教授:欢迎大家回来 Prof: Ok, welcome back everybody
今天真是个不错的雨天啊 on this glorious rainy day
因为与住在西雅图的那些倒霉人相比 a day that should make you thankful for how few days we have like this
我们真应该庆幸 compared to those suckers
自己还能拥有这样的好天气 that live in Seattle
我想西雅图的人们 who try to convince themselves
肯定希望他们那儿的天气也能像我们这儿一样 it's actually better to have weather like this
再过几周我们就会讲到'合理化' We'll talk about rationalization in a couple of weeks
所以 我要通知一件事情 So, the one announcement that I have is that the midterm
那就是我们的期中考试 is officially moving from the Tuesday that it's on
要从原定的星期二推迟到那一周的星期四 to the Thursday of that same week
好吧？这样的话 Ok? The Thursday lecture
星期四的课就要挪到星期二来上 will be on Tuesday of that week
但是那节课的内容期中考试不会考 But it will not be on the exam
那周星期二的课我不会到场 and I will not take attendance that Tuesday
所以你们如果只想看看录像 so if you want to just watch the video
我能理解 I understand
我也能理解你们在考试前不想接触新知识 I can understand why you wouldn't want to get new content
我完全能理解 before the exam and so I totally understand that
教授:什么？考试那周没有讨论课 是这样的 Prof: What? No discussion the week of the exam, that's correct
但是 实际上我过去对你们进行过访谈 But I was actually calling on you
教授:请说？ Prof: Yup
教授:你可能在两个不同的邮件上都报了名 Prof: So you signed up potentially for two different email things;
其中一个是关于 one of them was if you're interested
如果你想成为fMRI研究的受试者 in being a subject in fMRI studies
这里有一些从事fMRI研究的人 and there are people who run fMRI studies here
我试验室就有几个从事这方面研究的人 several people in my lab
他们会给 and they will email that list
对他们研究感兴趣的人发报名表 as they need subjects
因为他们需要受试者 people who are interested
另一个是关于谁想当助理研究员的 The other one was for people interested in being research assistants
我把这个报名表 I gave that list
发给了整个学院的所有教职工 to all the faculty and graduate students
和社会心理学专业的研究生 in social psychology in the whole department and
至于会不会用这个报名表 it's really up to them
那就是他们自己的事儿了 whether they choose to make use of that
但是 他们可能会想 but for instance, in their mind they might say
'有了这个报名表真好 'well this is a great list to have
我打算在第十周联系这些人 I'm going to contact those folks tenth week
为下个季度找好助理研究员 to get RAs for the next quarter
所以他们可能会 So they might use it
通过各种各样方法使用这个报名表 in all sorts of different ways
是的 我们正式上课之前大家还有什么问题吗？ Yup. Alright, any other questions before we get back to business?
教授:在上复习课之前你们会拿到复习表的 Prof: The review sheet you will get before the review session
但是 可能只会提前一天 but probably only the day before
我想让你们了解记忆力是否可靠 but I shall let you know if memory serves
复习表只能提醒你 the review sheet is only going to focus on
对于你阅读过的各个章节相关书籍 what you need to know from section
和上周你们在课堂上 in terms of what you need to know from the books
做的演示内容 you're reading for the section
你都需要了解什么 and from last week, when you did the demo in class
复习表会告诉你对于考试 It'll tell you what things
你都需要掌握各个章节的什么内容 you need to know from sections for the exam
对于课堂上讲的内容 In terms of the lectures
没有专门的复习表 there isn't a review sheet for that
这样做很公平 你们可以通过幻灯片 Everything's fair game
音频和视频资料进行复习 and you get it in powerpoint, audio, video
我做过家访 I made house calls
你们每一家我都去过 Any of you own houses
不是吗？ No?
好的 只有一家 Ok. One, ok
所以现在我必须得兑现承诺了 So now I have to make good on that
还有其他问题吗？没有吗？那好 Alright. Anything else? No, alright
上节课 So when we left off last time
我们讨论过 we were talking about how if you prime people
如果你用与老年人刻板印象相关的词语 with words related to the stereotype of the elderly
但不是像'慢点'这样的词刺激某人时 but not words like 'slow'
你其实是想让他走慢点 you get people to walk more slowly
如果你用'不友好'或'友好'刺激某人时 If you prime people with 'hostile' or 'polite'
你其实是想让他表现得更不友好或更友好些 you get people to behave in a more hostile or polite fashion
我想给你们看看 Just want to show you
这方面研究的另一个例子 I think just one more example from this line of work
这是荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学的 This is a study
迪克斯特休伊斯教授做的一个研究 by Dijksterhuis in Amsterdam
他大约6英尺5英寸高 头发染成了浅红色 He's about 6 foot 5 and has bright red dyed hair
他看起来就像一个真正的朋克 and he looks like he's a real punk
这是一种肯定而不是否定的表述 对吧？ in the positive sense not the negative sense. Yes?
教授:没错 Prof: Right. Ok
那么现在我来做个评论 so I'll make a comment about this now
刚才那位同学问 So she said
你们需不需要知道姓名 日期以及其他信息 'you need to know names, dates and so on?'
你们肯定能够拼出来'Dijksterhuis'这个名字 You definitely should be able to spell Dijksterhuis
因为你们本来就知道 because you know
有谁不会拼吗？不会吧！ who can't spell that? No
日期真的不重要 So dates are really irrelevant;
只有名字才是最重要的 names are only relevant in the sense
因为我可能将这个名字放在试卷上 that I might put a name on an exam
来帮助你们回想起这个研究 as something to help you remember a study
但是 我不会告诉你们李·罗斯 but I will never say
在1977年具体做了什么或者 what did Lee Ross do in 1977
汤姆·基洛维奇在哪一年做了 or in what year did Tom Gilovich do the study
60年代与80年代乐队的对比研究 on the 60s versus the 80s band
我只可能这样说 What I might say is
1977年李·罗斯做了一个研究 in 1977, Lee Ross ran a study
在那个研究中他做了以下事情 in which he did the following things
如果他在那个研究中增加这个条件 What would have happened
结果会怎么样？' if he had added this condition to that study?'
好 在这里李·罗斯只是… Ok. So there Lee Ross is just…
如果能帮到大家就太好了 if that helps you, that's great
但是 如果你理解这些概念 But you absolutely, if you understand the concepts
那么即使不知道这些名字你也会答考题 would be able to answer it without knowing the names
唯一例外的考题 The only exception to this
就是今天接下来要讲的内容 is in the lecture that follows
我们先花一点时间讲讲这些 we're going to spend a little bit time on this
然后再正式开始上课 and then we have the real lecture for today
当然我们不可能再将这些内容详细过一遍 which of course we won't get all the way through
下周四 The lecture that comes next Tuesday
课上会涉及这些教授 好吗？ will have philosophers involved, ok?
你们需要知道这些教授的名字 You will need to know the philosophers' names
因为真的再没有其他方法 because there is really no other way to identify
辨认他们的观点了 what they're talking about
然而 这也是唯一的一堂 But that's the only lecture
你需要真正记住研究者名字的课 where you'll actually need to know names
在这个研究中 Alright, so in this study
他们让受试者参加一个常识性知识的测试 they had people taking a general knowledge test
尤其是回答一些像 essentially answering questions like
'这幅画是谁画的？'这样的问题 'who painted this painting?'
大家都知道是谁画的吧？ Does anyone know who painted it?
教授:毕加索 没错 Prof: Picasso. Right
孟加拉国的首都是哪里？ What's the capital of Bangladesh?
谁来回答一下？ Anyone?
教授:是的 我不知道 Prof: Yeah, I have no idea
我地理学的不好 什么？ I wasn't very good at geography. What?
教授: 答案是C？A？F？ Prof: C. A, F. Ok
好吧 其实没关系 it doesn't matter;
这是心理学课 this is psychology class
不是地理课 not geography class
但是这些内容会在期中考试中出现 But that will be on the exam
关键是 在他们参加这个测试前 The key thing is that before they took this test
他们花了五分钟时间 they either spent five minutes thinking about
想了一下一个教授或者一个超模 the day in the life of a professor
一生中某一天的生活 or the day in the life of a supermodel, ok?
或者他们连上面的思考也没做 Or they didn't do either of those two thinking tasks
然后就参加了这个常识性知识测试 Then they took the general knowledge test
然后我们来看看结果 and low and behold
如果让测试者事先想想 they did better on the test
一个教授一生中某一天的生活 if they had been thinking about a day
他们测试的成绩最好 in the life of a professor
如果想的是一个超模 and worse if they had been thinking about
则成绩最差 a day in the life of a supermodel
在这里我想警告大家 which I would warn you then
不要再期待看美国的下一个顶级超模了 not to watch America's next top supermodel
除非在那场走秀上不会有人能成为超模 except nobody on the show ever actually becomes a supermodel
这样你才不会变傻 so you're safe
言归正传 这些都是关于启动物 Alright. So, there are all these examples of these primes
起到意想不到效果的例子 doing what seem to be amazing things
你们知道这里的效果就是指改变人们的行为 Changing behavior, that you know
很难理解为什么想想教授 it's hard to imagine why thinking about a professor
数学考试就能考得更好 would make you do better on a math test
说实话 To be perfectly honest with all of you
我现在也不理解为什么会有这种现象 I still don't understand how that one works
这就像一种…… That one just seems kind of
难道是因为这些人非常努力去想象？ you know because aren't these people trying hard?
就像你突然想起一个教授 然后这样的事就发生了 Like suddenly you think of a professor
'噢 and it's like 'oh yeah
现在我知道孟加拉国首都这个问题的答案了' now I know the answer to the capital of Bangladesh'
好像就是这样简单 Like it was either there or it wasn't
教授:嗯 是这样的 Prof: Oh yeah
他们重复做过这样的试验 they've been replicated
因为很多人不相信这些试验 So anything that seems surprising gets replicated
所以令人吃惊的这些事情被重复做过 because a bunch of people don't believe it
然后 当人们都看到相同的结果时 And then when they all find it, they go
他们就会认为 我想这应该是真的吧 好吧 'oh I guess that's real. Alright
我现在也站他们那一边了 I guess I'm on their team now'
所以就是这样 So yeah this has been
在过去十年里 all three of these, have been replicated many times
这三个试验被重复做过很多次 at this point over the last ten years
所以 你们知道一件事 So you know one thing that sometimes comes up
那就是当我或其他人 when I talk about these kinds of studies
谈起这类研究时 and when anyone does, frankly
你应该知道我问的问题 is what about the subliminal priming
其实是20世纪50年代电影院经营者 that folks used to do
常常做的潜意识启动是怎么回事？ in the movies back in the 1950s
回想下那个年代 So back then
他们常常会做的事 what they used to do is
就是努力让坐在电影院的人们 they try to get people sitting in the movie theatre
去做一些像离开座位 to do things like leave their seat
站起来 走到小卖部 get up and go to the concession stand
买点饮料喝之类的事 and get something to drink
你们都知道 实际上 You all know that movie theatres actually make 90%
电影院90%的收入都来自小卖部 of their money from the concession stands
他们让你看电影的全部原因都是 The whole reason they show you movies
想让你在小卖部消费 is to get you to spend money at the concession stand
可能 他们进行试映的全部原因就在于 Probably the whole reason they spend previews
在你考虑去小卖部会不会错过电影重要情节时 is to give you more time where you think
给你些时间避免这样的事发生 'I can go to the concession stand without missing anything important'
所以他们常常会这样做 So they would do things like
在电影的一个画面上 they would put in a single frame of the movie
出现'喝杯可乐'这样的话 where it would say 'drink coke'
但是由于时间很短 没人会注意到 and it was so fast that nobody saw it
但是 他们想这是在暗示人们应该去买可乐了 but they thought this is going to get people
但是这种暗示并不奏效 to go buy coke and it turns out it never worked at all
所以 这两种不同发现的意义 And so the key thing in terms of making sense
关键就在于 of these two different kinds of findings
如果你不能让人们离开座位 where you can't get people to get up out of their chair
去买可乐 and drink coke
那你至少能让他们走路走得慢些 but you can get people to walk more slowly
如果你想用老年人刻板印象刺激他们 if you prime them with the elderly stereotype
你能做的事情就是采用一些他们已经有的 is that what you can do is take some behavior or motivation
并且正在慢慢实施的行为或动机 that they already have and nudge it slightly
所以用老年人的刻板印象刺激一些人时 So priming someone with the elderly stereotype
并不是为了让这些人站起来走走 Won't get someone to get up and start walking
但是如果他们已经有其他原因想要走走时 but if they already had reason to be walking
你可以通过启动效应将他们的脚步 you can nudge the walking to be
推动得更快或更慢些 a little bit faster or slower with priming
在敌意的例子中 In the hostility one
你不得不去打断某人 you have to go interrupt that person
因为你在等着做某件事 that's what you are waiting to do
但是你可以被某些因素影响 But you can be nudged to
而花更长或更短的时间去做这件事 take a longer or shorter amount of time to do it. Ok?
