求的是你们每个人 what I am going to ask is that every one of you
在下周二之前最好找一些 before next Tuesday, goes and gets some lipstick
色彩最好亮丽一点的口红 in a bright color preferably
往自己额头上涂一些 And I want you to put some on your forehead
在你额头上画条漂亮又明显的线 A nice big visible line, about an inch and a half thick
大约一英寸半宽的样子 across your forehead
不要用接近你的肤色的颜色 必须是显眼的 Nothing that matches your skin tone, it's got to be visible
我想让你们在公共场所至少待一个小时 And I want you to go out in public for at least an hour
学生:我们可以在周六进行 Student: We can do this on Saturday. Yeah
教授:你们可以在周六进行 Prof: You can do this on Saturday
学生:因为周六是万圣节 Student: Because it's Halloween
教授:没关系 Prof: Oh never mind!
这从来没有离万圣节这么近 Well, this has never come up close to Halloween
不 你们不能在周六进行 No, you cannot do this on Saturday
你们这些狡猾的家伙 不行 Sneaky people, so no
在外面待一个小时 OK, go out for an hour
你们不能以团队进行 And you cannot do it in teams
你们不能跟这里的人一起出去做这件事 You cannot go out with someone from here and do it with them.
最关键的是 你们不能告诉人们这样做的原因 And most critically, you can't tell people why you are doing it
你们可以告诉他们一些其他的不真实的原因 You can tell them something else that isn't true
但你们不能告诉他们真正的原因 But you can't tell them the real reason
那就是你们是我布置这样做的 which is you were assigned by me to do this
现在我要问你们一些问题 OK, now I am going to ask you some questions
确保你们明白了 to make sure that you understand this
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:什么？只要是亮丽和明显的？ Prof: What? As long as it's bright and visible?
当然 你们可以用马克笔来代替 Sure! Yes, you can use a marker instead
但我不会用那擦不掉的马克笔 But I would avoid using marker that you know is not erasable
如果你们那样做了 别让我负责 Don't hold me responsible if you do that
虽然看到你们带着擦不掉的标记来上课很有趣 Although it will be fun to see you come to class if that happens
你说 Yeah
学生:我们能(听不清) Student: Could we (INAUDIBLE)
教授:你们必须在公共场所很显眼处 Prof: You have to be out visible in public
你们可以坐着 但必须在公共场所很显眼处 You could be sitting, but you have to be out visible in public
现在如果你没听清作业 Now, if you have not heard the homework assignment
或者不明白的 请举手 And don't understand it, please raise your hand
有一个 OK, one person
学生:我开玩笑的 Student: I'm just kidding
教授:我知道你是开玩笑的 Prof: I know you were kidding
所以每个人都明白作业是什么了吧？ So, everybody understands the homework assignment?
每个人真的清楚了吧？ And everybody is really clear about it?
这可能是我今天为止说过的 Right, this is probably the most interesting thing
最有趣的事情 that I've said so far today. Right
既然有趣 那么你们就没理由忘记 it's interesting which means there's no reason why you would forget
这是你们的作业 That this is your homework assignment and of course
当然课后我会把这些幻灯片挂到网上 I'm going to post these slides after class
所以你们可以下载然后再看一遍 So, you'll download them and see this again
下周二会很有趣 Right, it's going to be really interesting next Tuesday
那时你们有一半的人会告诉我你们忘了 When half of you tell me that you forgot, ok
会有一半的人 Now, that will just be half of you
你们另一半人大部分会编个 And the other half of you will mostly make up excuses
为什么没做的借口 for why you didn't do it
但我想让你们真正去做 OK but I want you to really go do this
我想让你们做这因为这与我们 I want you to go do this because it's very relevant to
在这里讨论的相关性很大 what we are talking about here
下周二我们会在课程开始的时候讨论这 And next Tuesday, we'll take about this at the beginning of class
学生:我们会得到额外的学分吗？ Student: Will we get extra credit?
教授: 额外的学分？不会 Prof: Extra credit? Nope
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:我只想让你们在头上画口红 Prof: I just want you to go spend an hour out in public
然后在公共场所待一个小时 with this on your head
思考过程都不用管的 The reflection will take care of itself
你们有多少人会去做？ How many of you are going to do this?
所有人都把手举起来 Raise your hands all of you
我给你们布置了个作业 I gave you a homework assignment
我是权威 I'm the authority
第一天上课的时候你们朝我竖中指 You gave me the finger on the first day of class
你们却不愿在额头上画口红 And you won't put lipsticks on your forehead
得了吧 Come on people
学生:你也应该这么做 Student: You should do it too
教授:什么？我也应该这么做？ Prof: What? I should do it also?
我名字后面写着博士 So, after my name it says PhD
那意味着我已经学过那些东西了 And what that means is that I already learned the stuff
我正试着教给你们 I'm trying to teach to you
什么？ What?
