社会结构解释环境变化 Social Structural Approaches to Environmental Change
上周三 So last Wednesday
我去西雅图参加了一个会议 I flew up to Seattle for this conference called
叫 环境设计研究协会 Environmental Design Research Association
这个会议属于重大会议之一 and it is one of the major conferences in
不仅在环境行为学领域很重要 environmental behavior studies
也在环境心理学领域占有一席之地 and environmental psychology
这个会很有意思 and it was quite interesting conference.
你们阅读材料中的几位作家也到场了 Several authors that you have been reading were there
比如 艾伦 威客 盖瑞 埃文斯 like Alan Wicker, Garry Evans,
我们学校的教授Massendark our own professor Massendark
还有这个领域的其他人 and a number of others in the field.
西雅图在很多领域是一个很好的示范性城市 And Seattle also offered a really nice example
我们曾经讨论过那些领域 of several of the things we have been talking about
例如 都市自然 in this class for example urban nature.
他们在一些方面成效显著 They do an incredible job in providing
公共场所的沿街绿化 street trees on public spaces,
不论是在有趣的还是在有纪念意义的场所都有 public spaces that are interesting and sociopathal,
这是从下往上观看高速路 you you look up here at the freeway,
这是从我们住的酒店往下望 this is looking down from the hotel where we were at
你们可以看到 and you can see that created almost
这里几乎与高速路融合成了一个森林公园 a little Forest Park integrated with the freeway there,
你们也能看到他们是怎样修理树木的 and I you can see how they do street trees
这是西雅图市区第五大道 this is fifth Avenue downtown Seattle
这是第四大道沿街的一块公共绿地 and this is a nice of public space along Fourth Avenue
我们讨论过自然光 and we talked a lot of natural light
怎样将自然光运动到建筑中 bringing natural light into buildings,
如果你走进西雅图的公共图书馆 and if you go into the public library in Seattle
就在我们酒店的对面街上 which was also across the street of our hotel,
图书馆的外面 the outer shell of that building
几乎都被玻璃包裹着 is basically all windows,
因此在里面光线特别好 so you got incredible lightning in there
光线随着时间流逝而改变 which changes throughout the day,
这是西雅图图书馆 so these are the views of the Seattle library
那儿也有一个非常有意思的展览厅 and then there's also a really interesting exhibit.
你们有谁听说过 Dave Chiefly How many of you have heard of Dave Chiefly?
他是一位玻璃艺术家 He's a glass artist.
因此在西雅图中心的太空针塔处 So at the Seattle center, where the space needle,
他们建造了这座新型花园 they just established this new garden,
他的作品展 an exhibit that he had put together,
让我受到了强烈的震撼 it's really a mind blowing exhibit,
非常不同凡响的作品展 really phenomenal,
这是展区的外花园 so this is the outside garden of the exhibit area
这是太空针塔一景 and outside, this is a part of the space needle
这是展品的一部分 and this is one of the exhibits.
说起去博物馆 So in terms of going into museums
给人们提供休息和价值的场所 and providing restorative spaces and interest value
在大型的城市中间 in a large urban area,
西雅图的做法与欧文的做法形成了鲜明对比 its a nice counterpoint to how it's done in Irvine
欧文是个计划社区 which is a planned community,
非常都市自然化 very urban nature oriented,
但更具郊区自然特色 but more suburban nature
在这座花园城的街道上 and along the lines of the Garden city
Ebenezer Howard的思想体现的淋漓尽致 ideas of Ebenezer Howard,
你们去西雅图就能体会到 where is when you go to Seattle you see that
将自然融入大城市中的感觉 integration of nature on in a much larger city,
那里真的非常值得一去 so it's it's really up an interesting place to visit,
但如果你们想要研究 but anyone of you that want to go into the field
环境心理学或者相关领域 of environmental psychology or related field
记得要搜索一下 check out this
环境设计研究协会 Environmental Design Research Association
它非常有价值 because it's a very valuable organization,
这个组织第一个会议开于1970年 the first conference of that group started 1970,
他们持续研究 they have yearly proceedings of research on environment
自然中建筑对人类的影响 and how buildings effect people in nature.
这个会议现在的主题其中之一 Now one of the themes at this conference,
与我们讨论的话题有关 which also ties into what we've been talking about,
反叛的公共空间 was insurgent public space,
个人计划 individuals sort of taking the initiative
创造属于自己的空间 to create their own places
基本上是 and basically the,
我引用一下这个作者在这本书 let me read you something that author of this book
反叛的公共空间中写的话 Insurgent public space wrote about.
这个作者我在向你们展示 Him you know from when we showed you
布鲁克林的Vigilante Gardner the Vigilante Gardner in Brooklyn
占领那片高地时 taking over that plateau land there
或者占领伯克利Sprawl厅时 or this is Occupy sprawl Hall in Berkeley,
占领华尔街 both over the occupied Wall Street,
也属于这项运动 part of the movement,
同时也因为学费 but also because of the tuition rates
其增长是有目共睹的 and increases that you see.
这是停车一族占领停车场 This is the parking group that takes over parking spaces
这是芝加哥的 Humboldt公园 and this is Humboldt park in Chicago,
这是个理想化的街区 it's a puertorican neighborhood where the residents
居民们在墙上作画 have taken to putting some art up on the wall
来表达他们的心声 to express their point of view,
这就是作家Geoffrey Hou在 so these are examples of what Geoffrey Hou
反叛的公共空间中所举的例子 the author means by Insurgent public space.
他所说的 And what he says
制造不确定的公共空间 is the making of uncertain public space,
意味着创造一个不一样的城市 suggest a motive city making that is different
同体制化意义中的城市化区别开 from the institutionalized notion of urbanism
这与城市规划 and it's association with
与制度建设分不开 master planning and policy making,
不同于传统的城市规划 unlike the conventional practice of urban planning
与那些职业专家所设计的不同 which tends to be dominated by professionals and experts
不确定的公共空间 instances of uncertain public space
意味着城市中的团体和个人 suggests the ability of citizen groups and individuals
都对当代城市环境 to play a distinctive role in
起着不可取代的作用 shaping the contemporary urban environment
而不是遵从法律法规的作用 in defiance of the official roles rules and regulations
他提出猩猩城市化 and he talks about this is a kind of Gorilla Urbanism
做出激进彻底的改变 and making radical changes that are sort of
体制外的改变 outside the section
脱离体制化的城市化 and institutional forms of urbanization,
这是个非常有意思的主题 so it's a very interesting theme
这个话题与其他几个话题联系在一起 it does tie in with a lot of
我们在课堂上讨论的那几个话题 what we've been talking about in the class
后来结果就是 and it turned out that
他成了今年Edra书奖的获得者 he was the winner of the Edra book Award this year,
每年他们都为 each year they they create these awards for
这个领域的名城和巨著颁奖 great places and books in the field,
你们如果感兴趣的话可以去查一查 so if you're interested check it out.
今天我们要讨论的话题是 Now today's class we are going to be talking about
在物理环境中融合的 that integration of the social environments
社会环境 in the physical environment,
反叛的公共空间是个很好的例子 so in insurgent public spaces are good example
人们切身努力 that where people are taking it on themselves
去改变他们的物理环境 to change their physical environment
通过发表申明之类的行动 to make a statement of some kind.
今天的几个主题是 So some of the themes today are the fact
人类生存环境实际上是 that human environments are in fact
社会物理系统 socio physical systems,
因此我们要讨论行为设定 so we talk about behavior settings
作为物理条目和 being a kind of combination of a physical menu,
一系列行为程序的组合 a set of members of behavioral program
无论是教室或是其他任何地方的设定 whether it's a classroom or some other kind of setting.
因此是关于系统取向的 So there's that systems orientation
我们开始上课时所说的 that we started with at the beginning of class,
我们也研究了社会环境 we also took a look at the influences of
对认知行为和健康生活 the social environment on cognition behavior
的影响 and well being.
我们的环境中的社会层面 How does the social aspect of our environments
如寝室的氛围 like the climate in a dormitory
寝室的社会氛围 the social climate of your dorm
或是公寓氛围 or your apartment complex
是如何影响你的生存和行为的 how does that affect your well-being and behavior.
物理环境中的改变是如何作为 Also how do changes in the physical environment
推动社会变化的催化剂的 serve as a catalyst to promote social change,
我们来看几个例子 so we're going to look at some examples of that.
我这有几个园艺方面的例子 We have seen some with the gardening examples
和占领停车场的例子 and taking over the parking spaces
我们还能看一些其他的例子 but will see some other examples of that today as well
我们如何通过社会结构的变化 And then how can we improve human welfare
来改善人类福利呢 through these the social structural changes,
我们之前讨论过很多 so we have talked more about
物理环境的话题 the physical environment in this class so far,
今天我们的重点放在 today we are going to really focus in much more
社会环境上 on the social environment.