棋盘问答游戏的道理与此类似 And similarly here with the trivial pursuit
你已经努力想做好了 You're already trying to do well
但是不管怎样 but somehow
你能使他们的表现变得更好或更差 you can nudge their performance a bit up or down
对吧？所以 启动物不能使你走路 Ok? So, primes can't make you walk
但是却能让你走路走得更慢 but they can make you walk more slowly
好的 接下来来看下一个问题 Alright, so on to the next category
我们讨论过自动知觉过程 We've talked about automatic perceptual processes
也就是我们能自动搞清楚其他人的想法 where we make sense of others automatically
在上三节课中我们也讨论过自动化行为 We've talked about automatic behavior in the last three
今天呢 我们来简要看看自动目标 and now we're going to talk briefly about automatic goals
'自动目标'是一种很奇怪的东西 And 'automatic goals' is an odd one because goals are things
因为目标通常是 that we usually have consciously
我们在大脑中有意识形成的事物 in our mind
当我们决定将要努力做什么事时 We decide what it is I'm going to try to do
才会设定目标 so I set a goal that
例如 因为明天有一个重要的考试 I'm going to study for two hours tonight
所以我打算晚上学习两个小时 because I have a big exam tomorrow
这并不是意外发生的事情 That doesn't happen accidentally
我必须设定目标 I have to set the goal
我必须事先计划好 I have to plan for it
目标就是这样产生的 and that's how these kinds of things happen
当然这是我们 So first a little detour to get to the key study
在讨论自动目标这个研究之前的一些题外话 that we want to talk about
1980年出现过一些经典研究 There were classic studies done in 1980
而且在之后的几年里 and for a couple of years
大家一直都还在讨论那些研究 right around there
在那些研究中 受试者被要求阅读一系列的 where subjects were asked to read a series of behavioral statements
关于一个人的行为 about a person
以及这个人所做的事的描述文字 things that this person did
然后给他们了两个不同目标中的一个 and they were given one of two goals
其中一个目标是要求受试者 They were either given the goal to
只记忆这些描述信息 just memorize those statements
这些受试者需要记住之前 and the people told to memorize
告诉他们的描述信息 the statements were told
然后再在实验结束时参加一个记忆测试 you're going to be given a recall test at the end of this experiment
所以这个研究就是告诉受试者记忆一些内容 so they were told memorize these
并且后面还会对这些内容进行测试 and by the way there's a test later where
看看他们能记住多少内容 we're going to see how many you can recall
而另一组受试者则没被告知需要记忆信息 The other subjects were not told to memorize
而且后面 and they were not told that
还会对这些信息进行测试 there was any test later in the experiment
相反 他们只是被告知 Instead they were just told to form an impression
对于读到的那个人他们有什么印象 of the person they were reading about
你读了二十个描述约翰的句子 So you read twenty statements about John
然后你要么努力对约翰有个大概的了解 and you're either trying to get an overall sense of John
然后对他这个人形成一种印象 and form an impression of what kind of person John is
要么你需要做一些与社交无关的事 or you're doing something non-social
也就是只是努力记住一些信息 trying to just memorize the content
当然 你可能会想 And of course you would think
能在之后的测试中 that the better strategy
获得好成绩的比较好的策略是 to be able to do well
只记忆一些信息 on a memory recall test later would be to just memorize the content
但是结果却发现 but it turns out that
那些带着对一个人形成一种印象 people do better on that memory test half an hour later
这种社交任务的受试者 if instead they had the social goal of
却在之后半小时的测试中取得更好的成绩 forming an impression of this person
这个发现及其本身都十分令人震惊 It is a pretty striking finding in and of itself
想取得好成绩并不能依靠死记硬背 You do better not by memorizing
只有通过回忆对那个人形成的印象才行 对吧？ but by thinking about just forming an impression of that person. Ok?
在过去的五六年里 And there's some cool data
出现了一些非常有意思的数据 over the last five or six years
试图证明这个观点的合理性 that actually starts to flush out why this is true
在我们的大脑中有一些 There are sort of dedicated systems in the brain
关于印象形成的复杂系统 for impression formation
这些系统很擅长 and those are really good at
将关于其他人的信息整合起来 integrating information about other people
它们比大脑中那些 and they do better than the systems of the brain
具有非社交记忆形成功能的系统 that are involved in kind
在这方面表现得更好 of non-social memory formation
所以这是一种复制效应 So this is a replicated effect
从1979年至1982年间 It has been replicated probably ten times
这个试验大概被重复做了10次 between 1979 and 1982
约翰·巴奇 我之前提到过他的一些研究 John Bargh, the person that I talked about with many of these studies
他做过一个研究 ran a study
在他的研究中 有一半的受试者 where half of the subjects went through
都参加过我刚才给你们看过的那个研究的 an exact replication of the last study
重复试验 I showed you
所以 在他的研究中有一半的受试者 So half of the subjects
有了明确的记忆目标 either got the explicit memorization goal
或者明确的印象形成目标 or the explicit impression formation goal
而另一半受试者则相反 but the other half of the subjects were primed
没人事先要求他们 with a goal without ever being given
对读到的句子抱有明确的目标 an explicit goal about how to read the sentences
也就是说 So some of those subjects
研究者给了一些受试者记忆启动物 were given memorize primes
所以他们必须完成组句任务 where they had to do a sentence on scrambling task
对于你们从这些内容中会 I was somewhat prepared is
挑出什么信息我多少是有心理准备的 what you would pull out of this
你们可能会将 You would throw away
这个词语记忆任务抛之脑外 然后说 the word memory and go
'我多少做了一些准备 但是在准备的过程中 'I was somewhat prepared' but in the process
你将会受到单词'记忆' you're going primed with the word 'memory'
或'印象'的刺激 or primed with the word 'impression'
'他有一种想法' 'He has an idea'
那就是你打算不管'印象'这个词语 you're throwing away the word 'impression'
你只会受到这些启动物中的一个的刺激 So you get primed with one of those
你们在1980年汉密尔顿研究中也 You read the same behavioral sentences
读到过相同的行为句子 from the Hamilton study in 1980
在启动条件下 对于所有人来说 and for everyone in the priming conditions
最后的测试都是一个意外 the test at the end is a surprise
因为记忆组的受试者并不知道 So here the memory subjects do not know
最后还有一个测试 that there is a test at the end
最后他们的发现就是： And here's what they found:
有意识目标 无意识目标并不重要 conscious goal, non-conscious goal didn't matter
不管你是 You basically get the exact same pattern
受到有意识刺激 whether you're primed consciously
或者被明确告知需要进行记忆 or told explicitly to have a memory
还是需要形成印象 or an impression formation goal
这也同样证明了 这里下方有一些注释 It also turns out and this is just a little note down here
这是一种额外的信息 It's kind of just an extra piece of information
比如 你事先被告知了记忆目标 that if you are for instance
或者一些其他未说明的目标 primed with the memory goal or some other implicit goal
随后你需要完成一个与已知目标相关的任务 and you end up doing a task that that goal is relevant for
如果你任务完成的不好 If you don't do well at the task
你的心情会比 you will be in a worse mood than
事先不知道目标而做得不好更差 if you hadn't been primed with that goal
这就叫做'神秘情绪' So these are called 'mystery moods'
意思是说 因为你在做某件事情 and that's because you're acting
所以你的情绪会受到一定影响 your mood is kind of being affected
就好像你有一个有意识目标 as if you had a conscious goal
但你并未实现它 and you failed at it
但实际上你并不知道你有这个目标 but you don't even know you have a goal
因为这个目标 because it was primed
是在你无意识的情况下告诉你的 outside your awareness
好的 接下来看下一张幻灯片 Alright, so on this next slide
你只需要了解 哦 这张画了叉号 you just need to know X, this one X, X
你需要了解这张上的所有内容 This one you need to know everything on the slide, X
我开玩笑的 这些幻灯片都画了叉号 I'm kidding
你们不需要了解上面的任何内容 You don't need to know anything on that slide
这些画了叉号的幻灯片考试不考 So all the X slides, not on the exam.
我想花点时间讨论下 I want to spend a few minutes discussing
自动性在我们的心理 some other implications of thinking about automaticity
我们的行为方面的含义 for our psychology, for our behavior
以及我们是怎么理解其他人的 how we understand others
自动性是怎么来的？ Where does automaticity come from?
为什么它很重要？ Why does it matter?
好 自动性通常分两种 Well, automaticity typically comes in two flavours
这里我们说的并不是它内在的纯反射性 We're not talking about pure reflexes that are built in
这里指的是一种无意识或偶然发生的行为 There is unintentional or incidental practice
它可能会产生自动反应 that can generate automatic responses
所以 我们中的绝大多数人 so most of us are exposed to sort of cultural examples
从我们婴儿时期开始 终其一生 again and again and again from when we're infants
都反复处身于各种文化事件中 throughout our lives
我们用我们自己看待世界的方式 and we come to just experience our culture
慢慢地体会我们的文化 as the way we see the world
我们自动地将这些文化标准 We incorporate these cultural norms
转换成我们的经验 into our experience automatically
这是一种无意识的行为 and this is done unintentionally
小婴儿肯定不会说 Little babies aren't saying
'噢 我打算注意这些而不是那些文化标准' 'oh I'm going to pay attention to those cultural norms but not these'
大多数情况下 For the most part
你们就是这样学会自己的母语的 the same is true with development of your native language
当然还有一些其他情况 and then there are other cases though
这些情况下 我们是通过有意识练习 where we intentionally practice at something
来形成自动习惯或反应的 in order to develop automatic habits or responses
就像你学习打字课程时 So if you ever took a typing course
你是以一种既定的方式开始练习的 比如 You start out doing stuff in a very controlled way, you go
你会这样练习打'J J J J K K K K' 对吧？ 'J J J J K K K K' right?
不管你是被要求如何练习的 随着时间的推移 Or whatever it is that they did with you
最后总会变成一种习惯 and over time it becomes automated and we do that on purpose
当我们培养运动习惯 When we learn our habits for sports
学习乐器 when we're learning a musical instrument
或者想养成学习或某种饮食习惯时 or if we want to get ourselves
我们是有意这样做的 into the habit of studying or eating a certain way
这些都是我们想培养自动习惯时 These are all things where
我们能有意识选择的所有事情 we can consciously choose to develop automatic habits
自动性很重要 Automaticity matters
我们已经讨论过很多了 We have talked about this a whole bunch
它很重要是因为各种情况下 It matters because situations tap into
它都会进行自动关联 our automatic associations
启动自动关联事物 and activate them
然后影响我们的主观性识解 and affect our subjective construals
这个过程无需我们同意 and they do this without our consent
也是在我们无意识的情况下进行的 without our awareness
这些就是启动研究所做的事情 That's what those priming studies are doing
它们改变了 They're changing the way
我们在当前情况下看待唐纳德的方式 we see Donald in the situation in front of us
我们有关于唐纳德的描述 We have the description of Donald
启动物为我们启动了一定的相关事物 The prime activates certain associations for us and makes us
使我们更可能运用我们理解唐纳德的方式 more likely to apply those ways of our understanding Donald
而不是其他方式 than some other way
我不打算再讨论这个话题了 所以 别管它了 I'm not going to talk about this. So ignore this
咱们就假装这里画了一个大大的叉号吧 pretend that's a big X right there
道德责任 Moral responsibility
它通常属于我们法律体系的部分 It's generally part of our legal system
尽管非常复杂 although it gets really tricky
但是一般属于我们的法律体系 but it's generally part of our legal system
意思是说 我们认为 that we hold people more responsible for things
相比自动发生的事情 that they do in a willful
人们应该为他们在自愿 有意识及反思的情况下 conscious reflective way
所做的事情负更大责任 than the things that happen automatically
所以 头脑发热 So a murder committed in the heat of the moment
情绪激动情况下犯罪的谋杀犯 crimes of passion
往往比那些被视为冷血杀手的罪犯 those are considered lesser offensive
受到的处罚要轻 因为后者可能是 than someone who is sort of a cold-blooded killer
已经计划了几天或几个月 who sort of plans what they're going to do for days and months
然后才动手杀人的 and then goes and enacts it
法律是这样说的 That's the legal system saying
'我们认为人们不应该为对于绝大多数人来说 'we don't hold people as responsible for impulsive behavior
都无法控制的冲动行为负责' that would be difficult for most people to control'
这听起来有点复杂 因为当我们评价他人时 And it gets a little tricky because when we look at others
很多事情对他们来说是自动性行为 a lot of what's automatic for them
而在我们看来却是有意的 to us can look quite intentional
设想一下 Imagine that
其他人有一些目标是被环境中 other people are having their goals automatically activated
某些因素自动激发的 for them by cues in the environment
所以他们甚至不知道这些目标的存在 so they don't even know these goals are being active
但是 对于我们来说 But to us
他们就好像受一定目标驱使在做某种事情 they just look like they're engaging in goal directed behavior
所以 这是很复杂的事情 So this is a very tricky thing
在其他人为什么以他们自己的方式做事情方面 We have these empathy gaps for why is somebody else
我们的看法各不相同 behaving the way they behave?