我在很多公共场合羞辱过自己了 And I humiliated myself in public on a numerous occasions
所以我没必要再那样做 So, you know I don't need to go do that again
但你们所有人有必要 我们周二再说 But all of you do, so we'll talk on Tuesday
威廉·詹姆斯把自我分两部分描述 Alright, William James described the self in two parts
但不像叔本华和尼采 But unlike Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
他认为它们并不相互矛盾 he didn't think they were at war with each other
他认为很有必要承认这两部分 He thought there were two parts that were important to recognize
有个部分他叫做客体自我 There was the part known as what he calls the "me"
客体自我指的是我和别人都可以了解到的 And the "me" refers to kind of all those object like qualities
关于我的那些客体性性质 that I and others can know about myself
所以如果我认为我是慷慨的 So, if I think of myself was generous,
那是客体自我的部分 that's part of the "me"
如果我认为我是个教授 OK, if I think of myself as a teacher,
那也是客体自我的部分 that's part of the "me"
他也认为你住所的邮编 你住的房子 He also thought that the zip code you live in, the house you live in
与你有关的人 The people that you are related to
都是客体自我的一部分 all those things are part of "me"
本质上 你对"我是谁"这个问题的所有回答 In essence, all that things you answered on that question who am "I"
他认为都是客体自我的答案 He would say are the answers to who am "me"
他可能不会真的那样说 OK, who am "me" but he probably wouldn't say it that way
总之客体自我是关于自我的一系列持久属性 It's that list of enduring attributes about the self
他会说客体 And what he would say is,
自我是我们尝试画出的简略素描 it's our attempt to create a thumbnail sketch
就像艺术家描述我们时画的素描 A sketch like an artist will do of who we are
并非我们可以通过直接内省的方法等 So, it's not that we have direct introspective access
就可以知悉的 or anything
我们只是观察自己 But rather we watch ourselves
我们注意到我们思考和感觉到的事物 we notice the things that we (thought) think and feel
然后就像对别人做出推断一样推断自己 We try to draw inferences like we might about anyone else
接着在脑海中画出一个素描 And we sort of make a sketch in our head
但这永远都不会完整 that is never going to be complete
也不会完全准确 it's not going to be fully accurate
但它是对自我的素描 But It's a sketch of who we are
然后他说 And then he said
另一方面我们有主体自我 "On the other hand we have the "I"
即自我积极的那一部分 which is the active part of the self"
那个行动与做事的自我 The self that is going and doing things
那是产生动机在午餐时间去吃饭的自我 the self that is motivated to go get lunch when it's lunch time
想在考试中取得好成绩去学习的自我 To study when you want to do well on an exam
这是正在行动着的自我 there's the self that's the doing self
那一刻在体验着的自我 The experiencing self in the moment
而这自我的体验呢 and what happens is parts of that experiencing self
被储存在记忆中 you know, they get saved in memory
所以现在你有了一种体验 So, you have an experience right now
然后你又去经历另外一种体验 and then you go onto the next experience
那些过去的体验怎么样了呢？ What happens to that past experience?
它们很多都淹没在了历史中 Well, a lot of them get lost in the dustbin of history
但有时候我们会回忆那些体验 but Sometimes we reflect back on that experience
我们会说那些体验 And we say wow that experience
让我对自己有了一些了解 really tells me something about myself
从而知道自己是什么什么样的人 I'm the kind of person who fill in the blank
一旦我们那样做 And once we do that
这些在某一时刻 We are taking something that at one moment
是正被经历着的体验 was our ongoing experience
积极的我对世界的体验 The "I" experiencing the world
再稍后的时刻就变成了记忆 and the next moment it becomes a memory
我们可以对之判断和评价 that we can judge and evaluate and say
然后想 这是不是就是自我？ is that something reflective of me?
他之所以用主体自我(I) The reasons why he uses this construction
和客体自我(me)这种表述 of "I" and "me"
是因为当你在一个句子里用I的时候 is Because whenever you use "I" in a sentence
它是这个句子的主体 it's the subject of the sentence
当你在一个句子中用me的时候 And whenever you use "me" in a sentence
它是这个句子的客体 it's the object of the sentence
所以某人把那给我 me是客体 So, somebody gave that to me, "me" is the object
但如果我给某人某物 I是主体 But if I gave something to someone else, "I" is the subject
所以他是在谈论主体和客体 So, he's talking about the subjective and object
而不是自我客观的客体方面 Not objective object aspects of the self
我不知道我为什么会写第一次滑雪之旅 I have no idea why I wrote, first ski trip
我可以回去听播客 看看上学期的课程 I can go back and listen to the podcast
回头再和你们解释一下 and get back to you from last quarter
我不知道我为什么会那样说 No idea why I said that
但重要的是我们的客体自我会出错吗？ But what's important is, can our "me" be wrong?
是的 可能会出错 Yeah, it can be wrong
我们试图对自己做出一些推论 We are trying to create generalizations about ourselves
但那些不全是对的 But they are not all right
我有没有跟你们讲过我是个内向的人？ Did I tell you about "me" being an introvert?
我有没有跟你们讲过那个故事？ Did I tell you that story?