社会物理系统这个概念的例子 Now one example of that socio physical system concept
是由Roger Barker和Alan Wicker等人 is the behavior setting idea of Roger Barker
提出的行为定势 and Alan Wicker and others
人们与他们存在的环境不融合的现象 and its disintegration of people in their environment
在预计的时间里做预定的事情 doing certain activities at predictable times,
现在已经不是如此了 now it gets a lot more complicated than that
在他们的理论中 because in those theories
行为定势是与生俱来的 the behavior setting was taken sort of as a given,
如果你一天24个小时 so you would follow a boy around
来观察一个孩子 on twenty four hour period
看看他不同的定势 and see how the different settings that he goes
是如何影响他的行为的 into effect his behavior
看他进入不同环境是 and how he changes as a function
是如何改变他的功能的 of going in different environments,
但是这忽略了环境所造成的影响 but it took those environments for granted
把它当成理所当然的了 or sort of as a given.
现在我们所知的是 Now what we know is that
行为定势是周期性的 behavior settings have a life cycle
它有开始 有中点 they have a beginning they have of medium point
通常也有结束 and then they have an ending often.
Alan Wicker写过 And Alan Wicker wrote about
行为定势的周期 the lifecycle of behavior settings
但是社会情况多种多样 but there are a variety of social circumstances
这最初 that lead to the establishment of behavior settings
就导致了行为定势的形成 in the first place,
这是西雅图Pike街上最初的一家星巴克 this is the original Starbucks in Seattle on Pike Street
当时的企业家是如何想的 and you know what was on that entrepreneurs mind
开一家星巴克 to create the Starbucks cafe which grew into
最后连锁店扩及全球 this is humongous franchise all over the world,
是什么指使他 what was it that sort of possess him
萌生了开星巴克的念头 to have that idea to create Starbucks
使其不断扩大 and then it grew and grew,
因此定势就产生了 so that was the establishment of the setting.
这是占领华尔街运动 Here you got people in the occupied movement
人们想要通过这个运动来改变一下华尔街 trying to change something about Wall Street
想给华尔街赋予一层新的含义 you know trying to give it a different meaning
通过游行 游说 by showing up there and saying
他们说99%的人 you know ninety nine percent of people
由于收入不均被排除在外 are being left out there is income in quality,
我们能采取什么办法呢 what do we do about that,
因此他们试图去改变这个现状 so it's it's trying to promote some change
我们都知道 and then we all know
一些行为定势终会终结 that some behavior settings terminate,
会减弱 they dissolve,
因为人们对它丧失了兴趣 because people are no longer interested in them
亦或是领导层或管理者决定 or leaders or administrators decide that
这个部门没啥用 a particular department or unit isn't useful
于是就解散了 and it's ended,
社会环境 so you know what are the social circumstances
社会考虑 and considerations
与政治内容是什么 as well as a political context
行为定势是从哪里来的 in which behavior settings are created,
如何改变 如何结束的 changed and ended.
这是他们重要而短暂的一方面 So that's an important sort of temporal aspect of them
利用物理环境的另一方面 Now another aspect of using the physical environment
能促使社会变化 as a lever for social change
瑞典做了一个实验 is the study here that was done in Sweden,
Keller和Mattsson两位做的 by Keller and Mattsson
他们做的基本上是 and basically what they did is
他们进入养老院 they went into an elderly institutional
一个为老年痴呆患者设立的养老院 residential facility for Alzheimer's patients,
他们假设那些患有老年痴呆症的人 people that had senile dementia and they hypothesized
在环境的改变下 that if they can change the environment
从现代瑞士建筑风格 from this very modern contemporary look in Sweden
变得古老一些 to this more antique look
变成患者们的黄金时期 which was typical of the individuals
的建筑风格 when they were in their prime
在他们三四十岁的时期 in their forties and thirties
就能看到他们行为的进步 that might draw some improvements in behavior,
健康也能进步 some improvements in health status
他们分析装修前和装修后的行为 so they did a before, after
最后他们回到了最初的地方 and then they returned the baseline,
这个现代装修的地方 they took people back to this sort of modernist décor
每次都持续一段时间 but then each one lasted,
然后有一些小的干扰 this this intervention here,
古老装修的治疗法 the treatment here the after antique look
持续了几个月让患者可以适应 lasted for several weeks for people to get use to it
他们也能做相应的观察 and they could make observations
观察患者的社会行为 of people's social behavior
他们微笑的频率 当他们去餐厅的时候 their smiling, how much food they ate
能吃多少东西了 when they went into the dining room
诸如此类 and things like that
他们发现环境的改变 and they found that just by changing the ambient,
作为房间的核心部分 the core of that room
就能促进一些正面的 they were able to promote several positive
社交和行为的改变 social and behavioral changes
养老院的管理人员也观察了患者们 and also individuals that administered that facility
他们发现 did observations of these people and observed that
在装修后患者似乎变得更开心了一些 in this situation they seemed happier
他们更容易与人相处 that they were more sociable,
那个环境中肯定有一些因素能起作用 so there's something about that environment,
正如瞭望医院的窗外 just as looking through a window in a hospital room
就能起到康复的作用一样 might affect recovery from surgery,
周围的环境的确能起到作用 there's something about this ambient environment,
能改善人们的行为 that is drawing out certain kinds of behavioral changes
特别是那些认知能力受损的 如老年痴呆 in people that have this cognitive impairment, dementia.
这就是在物理环境下 So this is one example of of making a change
做些改变的例子 in the physical environment
试图去影响社会性质的改变 to try to leverage some changes socially and certainly
当然当你占领旧金山停车场的时候 when you take over of of parking place in San Francisco
或是做vigilante园艺 or you do vigilante gardening
同样改变了物理环境 it's also making a change in the physical environment
增进更多邻里间的活动 to try to create more neighbor activities,
更多交流 更多社会资产 more bonding, more social capital,
这便是利用物理环境 so it is using the physical environment
来促进社会变化 to create social change.
上周 Mark跟你们讨论了虚拟环境 Now last week Mark talked about the virtual environment
他举了不同例子 and he gave you examples of different kinds of
虚拟社区的例子 virtual communities,
在E-bay 或者 Second life whether it be E-bay or Second life
人们使用不同的身份 where people go to try on different identities
生活在不同的层面 and you know acquire different lives
这都是 Anita Blanchard and these are all part of a broader concept
所指的虚拟行为定势 that Anita Blanchard calls virtual behavior settings
我们现在把话题转向 and now we've got a change
从虚拟层面来说 in the behavior setting concept from place based
的行为定势 to virtual as well,
这是一些网站 so these are electronic sites on the internet,
用来给成员互动交流的 created to share interactions of members
利用电脑作为媒介沟通 that developed a symbolic sense of space or place
发展成为一个有意义的空间 through sustained computer mediated communications
Google小组的成立 and creating a Google group would be
就是虚拟行为定势的形成 a type of establishing a virtual behavior setting.
这有时能加强虚拟空间团体 Sometimes it may reinforce place space community
如果这个班里有一群google小组的成员 so if you have a Google group of people in this class
就能增强这里的社区感 that would reinforce a place base sense of community,
Second life上有全世界的人 on Second life you got people from all over the world,
用各种不同的身份 joining bad and taking on different identities
和化名 and avatars,
因此也不一定能增强地方的社区感 so it's not really reinforcing the place based community
更像是兴趣的聚集 it's more of a community of interest,
这是上周的内容 is more talked about last week,
但这是行为定势概念的变化 but these are changes in the behavior setting concept
我想这样讨论这个问题 I want to talk about this in terms of
利用J B的生态学理论 Jurij Bronfenbrenner theory of ecological,
人类发展生态学理论 the ecology of human development.
他是人类发展学理论的专家 He was a major human development theorist
非常趋向使用生态学的理论 and he was very ecologically oriented,
他提出 he came up with this notion
正如我们开课时说的生态学观点 just as we started this class with the idea of ecology
不论是芝加哥人类生态学院 whether be the Chicago School of Human Ecology
还是UCL得社会生态学院 inaudible or current Social Ecology here at UCI,
在不同的理论当中 there are certain principles that get reiterated
都有一些重申的原则 in this different theories
一个是人们都受到 one is that people are nested
不同层面影响的束缚 within these different layers of influence,
在B的概念中 so in Bronfenbrenner terms
人就是微系统 the microsystem would be this person,
学校 家庭 朋友 this individual's school, family, their friends
或是社区 or the neighborhood
每个都是一个微系统 that each of these would be a microsystem,
这时中间系统出现 the mesosystem idea comes into play
在这些当中起到桥梁作用 through the linkages between these,
当人从家到学校时 so when that that person goes from home to school,
骑车往返于家和学校之间 rides a bike back and forth between home and school
人就进入到了至少两个定势中 that person is involved in at least those two settings
这两个定势之间的联系就叫中间系统 and that linkage of two settings is called a mesosystem,
也可以说街坊与学校之间的 where you can talk about the neighborhood mesosystem
中间系统 in the school
学校在街坊中 the school's imbedded in the neighborhood,
因此朋友也在街坊中 so that individual has friends in neighborhood also,
其中也有学校里的同学 some of them may also be classmates at school.