也就是说 是因为他们选择这么做的？ Is it because they chose to
还是因为某种因素 or is it because
在他们没有意识的情况下 something is suddenly influencing them
突然影响他们的呢？ without them realizing why?
教授:没错 Prof: Right
所以你的问题是 So the question was
'如果你是自动卷入事端 'wouldn't you be more dangerous
然后伤害或杀害他人 if you're the kind of person who
或者做诸如此类的事情 when you sort of get roiled up automatically
你岂不是个更危险的人？' you go and hurt someone or kill someone or something like that?
如果你重复发生这样的事情 If you do that repeatedly
当然肯定会令人担忧 sure that becomes a concern
但是 如果你想想那种 But if you think about the person
有计划的谋杀犯 who goes and plans a murder
他们是在考虑过谋杀这件事的道德问题后 that means they thought through the morality of this
决定是否实施谋杀的 and they decided 'it's ok for me to go do this'
而头脑发热的谋杀犯 where someone in the heat of the passion
例如酒驾司机 则不是这样 who does this or someone who, for instance, is a drunk driver, right?
我们都同意 发生以上三种情况都很糟糕 We all think that all three of these are terrible ways to do it
但是 我们也明白 那种选择杀人 but we also think that the person who is sort of going out
有预谋的对其他人做这种事的人的情况最恶劣 and choosing people to kill and plotting to do those things to them
我们认为他们比那些现场捉奸的人 We think they're going to do more long-term harm than someone
造成的危害性更大 who found their spouse in bed with some another person
捉奸这种事儿经常会发生吗？ How often is that going to happen?
希望对于绝大多数人来说 不要太经常 Hopefully not too often for most people
你们也知道 一旦发生一次 and so you know, that happens once
你就会变得疯狂 you get crazed
就会做一些可怕的事 you do something terrible
你也会因此而受到惩罚 and you're going to be punished
这不是说句'哦 好吧 没事的' It's not like
就能轻松解决的事 'oh well that's ok'
但是确实比那种说 but that's a lesser offence than someone who said
'今年我打算每个月杀一个人' 'I'm going to kill someone
这样话的人攻击性要小些 every month this year'
所以 设想一下 So let's see
我找出了那个人 I pick that person
我打算监视他们 I'm going to stake them out
然后搞清楚他们每天都干些什么 and figure out what they do every day
你们知道 我们认为那个人 You know there is a level of moral corruptness
存在一定的道德堕落问题 that we hold up that person too
所以我们会认为对于这件事 and we'd say that
他们应该负更大责任 they are more responsible
后面的同学有什么问题吗？ Is there a question in the back?
没有？那好！ No? Ok
今天关于自动性的内容就讲到这里 So, that's the end of the automaticity lecture
今天剩下的时间 Ok, so today for the rest of the day
我们来讨论下意识知觉 we'll be talking about conscious awareness
和控制性加工 and controlled processing
现在举手表决一下 So by a show of hands
有多少同学认为仓鼠是有意识的？ how many people think that hampsters are conscious?
它们有一定的知觉 一定的经验 They have some awareness, some experience
一些人认为他们有意识 Many people think they are conscious
大家有多少人认为仓鼠能思考？ How many people think hampsters can think?
好 几乎没有哦 Alright. few people
我想在这里有意思的是 And then I think the interesting question for our purpose here is
这些问题有什么不同吗？ are these different questions?
答案是肯定的 And the answer is yes
但是通常 but usually
当人们不同意这两个问题的答案时 when people disagree about the answers to these two questions
他们实际上指的是两种不同的事物 they're actually referring to two different things
也就是两种不同的意识过程 There are two different kinds of conscious processes
一种是我们人类和其它所有 One, we tend to share with all
或者绝大多数动物都有的 or most other animals
而另一种则是只有人类才有的 and the other seems pretty unique to humans
所以 如果两个人对 So if two people are disagreeing about
仓鼠是否有意识这个问题有不同看法时 whether hampsters are conscious
他们中的一个人可能意思是说 one of them probably means
那个认为仓鼠有意识的人 the one who thinks the hampster is conscious
可能意思是说 probably means something like
仓鼠有一定的经验或知觉 hampsters have some level of experience or awareness
在它们吃一些美味的东西时 That when they eat something tasty
实际上对于它们来说 it actually tastes good
这些东西在一定程度上是味道不错 at some level for them
它们并不是没有任何经验的机器 They're not just little machines with no experience whatsoever
当有人说仓鼠没有意识时 And when a person says that hampsters aren't conscious
通常他们的意思是仓鼠不能做算术题 typically what they mean is hampsters can't do math
仓鼠不能想事情 Hampsters can't think about stuff
所以 有两种不同的意识 So, there are these two kinds of consciousness
它们有不同的名字 and they go by different names
我不打算 So I try not to stick too much to sort of
强迫你们了解这些名字中的任何一个 forcing you to know any one of these
但是关于第一类意识有好几个名字 but there's kind of a collection of names
常会被人们用到： that get used to talk about this first kind:
直接经验 前反思意识 immediate experience, pre-reflective consciousness
这是一种你无法反思的意识经验 that is conscious experience that you're not reflecting on
所以它发生在反思之前 属于前反思经验 so it's prior to reflection, pre-reflective
威廉·詹姆斯将其称为 William James referred to this famously
著名的意识流 as the stream of consciousness
它始终都在流动 which is just sort of flowing by at all times
这是我们基本感知的去处 This is kind of where our basic perception comes in
我们的基本视觉感知 our basic visual perception
以及我们的基本社会和情绪感知 but also our basic social and emotional perception
就好像在我们讨论 and it feels like when we're talking about
直接经验或前反思意识时 immediate experience or pre-reflective consciousness
我们直接体验了这些事情一样 it seems like we're just experiencing reality directly
我想 And I think
这同一种过程能毫无意识地影响我们 the same kinds of processes can influence us non-consciously
以及影响我们的直接经验 as influence our immediate experience
所以 实际上 我认为…… So I actually think…
佛洛伊德真的认为最大的区别就在于 so Freud really thought the big difference was
意识过程和潜意识过程上 between conscious and unconscious processes
而我认为他的观点大部分都是错误的 I think that's actually largely false
我想最大的重要区别 I think the big distinction
在于与直接经验相关的过程 that's important is between processes
与反思意识或思维两者上 that are involved in immediate experience
对于直接经验 我们无法反思 that we don't reflect on
可能是有意识的行为或无意识行为 and similar things can be conscious or non-conscious
但是它们的作用方式都是相同的 but they are going to sort of work in the same way
与直接经验对应的就是 and then the other half of the equation
所谓的反思意识或反思性思维 is what we call reflective consciousness or thought
你可以将它当做一种 So you can kind of think of this as psychological processes
与现实经验而非思想经验相关的心理过程 related to the experience of reality versus the experience of thought
所以 通常反思意识与 And so typically reflective consciousness involves
意识流中的某种反思行为相关 对吧？ some kind of reflection on the stream of consciousness, ok?
因为你们让自己的意识流持续流动 So you've got the stream of consciousness going on
所以 现在你们在听我说话 so right now you're listening to me talk
对于你们中间的大多数人 你们只是在听 and for a lot of you, which is sort of going through
而不是在思考 and not sort of being thought about at all
只是在接收信息 只是在不停的听 just taking it in, listening, listening
并在脑子里想 I'll listen to it later
我过后会在播客或其他什么上再听的 on the podcast or something
偶尔 and then every once in a while
你们知道我可能会说些 you know I might say something
根本没有道理的话 where it doesn't make any sense at all
这时 你们突然从前反思模式中跳出来 and then suddenly you're jarred out of that pre-reflective mode
问道'等下 他在说什么呀？' and you're suddenly going 'wait, what's that about?'
然后你们开始思考我刚才的话 and you're thinking about what I just said
你们在思索 You're thinking about
在意识流中你们通过前反思意识 what you were just experiencing pre-reflectively
体验到了什么 in the stream of consciousness
一旦我们完成这个过程 and then as soon as we finish that
又会回到接受信息不思考的状态 we go back to not thinking anymore
你们大家这周或上周…… So, you're all, is it for this week or for last week
这周都读了关于专注力的资料 对吧？ it's for this week that you're all reading Mindfulness, right?
其实不是完全一样 但是 So this is similar, although not identical
它与在吸收经验时'无意识'这个概念类似 to talking about this in terms of mindless taking in of experience
这是一种 and reflective consciousness related to mindful
与对经验的有意反思相关的反思意识 sort of reflections on experience
就是指思考你刚才发生的事 thinking about what's happening to you
思考你的情感体验等 thinking about your emotional experience and so on
我已经说过好几次这个词了 I've said the word about several times
这是反思意识的重要组成部分 and this is a key component of reflective consciousness
反思意识具有相关性 Reflective consciousness has the quality of aboutness
当我们思考时 我们总是在想一些事情 when we think, we always think about something
没有哪一种思考是没有在想任何事物的 There is no thinking in the absence of an object of that thought
意识流不是关于某件事物的 The stream of consciousness isn't about anything
它本身就是一件事情 it just is your experience just is
当你停下开始想事情时 and then when you stop and think about it
这些想法是关于你的经验的 Those thoughts are about your experience
或者你的想法可能是下周你要做什么事 or your thoughts can be about what you're going to do next week
或者明天其他人准备做什么事 or what somebody else is going to do tomorrow
但是 它们总是关于某种事情的 But they are always about something
这是反思意识非常关键的组成部分 It's a key, key component of reflective consciousness
所以 对于心理学家讨论的反思意识 So when psychologists talk about reflective consciousness
通常我们使用的术语是'受控过程' typically the term we use to discuss it is 'controlled processes'
或'控制性加工' or 'controlled processing'
我们一般使用这个术语的原因是 And we use this because typically
当我们讨论反思意识时 when we're talking about reflective consciousness
它就像一种我们个人被控制了的过程 it feels like a process that we are personally in control of
它是自动的 This is all pretty automatic
我感觉好像在体验现实 I just feel like I'm experiencing reality
我没有控制现实形成的过程 对吧？ I'm not in charge of how that reality comes in, right?
你也没有选择将这个背景看成白色 You're not choosing to see this background as white
它本来就是这个样子 that's just what is out there
而不是你大脑作用的结果 except your brain is contributing to that
你的经验就是这样产生的 but your experience is just something out there
而且并没有受到你自己的控制 and it's not under my control
但是控制性加工 反思意识是指 But controlled processing, reflective consciousness are things
我在考虑下周我做什么这样的事物 that I'm thinking about what I'm going to do next week
这样事物的产生通常是因为 It's usually because I decided to think about
我决定了要考虑下周我准备做什么 what I'm going to do next week
这在我的控制之下 It's under my control
我可以停下来 然后说 I can stop and say 'I'm going to start thinking
'我打算考虑一下现在我需要做什么' about what I need to do right now'
所以 我们将此称为受控过程 So we call those controlled processes
前面我说过 and as I said before
几乎所有的动物都有这种意识经验 almost all animals have this kind of conscious experience
目前我们并不知道这是不是真的 Now we don't know this for a fact
但是所有的证据都证明这个观点是对的 but everything points to it
就像我们通过意识流的作用表现出某种行为 They certainly behave in the same way we do
它们确实也有这样的表现 as a function of having our stream of consciousness
绝大多数动物也有类似反应 Most other animals also respond very similarly
但是 只有人类才有反思意识 but either only humans have reflective consciousness
或者可能有一些动物也会有一点反思意识 or maybe a couple of other animals have a little tiny bit of it
但是在这个问题上还存在很大争议 but that's arguable
可能我们人类是唯一拥有反思意识的物种 It's possible that we're the only ones that have any of it whatsoever
这个问题还有待讨论 你说？ It's a little up in the air. Yeah?
教授: 关于直接经验吗？ Prof: Of an immediate experience?
你说时我在听你的问题 Me listening to your question as you speak
或者在场的每一个人都在听你的问题 or everyone else listening to your question as you speak
或者你听到我在打响指 or you hearing me snap
对 你没有做什么事就听到我在打响指 Right, you didn't do anything to hear me snap
打响指这件事也成为了你的经验 It just appeared in your experience
然后一件又一件事紧随其后接着发生 And then the next thing follows and the next thing follows it
这是突然发生的事情 对吧？ and it's everything all at once, right?