我没有？好吧说一下 No, I didn't? OK
当我在研究所的时候 So, when I went to Grad School, I was studying
我研究的是内向性和外向性 introversion and extroversion
那时我刚刚从哲学专业毕业 And you know I was I just come from being a Philosophy major
我欣赏那些思想深邃 I really sort of valued kind of deep thought
而又独立并且专注的人 and people being on their own and Focusing
另外波士顿老是下雪 and in Boston it's snowing all the time
所以你会被大雪包围 So, you're snowed in
我就是个爱思考的人 and I am like I'm that person
我当时正在研究内向性和外向性 And so, I was studying introversion and extroversion
我会拿那个外向型量表来检测自己 I would take the extroversion scale and lo and behold
哇 我在内向性上得分高得恐怖 I would score incredibly highly on introversion
据我所知 我是我认识的人里面最内向的 As far as I knew I was like the most introverted guy I knew
那得分真的就这么高 and that's how I scored
我并没有捏造数据或者瞎说什么 No I wasn't trying to fudge the data or anything
我当时真以为自己特别内向的 That's what I really believed about myself
我记得和一个叫Guy的朋友 and I remember Talking to a friend of mine
聊天 and he's name is actually Guy
那时我正在和他聊天 and I was talking to him
我们正在某个地方搭车 我告诉他我的研究 We were taking a bus somewhere and I told him about my research
我告诉他我很内向 And I told him, I was high on introversion
我想他实际上打了我的手臂一下 I think he actually punched me in the arm
说 你并不外向 你是个傻瓜 And went, "You're not extroverted, you're an idiot"
哦 他说的是 你并不内向 你是个傻瓜 I mean "you're not introverted, you're an idiot."
其实我并不内向 Because I'm not, I'm not introverted
我只是对自己认识错误 I was just wrong about myself
这或许和当时我所欣赏的东西有关 and that probably came from the things that I valued at that time
我当时对很多与内向有关的东西很欣赏 I valued a lot of aspects of what is associated with introversion
从而对自己的判断产生失误 But I was just mistaken about myself
所以很明显人们对自我的认识会出错 So, clearly we can be wrong about ourselves
反正我会 or at least I can
我想错误发生了也不稀奇 And I think that happens not infrequently
尽管也不是一直都错 although not all the time either
威廉·詹姆斯说过另外一点 William James said one other thing that is really really important
对从社会心理角度认识自我非常重要 to a social psychological perspective on the self
他的这一观点 This is the statement that...
他探索以及讨论自我的 A thousand papers on social psychology
这一观点 have focused on this statement
为成千篇社会心理学方面的论文所关注 in thinking about and talking about the self
他说 有多少人认识我 He said, "I have as many selves
我就有多少个自我 as there are people who recognize me"
有人有了恍然大悟的感觉 There was some like oh yeah
很好 听到这个总有人感觉醍醐灌顶 That's good; I always get that reaction in here
当我们过着生活并且与他人交往时 so as we go through our lives and interact with different people
他们基本上似乎有 They basically seem to have keys
解开我们自我不同方面的钥匙 that unlock different aspects of our self
他们揭示出我们的某一方面 某一特性 And they bring out a certain aspect of us, a certain personality in us
我们与父母相处时就与朋友相处时表现不同 We are different with our parents than we are with our friends
与大学朋友时与高中朋友时 We are different with college friends
表现也有差别 than we are with our high school friends
那并不是因为我们刻意为之 It's not so much that we are trying to be different
而是因为某种相互作用以某种方式控制着我们 it Is some interactive process that regulate us in certain way
然后显现出了我们自己的某一方面 and bring out a certain aspect of ourselves
于是他说 我们有这些不同的自我 And so he said, we have all these different selves
对每个认识我们的人就有一个不同的自我 And we have one for everyone who knows us
当然这些不同的自我之间是有重叠的 And of course a lot of the ones are overlapping and
而且是相似的等等 similar and so on
但我觉得那是个相当深刻的说法 But I think it's a pretty profound statement that goes...
这一说法颠覆了下面的说法 flies in the face of the idea that
即我们只有统一的一面 there being one Unifying self that I am
并且时时刻刻都一样 and I carry that with me wherever I go
正是这统一的一面造界定了我 And it's sort of the thing that makes me "me"
詹姆斯说不是这样的 And he says, No, it doesn't work that way
你认为的你其实是不同的 the you that's "you" is different depending on
取决于你和谁在一起 who you're with
所以我认为那是个非常深刻的社会心理学说法 So, it's a pretty profound I think social psychological statement
这是我们在这一课会谈到的最后一个人 The last person that we are going to talk about in this lecture
罗伊·鲍迈斯特是个现代社会心理学家 So, Roy Baumeister is a modern social psychologist
他在 哦 他在佛罗里达州立大学 He's at University...No, he's at Florida State University
他对自我的现代心理学做出了巨大贡献 and he has done a huge share of the great modern work on the self
他就是过去25到30年间 He is the guy when people think of someone
当人们想到 who's done the work on the self
是谁做了自我的研究时会想到的人 over the last twenty five, thirty years
他就是那个人 He's that guy
他在不同的领域进行研究 He does it in all different domains
他也是个很有煽动性的人 He's a pretty provocative guy
他喜欢说一些另类的言论 He likes to say things that are pretty out there
有时他冒犯了别人也觉得没什么 sometimes he ends up offending people and he's totally ok with that
至少我看他是这样的 But at least that's my impression
他写的其中一本书叫 身份 One of the books that he wrote, he wrote a book called Identity
也许是在1987年 是的 Back in 1987 maybe, yeah
他写了一本书叫《身份》 he wrote a book called Identity
在书中他提出我们关于自我的概念 And in it, he suggests that our notion of what our self is
是人类历史中相当新的事件 is a fairly recent event in human history
他认为 如果回到一千年前 He suggests that more or less, if you go back a thousand years ago
一千年就够了 Just a thousand years
那时就可以说没有自我这样的概念 There was no such thing as a self
现在那对任何人都很难理解 Now, that's pretty hard for anyone to swallow
我并没有出去寻找一个自我 Like I didn't go out and try to get a self
我与生俱来就有 I just had one
我们就是这么觉得的 Like that's how it feels
也许随着我年纪变大一点什么的 And maybe it's changed and adapted
它做出了一些改变 as I got a little bit older or whatever
但终归就是天生的 就像拥有语言能力 But you know, it just happened, it's like having a capacity for language
或者类似的东西 or something like that
我们生来就有语言能力 虽然会的语言 We have a capacity for language and it can be different
取决于你在哪个国家出生和长大 Depending on what country you were born and raised in
自我也一样天生就有 And we have a capacity for self that self could be different
由于所处家庭以及文化的不同而有所不同 Depending on what family, what culture you were raised in
但每个人的基本构筑模块 But the fundamental building blocks
是相同的 are kind of the same for everyone.