这是外面的圈子 不是我们现在说的 This outer circle here not for this data
外圈也叫外层系统 but this next circle is called exosystem
是定势或者系统 and that would be settings or systems
它直接影响人的成长 that impinge on the developing person
但又不完全属于那些系统 but they're not directly part of those systems,
家长工作单位就是一个例子 so the parents work place is a context
它能影响孩子的成长 that affects that child's developing,
但是孩子并不需要跟着家长去工作 but the child doesn't necessary go to work with a parent
家长把工作的疲倦或者收入带回家 the parent brings some stress or brings home income
或者带回家其他的能影响孩子的东西 or brings home things that affect a child's development,
因此B把它们之间的关系叫做外层系统 so Bronfenbrenner called that kind of a relationship
最后是宏观系统 an exosystem and finally the macrosystem
是这个的外层 which is this outer circle,
像更大的社会影响 looks more at these broad societal influence,
社区政治趋势 political trends in the community,
经济情况 文化价值 economic conditions, cultural values,
我们有收入不平等的现象 the fact that we have income inequality or the fact that
是源于美国两极分化的态度 we have polarization of attitudes in the US
比任何时期都高涨 higher than in many many years.
所有这些都属于宏观系统中的一部分 So all those are part of the macrosystem
不同定势中的关联 so it's these linkages between different settings
从微观到中间 到外层到宏观 from microsystems to mesosystems, exo, macro
就都能理解了 that have to be understood
若我们要去理解人类发展 if we're going to understand the human development,
传统人类发展理论说 traditional human development theory suggested that
如果我们集中发觉家庭这个微观系统 if we drill down and focus in on the family microsystem
理解父母与孩子的关系 and understood how parents relate to the children
那么就能理解整个发展了 then we could really understand development
我们需要知道的也明了了 and most of what we need to know.
但是B说这是不对的 But Bronfenbrenner said no no
我们不仅要关注微观系统 we've got not only focused on these Microsystems but
而且要关注它与其他系统之间的关联 how they are linked and related to these other systems.
那么虚拟行为定势呢 Now what's happening with the virtual behavior settings
当B在写他的书时 back in the time when Bronfenbrenner was writing
那本书1979年发表 and published his book in 1979
1978年他发表了一片关于这个的重要文章 and published a very important article in 1978 on this,
当时网络还没有那么普及 the internet was not so prominent,
人们用手机和电脑而不是电邮 people were using cellphones and laptops for e-mail,
虚拟微观系统和中间系统 so the idea of a virtual microsystem or mezzosystem
当时并不那么明显 wasn't really on salient at that time,
但是如今我们看到的是 but what we're seeing now is that
虚拟社区形成了一个网 virtual communities create a kind of nesting of,
你们现在有人在用着电脑 some of you are on your computer's now,
就有可能进入了虚拟的社区 you may be accessing a virtual community somewhere
这个社区建筑于行为定势中 which is nested in this behavior setting
在社会科学这个讲堂中 of Social science lecture hall,
这就是我们所说的虚实 so that's what we call a real/ virtual
行为定势中间系统 behavior setting mezzosystem,
虚拟系统嵌入真实环境中 you got a virtual system embedded in a real place basis,
举个例子来说 so just to give you an example of that,
这是我在迈阿密长大的房子 so this is my home when I was growing up in Miami
这是我的小学 and this is my elementary school
我家离学校有一英里 and I was living about a mile, you know from the school
我骑车上学 and I ride my bike back and forth,
这就是我们所说的整体 so this is what we call our our unit,
它可以有两个或更多的真实地点设定 it spans two or more real place settings,
这是中间系统的一种 that's one kind of mezzosystem
是一种中间系统 that's a kind of mezosystem
是B所说的那种 that Bronfenbrenner was talking about,
但是在1999年发表的文章中 but in this article1999
我和同事开始讨论 some colleagues and I began to talk about
实虚的整体 are r-v units which is a real
虚拟中间系统与现实相结合 in a virtual mezzo system combined.
这是飞机上的一个人 So here you got a person on an airplane
正在上网 and they're using wifi
连接到一个虚拟行为定势中 to connect to some virtual behavior setting,
但只是暂时存在于这个 but they are within this temporary setting
航班的设定中 of the airplane flight
有时这也会有冲突 and sometimes that can be contradictory
当乘务员走过来 or example when the stewardess comes by,
他说 the flight attendants says
你必须关闭电子产品 you got to turn down the electronics,
但有些人不愿意关 and somebody don't want to shut down their electronics
他们有时会争吵 and sometimes people have big arguments
有时更夸张 and drama over that,
因此真实与虚拟设定 so the real and the virtual settings can sometimes
有时也会互相冲突 conflict with each other,
如果你们一群人挤在一个电脑前 so if a group of you were huddled around a computer
在这个教室里看一些网站 in this classroom and you are looking at some sites
社交网络或者其他的 you know social network site or something in
你们发出噪音 you'r making noise
我就会说 你们不该这样做 I'd say you shouldn't be doing that
如果这样的话就需要把你们请离教室了 if you do that you have to leave because
因为这打扰到了课堂 it's interfering with the program in the classroom
因此有时真实和虚拟的设定 so sometimes a real and virtual settings can
会发生冲突 come into conflicts
有时他们也互相中立 sometimes they can be neutral
人们用自己的笔记本 you know people can be using their laptop
不影响其他人 and settings not disturbing anybody,
有时讲座吸引了他们全部注意力 the single lecture pulling all that in
有时它们可以互相增强效应 or sometimes they can be reinforcing,
之前有一个例子 so we had an example before
当你审视西雅图的细节时 where you looked up the details on this Seattle place
为什么树是蓝色的 why were the trees blue
因为这是画上去的 well it's biodegradable paint
你们也可以在课堂上知道这些 you were able to pull that information for the class
用电脑查一查就知道了 using your laptop,
因此真实和虚拟的设定二者 so that's a complimentary relationship
是互补的关系 between the real and virtual setting,
我们可以从中得出 so we can see that you know the
这些差别 we have these sort of differences
在真实和虚拟二者互补的 where you have complimentary real and virtual
中间系统中 mezzo systems
虚拟设定事实上起到了一个辅助 where the the virtual setting actually supports
真实场地和空间 the goals and activities of the
所要达到的目标和活动 host places and place spaces,
也有冲突 then you can have conflicts
假设你在公司上班 let's say you are in a corporate work environment
你在上网 and you know you're surfing the web
网上购物 and doing the E-bay shopping,
而你本该做一些其他的事情 you are supposed to be doing something else
你的上司看到了 于是对你有点生气 the supervisor comes and gets kind of upset about that
或同事对你侧目 or your co-workers get upset,
这就体现了 that's a kind of conflict between
虚拟和真实设定的冲突 the virtual and the real base setting
而且是由虚拟设定引起的 in which the virtual is being accessed from,
假设某个人在用电脑 so somebody is on the computer you know
沉浸在了另一个设定中 immersed in another setting
但要求是要他们在另一个设定中的 but they are in this other setting that has demands on,
假设一个家长 then you might have a parent for example
用脚推着孩子的摇摇车 whose toddler is pulling at their leg
心思却在网络上 they want attention and the parent is online
办理网上银行业务 you know doing on lined banking
或者在看视频 or watching a video that could be a kind of conflict
这就与家庭责任产生了冲突 between the parental pressures in the home and you know
心思在家庭以外的虚拟设定中 being engaged in this virtual settings somewhere else.
因此二者也会出现冲突关系 So you can have conflicting relationship as well
最后是中立的关系 and finally you can have these neutral relationships
虚拟设定既不辅助也不转移当时设定的 where the virtual setting neither supports nor detracts
目标和活动 from the goals and activities of the host's setting.
我们现在要放一段视频 Now we're going to play a video
是关于虚拟和真实定势 which is a kind of interesting example of the tensions
二者产生冲突 being created by conflicts
的情景 between our virtual and real settings
提出假设他们二者是可以互相替换的 and the assumption that they are fundgable,
真实的设定可以 you can sort of substitute a virtual setting
被虚拟的替代 for a real setting and be okay,
这是一个移民的例子 so this is an example of of the case of immigration
家中有一个人想要移民 where somebody in a family decides to immigrate
从印度移民到洛杉矶 from India to LA
这给家里制造了些许的紧张 and it sort a chronicle of some of the family tensions
这是一个印度饶舌歌团体 this is actually an indian rap group
非常非常有意思的组合 which is a pretty pretty interesting music group.