所以我在眺望你们的时候 So I'm looking out at you
其实在一定程度上是突然看着你们大家 and literally I'm seeing all of you at some level all at once
但是 从反思的层面上来看 But reflectively
通常我只能一次选择一件事进行反思 I can usually only choose one thing to reflect on at a time
我可以对整个班的同学进行反思 I can reflect on the whole class but then
然后再将大家当做一个群体进行反思 I'm reflecting on you as a group
反思意识不擅长同时吸收很多事物 Reflective consciousness is not good at taking in a lot simultaneously
所以 意识流是这样一种事物 So, the stream of consciousness is kind of like
打个比方 and this is just a metaphor
它就像投射在电影屏幕上的画面 是吧？ but it's kind of like the film projected on a movie screen, ok?
有了电影屏幕和投射过程 So the movie screen and the projection of it
它能一直持续下去 it just keeps going
它从这一点进入下一点 然后再到下下一点 It goes on from one bit to the next bit to the next bit
它自己没有意识 只是在不断前进 对吧？ and it isn't aware of itself and it's just going to keep going. Ok?
而反思意识更像是影评人 Reflective consciousness is more like the movie critics
他们在思考这部影片 who think about the movie
在一遍又一遍地重播一些片段 who replay small segments of it over and over
为的是分析评价这些内容 以及考虑 in order to analyze, evaluate and consider alternative ways
能不能用其他方式结束这个影片 that they might have ended the movie
或者诸如此类的事情 对吧？ or things like that, ok?
而我们则是为自己做这件事 And we do this to ourselves
我们每个人都有这两种意识 we have both of these within each of us
我们在不同的时间通过不同的方式运用它们 and we use them in different ways at different times
所以前反思过程 So the outputs of pre-reflective processes
或直接经验的结果 or immediate experience
就像是直接发生在我们身上的事情一样 feel like they happen to us;
而反思过程的结果就像是我们在做某件事 the outputs of reflective processes feel like something we do
反思意识思维是我们 Reflective conscious thoughts are the only things
在这个世界上所知道的唯一事情 we know of in the entire universe, in the entire universe
它从本质上涉及到各种各样的事情 对吧？ that are intrinsically about anything. Ok?
如果我举起一本书 If I hold up a book
然后说 '这本书讲的是什么内容？' and I say 'what is this book about?'
你可以说'哦 这是一个关于什么什么的故事' You can say 'oh well that's a story about bla bla bla bla bla'
在本质上 不能说这本书是关于任何事的 It's not intrinsically about anything
因为这里有很多小奇怪标志 because there are a bunch of little strange markings in there
只有在你拥有人类的有意识反思能力的情况下 that only mean anything
也就是在阅读时将这本书转变成反思思维时 if you have human beings with conscious reflective capacities
它才能具有各种各样的意思 to convert that into reflective thought as they read
其内部和本身 从本质上讲 In and of itself
并不是关于任何事情的 it is not intrinsically about anything
例如我们有一本用英语写成的书 We have a book that is written in English
而会说英语的人相继死去 and everyone who ever spoke English died off
那这本书就不再具有任何意义 That book would no longer be about anything
它只有在能解释其上符号的人们组成的环境中 It's only meaningful in the context of people
才有意义 who can interpret the symbols
但是 在我们进行反思时 But when we think reflectively
从本质上讲 是与某种事物相关的 it is intrinsically about something
而不仅仅是思考本身 other than itself
思考是与关于其他事物的 Thought is about other things
当然 你们也可以思考自己的想法 Of course, your thought can be about your thoughts
这种情况下 思考就成为一种回顾 So it can sort of loop back on itself
但是当你们思考自己的想法的时候 but when your thoughts are about your thoughts
你当前思考的是过去的想法 对吧？ your current thought is about a past thought. Ok?
当你思考自己的想法时 情况就是这样 When you think about your thoughts, right?
如果我在想自己刚才对你说了什么的时候 If I think about what I've just said to you
因为你只回答了句'什么？' 对吧？ because you all just said 'what?', right?
现在我在想的其实是我十秒钟前的一个想法 I'm now thinking about a thought I had ten seconds ago
那个想法现在已经成为一种背景 That has now passed into the background
成为我记忆的一部分 It's part of my memories
它本身不再是正在进行的思想了 It is not the ongoing thought itself
这个内容对你们没那么重要 This isn't that important for the class
所以我不打算再详细讲了 请说？ so I'm not going to get hung up on this. Yeah?
教授: 好的 你的问题是 Prof: Right, so the question is
'阅读是一种反思吗？' 'is reading reflective?'
这个问题问得非常好 That's a great question
阅读是前反思意识与反思意识的结合 It's a combination of both
我们过会儿会返回来讲这个问题的 And we're going to come back to this later in the lecture
但是驾驶 but driving
打字和阅读确实是两种意识的结合 typing and reading is a combination of both
因为在这个行为过程中 So there are elements
既有付出努力和受控制的成分 that are effortful and controlled
又有难以置信的自动成分 and there are elements that are incredibly automatic
所以 如果拿走你所有的直接经验 So if I took away all your immediate experience
你就无法阅读了 对吧？ you could no longer read, ok?
但是 如果只给你留下你的直接经验 But if I only left you with immediate experience
你还是不能阅读 you couldn't read either
更重要的是 你学不会怎么阅读 And more importantly, you couldn't learn to read
这是问题的关键 And that's the key thing
也就是说 没有了反思经验 谁也学不会阅读 So without reflective experience, nobody can learn to read
一旦你学会了阅读 Once you've learn to read
你可以不通过使用他人的反思经验 you can prime people
就能刺激他们 without sort of using their reflective experience
但是为了理解这个复杂的意思 but to get complex meanings
我会在今天课结束的时候或者明天 and I'll show you an example of this
给大家看一个例子 either at the end of today or tomorrow
挑出各种各样的单词 然后将他们串起来 to take sort of multiple words and string them together
你需要让人们能够有意识地 you need people to be able to
对它们进行反思 sort of consciously reflect on those
教授:你问的是 如果你能学习 Prof: So if you're capable of learning something
那么意思是不是说这就是反思意识 对吧？ does that mean it is reflective?
不是这样的 我的意思是说 No. So I mean lots of learning starts out reflective
很多学习都是从反思开始的 so you know
你们知道 当我学习我教的课程时 when I learn my lectures, right
我会写讲稿 so I write my lectures
我不会一整年都在看这些讲稿 and then I don't look at them for a year
我必须在上课前对它们进行重新学习 and I have to sort of re-learn them each time I give them
每次重新学习时 总会涉及到反思加工过程 That's always going to involve reflective processing each time
但是 我会努力将这些内容背下来 But I'm sort of trying to load it into memory
以便在我上这节课时能更熟悉这些内容 so it'll be a little bit more familiar when I give it
但是 还有其他事情 But there are other things
是你们无需进行反思就能学会的 that you can learn without reflective thought whatsoever
所以这里存在一定的条件 So there's conditioning
如果你们上的是基础强化学习课程 So if you take basic reinforcement learning type classes
这里有个条件就是 你们能处理 there is conditioning that you can do with animals
没有任何反思过程的动物 that don't have any reflective processes
也能处理有这种机制的人类 and humans have those mechanisms as well
你们知道 如果你们吃了某种 So you know if you eat certain kinds of things
会让你们生病的东西 that make you sick
那么你们的身体会自动 your body will automatically
让那些没有反应的身体部位 come to associate a negative response to those
出现某种负面反应 without any reflection on your part
当然 这两种都属于学习 So both kinds of learning occur, definitely
教授: 是的 Prof: Yes
我来用另一种法解释一下 So let me put it in a different way
前反思过程一般都是自动的 对吧？ Pre-reflective processes are typically automatic. Ok?
而无意识过程一般也是自动的 Now non-conscious processes are also typically automatic, ok?
但是 我认为 But I don't think
在日常生活中常见的并不是无意识过程 non-conscious processes are that relevant in everyday life
而是前反思意识过程 I think it's pre-reflective conscious processes
它会驱使我们做很多事情 that end up driving most of what we do
而且这些事情也是自动发生的 and they're automatic as well
但是这两种过程是在相同原理下发生的 But both of those kind of operate under the same principles
而反思加工过程工作的原理与它们是有差异的 whereas reflective processing operates under different principles
教授: 你问的问题是 Prof: So the question is
前反思与自动有什么区别？ what's the difference between pre-reflective and automatic?
自动是指你执行一种行为时的 So automatic refers to certain characteristics of
某种特性 how you perform a behavior
如果你做出这种行为时未影响到其他事物 so if you can do it without interfering with something else
它就是自动的 that's automatic
如果你是在没有意识到 If you can do it without sort of awareness
自己为什么这样做的情况下 of why you're doing it
出现这种行为时 它也是自动的 that's automatic
我们将这些特性与自动性联系起来 We have those characteristics associated with automaticity
前反思经验是关于 Pre-reflective experience is about the way
你体验这个世界的方式的 you are experiencing the world
所以 我认为它们在涵义上有重叠之处 So I think that they are very much overlapping
但是一个是关于行为的 but one is about the capacities
能力和限制 and the constraints on that behavior
也就是它是否干扰其他思考等？ Does it interfere with other thinking and so on?
而另一个是关于你如何体验一种行为的 And the other is how do you experience it?
也就是说你是不是将它当做 Do you experience it as just out
现实世界中存在的一种事物？ there in the world as reality?
或者你是不是通过体验将它当做 Or do you experience it as that's something
你大脑中正在活跃的思想活动？ I'm actively doing mentally in my mind?
所以 在考试中我不会问你们 So what I won't ask you on an exam is
两者的区别 tell me the difference between the two
因为我觉得这两者的相同之处 because I think they are a whole lot more alike
比不同之处多 than different
我会这样问 心理学领域的很多人 And what I'll say is that most people in our field
都在讨论自动性和受控过程 talk about automatic and controlled processes
但是他们都是站在哲学的角度上进行讨论的 but coming from a background in philosophy
我想正是因为 I think I'm just motivated
他们不得不应对关于 to talk about pre-reflective and reflective processes
我们日常所作所为的实际经验 because they have to do with
我才想起来要讨论下前反思和反思过程 our actual experience of what we are doing
我想有时候 在我们讨论自动性和控制时 And I think that our experience gets lost
我们的经验就会不起作用 when we talk about automaticity and control sometimes
这是一个很棒的问题 So it is a great question
实际上也是 These have actually been the best questions
我教自动性和控制这个知识点以来 I've got about automaticity and control in the last several times
收到的最好的问题 that I've taught this
所以问这个问题的同学真的很棒！ So they are really good
其实我们已经讨论过这个问题 Ok, so we already talked about this
仓鼠有没有意识？ Are hampsters conscious?
如果这里的意识你指的是前反思经验 Yes, if you mean pre-reflective experience
直接经验 意识流的话 仓鼠是有意识的 immediate experience, stream of consciousness
而如果你是问它们能不能进行反思性思考 No, if you mean can
它们是没有意识的 they think reflectively
大家都清楚了吗？ Everyone clear on that?
好 意思就是说 如果两个人对 Right, so if two people are disagreeing about
仓鼠是否有意识这个问题有不同看法 whether a hampster is consciousless
那就说明他们两人对意识的定义不同 it means they're using different definitions of consciousness
一个将这里的意识看做反思意识 One is using the definition of reflective consciousness
而另一个人则看做前反思意识 one is using the definition of pre-reflective consciousness
十有八九 and in all likelihood
他们两人在这个问题上并不存在分歧 the two people don't really disagree at all
一旦他们搞清楚这些术语后就会意识到这一点 once they get clear on the terms
现在我们来更详细地讨论下 Ok. So now we're going to talk more explicitly
受控过程 about controlled processes
因为心理学家们通常会讨论 because this is how psychologists typically talk about
反思意识这个问题 reflective consciousness
这里列出的是受控过程的相关特征 This list here are the properties associated with controlled processes
如果你们返回去看看自动性的讲座 and if you go back to the lecture on automaticity
就会发现当时我也列过这样的内容 you'll see that there's another list just like this
而且和这里的内容恰恰相反 对吧？ That's the exact opposite, ok?
所以 受控过程是有意的 so controlled processes are intentional;
而自动过程却是无意的 automatic processes are not intentional
所以 如果你知道其中一个列表的内容 So if you know the list for one
也可能会知道另一个列表上会有什么 you probably know the list for the other
你只需要把原来的内容反过来说就行了 just reverse it
受控过程与意识有关 Controlled processes involve awareness
它们会干扰其他受控过程 they interfere with other controlled processes
所以 你无法在背一个电话号码的时候 so you can't memorize a phone number
想莎士比亚的十四行诗 and think about Shakespeare's sonnets at the same time
它们会相互干扰 They interfere with each other
它们都需要你集中精力 They require effort to engage in
尽管不完全一样 and they tend to, although not uniformly
但是它们都与语言有关联 but they tend to be linguistic
所以在复杂情况下 So automatic processes tend to be more perceptual
自动过程往往表现出更多的感知性 in complex ways
就是具有感知性 but perceptual
而受控过程则往往表现出更多的语言特征 Controlled processes tend to be more linguistic
但是并不是任何时候都会表现出这种特征 that's not a definite characteristic all the time
而是大部分情况下会 but a tendency
举例来说 So we can take the example of
从16358开始 我们逐一减7倒数 counting backwards by sevens from 16358
这就是受控过程的很好的例子 It's a really great example of controlled processes
为什么这么说呢？ Why?