他的论点是有某些东西 And his argument is that there are certain things
能使自我产生 发展和生长 that cause the self to come into existence and develop and grow
如果你没有那些东西 你就没有 And if you don't have those things, you don't get a self
可以产生 发展和生长的自我 that comes into existence and develops and grows
所以这又回到了你刚才提的那个问题上 So, this comes back to the issue that you were raising
他不像萨特那样 And rather than just focusing on other people
注重别人对你的评价 judging you as Sartre did
当然他会认同那是 And he certainly would endorse that as one of the things
可以驱使自我发展的事情之一 that can drive the self
他提出能够在现代意义上 He suggests that the thing that drives
驱使自我发展的东西 the development of the self in the modern sense
是那些在我们生活中的困难选择点 Are sort of the difficult choice points in our lives, ok?
所以当我们必须就我们将要做什么 So, the times when we have to make hard decisions
而做出艰难选择的时候 about what we are going to do
打不打 DD赛车游戏呢？ OK, DD Race or not
我只是开玩笑 那个不算 I'm kidding that would not count
但当我们需要在生活中做出艰难选择的时候 OK, but when we have hard choices to make in our lives
那就是我们明确自己某些方面的时候 That is the time at which we define some aspect of ourselves
我们有这样的艰难选择 We have this hard decision
我们为之挣扎的是 And what we are struggling with is
我是做选择A的人呢？ am I the person who does this?
或者是做选择B的人？ Or does this?
为去法学院还是医学院做思想斗争 And debating whether or not to go to Law School or Medical School
在那场斗争中我想弄明白的就是 And in that debate what I am trying to figure out is
我想要成为的那种人 is the person I want to be, is the person I am, the kind of person
是适合并且乐于做律师呢？ who would do well and be happy as a lawyer
还是适合并且乐于做医生呢？ or do well and be happy as a doctor?
在我弄明白之前是没有办法决定的 It's not decided until I figure it out
所以选择的过程就是向我们自己 And so that choice process is a way of revealing to ourselves
以及其他人剖析自己的过程 and to others who we are
看看自己到底是什么样的人 What we're made of
他还敏锐地意识到 And the second half of his insight is that
在过去一千年的变化过程中 as the world has changed over the last thousand years
社会中多数人面临的艰难选择 There have been dramatic changes in the number of difficult
数量上发生了急剧的变化 choice points that most people have in society
他只是在讨论西方文明 He's only talking about Western civilization
他很明确地说他讨论的不是亚洲 He's clear to say, you know, I'm not talking about Asia
而是在讨论欧洲以及欧洲文明 I'm talking about Europe and Europe bleeding
所渗透到的地方 over into the places that
比如他们建立的美国和澳大利亚等等 they founded like America, Australia, what have you?
所以有许多决定 And so there were all these decisions
我们需要在今天做出 That we have to make today that a thousand years ago
而这些决定在一千年前的中世纪 in the dark ages, in the middle ages
人们无需理会 people simply didn't make
让我们来看看其中的一些决定 So, you know let's go through some of those decisions
你出生了 大家都出生了 So, you're born and everyone was born
那在一千年前是事实 现在也是 That was true a thousand years ago, that's true now
随着你长大 你将要决定 And as you grow up, you are going to decide say
比如去哪里上大学 where to go to college
所以你将要决定去哪里上大学 OK, so you are going to decide where to go to college
一千年前 没有人决定去哪里上大学 A thousand years ago, nobody decided where to go to college
因为那个时候没有大学 because colleges didn't exist
更重要的是 甚至没有人决定是否 But more importantly, nobody even decided
要接受教育 whether or not to get an education. OK
如果你是皇室 你要接受教育 If you were royalty, you got an education
如果你不是你就不必接受教育 If you were anyone else, you didn't
所以关于接受教育没有选择 So, there were no choices with respect to education
同样 他也说某种类似现代自我的东西 Also, he does say that something like the modern self might existed
可能在皇室或者国家首脑中存在等等 for royalty and head of states and so on
因为他们确实拥有不同的选择 Because they did have a different set up of choices
但对于剩下的99.9%的我们来说 but for the other ninety nine point nine percent of us
他认为自我是不存在的 that is his argument, there is no self
就算你不用做关于教育的任何决定 So, you are not making any choices about education
你是否会做关于职业的决定呢？ Are you making a choice about your career?
如今所有人都要做这个决定 Well, today you're all gonna to have to make choices
也许要做很多次 Probably several times about your career
但回到过去 你没得选 but back then there was no choice to be made
如果那时你是个小男孩 你爸爸是当地的铁匠 If you were a young boy and your dad was the local blacksmith
猜一猜你将来会是什么人 Guess what you were going to be
当地的铁匠 你没得选 the local blacksmith, no decision to be made
这在你一出生就决定了 没有更改的余地 This was set for you at birth, completely set
你会和谁结婚？ Who are you going to marry?