我们来看一下 So lets play that.
他说不管我去哪里 And he says no matter where I go
我的灵魂依旧 my soul is in the same place
想一想 you know, figures,
他移民了 he did an immigration thing,
但仍觉得能够与家里保持联系 this guy thinks he can stay in touch with his family,
用虚拟设定来维持关系 stay close you know using virtual settings
来弥补地理的距离 to sort of compensate
但这仍旧产生了一些矛盾 but it does bring out sort of the tensions between
试图用虚拟环境来连接两地相隔的问题 trying to substitute virtual linkages for place
有时候 based connections and you know sometimes
我们背井离乡 we go away from a place or from family or friends
与家人和朋友的关系就改变了 you know the relationships change
正如我之前说的 and it is hard as I was saying before
假设距离能用虚拟的环境来替代 to assume that the virtual links are substitutable
是很困难的 or equivalent for the place based links.
我们生活在虚拟时代 So we're living in a virtual era
我们都在寻找 and we're all dealing with ways
把虚拟设定融于生活的方法 to fit virtuality into our lives
这个视频作为解释的一个例子 but this video is an interesting example of
至少在移民这件事上 how at least in the case of immigration
就能看到 you can see some some tensions
根扎在一个地方 between being rooted in one place
而在另一方土地上生长 when cultured being somewhere else
试图与故乡在虚拟的空间中联系起来 and trying to stay connected even if virtually.
我们现在将话题转变一下 Now I am going to shift gears here
从我们之前说的 from what we have been talking about
改变物理环境 in terms of changing physical environments
到促进社会改变和改变行为设定 to leverage social change and changing behavior settings
或者虚拟设定 现在我们要说 or virtuality and talk about one of the studies
上次布置的一个比较有趣的研究 assigned for today which is a really interesting study
他们做的是 and here what they're doing is
改变养老院的一些 are changing some of the social conditions
社交环境和条件 or circumstances at this elderly care facility,
但里面的老人不都是痴呆症患者了 now these elderly are not all with Alzheimer's,
他们都还清醒 只是有些孤单 they are cognitive fine but they are kind of lonely
他们希望有人来看望他们 you know they like visitors,
所以Duke大学的Rick在做实验时 so the experimenters of Duke University, Rick Schulzen
跟他的同事设计了这么一个有趣的实验 his colleagues set up a very interesting study,
我们之前说过 we have talked earlier in the class about the benefits
控制环境所带来的好处 of having control over environment conditions
如果暴露在噪音中 if you are exposed to noise
如果能预测 关掉声音或者控制音量 if you can predict it or turn it off and control it,
就能减少带来的危害 you have fewer negative after effects.
在这个试验中 Well in this study they apply that
他们设计了一个真实的场景 in a field experimental situation to see
想看一下控制和预测来访者的数量 if control over visitation or predictability of visitors
能否对这些老人产生影响 had any benefits for these elderly
他们在养老院里呆着 who were cooped up in this residential facility
很多人很孤独 希望有人来看他们 many of them lonely and many of them welcoming visitors,
在这个情况下 so they had these conditions
在控制强化组的人中 and the people in the control enhancing group
老人们能决定来访人的频率 could actually determine
和访问的时长 the frequency and duration of the visit,
因此他们控制 so they had that control over
来访的时间 when the person was coming
来访的时长 how long they stay there.
在预测组的人中 The people in the predictability group were just told
老人们只知道自己会有一个学生来看望他 that they are going to have a student visitor,
学生都来自Duke大学 these were Duke University students
都是聘用来帮助他们完成实验的 recruited to help experiment,
然后他们会被通知来访者的时间 they were told again to get a visit in when it would be
如果他们不愿意被看望 and if they didn't want that visit
他们可以拒绝 但一般不会 they could turn it down but that was a way it was,
这是参与的一部分 that was the terms of engagement
如果有人来看你 of somebody coming to see you
他们准备好了而你不愿意他们来 and if they'll be ready or if you don't want them
告诉我们一声就行 let us know.
随机看望组的老人 The random visit group was
他们什么都不被告知 they weren't told anything about
不知道什么时候有人来 when people were coming to visit them.
也不知道谁会来 the people who showed up,
有人敲门了 就代表有人来拜访啦 a knock on the door and said we're here to visit
有时效果很好 有时却不然 and sometimes it was great, sometimes it wasn't
但是不能控制和预见 but there was no predictability of control
第四组老人没有人去看望他们 and the fourth group was no visit situation
在这段实验期中 where basically they didn't get any visits
基本上没有来访 during this experimental session.
研究的第一阶段 Now what happened in the first phase of that study
控制强化组和预测组的结果 so you had basically the control enhancement
比较接近 and the predictability group were pretty equivalent,
他们都比其他两组的效果好 they both did better in terms of measures of
不仅在健康状况上 ratings of their health status,
也在幸福程度上 ratings of their happiness,
测试人员会给老人们进行健康测试 they had a health status measure
对生活的热情的测试 the have a zest for life measure,
测试结果由养老院的工作人员 now these were measures that were rated
来评分 by the program director in the facility
老人不会给自己打分 they weren't self ratings,
但是他们可以用自己主观的幸福感 but they did test the validity of these measures
和自己的健康状况 by corelating them with the elderly's own
来评价这些测试 subjective appraisals of her happiness
是否有效 their health status
他们每天吃多少药 how many medications they were taking
他们多久去一次医务室 how often they went to the infirmary at the place,
这样就能使得项目主管 so they could establish that there was a correlation
能够对他们的健康做出评价 between the program directors ratings of them
对他们的状况做出评价 and how they felt
在随机来访和没有来访的两组中 and in the random visit and the no visit conditions,
他们的效果是一样的 they were essentially equivalent,
但他们都低于 but they were lower than
控制预测的两个组 the control predictability groups,
老人们对生活的热情较少 so they have less zest for life
健康状况也不如另外两组 they had less or lower health status,
这是第一阶段的结果 so that was time one,
我们做的大部分实验几乎都是 now most of the times we do our study,
我们收集好资料 资金不一定充足 we pack up, the funding goes away,
学生毕业了 实验就结束了 the students graduate, the study is over.
但值得称赞的是 这些研究人员 But to the credit, these researchers,
他们决定在24个月 32个月以及46个月以后 they decided to go back 24 months later, and 32 months later and 46.
再回养老院看看这些老人的情况如何 I think it was to see how these people were doing.
他们发现了一些令人惊讶的事情 And they found some incredible things.
所以他们有四个时间节点 So they have four time points.
这是他们关注的问题 So this is the question.
增强可控性和可预测性 Does the increased control and predictability
是否缓解了日益衰老带来的负面结果？ buffer than the negative consequences associated with aging?
研究者发现随着时间的流逝 And so the researchers did find that although there was kind of trend
实验带来的积极效果确实有所减少 of decreasing positive outcomes for these people over time,
可能是因为这些老人的年纪越来越大 perhaps because they are getting older.
而且所有参与实验的老人身体状况均有所下滑 Perhaps everybody in all the groups decline a little bit.
但是随着时间的流逝 The level declines steeper over time for the people
控制组和预测组老人的身体状况下滑得越来越明显 that have been on the control and predictability groups.
这很令人惊讶 That was ah
因为 在做实验时以及试验结束后的短暂时间内 Because you know, the less time we left them,
他们的身体状况是越来越好的 on the study when they did, they were doing better.
所以为什么随后他们的身体状况 So why would they had declined more rapidly
反而比无人来访组和随机来访组的 more precipitously than the people
老人的身体状况下滑得厉害？ in the no visit or random visit groups?
事实上 无人来访组和随机来访组的 And in fact these groups actually went up a little bit
老人的生活热情和身体状况甚至有所上升 in their zest for life and health manner.
所以究竟发生了什么？ So what happen?
为什么控制组和预测组老人们的 Why would they, the groups that have more control at the beginning
身体状况没有随着时间的流逝变得更好？ and more predictability, why wouldn't they feel better over time?
而且事实上 研究者发现最后的死亡率 And in fact they found, what they found about mortality in that study
当我们算入那些去世的人时 When they looked at who died,
每个组都有人会去世 you know what groups were in people that died,
在预测强化组中 yes people who were in the predictability enhance group
我觉得有2个人 I think it was two of them in
在实验后的24个月内去世了 before the twenty four month follow up
2个控制强化组的人也去世了 and then there were two in a controlling enhanced group
时间稍微晚一些 但总的说来基本上有4个人 that died a bit later but basically the four people
从40个人的样本中离开了 that died out of that sample of forty people
在第一阶段的时候 were in the predictability enhancement
这两组就相继去世了4个 and control enhancement in time one,
这对实验结果影响很大 so they have largely significant effect
影响了0.05 非常大0.053 which is a point o five significant point o five three,
实验人员认为死亡率对实验来说 but they did find this pretty much a significant
影响比较重大 not a strong but a significant difference
但不是最重大的 in mortality between those groups.