因为你从没见过有人 Because you will
会在没有任何目的的情况下 never find someone doing this
做这种事 without having the intention of doing this
也没人偶尔会发现自己在 No one ever accidentally finds themselves counting backwards
从16358或其他数字开始 by sevens from 16,358
逐一减7倒数 对吧？ or any other number, right?
没人会在无意识的情况下做这种事 Nobody does this without knowing they're doing it, right?
并且还没意识到自己在做这种事 none of you are counting backwards by sevens and not knowing it
世界上从没发生过这样的事 It's just never happened in the history of the world
将来也不会发生 It will never happen
如果你在这样做 If you're doing it
那么它会干扰你 it's going to interfere with your ability
做其他受控加工事情的能力 to do other controlled processing things
它需要我们付出精力 It requires effort which is
这也是我们为什么不喜欢做这件事的原因 why we don't like doing it very much
同样 在我们说'我想不干了 拜托 Effort is equated with
这是与语言学相关的行为'时也需要集中精力 'I'd like to stop please' and it's linguistic
为了完成这项任务 You're using words or sort of symbolic representations
你在使用词语或各种符号表征 in order to perform this task
你们对受控过程的体验是 And controlled processes are experienced
我的心理工作在我的控制之下 as my mental work under my control
而不是自然而然发生的 rather than reality out there
如果你这样做 那么你的体验就像是 If you are doing this, you experience it as
'我在逐一减7倒数'一样 'I am subtracting by sevens'
我选择了做这件事 这是我的心理工作 I have chosen to do this and it's my mental work
我应该为 and I am responsible for the next number
我大脑中冒出的下一个数字负责 that comes up in my mind
这和将屏幕看成白色的行为不一样 It's not like seeing the screen as white which is just something
因为屏幕是白色的本来就是这个世界上存在的事实 that happens out there in the world. Ok?
这是对一些其他特征的重述 And this is kind of a redescription of some of the other characteristics
但是受控过程却非常特殊 but controlled processes are remarkably special
它们是我们为什么能坐在这样的建筑里的原因 They are the reason why we can sit in a building like this
因为人们会建造建筑物 because people can build buildings
建筑师会设计这样的东西 创造暖气和空调 architects can plan things, create heating and air conditioning
以及所有这样的东西和电 and all these things and electricity
这些事情的发生都是受控过程 对吧？ None of that happens without controlled processes, ok?
毫无疑问 It's why
这也是我们现在为什么没有住在树上的原因 we're not living in trees, unquestionably
但是这是一种非常有限的资源 But it's a remarkably limited resource
意思是说 我们一次只能做一件事 which means we can only do one thing with it at a time
很多情况下 它有简单化处理的能力 which means it has a real oversimplification to it a lot of the time
就是说 它能将新想法汇总在一起 So what it can do is bring together novel thoughts
而我们之前可能从没这样做过 that we have never brought together before
然后通过一种新的有意思的方式 and combine them in new
将它们组合在一起 对吧？ and interesting ways, right?
所以 你可以想象 So you can imagine
我来给你们看一个我的博士后 I'll give an example that one of my post docs
在她的研究中用的一个例子 uses in her research
如果我说摩托车地毯 If I say motorcycle carpet
实际上并没有这样的东西 there is no such thing
但是 你们可以想象 but you can imagine
这可能是一种什么样的东西 what that might be
你们大家想象的肯定不是同一样东西 And you're not all imagining the same thing
你们将这些想法都呈现在大脑中 You're sort of putting them together in your head
然后通过一种全新的方式 and combining these representations
将它们组合在一起 in novel ways
这就是受控过程为我们做的 and that's one of the special things
特殊的事情之一 that controlled processes do for us
但是它们也有一定的局限性 But they're limited in all sorts of ways
有时会给我带来麻烦 that also get us into trouble
我们往往高估了它们 对吧？ and we tend to overvalue these, ok?
我们往往认为 任何情况下 人们都能解释 We tend to think that at anytime someone can explain
为什么他们运用语言受控过程 why they've done something
做了某些事情 using linguistic controlled processes
相比那些说'我只是有种感觉 一种直觉'的人 We somehow buy that more than someone who says
我们更愿意相信前面那些人 'I just have a feeling I just have an intuition'
这是因为 如果有人告诉你一项工作 And that's because if somebody tells you the work
已进入他们的受控过程 that went into their controlled processes
那么你就能在你的大脑中对它进行复制 you can duplicate it in your own mind
但是 如果有人只是告诉你 他们有一种感觉 But if someone just tells you they have a feeling
那么你就不知道如何了解它 you don't know what went into that
你自己也很难复制这种感觉 and it's hard to duplicate for yourself
但是 这里并不是说 受控加工的答案更好 It doesn't mean the controlled processing answer is better
而只是说 它是我们能在我们自己大脑中 it just means it's something
对逻辑思维进行复制的结果 that we can duplicate the logic of in our own mind
所以 我们更倾向于相信它们 and so we tend to trust those more
我想在很多不同的上下文中 So I want to talk about controlled processes
讨论下受控过程 in a couple different contexts
就像社会心理学所做的那样 as social psychologists think about it
实际上 在这个季度接下来的课程中 And actually it's going to come up
我们会不断提到它 throughout the rest of the quarter
但是 正如我前面所说 but as I said
我在自动进行思考 I think about automaticity
在其他节课上也会有很多非常好的例子 there are some great examples that come in other lectures
我并不想说都比这个例子要好 that I don't want to cannibalize for this one
但是 那些例子是我们即将讨论到的内容 but so these are the things we're going to talk about
我打算分别花费几分钟时间讲讲每个例子 And I'm going to spend a few minutes on each of these
下面来看第一个 So this one is the first one
有意识有逻辑的社会判断 The conscious logic of social judgments
这是我的最爱之一 It is one of my favorites
每年我期待讲到这部分内容 I look forward to this part of the lecture every year
春季那学期我讲过这个内容 I taught this in the spring
有人难住了我 and somebody gave me such a hard time about this
不管怎么 你们知道这是什么吗？ Anyway, so everyone knows what this is?
我们学院的大厅？对 是我们学院的大厅 France hall? Yeah, France Hall
当你走进去以后 And so you go in right here
你会发现那里有三部电梯 对吧？ and there are about three elevators there. Ok?
你们绝大多数人都会选择乘坐电梯上楼 And what most of you guys do is take the elevator to there
而我们这些在这里工作的人 and then all of us who work up here
就会吃惊的看着你 we look at you
说：'这些人怎么了？' and we say 'what is wrong with those people?' ok?
更糟的是 Even worse
那些在这里上班也乘坐电梯的人 the people who are here and take the elevator to there
他们的反应更糟 对吧？ Those are the worst. Ok?
实际上 你们应该知道的是 Now, actually, and you should know
研究生和教职工都会讨论这件事 对吧？ graduate students and faculty all talk about this. Ok?
如果当时你和一个教授乘坐的是同一部电梯 when you're on the elevator with a professor
就会有人议论道 昨天有个学生乘坐电梯耶 there was a student that was on the elevator just yesterday
我猜她是这个班上的 and I bet she's in this class
但是我敢打赌她不知天高地厚 but I bet she won't identify herself
竟然敢坐电梯 who got on the elevator
而且还是从3楼上4楼 and went from 3 to 4, ok?
好吧 她是想从3楼上4楼 Well, she was trying to go from 3 to 4
因为电梯实际上正在下降 because the elevator was actually going down
所以过会她必须得等 and so then she had to wait
然后才能上到4楼 but she was trying to go up to 4
她必须得等它下到1楼 But she had to wait for it to go down to 1
然后再返回来上到4楼 我所能想到的是 and back up to 4 and all I could think is
'太好了 因为明天我打算议论议论她' 'oh great because tomorrow I'm going to be talking about her'
所以这件事的关键不在于 So the key thing about this is not so much
你是应该还是不应该乘坐电梯这个问题上 whether you should or shouldn't take the elevator
尽管你的确不应该 是吧？ although you shouldn't. ok?
楼梯就在这里 在后面 对吧？ Stairwell here, stairwell in the back over here, ok?
爬爬楼梯对你的腿也好 Good for your legs
你们知道爬楼梯有助于降低胆固醇 you know it lowers cholesterol to take the stairs
在电梯中经常会有这样的标记 There used to be signs in the elevator saying
'为什么不爬楼梯？' 'why not take the stairs?'
你们知道布拉特·皮特都常常爬楼梯的 you know Brad Pitt would!
我们周围经常会 There used to be signs
有劝人们怎么样怎么样的标记 all over trying to get people to
但从不起作用 对吧？ it never worked. Ok?
关键在于 它们 They key thing is though, is that
并不像人们应不应该乘电梯 it's not simple as whether
这种问题这么简单 people take the elevator or not
我有一种非常复杂的逻辑 I have this very complex logic
例如 So for instance
从1楼上8楼坐电梯当然可以 it is ok of course to take the elevator from 1 to 8
从8楼下1楼也行 and it's ok to take the elevator from 8 to 1
从1楼上4楼坐也可以 It's ok to take the elevator from 1 to 4
从1楼上3楼也可以 it's ok to take the elevator from 1 to 3
但是从3楼下1楼坐电梯就不太好 but less ok to take the elevator from 3 to 1
对吧？似乎在我心中有这样的规则 Right? so I sort of have this rule in my head of
'上一层楼或下两层楼 'ok going up one floor or going down two floors
你应该乘坐电梯' you should take the elevator'
在时间条件变化的情况下也说得通 and it's modulated by when it is
如果现在是晚上10点 你可以乘坐电梯 If it's 10 o'clock in the night, take the elevator
因为你不会影响到其他人 because nobody else is going to be affected
但是 如果现在是下午两点 But if it's 2 pm
你就会耽误其他人 you're holding up other people
尤其你是从5楼上6楼 especially like if you're going from 5 to 6
或者类似的情况 对吧？ or whatever it is, ok?
这里问题的关键在于 Now, the key thing here is
应从两方面来看这个问题 这种讨论是很好的 so two parts of this is
A 因为这是一种公益宣传 A,this is a public service announcement
但是对我们这个班来说 But the real thing that's relevant to class is that
实际上我的电梯逻辑纯粹是胡说八道 my elevator logic is complete bullshit
因为没有理论支持它 there's no basis for it
你们知道它的依据 You know what the basis for it is
也许就是当我想上下楼时 is that I don't want you on my elevators
我不想让你们也在电梯上？ when I'm trying to go up or down, right?
这是事实 对吧？ That's the reality of it, right?
我的办公室在4楼 I work on the fourth floor
如果是在6楼 if I worked on the sixth floor
7楼或者8楼 or the 7th or the 8th floor
我敢说这个电梯逻辑会和现在非常不同 I bet my elevator logic would look different
我确信会这样 突然不会再因为 I'm sure it would, suddenly instead of being upset of people
人们从1楼上2楼而生气 who take the elevator from one to two
而换成生那些从1楼上3楼坐电梯的人的气 I'd be upset with people who take the elevator from 1 to 3
你们知道 因为我要上到更高的楼层 because you know, I have to go higher
我甚至可能对那些 I might even be upset with people
从4楼下1楼乘坐电梯的人都有意见 who take the elevator from 4 to 1
但是 你们也清楚 but you know what
其实我不会 I'm not
因为我从4楼下1楼也会乘电梯 对吧？ because I take the elevator from 4 to 1. Ok?
我看着那些坐上电梯的人 And I look at people who get on the elevator
有这样的心理活动 and do this and I evaluate them
并评价他们 即使我本不应该这样做 even though I probably shouldn't
我来给大家看一个例子 And let me give you an example
有时 人们走进一部电梯 只坐1层就下 sometimes people get on the elevator and they take it one floor
实际上只是因为他们 because they don't actually know
不知道某物在这栋建筑的什么地方 where anything is in the building
大家是怎么知道这件事的？ How do you know?
看看那些坐电梯的人穿着制服就知道了 Someone gets on the elevator wearing a suit, ok?
在这栋大楼里 其他人是不穿制服的 Nobody else wears a suit in France Hall
如果他们穿着制服 If they're wearing a suit
他们肯定是第一次来这栋大楼 it's the first time they've ever been in France Hall
但是 我首先想到的往往是 But my first thought is always
'天啊 这个人怎么回事？' 'god, what's wrong with this person?'