天哪 这是如今 God! That is one of the hardest things
每个人都会面对的最难的事情之一 that everybody deals with now
在现代世界我们每天遇到这么多人 We meet so many people in the modern world
每个人都有特定的吸引我们的品质等等 Everyone has certain attractive qualities and other things
会让我们想 that make us wonder
这真的是适合我的人吗？ Will this really be the right person for me?
我是适合他们的人吗？ Am I the right person for them?
有这么多选择真让人焦虑 那真的太难了 So many angst to have so many choices, it's really really hard
但回到过去基本上 But back then you basically
你要么和邻近小屋里的人结婚 either marry the person in the next hut
要么就不结婚 or you didn't get married
如此而已 Those were kind of your options
很可能你父母在你出生前 And there's a good chance that were arranged for you
就已经为你安排好了 By your parents when you were born
所以以前婚姻是由不得你选的 So that wasn't something that you chose
再来说住处吧 Where are you going to live?
现在人们可以自由选择 All of you can choose to live anywhere
我曾经在一些不同的地方住过 I've lived in a number of different cities in my life
我必须决定这里是否就是 I have to choose whether this is the one
我要长期生活的地方 I am going to stay in indefinitely
一千年前是没有这样的选择的 A thousand years ago, no choices about that
你可能在同一间棚屋里出生 长大以及死亡 You probably were going to born, raised and died in the same shack
人们一生都同他们的父母住在同一间屋子里 People spent their lives living in the same house with their parents
当他们的父母死后 他们就成了父母 And when their parents died, they were the parents
他们的孩子逐渐长大也住在那间屋里 没得选 And their kids grew up and lived in the same house. No choice
宗教 现今人们不知信什么宗教好 Religion. People struggle with religion today
一千年前的人不会不用为信仰什么而烦恼 People didn't struggle with religion a thousand years ago
因为他们没得选择 because there were no choices
每个你认识的人都和你有着同一种宗教信仰 Everyone you knew had the exact same religion as you
没有关于宗教的讨论或者辩论 And there was no discussion or debate about it
上面应该讲了现代生活中 I think that is fair swath of the big major decisions
相当一部分的重大选择了 we make in our lives
而某个在一千年前出生的人 And for someone born a thousand years ago,
很有可能 there is a good chance
这些决定一个都不用做 that they would not have to make a single one of those decisions
所以在那些你想要弄清楚 And so those choice points where you try to figure out
我是个什么人的选择点 what kind of person am I
以前的人碰不到 They are not present
或者说碰到的情况很少 or at least they are present in a far smaller degree
他提出 And he would suggest that
你经历的选择点越多 the more you have to go through those choice points
现代意义上的自我 The more that you are going to see the development of the
就发展得越完全 modern construct of the self
先从那边的同学开始 然后再回来 So, let's start over there and then we'll come back
请说 Yeah
学生:所以那意味着(听不清) Student: So, does that mean the (INAUDIBLE)
教授:那就是问题所在 在一千年前没有叛变者 Prof: That's the thing, is that there were no rebels
没有自杀的人 There were no suicides a thousand years ago
自杀在很大程度上是个相对现代的概念 Like suicide is for the most part a relatively modern construct
直到19世纪自杀才比较常见 Suicide didn't really take off until the eighteen hundreds
自杀是个非常现代的概念 Like suicide is a pretty modern construct
并不是没人做过 It's not that no one ever did it
但是非常少见的事情 but It was a very rare thing
罗伊·鲍迈斯特事实上写过关于自杀的书 And Roy Baumeister who's actually written books on suicide says
他说自杀大部分是由于为自我感到羞耻 suicide is largely about shame of self
如果你没有成熟的自我意识就不会自杀 And that if you don't have a developed self
这就是以前很少有自杀的原因之一 that's one of the reasons you don't see suicide
学生:(听不清)呢？ Student: How about (INAUDIBLE)
教授:他肯定同意有个性存在 Prof: Oh, he would certainly agree that there was personality
我的猫有个性或者你可能不喜欢它的个性 But my cat has personality or you might not like my cat's personality
猫有个性 动物有个性 这是可以证实的 But cats have personality, animals have personality, it's verifiable
但是我并不认为个性和身份是同一个事物 but I don't think personality is the same thing as identity
比如很多人决定了 So, you know there are a lot of people
自己生活中重要的东西是什么 who decide these are things I value in my life
自己想设定的目标是什么 These are the goals that I want to set
并认同这些目标 And I identify with those goals
认同自己的宗教 文化等等 I identify with my religion, my culture whatever it is
这些都跟外向内向 And I can do that whether I'm extroverted
神经是否正常无关 introverted, neurotic, not neurotic
他认为个性自古至今一直都存在 Personality he would argue, has always been there
而且变化不大 and roughly the way it is today
但"自我"就不一样了 But not selfhood
没有意识到自我 Not the awareness of self as this thing
是需要以正确的方式小心注意和培养的 that needs to be taken care of and developed
才能确保适合其他人 in just the right way to be suitable to everyone else
学生:他是否也说多数人在生命中 Student: So was he also saying that
没有这些选择？ most people don't have these choices in life
所以他们没有选项(听不清) So, they don't have options that (INAUDIBLE) and...