死亡率对实验结果影响比较重要因为 Now that's really interesting and important because,
在做实验时 you know one might ask do our studies
人的死亡率或者寿命对实验的预测有关 have implications for people's mortality or longevity
他们做这个实验发现 and what they were finding here suggested that
实验的环境 the experimental conditions even though they thought
尽管他们认为给了老人们一些帮助 they were doing these people a favor in the sense
让他们能更好的控制和预测结果 by giving them more control, more predictability,
这些组的老人们的死亡率 those individuals in those groups actually died
比其他两组没有人来拜访的 of greater rate than the people under other conditions,
死亡率要高 that no visit, no random visit,
这是这个实验中比较有趣的发现 so very interesting findings in this study,
没有干扰的长期的效果 long-term effects of terminating the intervention,
结果却是受到干扰的正面效果 did the positive effects of intervention
这个效果在研究后也持续着 last after the determination of study.
因此我们说 不 So we are saying no,
控制加强组合预测加强组的人员 they have kind of gone away for the control enhanced
或多或少的减少了 and predictability enhanced groups
那么健康程度的测试 and for those groups these measures of health status
也降低了 and sort of morale decreased,
但是这是一个趋势 but these are the trends here,
控制强化组是个开放性的结果 the open boxes or squares are the control enhanced group
并且预测强化组的结果 and you got the open circles
也是开放性的 of predictability enhanced group,
然后才是没有来访和随机来访的两组 then the no treatments and the random visit group,
在第一个实验结束后 so you can see at time one when the first study ended
你们可以看一下他们是如何比较 and you can see how they stacked up with
得出结论 预测组的结果比较高 the controlability in the predictability groups higher
但随着时间流逝 分值降低 and then over time they're all declining somewhat
如果有这个趋势的话 if you follow that trend
但是控制预测组的分值直线下降 but the control predictability groups are declining
这个结果非常重要 more precipitously and that's really significant
如果接着24个月 if you go out to twenty four months,
30个月 42个月 thirty months in forty two months,
这对结果的有很高的价值 so it was really valuable that they actually went back
他们的确做了后续试验 into the follow up because
因为他们如果不这样做的话 they would have never seen these reversal effects
就看不到这个反面的效果 if they hadn't done that.
现在我们得到了一些解释这个发生的原因 So now you're getting it sort of the explanation
第一个解释是 for why this happen and one of the explanations is
人们会有一些期待值 is your saying that people might have had their
变成了失望或者也有一些被侵犯了的权利 expectations disappointed or violated right,
习惯了好的东西 you get used to something good
我们曾经讨论过 and remember we talked about
环境控制的 what are some of the drawbacks
一些缺陷是什么 of having environmental control,
有一个缺陷就是 so one of the drawbacks was
如果你在一个环境中 if you were in an environment that,
太了解那个环境了反倒缺失了神秘感变得无聊 so legible it becomes boring, there's no mystery to it,
可预测性太强 it's too predictable, too much predictability,
可控性太强 too much controlability.
这里有一个观点 Here you got another interesting angle on
环境控制的负面结果就是 the negative consequences of control in the sense that
你会习惯于那个环境 you can get used to it
如果不能继续了你就会感到失望 and then if it doesn't continue you get disappointed
就能影响到你的身体状况 and you know in a way that affects your well-being
学生提问 Semiaudible question from student....
因此在研究之后 So for USB majors at the end of the study,
文章的最后 the end of the article,
提出了一个归因理论来解释这个现象 they provide an explanation based on attribution theory
有哪位同学知道什么是归因理论吗 anybody know what attribution theory is
知道发现的解释是什么吗 and what the explanation of the findings was, anybody?
归因理论是说 Attribution theory is about
人们是如何归咎原因的 how people attribute causality,
如果你的朋友对你做了不可理喻的事情 you know if your friend does something crazy to you
并且不是好事情 and not very nice
你会把这归咎于他们那天心情不好吗 do you attribute that to them having a bad day
也许是得了不高的分或者压力很大 that day getting a bad grades or their stress,
你会怎么归咎原因呢 what do you attribute to them,
是他们的性格不好 不受人信任呢 having a personality, which is not so trustworthy,
你们是归咎于内因 they make an internal attribution
还是外因 or an external attribution,
如果你允许他们做这件事 you know they were led to do that
是归咎于他们今天不顺利 because they were having a bad day,
这就是内外因的归咎过程 so that's an internal external attribution.
而这个实验所设计的是 So what's happening here is that people,
他们解释道 当你给某些人 they reason that when you give somebody
一些访客的好处时 this benefit of having visits
这是在实验控制下的 and it is under the experimental control
资金没有了 实验结束了 学生毕业了 and may be taken away as soon as the funding goes away,
一切都没有了 the study stops, the students graduate,
那些人会将这些好处的控制预测归咎于 the people getting that beneficial control predictability
别人对他们做了什么事情 attributed to somebody else is doing something with them
他们归咎于外因 so they make an external attribution about
为什么他们会得到这些好处 why they're getting a benefit
什么时候就停止了 and then when it goes away
他们没有内在的感觉 they don't have the internal sense
觉得他们是可以控制这些的 that they are more in control,
他们会觉得自己失去了什么 they feel like they've lost something,
现在有人能说出那篇文章的 now can anyone think of another study
另一个研究吗 mentioned in that article,
研究人员给了实验对象 where the researchers gave people an internal,
内在归因控制的基础 the basis for an internal attribution of control?
在罗丁和蓝杰的试验中 So in that particular study by Rodin and Langer
同样也用的是养老院中的老人作为实验对象 again you had elderly people living in a care facility
他们对随机的一半人说 but for half of the people they randomly told,
会有护理人员来照顾你 you know the staff is here to take care of you,
满足你的需求确保你在这舒适 to provide for your needs and your comforts,
他们工作认真 请相信他们 lean on them they are here to do a good job,
有什么问题就跟他们说 let them know if you are having issues,...
他们对另一半的人说 The other half of the participants in the group
你们应当尽可能的 were told you should as much as you can
照顾好你的房间 take responsibility for your room,
你的生活 同时也鼓励他们 for your lives and they were encouraged
承担更多个人的责任 to take more personal responsibility,
两组都得到了一盆植物 both groups were given a plant,
但是在低责任感小组的情况下 but in the low responsibility condition
护理人员为他们浇水 照料植物 the staff watered them for them and took care of it,
但在高责任感的小组里 but in the high responsibility condition
他们对每个老人说 the individual elderly folks were told
好了 这个植物归你 你来照料它 Ok here is your plant now you take care of it,
你需要给它施肥 浇水 you nurture it, you water it
建立人和植物间的关系 and by sort of that person plant relationship
我们上周讨论过路易斯的一篇文章 that we talked about in the Louis article last week,
他们对实验对象说 they showed that people that were cursed
你们受到了诅咒 必须照料植物 to take care of the plant,
告诉他们很多对社会的好处 showed a lot of beneficial social outcomes
和对身体的好处 and also health status outcomes,
他们的情况由养老院的工作人员打分 they were rated by the administrators of the facility
看他们是否变得更开心了 as being happier,
因此给人们内在的 so by giving people an internal basis
控制归因基础 for attribution of control, that is,
就是 你来照料这株植物 you're taking care of this plant,
它长得好是你的功劳 it's growing and doing well because of your efforts,
你不能归功于别人 then you can't attribute that to somebody else,
这是你的功劳 that is something you've done,
因此这个实验的两个研究人员 so the researchers the Schultz and Hanusa in this study,
认为 只有在组里的所有的人们 suggest that if only they had given the people
都得到一个内因归因基础 in all the groups a kind of internal attribution
这有点像一个干扰 那在他们离开之后 kind of intervention before they left,
当实验人员结束第一项实验时 you know when they wrapped up study one,
你会认为 you think and maybe of
也许给他们照料植物 giving them a plant to take care of
或者其他一些方法 or some other way of
制造一种控制的内向归因 creating internal attribution of control
他们就会变得更好 they would've been better off,
这个实验是最有趣的一项 the study is really one of the most interesting papers
因为它提出了 in the sense that it it raises,
很多有深度的道德问题 so many profound ethical questions about
在现实生活中做研究 doing research in field settings
有时会给人们带来生死的后果 that sometimes may have life and death consequences
即使我们会想 even though we may think
我们做的实验对于改变人们的期待 we were doing an inconsequential study
和改变环境状况来说 by changing people's expectations
微不足道 and changing the conditions in environments,
但那确实对结果产生了巨大的影响 it makes a huge difference in in and out-comes.