然后我会费劲去想 and then I have to think effortfully
然后说 '你知道什么啊 and say 'you know what
可能他们不认识路' maybe they don't know where they are going'
你们知道 可能他们刚走进大楼 Maybe you know they just walk in
便看到了电梯 they see the elevator
他们不了解这栋大楼 and they don't know any better
和你们的情况完全不同 unlike all of you who should know better
但是 有些时候 But there are other times when people won't be able
是无法从表面来评价一些人 to sort of be seen just visually
是不是第一次来这栋大楼 in terms of whether or not they are new to the building
或者是不是应该乘坐电梯的 or whether or not they should be taking the elevator
例如 我患有痛风 See, I have a disease called gout
这种病基本上会让你的脚时常感到疼痛 and gout basically makes your feet really hurt every once in a while
而现在已经有七年没再复发了 Now I haven't had an attack in seven years
但是 七年前 but when I did
每两个月就会有一个礼拜 I would have a week every two months
我无法站立起来 where I literally could not stand on one of my feet
那种疼痛会让人精神崩溃的 Ok? The pain was crazy insane, ok?
威廉·詹姆斯也得过痛风 William James had gout too
我们在这方面是有同感的 we're bonded in that sort of way
当我的痛风复发时 But when I had gout attacks
即使只坐1层 我也会乘坐电梯的 I took the elevator one floor
你们可能会想 You would think
接下来我会让你们在看到 that I would then
有人上下一层楼也坐电梯时 extend the courtesy of imagining that
也有礼貌地体谅他们一下 other people might have reasons for
或许他们有个别原因 taking the elevator one floor
但是我不会 but I don't
就我们这个班而言 讲这个问题的目的 So the upshot of all of this as far as this class is concerned
就是试着劝你们爬楼梯 and enough trying to get you to take the steps
而从这门课来讲 真正的目的是说明 人们 the real upshot of this is people generate logic
会产生对他人出现 for making sense of other people
某种疯狂扭曲行为表现出理解的逻辑思维 in all sorts of crazy screwy ways
这真的很复杂 and it can be really complex
也有报告价值 It can be reportable
这是一种受控过程 it can be a controlled process
彻头彻尾的是 through and through
它不一定很精确 it doesn't make it accurate
也不一定很正确 It doesn't make it true
但是却很合理 but it feels more valid
因为我有一套可以用语言表达的系统 because I have a system that I can put into words
所以 当我们用有意识社会逻辑理解其他人时 So when we use conscious social logic to make sense of other people
它的确合理 it feels valid
我们感觉自己被认可 但并不意味着它是正确的 We feel validated; it doesn't mean it's true
所以 我们的有意识社会判断 So our conscious social judgments
可能不那么正确 can be just as inaccurate
甚至还没有我们的意识流 or even more inaccurate as our sort of stream of consciousness
和其他类似事物正确 and other things like that
好的 我想再给你举另外一个 Alright, I want to give you one more example
关于折磨人的有意识逻辑的例子 of sort of tortured conscious logic
我过去给学生放过一个这方面的视频 I used to show a video for this
但是这个视频太长 but it's way too long of a video
我想快速总结下其中的关键点 and I can get to the point more quickly
建议你们课下去看这部电影 and just recommend you go see the movie
有多少人看过《巨蟒与圣杯》？ How many people have seen Monty Python and the Holy Grail?
哦 看过的人不多 Yes. Still not enough of you
去看看吧 Go watch it
如果你看过那部电影 you're here right now
你马上就会明白我在讲什么了 好吧？ when you could be watching that. Ok?
这个场景是讲亚瑟王 他人扮演的亚瑟王 There's a scene where King Arthur, someone playing King Arthur
这不是个纪录片 it's not a documentary
走进一个小村庄 walks up to this small village
他看到另一个人朝这个小村庄跑去 and he sees another person running to
像是这个村庄智者一样的人 the small village, kind of the wise lord of the village
对一群走上来穿着很不整洁的农民讲话 talking to a bunch of really dirty peasants
这些农民说他们发现了一个女巫 who come up and claim they have found a witch
实际上我们知道她不是女巫 Now she's not a witch
你们可以从这里看这幅画 You can see from the picture right here
他们在她的鼻子上放了一个大胡萝卜 they've put a big carrot on her nose
但是他们想相信她就是个女巫 But they want to believe she's a witch
所以他们在努力搞清楚 And so they go through this process of trying
她是不是真的是一个女巫 to figure out whether she's really a witch or not. Ok?
所以这个小农庄的智者 And so the wise guy in this small peasant village
你们看到他是个中等年纪的人 说 from you know the middle ages, says
'好 我们来搞清楚她是不是个女巫吧 'well let's figure out if she's a witch
我们可以通过逻辑推理来做出判断 ' and we can do that by logic and deduction'
他问 '我们是怎么处置女巫的？' and he says 'what do we do with witches?'
这群脏兮兮的农夫回答说 And the whole chorus of dirty peasant people say
'你把她们烧死' 对吧？ 'you burn them' right?
然后他又问 '对！ And then he says 'exactly!
我们还会烧其他什么东西？' And what else do we burn?'
这帮农夫给出了各种不同的答案 and they give a couple of different answers
但是 最后 But then eventually
他们拿出了统一答案'木头！' they come up with 'wood!'
智者回答说 '完全正确！ and he goes 'exactly!
木头会漂浮吗？''是的！' Does wood float?', 'Yes!'
'还有什么会漂浮？' '鸭子' 'What else floats?', 'A duck!'
最后他说 and so he ends by saying
'所以从逻辑上讲 如果她的体重和鸭子的一样 'so logically if she weighs the same as a duck
那么她就是个女巫！' then she's a witch!' Ok?
然后 这个女人也说 '耶 听起来很合理' And the women then goes 'yeah, that seems reasonable'
她同意他们的观点！ and she goes along with it
最后 他们发现她真的和鸭子一样重 And they end up finding she weighs the same as a duck
于是就烧死了她 and they burn her
电影中没有演烧死那个女人的情况 They don't show the actual burning
但是 这的确是一个关于我们逻辑的夸张例子 So, but this is just a really hyperbolic example of our logic
从表面上看 我们的逻辑有道理 on the surface seems sensible
但是实际上并不一定合理 but it doesn't mean it actually is sensible
考试中不会考这个内容 You won't need to know this one for the exam
但是我想这个例子能解释 but I just think it's an example
我们的折磨人的有意识逻辑是怎么回事 for just demonstrating how tortured our conscious logic can be
好 Alright
之前我们已经通过一种有一些不同的方式 Now we've already seen this study
探讨过这个研究 before in slightly different form
这就是错误共识效应 This is the false consensus effect
你可以问人们 you can ask people
你愿意戴着一个写着 'would you wear a big sign around a college campus
'欢迎到Baha Fresh快餐店就餐'的大条幅 that read Eat at Baha Fresh
在校园里四处走 挣25美元吗？' for 25 dollars?'
也可以问人们 and you can ask people
'你愿意这样做吗？你认为有百分之多少的人 'would you do it and what percentage of other people
会认为你会做？' do you think would do it?'
这是李·罗斯在1977年所做的著名研究 and this is Lee Ross' famous study from 1977
你会发现 and what you find is that the people
那些说 who say
'我愿意戴这个条幅'的人认为其他人也愿意戴 'I would wear the sign' think other people would wear the sign
而那些不愿意戴的人 The people who wouldn't wear the sign
则认为其他人也不愿意戴 think other people wouldn't wear the sign
我们之前已经讨论过其中一个原因了 Now we've already talked about one of the reasons
那就是人们几乎都会在 that people sort of make this mistake in their judgments
判断其他人会做什么事上出过错 about what other people would do
我们也讨论过 我们的主观性识解 We've talked about how our subjective construal
和我们将自我观点投射到此类经验中的做法 and our projection of ourselves into that experience
会使我们在看待他人会有什么行为时出现偏见 can bias the way we think other people would behave
所以 你们知道 主观性识解会影响你 So subjective construals involve you know
如何想象一件事情的 how did you imagine the event
一些人想的是 Some people imagine that
要去的是西木区的Baha Fresh快餐店 they are walking down in westwood at Baha Fresh
人们会去那里 and that makes people go
'天啊 可能我会见到一些认识我的人 太糟了' 'oh god I might see people I know that would be terrible'
而另一些人可能会想 and somebody else might imagine, you know
现在是在大学校园里 being at a college campus you know
'Baha Fresh 离这里50英里远呢' 'Baha Fresh that's 50 miles from here'
他们会想 and they imagine that and they go
有什么大不了的？ what's the big deal?
能挣25美元呢 还不错哦 对吧？ 25 dollars, that's pretty good. Right?
他们想象的不是同一件事情 They've imagined different events
但是 比如说有人知道这一点 But let's say somebody knew
但是可能还是容易 and probably prone
犯这类主观性识解错误 to those kinds of subjective construal errors
所以我打算从更科学的角度 so I'm going to try to be more scientific
讨论下这个问题 about it in my own mind
当我们在大脑中想象成为一名科学家时 When we try to be scientists in our own mind
实际上我们没有像真正的科学家那样 without actually going out
真的去收集数据 and physically collecting the data
我们只是把有这种想法的人 we refer to these people
看作天真的科学家 as being naive scientists
在你看来 天真并不是说你一无所知 It doesn't mean na?ve in the sense of you don't know anything
实际上这只是个很糟糕的名字 It's actually a terrible name
它实际上真正的意思是 but what it really just means is
不是科学家的我们是什么 what we as non-scientists
当我没在这讲课时 which I am the rest of the day
我在一天中的其他时间是什么？ when I'm not actually teaching in here
所以 我们在一天中的绝大部分时间 so all of us are non-scientists
都不是科学家 most of the day
我们只是有科学家那样的行为 We kind of act like scientists
在我们大脑里做一些小实验 and sort of run little experiments in our head
试图回答一些问题 to try to answer questions
理解其他人的一些行为 and make sense of other people
所以 天真科学家常常会说 '哦 And so the na?ve scientist would say 'well
所以问题是其他人会做什么？'对吧？ so the question is what would others do?' ok?
也就是说 如果我不想自找麻烦 And so if I don't want to get into trouble
我不会想我愿意做什么这类问题的 I shouldn't think about what I would do
让我真正试着想想其他人会怎么做 Let me actually try to think about what other people would do
问题是我们总会在自己大脑中 and the problem is that we sample a population of people
尝试其他人的生活 并且说 in our head and we say
'好吧 让我想想吉姆会怎么做？ 'ok well let me think about what Jim would do?
让我想想弗瑞德会怎么做？ Let me think about what Fred would do?
让我想想我哥哥会怎么做？' Let me think about what my brother would do?'
接下来我们又会说 and then we say
'嗯 他们三人都会戴这条横幅的' 'oh well, all three of them would wear the sign'
所以 我猜绝大多数人都会戴的 So I guess most people would wear the sign
而问题是 And the problem is that
我们大脑中想到的那些人 the people who are accessible to us in our minds
很容易就想到的人实际是 the people who come to mind easily for us are the people
我们认识的人 we know and the people
以及和我们很相像的人 对吧？ who are more like us. Ok?
所以我们能很正确地想象出 So we may accurately imagine
这些人会怎么做某件事 what those people would do
我们可以对他们进行反思以及确切地 We may reflect on them and accurately characterize
知道他们会怎么应对既定的情况 what they would actually have answered given the situation
但是接下来我们会认为所有人都和他们一样 but then we generalize it to everyone
但实际上 这些人并不能代表所有人 and those folks aren't representative of everyone
他们只和我们很相似 They're more like us
所以 在这种情况下 并不存在故意的偏见 So in this case, there's no intentional bias
我们并不是想让答案出错 We're not trying to get the answer wrong
出现这种情况的原因是我们能获取的信息 It just so happens that the information that's accessible to us
本身就存在一定的偏向 is information that's biased
因为这些信息来自于 because it's going to be information
和我们相像的人们 对吧？ from people who are more similar to us, ok?
我们只是没有意识到我们的例子有偏向 We just don't realize that our sample is biased
所以你们正在进行的是有意识 So you're doing
且需要付出努力的逻辑工作 conscious effortful logical work
只是你们没有意识到 but you don't realize that
你们面对的是一些偏差数据 you're doing it on flawed data
教授: 不 我认为是受控过程 Prof: No, I think it's a controlled process
在我们说'好 我打算想出我认识的十个人 It's a controlled logical process where you're saying
想想他们中间的每一个人都会怎么做'时 'alright I'm going to come up with ten people I know
这是一种受控制的逻辑过程 and think about what each one of them is going to do'
当他们表现出错误共识效应时 I'm not saying everybody does this
我不想说每个人都会出现这种情况 when they show the false consensus effect
但是 你可能 可能会说 but you could, right, you could say
我打算想出一些人 I'm going to think of a list of people
想想他们中的每一个人会怎么做 figure out what each of them could do
而且你也能很正确地猜对他们的做法 and you can do it exactly accurately
但是 我们没有意识到的是 我们选错了例子 But what we don't realize is we've sampled the wrong people
这些人并不能代表大多数人 对吧？ to figure out what people in general would do, ok?