教授:对 Prof: Yeah.
他基本上说他们要么不像我们有自我 He would basically say that they either don't have a self like we do
要么那是个低级的原始类型 Or that it's a much more sort of a degraded primitive form
并不是因为他们是更原始的人而是因为 Not because they were more primitive people
他们的社会生活早就被设定好了 but because their social lives were so set for them
它没有强迫他们去花时间思考 That it didn't force them to spend the time thinking
这有点像说 It's a little bit like saying
如果没有人给迈克尔·乔丹一个篮球的话 You know what would happen to Michael Jordan
他会怎么样？ if no one had ever given him a basketball
如果他从来没有碰过篮球 他会成为篮球行家 If he'd never touched a basketball, would he become
会成为传奇或者诸如此类的人吗？ the basketball expert, legend or whatever
我们是有潜能的 You know there are sort of capacities that we have
但我们通过练习 专门知识 But we develop them through practice
思考和经验来培养 expertise, reflection, experience
他的意思是在当今世界 And what he's saying is the self part
我们每个人都是"自我"专家 he would say in modern world we're all self experts
至少在西方文明里 我们对自己思考很多 At least in Western civilization, we think a lot about ourselves
我们对未来想要那个自我成为什么人思考很多 We think a lot about who we want that self to be in the future
我们做很多努力去确保 We do things to make sure that
那个自我能成为我们想成为的那种人 that self becomes that person we want to be
我们积极地做这些事情 We do all these things actively
我们知道了关于培养自我的专业知识以及 So, we have all these experiences developing expertise with
它同其他事情是如何联系的 the self and how it relates to everything else
而那些一千年前的人 And those folks, a thousand years ago
并没有这样的经历 they didn't go through that experience
所以他们并没有培养这些关于自我的专业知识 So, they didn't develop those kinds of expertise with selfhood
学生:(听不清)怎么样？ Student: What about the (INAUDIBLE)
教授:什么？ Prof: What's that?
亚米希人怎么样？ What about the Amish?
我的继母在宾夕法尼亚州亚米希人附近长大 My stepmom grew up near the Amish, Pennsylvania
除了他们有很棒的胡子 I don't know that much about the Amish
我不是很了解亚米希人 other than awesome beards
刚才开玩笑的 答案是否定的 But no, I mean in seriousness
如果全世界只有亚米希人 我想你可以说 If the entire world was nothing but Amish, I think you could argue
他们可能没有和我们一样的选择点 that or maybe they don't have the same choice points
但我想在现今世界作为亚米希人 But I think being Amish in this world today
可能会导致许多意义重大的选择点 might lead to a lot of very intense serious choice points
在他们16岁的时候 You know when they turn sixteen
他们字面上被迫决定你是要留下来 They are literally forced to decide are you going to stay
还是离开？ or are you going to leave?
那是多么大的一个选择点？ What big choice point is that?
永远离家？ Leave your family forever?
或者留下成为他们世界的一部分 Or stay and be part of this world that's so different
他们的世界又与外面的世界如此不同 from than everything else that's out there around you
所以我想我们可以假设 So, I think you know that we could think people
在一千年前 a thousand years ago
除了亚米希人还是亚米希人 Were kind of like the Amish surrounded by nothing but Amish
这和如今只有百来个亚米希人的 Which is very different than being like
情况是完全不一样的 here are a hundred people who are Amish
你经常看着百米开外的高速公上 And you are constantly seeing porsches drive by
人家保时捷呼啸而过 on the high way A hundred yards away
还在纳闷自己的马为什么不行 going, why doesn't my horse pull my buggy like that
所以这是非常复杂的 So, you know it's complicated
请说 Yeah
学生:我相信(听不清) Student: I believe that (INAUDIBLE)
教授:我想说的是这听起来有点自大 Prof: I mean it just sounds like arrogance
我指的是当美国刚刚建立的时候 I mean there was this thing
有这么个说法 when the United States was being founded
有一种天定命运的观念 There was this concept of manifest destiny
我不知道我说的是不是你们所想的那个词 I don't know if that is the term that you are thinking
我打赌不是的 I am betting it isn't
按照该想法我们是现代人 But the idea was, because we were sort of moderns
这里的美国原住民并未开化 and the Native American Indians here were uncivilized
虽然最后证明这是胡说 Which turned out to be nonsense
当时却认为接管他们是很恰当的事情 that somehow it was appropriate for us to take over for them
把自己当作成年人 And kind of treat them like children because we were the adults
把他们当小孩对待 and they were like the children
我不知道那是不是就是你所指的意思 但是 I don't know if that's exactly what you were getting at. But...
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:什么？不 Prof: What's that? No! No!
不好意思 我想你误解他的意思了 Sorry, I think you misunderstood him
首先 他在谈论我们 First of all, he is talking about us
我们自己的祖先 Our own ancestors,
他不是在谈论其他的某种文化 he's not talking about some other culture
但是我并不想说其他群体没有自我 But I don't think to say that some other group doesn't have a self
那不是在攻击其他人 好吧？ Is hardly an attack on those people, ok?