这是评分结果 So this is the health status rating
他们让管理人员对老人们的健康状况 so remember they had the administrators
进行了评分 rating their healthiness
下一张是对生活热情的评分 and then the next slide you got the zest for life
这个测量比较粗略 which is a more raw kind of measure
之后他们将这两项的分数 and then they have correlated that
与个人的幸福指数和对生活的希望之类的分数 with the individual's own ratings of their happiness
关联起来 and hope and things like that,
基本上是两个因变量 so basically the same kind of patterns
同一个形式的 on those two dependent variables.
我现在要讨论浦南的文章 I would talk now about the Putnam's article
布置给今天讨论的关于社会资本的文章 that was assigned for today and social capital.
我相信你们在其他的课堂上 I'm sure a lot of you've heard that term
听过这个概念 in another classes
这个词起源于最早的几个关于资本的讨论中 and it stems from some of the earliest discussions
例如卡尔马克思 of capital for example by Karl Marx
他写过经济资本 who talked about economic capital,
将资源投资工厂 investing resources into a factory
或者投资生产系统 or some kind of production system,
这样就能生产产品 so that you are able to make products
从中获取利润 and deride profit from that,
这是资本的一种 so that's one type of capital.
人力资本是 Human capital would be things like you know
你在受教育的过程中得到的知识 you're gaining an education,
当你毕业离校的时候 so that you have that benefit
就有了这份资本 by that time you graduate and leave,
资本货物指的是 so capital goods are those
组成国民生产力的东西 that form a nation's productive capacity
不同于生活消费品 as distinct from consumer goods that
是买卖用于房屋和个人价值的东西 are bought and sold for household and personal value,
因此资本和消费品 so capital and consumer goods
是金融资本的分解 that is one sort of breakdown of financial capital
在putnam的文章中 and in the Putnam's article
他主要说的是社会资本 he's talking primarily about social capital
人们可以将资本投入到 the idea that people can invest
一个特定的系统或设定中的理念 in a particular system or setting
可以是邻里或社区 whether be a neighborhood or community
他们居住的地方 that they are living in
也可以是他们工作的组织中 or an organization that they work for
创造更紧密的关系和更多的信任 and by creating closer bonds and greater trust
创造一些价值使得邻里变得更安全 they deride certain benefits the neighborhood get safer
因为人们互相照顾 because people look out for each other
在社会资本高的地方 where you have high levels of social capital,
当邻里出现很多分歧 when you have a lot of divisiveness in the neighborhood
或者人们对其他人都有一种 or people don't feel like they are really connected
事不关己的态度时 with each other
就会出现另一种结果 it makes for other kinds of outcomes
更高的犯罪率 like greater fear of crime
事实上是更高的潜在犯罪率 and actually the greater potential for crime,
都是社会资本所引起的 so those are some of the issues
事情 that arise from social capital.
人力资本是我们说的 Human capital is the kind of thing that we said
当你往人力资源里投资时 where you are investing in a person's resources
他们所产生的产品附加值 they then can do something with that additional value,
因此资本总是与投资的过程分不开的 so capital always involves a sort of investment process
无论是收入 教育 whether it's income, education
还是其他的附加值 or some kind of adding value
投资到人的一生中或人际交往中 to someone's personal repertoire or contacts
社会资本更像一种 and social capital is more sort of investing
投入到社区和社会关系的投资 in a community and social relationships,
这就是Putnam的社会资本的定义 so this is Putnam's definition of social capital
你们上周也看了 which you saw last week as well
当Mark在说 when Mark was talking about
虚拟设定能否创造社会资本时 whether virtual settings can create social capital
或者能从社会资本中获益时 or tend to deride social capital
因为人们的注意力都集中在 because people are focused on something
与位置无关的地方 away from the place
上周我们指出 and as was pointed out last week
当你在一个时间和空间虚拟的社区时 when you have a place space virtual community
比如社会生态保护区宣布 like the social ecology reserves and announces
在社会生态学中哪位科学家得了那么多奖 who in social ecology has won various awards
加强了社区感 reinforce a sense of community
在UCI社会生态学院 in this UCI social ecology school,
在第二人生中 或者是其他兴趣集中社区 second life where other kinds of communities of interest
虚拟社区 将人们聚集在一起 virtual communities of interest bring people together
这些人地理上比较遥远 who are very remote geographically
但他们有共同的兴趣 but they all share a common interest.
Putnam将结合于连接社会资本 Now Putnam makes a very important distinction
区别开来 between bonding and bridging social capital,
结合社会资本是在群体内部的事情 so bonding social capital is within the group
在一个特定的俱乐部中人们关系很铁 where people in particular club are really tight
他们非常一致 they really are cohesive and together,
连接社会资本是在社会的不同群体中 bridging social capital is creating bonds or linkages
创造关系和连接 between different groups in society
完成通常比较困难 that's often a harder thing to pull off
特别是当你身处一个非常多元化的社会中时 especially when you have a very diverse society
创造这样的联系 to create those sort of linkages
在不同团体中的正面关系 that are positive between different groups,
通常多元化社会的不同团体会发现 often groups in a diverse society find
创造出集体社会价值比较难 it harder to create that that collective social capital
但在特定的民族集体中就比较简单 it is easier to do it within a particular ethnic group
或在特定的俱乐部中也是一样 or particular club
值得指出的是 and it's worth pointing out that
社会资本是道德上中立的 social capital is morally neutral you know
社会资本并不一定是件好事 social capital is not necessarily a great thing
因为可以是一个黑帮 because you can have a gang
帮里的兄弟肝胆相照 that the brothers in a gang are very cohesive
他们出去 but then there are going out
做一些对人们非常不利的事情 and doing some pretty horrible things to people
对那些不在帮中的人做 who were not in the gang,
对受害者做 试图创造一种 to their victims and so trying to create this
社会资本的连接 bridging social capital
用来连接特定的群体 that transcends particular groups
满足他们自身需求 in their individual interests
通常比创造道德资本更有潜力 often has greater potential for creating moral capital.
道德资本是投资到 Moral capital is sort of investing in the pursuit
追逐正义和公平的投资中 of justice and equality or equity,
我们会讨论到社会资本的不同形式 we'll talk about these different forms of social capital
但putnam说的是二十世纪六十年代到 but Putnam talks about how in the US from the 1960s
二十一世纪 onwards about 2000
根据不同记载 according to several different databases
美国公民参与度是处在一下下降趋势 american civic engagement has been on the decline
工会中人们的参与度 so people's participation in labor unions,
教堂参与度 their participation in church going,
兄弟组织的参与度都是如此 their participation and fraternal organizations,
为什么叫做独自打保龄呢 why does it call it Bowling alone?
为什么这篇章的标题是独自打保龄 Why is the article titled Bowling alone,
他是如何想到这个标题的呢 where did he come up with that title?
保龄的形象如何融入 Yes, so how bowling figures into this is
公民参与的形式中的 is one of the forms of civic engagement
人们结成俱乐部或联盟一起打保龄 where people bowl all together as a club or a league
与去保龄球场 as opposed to going to the bowling lanes
和个人打保龄不同 and bowling individually and,
这样就错过了一些社会资本 so you miss some of that social capital
当你独自打保龄而不是同联盟一起打的时候 when you bowl on your own as opposed to in a league
他说了很多种不同的形式 and so he saying that a lot of these different forms
这些之中的所有美国公民参与度都在下降 of civic engagement in the US have been on the decline,
无论是联盟也好教堂也罢 whether the unions or church going
甚至是保龄联盟都是如此 or fraternal organizations bowling leagues.
那什么组织是上升的呢 What kind of organizations have been increasing actually
不是说人们再也不相联系了 it's not like people are no longer connected
而是他们由另一种方法联系起来了 but they are connecting in different ways,
很多职业的组织和俱乐部 so a lot of these professional organizations and clubs
和社区组织的团体 and community support organizations,
吸毒或者嗜酒上瘾的人 people that have an addiction
加入的互帮组织 and go into a support group,
那些有写不同 those are a little different.
那些第三方的组织不同 These tertiary organizations are different
因为他们的成员创造社会资本的能力 caus they have less capacity to generate social capital
没那么大 among their members
同第一和第二方组织中心相比 than primary and secondary organization center,
他们更基于地理位置上 more play based, they are more locality based,
保龄联盟是一群 now bowling league is a group of people
居住在同一个城市或社区的人组成的团体 that usually live in the same city or neighborhood,
因此就出现了基于地理的互动和联系 so again we got this sort of tension
与虚拟的地理位置上相对遥远的 between place based interactions and connections versus
一种对比 more virtual more geographically remote connection
因此那些是随着时间流逝 so these are the kinds of things
逐渐减少的联系 that have declined over time.