所以 这是一种受控过程 So it's a controlled process
一种错误的受控过程 but it's kind of the wrong controlled process
因为它被应用在不适宜的数据上 because it's being applied to data that isn't appropriate
当我们讨论做决定时 we'll come back to this
我们又会出现这种情况 when we talk about decision-making
人们将这种现象称为属性替代 There's a phenomenon called attribute substitution
意思是说 从本质上讲 你被问了一个问题 where you're basically asked one question
而你回答时却回答的是另一个问题 and you accidentally answer another question
因为你并没意识到你没有回答 because you don't realize that you're not answering
别人真正问你的问题 the question that's really being asked of you
再过几周 我们还会返回来再讲这个问题的 We'll come back to that though in a number of weeks
教授:是的 在人们环顾四周的时候 Prof: Yeah, when people look around
在第一节课的竖中指试验中 So on the first day with the finger-giving experiment
人们环顾四周时 when people look around
可能绝大多数情况下都是自动行为 that is probably largely automatic
人们并不知道他们在做什么 and people have no idea that they are doing it
上个周末 我在参加一个会议时 Incidentally I was just at a conference this past weekend
四年前做过我助教的一个人 where one of my teaching assistants from like four years ago
也来参加那个会议 was at the conference
我告诉他 我穿了西装 and I told him that like I put on the suit
现在没人再向我竖中指了 and nobody gives the finger anymore
他目瞪口呆 and he was flabbergasted
他认为好像每个人都竖了中指一样 He was like everybody gives the finger
我说'不会再出现这种情况了' I'm like 'not anymore'
他说 '我不敢相信 He was like 'I cannot believe
居然会这样' that that's what would've happened'
但实际上 的确发生了 but that's what happens
所以 我来给你们看一个例子 So let me just give you one example of
为什么说这种偏差抽样存在问题 why this kind of bias sampling is really a problem
而且会在我们的社会中成为更大的问题 and getting to be a bigger problem in our society
这是1976年的美国国家地图 So this is what the country looked like in 1976
当时 吉米·卡特当选总统 when Jimmey Carter was elected President
这种地图显示了在1976年大选中 and what this map shows is how different counties
美国不同县的选举情况 in America voted in the 1976 election
红色区域更多表明 with the more red reflecting a sort of higher proportion of
支持共和党的人更多 republicans voting in that particular county
实际上这里红色指的是地区而不是县 actually it's districts not counties
所以 红色越多 so the more red it is
就表明支持共和党的地区越多 而蓝色越多 the more that district had republican vote and the more blue it is
则表明支持民主党的地区越多 the more they had a democratic vote
紫色越多 and the more purple it is
则表明中立的地区越多 the more it is sort of right in the middle – mixed
所以 从1976年的这张选情地图上看 And so what you can see is that in 1976
除了下面这里的几个蓝色大本营 except for some strongholds of blue down here
以及上面这里的一点红色区域之外 and a little bit of red up here
在1976年 we had a pretty purple country
我们国家绝大多数人都保持着中立的态度 back in 1976
这意味着什么呢？这意味着 有一半的可能 What does that mean? It means there was probably a 50/50 chance
你的邻居和你 that your neighbor had different views than you did
在政治 文化问题 about politics, about cultural issues
诸如堕胎之类的问题 宗教 about things like abortion, religion
以及其他我们关心的 and all these different things
热点问题 that are hot-button issues for us
以及决定看福克斯新闻频道 and determine whether
还是有线新闻频道时 意见完全不同 we watch fox news or msnbc, ok?
当时 你和与你有不同观点的人交谈 Back then you spoke to people
与你有不同观点的人一起上学 and went to school with people
以及一起工作 and worked with people who held those different views
这是一种很好的社会现象 which were a good reality check
但是看看从1976年开始到现在都发生了什么事 but then watch what happens as we go from 1976 up to the present
这是1988年的大选选情地图 这是2004年的 So here's 1988, here's 2004
这是2008年的 here's 2008
我们可以看到发生了很大变化 What we see are much more dramatic
如果你们看到我电脑上的内容 you can see it better
就能了解得更清楚 if you can see it on my computer
上面这里的对比不再鲜明 the contrast isn't as good up here
深红色和深蓝色区域的范围 but you see much more dramatic pockets
越来越大 of you know intense red, intense blue
这就意味着 如今住在你周围的人 This means people today are now living around people
和你在各方面问题上的观点是一致的 who share their same views
从很多方面上来说 这样你会感到很舒服 Which is comforting in a lot of ways
但是另一方面也意味着 but it also means that it's very hard for the people here
住在这里的人们 to appreciate the experiences
很难理解住在这里的人们的经历 of the people here
反过来也是这样 对吧？ and of course vice versa. Right?
我们的共情缺口增多了 We're increasing the empathy gaps that we have
因为我们认识的与我们观点不同的人 because we don't know as many people
变少了 对吧？ who have different views from us, ok?
我想这对于一个国家的民族认同而言 And I think that's very potentially dangerous
是非常危险的一件事 to the national identity
因为我们能连续分享的东西越来越少 because we have less and less that we really share in a coherent way
对别人不同观点的理解也越来越少 and a lesser appreciation of other views being reasonable views
比如我们的邻居 同事 that our neighbours have, our coworkers have
以及朋友等 our friends have and so on
这是1976年与2008年的大选选情图 And then here, this is 1976 versus 2008
你可以很清楚地看到它们之间的差别 so you can see them right next to each other
差别非常大 It's pretty dramatic difference
好 现在来看看 Ok, so moving on to the next form of
今天讲到的有意识控制下过程的另一种形式 sort of consciously controlled processing of interest here
现在我们讨论下 And now we're going to talk about
反省思维 introspection or introspective thinking
如果我问你 按照从1到10的标准 So if I ask you to imagine on a scale from 1 to 10
你有多喜欢香草冰淇淋？ how much do you like vanilla ice cream?
你想出了答案 然后 You come up with an answer and then
我们说 '你的答案有没有可能不对？ we can say 'well, could you be wrong about your answer' right?
对于你多喜欢香草冰淇淋这个问题的答案 you can't be wrong about your answer
你不能出错 of how much you like vanilla ice cream
你怎么能出错呢？ How could you be wrong?
如果你错了 那谁还能回答对呢？ If you're wrong, who's right?
追究这个问题是没有任何意义的 That doesn't make any sense
我有多喜欢香草冰淇淋完全取决于 How much I like vanilla ice cream is entirely determined
我认为我有多喜欢香草冰淇淋 by how much I feel like I like vanilla ice cream
结果显示这是完全错误的 根本没有道理可言 That turns out completely false. OK? that's not true at all
接下来的几周里你们会读到丹尼尔的著作 You're going to read Daniel's book in a few weeks
《遭遇幸福》这本书 书中说 Stumbling on Happiness, and it turns out that
你认为你会有多喜欢 how much you think you're going to like
你将要吃到的冰淇淋 the ice cream that you're about to get
只和 is only mildly related to
你吃到后喜欢的程度有一点关系 how much you will enjoy it once you get it
所以 想得到 So there is a distinction between wanting something
你认为你会有多喜欢的某物 which is how much you'll think you'll like something
与喜欢某物有所不同 and liking something
所以我们的针对我们会多喜欢某物的理论 So our theories of how much we'll like something
通常与我们实际上会做多少努力不相符 are not always consistent with how much we actually do
我并不是说 I'm not saying you're actually wrong about
你想到香草冰淇淋实际上是不对的 what you came up with on vanilla ice cream
你可能是对的 It's quite possible that you are right
但是在很多情况下 人们都会出错 but there are various cases in which people make mistakes
当他们想'不管怎样做某事 where they think 'I know exactly how it's going to feel, taste
我很清楚是什么感觉 什么滋味' whatever to do X'
然后他们到了那里 做了那件事 并且会说 and then they get there, they do X and they go
'这和我想的不一样 '对吧？ 'that's not what I thought it was going to be like' right?
所以你们知道你们五年前最喜欢哪部电影 So you know your favourite movie from five years ago
并说'那是我最喜欢的电影 You go 'that's my favourite movie
我喜欢看那部电影 I love watching that movie
我打算再去看一遍那个电影 ' I'm going to go watch that movie again'
于是你又看了一遍那个电影 最后你会感觉 You watch the movie again and you're like
'哈 没我之前想象的好' 'Oh huh not as good as I thought it was'
你开始发现这个电影 You start to see flaws in it that
有一些你之前可能没发现的缺点 you might not have seen before
不管怎样 它有点过时 对吧？ It looks a little dated, whatever it is, right?
所以 我们的预测并不总是 So our predictions are not always
与我们的实际经历相符 matched up with our actual experiences
现在 我们可以说 '如果你不能总是对的 Now, we can then say 'well, if you're not always right
那么有没有其他人比你更清楚正确的答案？' could somebody else know your right answer better than you?'
答案是有 绝对有！ And the answer is yes, absolutely!
所以 我通常会举我小时候的例子 So I used to give this example with myself as a baby
后来发现我儿子也是一样 but it turns out my son is exactly the same way
所以我会用他作为例子 so I will use him instead of me
每天晚上7点半 去洗澡 So every night, 7:30, time to take a bath
每天晚上 不可能！不可能！ and every night, no way!
妈咪 爹地！不可能！对吧？ No way, mommy daddy! No way! Ok?
他会说'我不喜欢洗澡！'对吧？ That is his way of saying 'I don't like baths!' ok?
按从1到10的标准评价洗澡 肯定是负50 Scale from 1 to 10, baths, minus 50
但是 一旦他在浴池里呆上五秒钟 However, once he's in the bath for five seconds
你就没法让他出来 you can't get him out
他喜欢洗澡 He loves baths
他只是不知道他喜欢 He just doesn't know that he loves baths
我可能会说 他有问题 And I would say that's something wrong with him
但实际上我自己也和小孩子一样 but I was exactly the same way as a little kid
我们有很多共同之处 There are a lot of things where we are like
比如 我们会说'不 我不想做那件事 就是不想做' 'no I don't want to do that I don't want to do that'
然后我们还是做了 并且觉得 and then we do it and like
'哇 还挺有意思的！' 'oh that was fun!'
虽然他在自己有多喜欢洗澡 Now he's wrong about
这件事上的看法是错的 how much he likes baths
但是我对他有多喜欢洗澡的看法却是正确的 but I'm right about how much he loves baths
我很清楚他很喜欢洗澡 I know exactly how much he likes baths
实际上 我们周围的人们比我们自己更清楚 And it turns out that people around us
我们的喜好 often know us and our preferences better than we do
我们过会儿还会再来看这个问题的 And we'll come back to that later
现在我想谈一下 but what I want to talk about now
我认为自相矛盾的一些东西 is something that I think is pretty paradoxical
它对你的喜好进行反省 which is can introspecting on your preferences
那就是想象你喜欢什么 thinking about what you like
它能致使你做出糟糕选择 can it lead you to make worse choices
会后悔的选择吗？ choices that you will regret?
想象你会喜欢什么会导致你 So thinking about what you'll like leads you
选择的东西 to choose things
与你不想象你会喜欢什么时选择的东西 you'll actually like less
相比 你更喜欢后者 than if you didn't think about what you'll like
理查德·尼斯贝和蒂姆·威尔逊 So there's a very very famous paper
有一篇非常有名的论文 by Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson
理查德·尼斯贝和李·罗斯 Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross
是一起上的研究院 went to graduate school together
所以 他们两人 so these are
就像是近四十年社会心理学史上 like two of the big big shots
最耀眼的明星 of the last forty years of social psychology
他们主宰了这个世界近二十年 They kind of ruled the world for about twenty years
我这里说的世界 and when I say the world
是指社会心理学这个小的世界 I mean the very small world of social psychology
这篇论文可以说是最近四十年 and this paper is arguably the most important paper
社会心理学上的最重要的论文 of the last forty years in social psychology
我想你们也可以认为 I think you could argue that Milgrim
60年代的米尔格伦更重要 from the 60s is more important
后面我们还会谈到所罗门和艾施 We'll get to Solom and Ash later in the class
可能他们的贡献更重要 maybe it is more important
但是我认为这篇论文 对我来说 but I think this one and certainly for me
可能是近40年最重要的论文 probably the most important paper of the last forty years
这是一篇综述 And it's a review paper
没有涉及一系列的实验 It's not a set of experiments so much
但关键是 这两位作者讨论了 but the key thing is that they are addressing this topic
我们了解并不多的问题 of telling more than we can know
所以这和假说三有关 So this relates to hypothesis three
他们讨论了他们做过的一些 So they talked about some little mini experiments they did
与这篇论文主题相关的小实验 that demonstrate the theme of the overall paper
我不想重述一遍整篇论文 I'm not going to go through the overall paper
但是我想给你们看其中一个证明 but I'll give you sort of one of these little demonstrations
在这个证明中他们将人们集中在一起 they would bring people up
完成了一个消费者选择任务 to do sort of a consumer choice task
所以你们明白这是在大街上做的 So you know it's out on the street
要设置一个小展台 and you sort of set up a little booth
然后把人们吸引过来 不管怎样再让他们 you have people come up and you have them somehow
我记不清是怎么做的了 I can't remember how
你让他们完成第一项任务 you have them do a first task
那就是让他们看一些像 where they see words like
'大海'和'月亮'之类的词语 'ocean' and 'moon'
和很多成对词组 and lots of other word pairs too
但是你拿到的其中一个词组是 but one of the word pairs that you get is
'大海'和'月亮' 'ocean' and 'moon'
这点很关键 and that's really critical
因为人们接到的第二个任务是 because the second task people are given is
你更喜欢哪种清洁剂？ which detergent do you prefer?