他的研究室做的不少工作证实了萨特的说法 His lab has also done a lot of work showing as Sartre suggested
就是说当代的自我意识 that having a modern type of self
会急剧增加社会的神经质水平 Dramatically increase the level of neuroticism in society
你的自我越发达 你就越焦虑 The more developed self you have, the more anxiety you have
你的生活就越不会舒适 The less sort of comfort with your life you have
我认为他无论如何不是在说拥有我们所说的 I don't think he's, by any means suggesting that it is a good thing
那种现代的自我是件好事情 to have this modern thing we describe as the self
他只是说那种自我 He is simply saying,
在现代这种环境下很不同 it's different today because of these circumstances
我并不认为他觉得那是件好事情 I don't think he thinks that's a really good thing necessarily at all
所以我觉得这是和他所说的非常不同的一件事 So, you know I think it is different than what he would suggest
所以今天我想讨论的最后一件事是 So, the last thing I want to talk about today
他为其论点提供的论据 Is the evidence that he generated for this hypothesis
当然一个现代心理学家 Of course as a modern psychologist
不能回到过去然后做这些实验 you can't go back and run the experiments
你不能说你要一些现代人 You can't say we're gonna run one condition on people
去实验这些情况 from the modern world
然后又找一些 And then we'll go get some subjects
生于公元1100年的实验者 who were born in eleven hundred AD
我们不能将他们放在一起然后得出 And we will run them next to each other and see
谁更具有发达自我概念的结论 which of them has a more developed self concept
既然这样想不通 If it doesn't work that way
那么他就要通过另外一种途径 so he had to take another approach
我觉得他的方法 His approach which I think
对于作为一个实验性的心理学家 was quite clever for someone trained
来培养的人是很聪明的 as a experimental psychologist
那就是回顾过去上千年的 Was to go back and look at essentially the cultural artifacts
主要文化产品 over the last thousand years
他回顾研究了日记之类的事物 He went and looked at things like the diaries
那些在过去成千年来所留下来的 that have been written over the course of those thousand years
日记 自传和小说 Autobiographies, the novels that have been written
任何能表明心理状态的 the way any written stuff characterized mental states
被文字记录下来的东西 and wrote about them
他从所考查的 And what he finds with each of this different indices
不同的指标发现 that he looked at
随着工业化及宗教冲突的发生 is that you see this development
每一个人身上的 of more of those things occurring kind of per person in society
这些指标数据越来越高 as industrialization occurs, as kind of religious conflicts develop
随着事情的发生 As these things occur that kind of create
出现了一些新的选择点 each of these new choice points
当人们搬进一个城市 When people moved into cities
于是他们有了更多的选择 and they have more choices
比如约见谁 在哪工作 在哪上学等等 of who to meet, where to work, where to go to school
然后你就能看见文化产品发展的轨迹 And you see a tracking of the development of artifacts
与现代自我这样一个概念的存在密切相关 You would expect to see if there was a modern self concept there
所以一千年前 是不存在日记这样一个东西的 So, a thousand years ago, there was no such thing as a diary
唯一写下一些类似于日记的人 The only people who wrote anything remotely like
就是一些贵族 a diary were you know the aristocracy
甚至当文学在接下来的几百年发展起来的时候 Even when literacy developed over the next couple hundred years
你还是看不到人们将他们自己的经历写下来 You still didn't see people writing about their own experiences
他们不写日记 They didn't write in diaries
日记就是关于自己以及自己的感受的 What is a diary but me reflecting myself and my experience to me
在某一程度上是为了进一步分析和考虑的结果 for further analysis, for further consideration in some way
你看不到那些发展直到 You don't see that developing until
这些关于选择点的冲突显现 these kinds of conflictual choice points are arising
你能在他所看的这些文化产品中看到这些 And you see this in all the cultural artifacts he looks at
这些证明他是对的吗？ Does that prove that he is right?
不 这并没有证明他是对的 No, it doesn't prove that he is right
但是我觉得这引人深思 But I think it's very suggestive
我觉得看看那些发展轨迹非常有趣 I think it's very interesting that there is that tracking
你们知道人们直到18世纪 Did you know that people didn't use mirrors
才用镜子吗？ until the seventeen hundreds?
此前基本上没有镜子呢 Like mirrors basically didn't exist
唯一有镜子的人是牧师和国王 The only people who had mirrors were priests and kings
其他人都没有 Nobody else had them
所以大多数人在他们的整个生命中 So, most people would live their entire lives
都未曾看见过自己的映像 without ever seeing their own reflection
这是什么概念？ Think about that
想一想那和你现在所过的生活有哪些不同 Think about how different that is than the life you all live now
你能经常看见你的映像 You see your reflection constantly
每个人都会照镜子 Everyone spends time in front of the mirror
有把你永久照下来的照片 There are pictures being taken of you perpetually
还有录像等等 video tapes and so on
学生:湖里的水呢？(听不清) Student: What about water in a lake? (INAUDIBLE)
教授:当然 你在水边或湖边 Prof: Yeah Sure. If you were at a water or lake
能看见自己的映像 you could see your own reflection
但是那和镜子不是一回事 It's not really the same thing
不会有人在犹豫穿什么的时候 I don't know people who are like I have to decide what to wear today
就跑到湖边 穿上不同的衣服 这样 So, I will go down to the lake and try on different outfits and be like
不要往水里扔东西 Stop dumping stuff in the water
现在是我最喜欢的事情之一 Now, one of my favorite, favorite things
顺便我会很快和你们说一个故事 incidentally I will just quickly tell you a story
我还有一张幻灯片要放给你们看 但是…… I've got one more slide to show you, but...