这些社会资本的减少 What are some of the reasons we're seeing this decline
的原因是什么呢 in social capital
Putnam分析了很多数据库 and Putnam analyzes again number of different databases
得出了几个不同的趋势 to come up with some of these different trends
妇女日渐增多的参与到劳动力中 the fact that we've got women increasingly
这个现象 participating in the labour force
是件好事但是也同样意味着 and that's a good thing but it also means that
那些更多以家庭为中心 women who tend to be more family oriented
以抚养小孩为中心的妇女 more nurturing of kids
被拉入到了另一个行列扮演另一种角色 are pulled into other kinds of roles
这是一种妇女在家为社会做贡献 so that's a kind of tension sometimes in terms of women
为社区和家庭做贡献与加入到 staying home and sort of contributing to the
不同的劳动力行列中 social capital of their neighborhood and their families
扮演不同角色的一种 versus being pulled into these different labour force
紧张的对比关系 kinds of roles.
高离婚率和缩小的家庭 Higher divorce rates and reduce sizes of family
我们的家庭在越变越小 so our family sizes are getting smaller
住宅面积在面小 our household sizes are smaller
同时也是一种稳定性的暗示 which also has implications for sustainability
因为人越多 because if you have more people
生活在同一家的人越多 living under the same roof
他们共同使用一个冰箱 they're sharing the same refrigerator,
共同使用加热和通风设备 they are sharing the same heating and ventilation system
家里的人少的时候 When you have smaller families
更多的家庭有更多的冰箱 that's more households using more refrigerators
更多的设备 more appliances
就变得不稳定了 it is less sustainable
同样这也对社会资本有暗示 but it also has some implications for social capital.
科技的转变 Technological kinds of transformations
休闲的私有化 privatization of leisure,
人们在作茧自缚的理念 the idea that people are cocooning,
他们现在在家做的事情 they're doing a lot of things from their home
在过去 that they might have done
都是在社会的环境下做的事情 out and about in social settings before,
他们在家看电影 so they're watching movies,
下载视频 downloading Netflix,
在家听音乐会 they are watching concerts at home,
在家玩游戏机 they are playing video games from home,
上网 they are using the internet.
现在我们知道网络 Now we know that the internet
并不一定会对社会资本造成损害 isn't necessarily a detriment to social capital
人们通过网络来加入到 and people get involved in social movements
社会运动中 through the internet and
诚然这个国家的很多重大运动 certainly some of the major movements in this country
无论是在右翼的 whether they're on the far right
或是他们是占领运动的组织 or they are the occupied movement those groups
想要利用网络来改变政治力量的 are using the internet to mobilize political force
因此网络并不一定 so the internet doesn't necessarily
减少社会资本 cut down social capital
但是它让人民渐渐的只关注自己的利益 but it does tend to focus people on their own interests
渐渐产生分歧 are you got kind of diversification
有时在网络上会出现冲突 and sometimes a conflict of interest between
不同组织的人加入到网络的 different groups people are joining on the internet,
极端化的组织中 sort of the polarization type of diversity.
人们花更多的时间乘车上班和回家 Greater time spent commuting from home and work,
更多扩张 城市扩张和郊区扩张 more sprawl, urban sprawl and sub urban sprawl,
这是我们在城市规划之中 this is a kind of a trend that we've seen
看到的趋势 in the urban planning field
更高的流动率 人们到处走 and greater mobility people moving around
从这到那 from one place to the next
在一些流动性较弱的国家 and in some countries where mobility was very low
如日本 在现代化和全球化的进程中 like in Japan with modernization and globalization
他们也正在经历更高的流动率 they're experiencing much higher rates of mobility
这就产生了一种紧张 and that's a kind of tension
同他们的文化价值系统或者说他们的历史 with their cultural value system or their history,
我们中很多人正参与一种 so a lot of us are kind of participating in a more
更流动 很全球化的阶段 more mobile, more global kind of orientation these days,
我们不停的移动 旅行 we are moving around, we are traveling a lot more
我要放个视频 I would play a video that was actually done
是由UCI的学生制作的视频 by some UCI students,
其中一个人正在PSB攻读PHD one in particular, who is getting a Phd in PSB
很多人看过这个视频 So is that social capital that,
这算是一个社会资本吗 so many people have watched this video
这是一种手段 It is sort of a mean,
创造文化偶像或者图像 it's kind of created the cultural icon or image that
也许能够影响人们对婚礼的看法 maybe has an influence how people think about weddings
让人们的思想变得更开放一些 and sort of loosening up you know what people think
婚礼上也可以 you can do on a wedding in terms of
很愉快的走过红毯 marching down the aisle having some fun,
但是视频的结尾部分表现的 but the last part of that video also said something
为抗击家庭暴力做出贡献的那部分 about making donations to fight domestic violence
是Jill和她的丈夫做的事情的其中之一 and one of things that Jill and her husband did
当他们发现这个视频广泛传播时 when they saw how this was going viral
他们认为这只是一个家庭电影 because they that this was just the family movie
爸爸摄影然后推特了一下 that one of the fathers put up and tweeted it
然后有人看到了 就广泛传播开了 and somebody got a hold of it and it just took off,
他们上了Today so they were on Today show,
也上了早安美国 they are on Good morning America here,
也有可能会上奥普拉 they might have been on Oprah I don't know but
真的如果你们搜JK婚礼 seriously if you google JK wedding dance
就能看到不同 you'll see all the different you know
他们有不同的特点 features that they had,
在纽约 they were in New York
几乎一周都在放电视秀 and all these TV shows for about a week
他们用那个视频来创造一些金融资本 but they use that video to create some financial capital
和与家庭暴力做斗争的一些兴趣 and certain common interest in fighting domestic abuse
这是一个很流行的视频的例子 It is an example of a viral video that is
它对人们的观念影响很大 having a tremendous influence on people's perceptions,
人们的亲密感 their sense of connection,
他们的感官 their sense of you know
人口看到这个视频的时候会觉得开心 people watch that they feel happy,
他们会愉快 they feel some enjoyment from,
很多人说 a lot of people said that
Beth致力于媒体的转变 Beth works on transformational media
一个叫 Cony 2012的视频 and there's a video titled Cony 2012
关于非洲的战事和战争对人们 about a warlord in Africa and the impact that has have
的意识和感觉造成的影响 on people's awareness and consciousness of that issue,
非常深重 has been profound
那就是Beth一直研究的东西 that's one of the things that Beth has been studying
Richard Matthews关注于 you know Richard Matthews center on
非传统安全 unconventional security.
下一张幻灯片我们就要说一些这个的细节 So in the next slide we won't go over this in detail,
我希望你们在下载的时候 I just want you to take a look at
看一下 when you downloaded
可以把不同种类的资本分开 you can divide these different types of capital
这些都是提高健康的资本 and these are all assets for promoting health
提高福利的资本 and for improving welfare
你们有经济资本 自然资本 you have got economic capital, natural capital
我们讨论过 关于自然的 that we talked about in terms of nature,
人造资本 例如我们的建筑 human made capital in terms of our buildings,
我们的车 太阳能 our vehicles, our solar energy generation,
资本的科技能力 technological capacity in capital.
这些都是物质资源 So these are all material resources
继而有了软资源 and then you got the softer resources
建设社区的资本 that assets for building communities
如社会资本变化和人与人关系的变化 like social capital changes and relations among persons
便利了行动和信任 人力资本 that facilitate action and trust, human capital,
人的改变包括获得技能 changes in persons including acquisition of skills,
获得信息使得他们能够用新方法行动 information that enable them to act in new ways
而道德资本 and moral capital,
对人和集体资源的投资 investment of personal or collective resources
用于孕育美德和正义 toward cultivation of virtue and justice
把那个同其他的一起考虑进去 and it's important to consider that one
是很重要的 along with these others
因为我之前说过 because as I said
社会资本是道德上中立的 social capital is sort of morally neutral,
它既可以被好的目的所利用 it can be used for good ends
也可以被坏的所利用 it can be used for bad ends,
但是社会需要一个中介 一个道德资本 but the society needs a modicum, a moral capital
来进步并且保护公民 in order to advance and to protect citizens.