结果 And it turns out that
那些说喜欢'汰渍 Tide'牌的人们是有偏见的 you get a biased response with people saying 'tide'
在这里'汰渍 Tide '和大海与月亮有关系 which is related to ocean and moon
如果你没有用这个刺激人们 If you don't prime people with this
他们百分之五十的 people are 50/50
可能会选他们喜欢的那种清洁剂的 on which of these they like
至少在1976年 人们会这样做的 at least back in 1976 when they did this
但是 如果你用大海和月亮刺激人们 but if you prime people with ocean and moon
他们会说他们更喜欢汰渍牌 they say they like Tide more
尽管这个研究比我上节课告诉你们的 Now that's not that so surprising
其他研究进行得还早 in the context of everything else I've already told you
但是在我告诉了你们实验背景后 although this study came before any of those other studies
有这样的结果就不足为奇了 I told you about last lecture
但是这个实验还有非常有意思的地方 but here's the really interesting part
当你问人们他们为什么选择汰渍牌时 When asked why they chose Tide
他们想出的原因 they all came up with reasons
都与真正的原因没有任何瓜葛 对吧？ that had nothing to do with the real reason, ok?
他们会说 They said
'哦 我妈妈用汰渍牌 所以我更喜欢这个牌子' 'well, my mom uses Tide, that's why I like it more'
或者'它最有名'或者'我喜欢它的包装' or 'it's the most well known' or 'I like the box'
都是假话 All bogus
我的意思并不是说对任何人来说都不对 I mean it's not that it's not true for anyone
但是这些人并不知道他们受到 but these folks have no idea that they've been influenced
启动效应的影响 by this priming episode
如果他们恰好受到启动效应的影响 and it would be one thing
那这就是其中的一个影响 if they just were influenced by it
但是 他们不仅仅受到了影响 But they're not only influenced by it
而且还满怀信心地 but they're confidently coming up with
想出了完全虚假的原因来 completely bogus reasons
他们为什么选择汰渍牌 why it is that they chose Tide
以及信任这个牌子的原因 是吧？ and they believe them. Right?
他们并没有意识到 They're not like
'天啊 实际上我受到了这些启动物的影响 'well geez, I was actually influenced by those primes
而且我不想说出事实来 and I don't want to say that
所以我最好快速想出一些其他原因来 so I better come up with something else real quick
这样的情况并不存在 That's not what's happening
实际上 他们在想为什么他们喜欢汰渍牌 They actually now think that's why they like Tide
但说出来的全是假话 but totally bogus
这就是尼斯贝和威尔逊的论文 Now this paper was Nisbett and Wilson
威尔逊后来又做了所有关于反省的伟大研究 Wilson went on to do all these really great studies on introspection
而这个研究是关于 and this is the one that addresses the issue of
反省你的喜欢能否 whether or not introspecting on your preferences
导致你做出糟糕选择的一个研究 can lead you to make bad choices
这个是蒂姆·威尔逊 So this is Tim Wilson
他来自于美国弗吉尼亚大学 he's in University of Virginia
他做了这个实验 and he brings people in
哦 他在很久之前带来了一些人 well, he brought people in, this was done a long time ago
并给他们看了两幅图画 and he shows them two art prints
你们知道 有时候当你脑子不怎么灵光的时候 You know sort of the time when you're outside Acrumen
他们会有很多大部头的书 they have all those big books
这些书你只会草草翻阅 you could flip through
从中挑出一些图画 to pick your art prints to try
粘在你宿舍的墙上 to create your identity on the walls
以表明自我的个性 对吧？ of your dorm room, right?
诸如此类的事情 That sort of thing
耶 我也是这样的人 Yes, I was one of those too
现在你拿到了一幅莫奈的画 So you've got a Monet here
和一幅上面带文字的 and then you've got a Garfield cartoon
加菲猫漫画 with a little caption on it
在这个研究中就是给人们看的这两幅画 And so people are shown these two
然后要求他们回答 and they are going to be asked to answer
自己对这两幅画的喜欢程度如何 how much they like each of these two art prints
所以也要求他们打分 So they're going to have to give a rating, a number
用数字表示喜欢的程度 对吧？ to how much they like each of them, ok?
有一半的受试者被要求在告诉我们 And half of the subjects are told before you tell us your rating
他为自己有多喜欢每幅画而打得分数之前 of how much you like the art print
我们想让他想想 we want you to think about your reasons
他给出那个答案的原因 for the answer that you're giving
也就是我们想让你考虑下 So we want you to think about your reasons for
你为什么喜欢或不喜欢这些画的原因 why you like or don't like each of these
有一半的受试者是在进行反省后给出的判断 So half of the subjects are introspecting
而另一半则没有进行反省 and half of the subjects are just sort of giving their gut judgment
直接给出了他们的直觉判断 without introspecting
在不进行反省的控制条件下 So in the control condition where they don't introspect
答案在预料之中 hopefully not surprisingly
人们说他们更喜欢莫奈的画 对吧？ people say they like the Monet more. Ok?
绝大多数人都会说莫奈的艺术 Most people would say Monet is better art than
比加菲猫这种傻气漫画更好 Garfield with a silly caption
这个结果很清楚 And you get that very clear here
但是如果你让人们先考虑下 but if you have people introspect
他们得出自己答案的原因 about their reasons first
则实验结果就会有很大不同 it changes dramatically
这种情况下 他们不再真的更喜欢这幅 Now they don't really prefer one
还是那幅画了 or the other
喜欢漫画的人多起来 and the preference for the cartoon goes way up
当你要求人们进行反省 It goes way up when you have people introspecting
并罗列出他们喜欢某幅画的原因时 and generating a list for
喜欢漫画的人便多起来 why they like each
这真是一种惊喜 and here's the real kicker
他们说 '不管你更喜欢哪幅海报 So they said, 'OK, you're going to get to take home
你都打算把它带回家 whichever poster you said you prefer
所以我们打算 So we're going to give you an art print of the one
把你更喜欢的那幅送给你 ' you said you'd preferred.'
所以这时……在所有情况下 And so there is… in all conditions
有人更喜欢这幅 there are some people who like this more
也有人更喜欢那幅 some people who like that more
这种情况下 平均数有很大不同 just the mean is very different here
但是 你搞清楚他们具体喜欢哪幅画 But so you get people who say they like either better
然后给他们一张他们喜欢的那幅画的复印件 and they get a copy of that
并让他们带回家 and they take it home
两周以后 and then two weeks later
威尔逊和他的同事给这些受试者发了电子邮件 Wilson and colleagues emailed the subjects
我开玩笑而已 因为1993年还没有电子邮件 I'm kidding actually, because there was no email in 1993
他们用信鸽给这些宿舍中的学生 They used a carrier pigeon to send a note over to
传了一个纸条 the students in their dorm rooms
上面说 我们知道了你们的…… and they said, ok well we got your..
他们并没这样说 they didn't say this
他们在实验当天知道了你的偏爱 So they had gotten your preference on the day of the experiment
现在他们说 and now they said
请告诉我们你有多喜欢 tell us how much you like the art print you currently have
现在你手上拥有的那幅画 that you now own
这时你就会发现 And what you find is that the people
那天选择莫奈画的人们说 who had chose the Monet on day one
'我现在和当初选择时一样喜欢这幅莫奈的画' they say 'yeah I still like the Monet just as much as I did before'
而两周后的今天 but now two weeks later
那些选择漫画的人们则说 the people who had chosen the cartoon say
'我选错了 这幅漫画糟透了！'对吧？ 'I chose badly. The cartoon sucks!' ok?
基本上 这些人会说 '我做了错误的选择 These folks are basically saying 'I made a mistake
我希望自己当初选的是另一幅画' I wish I had taken that other one'
他们改变了自己的喜好 They're changing their preference
我们没有必要说 and so we don't have to say
'他们做了不好的选择 'oh well they made a bad choice
因为艺术评论家会说 because art critics would say
莫奈的作品比漫画作品好 ' Monet is better than the cartoon'
根本没有必要这么说 We don't have to say that at all
我们需要做的只是在两周后再问他们 All we have to do is ask them two weeks later
他们会告诉我们'我当时没选择好' and they tell us 'yeah I didn't make a very good choice back then'
问题就在这 so here's the big question
为什么会发生这样的事？ Why does this happen?
为什么对你的选择进行反省 Why does introspecting on your choice
能致使你 can lead you to make your choice
做出两周后你会反悔的选择？ that you yourself will admit to regretting two weeks later?
大家怎么看？ What do you think?
为什么反省会出现这样的结果？ Why does introspection do this?
大家有什么想法说说看？ Any thoughts?
教授:第二次猜测才是我们最好的选择 Prof: Second guessing our best choice
反省会导致什么结果？ but what about introspection causes that?
学生:因为你能做的唯一一件事 Student: It's because the only thing
就是坚持自己的话是有效的 that you can do is argue that what you're saying is valid
这和之前讲的电梯理论的道理一样 It's the same thing as the elevator
教授:对 就是说 Prof: Right, so there's something
将一些事情用语言表达出来 about putting it into words
能让它看起来有效 that makes an argument seem valid
这就是做实验的其中一个把戏 and this is sort of one of the tricks of the experiment
描述抽象的艺术更容易 than it is sort of about abstract art
除非 It's harder
你是个艺术评论家并且你真的巧舌如簧 unless you're an art critic and you really have the vocabulary
用语言描述这幅画比较难 it's harder to generate things to say about this one and easier
而描述这幅画则比较容易 to generate things to say about this one
然后 你就会发现 So then you find yourself
你面前的理由清单两边数量一样 with a surprisingly balanced list of things written in front of you
于是 接下来发生的是 and so what happens here is
你把你之前根据自己真实情感反应 you are substituting the list that you've made
所列的清单否定了 for your own genuine affective response
从本质上讲 你受到了误导 And you've been tricked essentially into making a list
列出了一个你认为是有效的清单 that you'll believe is valid
而真正的原因是很难用语言描述一些东西 but it's really just because it's hard to put certain things into words
我们应该这样来看这个问题 And so here's the way to think about this
就好像你把你的清单给其他人看 It's as if you've handed your list to somebody else
让他们只根据这个清单猜测 and that's all they have to go on to guess
你更偏向于哪个选择 what kind of preference you have
如果你给其他人一个两种选择的理由相同的清单 And if you hand someone else a balanced list
比如每张画各有三个选择理由的清单 sort of three pros on each side of the list for each art print
他们会说 they'd say
可能对这两幅画 他们没有更偏爱哪一幅 they probably have a balanced view of those two pieces of art
当我们进行反省和进行反思时 And what we're doing
我们所做的就是 when we're introspecting and thinking introspectively is that
用同样的方式猜测自己的喜好 we're kind of guessing our own preference the same way
我们并不是只注意自己的知觉反应 We're not just sort of zeroing in on our gut response
并说 '啊哈 我知道会是这样！' saying 'aha! I know it!'
如果你让其他人进行反思 进行反省 If you get someone to think introspectively, to reflect introspectively
我们就会开始接受我们能用语言表达的东西 we start taking what we can generate in words and language
我们会说那肯定是我真实喜好的反映 and we say that must be an indicator of my real preference
所以 反省不一定表现的就是 So introspection does not necessarily reveal
'享有特权'的个人信息 sort of 'privileged' personal information
可能有时候是 但是绝大多数情况下都不是 Maybe it does sometimes but it doesn't always
有时 我们接收了我们生成的信息 Sometimes we take that information we generate
但是 因为这些信息是我们生成的 however it is we generate it
所以我们会用同样的方式评价它 and we evaluate it just the same way
我们会考虑是不是其他人告诉了我们这些信息 we would evaluate if somebody else told us that information
这样会给我们带来很多麻烦 And that can get us into lots of trouble
我们后面还会接着讲这个问题的 We're going to continue with this
等下 我想想 wait, hold on
星期四没课 no lecture on Thursday
我想确认下大家是不是都知道这件事 just want to make sure everyone hears that
周四我有事不上课 所以咱们下周二见 I will be away on Thursday so I will see you all next Tuesday
但是明天12:30 到2:30的面谈还照常进行 but I will have office hours tomorrow, 12:30 to 2:30