当我第一次开始参加会议的时候 So, when I first started going to conferences
我遇见了罗伊·鲍麦斯特 他是我的偶像之一 And I met Roy Baumeister and he was one of my heroes
但我第一次遇见他的时候 But the first time I met him
我没有意识到他是谁 I didn't realize who he was
于是我走到他跟前说 丹·瓦格纳 And I went up to him and said, "Dan Wagner"
他和丹·瓦格纳是好朋友 And he and Dan Wagner are good friends
但我觉得他们长得很像 But I think they kind of look similar and they...
十五年之后他们还老是提 fifteen years later still won't let me forget which of them...
我十五年前犯的错 that I did that fifteen years ago
这是我发现的很有吸引力 很特殊的东西 So, here's one particular artifact that I find particularly fascinating
再次申明这只是一份证据 and again it's just one little piece of data
不管你认为他是否对鲍迈斯特假设 That you can either take his bearing on Baumeister hypothesis
有影响 or not
我都觉得这个很有趣 But I think it's interesting
因为你上过艺术史 and if you know this because you have had art history
或者诸如此类的课知道的话 or whatever it is
不要大声说出来 Don't go shouting it out
我希望那些没有看过的人亲自去感受这些 I want people to experience this who haven't seen it before
这是扬·凡·艾克一幅非常有名的画 So, this is a famous painting by Jan Van Eyck
他是15世纪荷兰的画家 OK, he was a Dutch painter in the fourteen hundreds
他将绘画的细节性提到了 And what he was particularly well known for was
一个令人难以置信的高度 并因此而而出名 bringing this incredible sense of detail to painting
大部分的画是在写实上见功夫 So, painting for the most part had been trying to be representational
这是古埃及以来的传统了 Going back to ancient Egypt
但是有很多东西就是不能被很好的表现出来 but there was so many things they just couldn't get right
看起来和现实中的就是一样 to Really make it representational where it looked exactly like real life
有一些画就是因为注重细节而出名 And some of the things that this painting is particularly known for is that
如果你去看这幅画的真品的话 If you have seen the original version of it
我见过 and I have seen the original version of this
你可以看见狗身上的每一根毛发 You can basically see every hair on the dog
那些头发看起来很自然 and they are all falling the way hair naturally falls on a person
另外一件让人震撼的事情就是裙子 And then the other thing that is really striking is the draping
让裙子看起来很真是很难的 It's incredibly hard to do realistic looking draping well
所以他是最早做到精确画出细节的画家之一 And he was one of the first who really, really got it precisely
这就是他出名的原因 So, he was famous for these reasons
但这幅画也因另一个原因出名 But this painting is very famous for another reason
也就是我们讲这个的目的 for our purposes
有人还是不理解我之前所说的吗？ Can anyone who doesn't already know from before what I told you
你们能猜猜为什么这幅画对社会心理学 Can you guess why is it important to social psychology
以及鲍麦斯特的理论如此重要呢？ and Baumeister's theory?
学生:后面的镜子照出了画家本人 Student: He's reflected in the mirror on the back
教授:是的 他本人就在镜子中 Prof: Yeah he's reflected in the mirror on the back
我想你已经想明白了 I'm guessing you knew that already
因为从你们的位置是不可能看出来的 Because it's impossible for you to see that from there
除非你们靠近一点仔细观察画中的镜子 unless you see a close up of the mirror
这幅画的震撼之处在于 What's striking about this is
这两个人在结婚 here's two people being married
而画家就在后面对着镜子画他自己 and here he is in the back, painting himself into a painting
这幅画的重要意义在于 Now, what's significant about this
这幅画是1434年画的 is that this was painted in 1434
这是历史上第一次 And it is the first time in the history of painting that you ever see
画家出现在自己的作品中 the artist appearing in their own work
整个艺术的建构或者说后现代主义 The whole modern construct of art, post modernism is all about
都是一种主观性的解读与阐释 putting my subjective construal, my filter on the page
在某种程度上 So, that it is in some way or another
是我以及我的感受的一种呈现 a representation of me and my experience
但那个时候 他们所追求的高度 Back then, the height of what they were working on
是画一幅照片一样写实的画 was trying to get essentially what a photograph would look like
但还是没有人想到他们自己 But even still no one had ever thought that they themselves
就是最适合出现 were an appropriate thing to include in
并表现在艺术品中的事物 any manifestation in the artwork
这不是艺术的开始 对吧？ So, this isn't the beginning of art, right?
艺术开始于它之前的几千年 Art goes back thousands of years before this
这是前所未有的 And this is the very first time
文艺复兴开始的时候 And this is right when the renaissance is starting
这些事情就发生了 and these things were happening
那个时候自我开始发展 Where selfhood starts developing
开始慢慢可以看到自画像了 and you see self portraits beginning
在这之后的一百年内就有了 not too long within a hundred years after this
之前它们并不存在 They didn't exist before then
没有看到过 They just didn't exist
是的 这是个问题 Yeah, It was a question
我觉得这是非常鲜明的一个例子 I think this is a very provocative piece of evidence
当然我们不能很肯定地评价鲍麦斯特 Of course we can't evaluate Baumeister for sure
但那是非常有趣的想法 But it's an interesting idea
我们将在周四学习自我控制 and we will move onto self control on Thursday
我必须走了 现在不要问问题了 I have to run please don't come ask questions now
因为我不想但是会无视你们的问题的 because I don't want to ignore you but I will