最后的几张课件我想说 Now in the last few slides I want to talk about
贫穷的文化这篇文章 the culture of poverty article
是今天的课堂内容 which was assigned for today
这是一篇比较复杂的文章 and it's a fairly complex article,
因此我想提点一下里面的几个主要假设 so I wanted just highlight some of the key assumptions
作者是Ted Serbin this is by Ted Serbin
在圣塔芭芭拉教书很多年 who taught for many years at Santa Barbara
贫穷在这被定义为 and poverty is defined
不仅是经济上的贫困 not just in terms of its economic dimensions
而且还有负面的 but also in terms of negative psychological
心理和社会结果 and social outcomes
他区别了两种人 一种是品行不端的穷人 and he makes a distinction between the disreputable poor
那些有负面的自我认识的人 people that have negative self identity
和体面的穷人 那些只是经济上贫困的人 respectable poor people who were financially impoverish
但有自尊 but they have self esteem
有道德的人 they have a sense of ethicacy
负面的自我认识来自于 and this negative self identity comes about
变贫困的这个过程或者是 through or pauperization process or assigning
使一个经济上贫穷的人去做负面的价值评价 a financially poor person to negatively valued identity,
这会发生什么 so how does that happen
经济上贫穷的人是怎么样 how do some financially impoverished people
开始负面的看待自己的 开始责怪自己的 come to view themselves negatively, blame themselves,
如何变得自尊低下的 have a low self esteem
然而其他人却能保持自尊心 whereas others are able to kind of maintain their esteem
甚至从大浪底下站起来 and even overtime pull themselves up by the boot straps
最终成功 and be very successful.
Serbin说要理解这些首先 So Serbin says first of all in order to understand this
我们需要成为一个心理学家 we need to look like a psychologist
用心理学的角度 at sort of the psychological profile
来看这些没落的穷人 of this degraded poor person
之后我们要审视一下我们的社会结构 and then we have to look at our social structures
造成这些结果的社会原因 in society that cause these kind of attributes.
其中一个原因是决定 So one type of an attribute that defines
这些没落的穷人 degraded poor person
怀有一个负面的自我认识的想法 someone with a negative self identity
就是外部的控制认知 is perceived externality of control,
我们讨论过内外在 so we talked about internal external
控制归因 attributions of control.
那些低自尊的人 People that have a low self esteem
和负面自我认识的人 and negative self identity
通常把身边发生的事归因于巧合 often view things is happening around them by chance
或者是别人的因素却从不认为是自己的力量 or because of other people not because of their own efforts
这就是内部与外部的控制 so that's internal versus external control.
那些沉溺于负面的自我中的人 People who were major in this negative self identity
在贫穷的过程中趋于关注现在 in this pauperized roll tend to focus on the present,
他们对放眼未来和早做打算 they have a very hard times sort of
没有概念 seeing beyond the present and planning ahead,
不会去为了毕业而上大学 to pursue college, so they can graduate,
他们得过且过 they are focused on getting by day by day
他发现的另一件事是 and another things that he observed is
语言的形式方面的不同 these differences and language forms
有负面自尊的人 where people who have a negative self identity
词汇的使用方面比较单一 tend to have a less diversified sort of vocabulary
表达自我比较单一 or way of expressing themselves
这是哪三个之中我认为最微不足道的一个 that of the three is I think the least consequential one
更重要的是 I think the more consequential one are
这两个 一个是外部控制 these first two in terms of external control
一个是现实趋向 and present time orientation.
是什么 Now what is it that
让人们从心理学的角度去看 brings people to that psychological profile
他们是如何逐渐培养的这些特质呢 how do they developed these qualities over time?
这是Sarbin作为交叉学科学者 And this is where Sarbin is a very good
就变得十分重要了 interdisciplinary scholar
因为她从心理学的角度 because he's going from the psychological level
研究到了社会结构层面 now to the social structure level.
先赋地位与获得地位的区别 So he says that one key is the distinction
其中的关键是 between ascribed and achieved status,
先赋地位是你出生就决定的 ascribed status is one that you are born with,
你的性别 你的种族决定的 because of your gender, because of your race,
你先天就有的一些特质决定的 because of some qualities that you're born with,
你的性别 兄弟姐妹 your sex, kinship patterns.
获得地位是你主动去获得的 Achieved status is what you attain voluntarily
通过努力和选择 through effort and choice
低自尊的人有着负面的自我认识 and what happens to people with a low self esteem
他们的情况是 with negative degraded self identity is that
他们被先赋地位束缚住 they are locked into ascribed statuses,
而不是抓住机会去得到 rather than having access or opportunities
获得地位 to gain achieve status.
先赋地位的一个特点是 One of the things about ascribed status is
人们不会给你推动力 people don't really give you many strokes
或者强化力 or much reinforcement
如果你是个很一般的妈妈 爸爸 if you are being an Ok mother, Ok dad
那么你做的就是保持先赋地位 you're doing your ascribed status
这是本该做的事情 as it is supposed to be done
但是如果你失败了 不是一个好妈妈 but if you fail if you're not a good mother
不是好爸爸 you are not a good father
你虐待孩子 或者你是个选举出来的官员 you abuse your kids or you are an elected official
但是做了一些违反的或违反道德的事情 who winds up doing something illegal or unethical,
那么制裁就非常严厉 the sanctions are really very severe,
但是通常对先赋地位来说 but usually for ascribed status
正面的推动力所带来的好处 you don't get the benefit of
没有那么多 a lot of positive reinforcement
你只是在没做好的时候得到负面的东西 you just get the negative stuff if you don't do it well,
然而获得地位的话 whereas for achieved status is
你会得到很多推动力 you have much more range of positive reinforcement
人们会告诉你 你有多伟大 and you know people telling you how great you are
因为你成效卓越 because you've made an accomplishment,
因此这基本上就是他的模型 so this is basically his model
你得到的 where you got
文化结构和社会结构层面的解释 at the cultural and social structural level
人们把自己束缚在先赋地位的解释 you got people that are locked into ascribed status
那些能够得到获得地位的人 and those that have access to achieve status
因为得到了 他们在同伴间或社会间 and because of that they have different valuation
获得了不同的评价 by their peers or by society
他们有了更多的参与时间 they have more time involvement.
如果作为单身母亲处于先赋地位 If you are in ascribed status as a single mom
同时有七个孩子需要照料 and you have seven children to take care of,
你就会每天都被束缚在那个责任中 you are locked in day by day to just doing that role,
照顾你的孩子 to take care of your kids,
就没有时间学习 you don't have time to study,
去上大学或做其他的事情 go to college or anything else,
那就是他所谓的参与率 so that's what he means by involvement,
参与的时间非常宝贵 the time involved is much more consuming
得到获得地位的 and this access to achieve statuses
或者说被与获得地位隔离了的 or being blocked from achieved statuses
只被束缚在先赋地位的 and be stuck in ascribed statuses only,
导致自我认知和自尊的 leads to the self identity of respectability
下降 versus degraded identity
于是就导致了心理归因 and that then leads to the psychological attributes
因为有内在或者外在的控制 of having of internal or external locus of control,
或窄或宽的认识 a narrow or broad time perspective
于是就形成了不同的语言形式 and then these different language forms.
不是说 Now it's not the case that
那些先赋地位不会改变 those ascribed statuses can't never change
事实上一些文化已经发展出一些方法 and in fact some cultures have developed ways
修改或者改变先赋地位 of modifying or transforming an ascribed status
得到获得地位 to achieved status,
其中一个例子就是拉丁文化里的男子气概 an example of that would be a latin culture machismo
先赋地位是你是一位男性 where you can take an ascribed status of being a male
将其改变为不同等级的成就 and transform it into different levels of achievement
根据一个人所达到的不同程度的男子气概来分 depending on the level machismo that somebody reaches,
有不同的方法去适应 so there are different ways of sort of adapting to
束缚在那些地位中 being locked into those statuses.
我们在这个课上讨论了 Over time in this course we have talked about
不同环境心理的原则 these different principles of environmental psychology,
你们知道我们讨论了 so you can see that you know we talked about
环境是一个社会物理系统 environments being socio physical systems,
我们同时包括了自然 we have included both natural
和人造的环境 and human made built environments,
讲了社会环境和物理环境 we have included social as well as the physical,
人和位置有一种互相作用 there is a recipient interaction or transaction between
的关系 people and places
我们重点提了心理行为的过程是如何产生的 and we emphasize how psychological behavioral processes
是如何调整对人类的环境效应的 occur and moderate the effects of environments on people
这是个交叉学科的范围 It is a interdisciplinary field
我们同时也强调了 and we have a joint emphasis,
做学术研究 an equal emphasis on doing scholarly research and
与付诸实践的同等重要性 then trying translated into practical
十分有价值的实践 valuable applications
无论是设计图 whether it's a design guidelines
或是提升社会结构 or it is an improve social structure,
我希望你们能对这些总体的概念 so I would like you just be familiar
有一个了解 with the general concepts,
不同的课程中提出的理论 they've come out through the different lectures
我们周四的最后一堂课要讲 and our final lecture on Thursday is going to talk about
评估这些物理和社会环境干扰 principles of evaluating these physical
的一些原则 and social environment interventions
我们如何知道他们在发挥效应 how do we know if they work,
我们如何知道他们有结果 how do we know what outcomes are having,
我们会多讨论一些方法 so we'll talk a little bit more about of those methods.