今天结束本课的第一部分 Today we are transitioning from the first part of
在那我们看了许多 the class, where we reviewed a lot of information on
有关环境行为的 different research findings,
研究发现信息 related to environment behavior,
人们与其所在环境间的协议 people's transactions with their settings and we are
我们现在开始要讲 turning now to how do you translate all of that work
如何将那些有趣的发现变为 and all of those interesting findings into guidelines for
提高社区环境质量的指导方针 improving community environments.
无论那社区的概念为教室 宿舍 Whether that be a classroom, a dormitory,
工作地点 居住楼…… a work place, a residence hall,...
下一张ppt 这儿是 If we go to the next slide, what we have here is
环境心理学中的 really a toolbox of principles and findings from
一系列原则和发现 the field of environmental psychology,
想想 你们已经学了很多 when you think about it, you guys have learned a lot,
因为你们了解了 because you have covered everything from
系统理论 社会生态学 生态系统 systems theory and social ecology to ecosystems,
适合个人的环境 person-environment fit or congruence, environmental
环境象征主义 决定主义 symbolism, determinism, physiological and
生理和心理压力 密度 聚集 psychological stress, density and crowding,
空间行为 亲近和友人关系形成 spacial behavior, proximity and friendship formation,
亲密梯度 可防御空间 所有这些 intimacy gradients, defensible space, so all of these,
地方认同 自发强化程序 place identity, operant reinforcement schedules,
人类对自然和科技灾害的反应 human response to natural and technological disasters,
保护环境行为 pro environmental behavior.
我们学习过许多知识 There is a lot there that we covered and
问题是 you learned about, and now the question is
我们如何将这个应用到更好的城市规划 how can we apply this to designing better cities or
或更好地设计教室或其他环境 designing better classrooms or other kinds of
今天我们将来看看 environments. We are going to see today
一些设计师和城市理论家是如何发展设计原则 how some designers and urban theorists have developed
他们一些基于经验元素 principals of design, some of them are based on
但我们在此讨论的许多设计师 empirical elements, but many of these designers that
是基于他们的灵感 we are talking about here come out of their intuition
有趣的是 一些设计师强调 and interestingly some of the designers focused on
城市的消极面 极力想要避免密集型 the negative aspects of the cities and want to avoid
而另一群设计师 density at all cost, and another group of designers
非常支持密集 我们将会看到 are very favorable to density so we are going to see
一些有趣的例子 例如 弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特 some interesting examples, Frank Lloyd Wright
强调有机建筑 for example emphasized organic architecture and
他视大城市为有机系统中的肿瘤或血块 viewed large cities as almost tumors or clots in
它们对健康和幸福有害 organismic system that were anemically to health
英国理论家埃比尼泽·霍华德 and well being. Ebenezer Howard, the english
专注于花园城市 theorist focused on The Garden City, getting out of
离开伦敦工业化城市中心 London ad industrialized urban centers in England to
移至田园舒适花园城市 路易斯·芒福德 more rural comfortable garden cities. Lewis Mumford,
写过《城市文化》 杜阿尼和卡茨 The Culture of Cities, Duany and Katz,
《新城市化》 你们今天的阅读中 The New Urbanism, which you read about today,
有一篇是出自他们 甚至还有雷沃森 there is an article by them and even Ray Watson,
尔湾公司首任董事长 the first president of Irvine company, these were
这些都是去中心化支持者 他们想将人群散开 all de-centrist, they wanted to spread population
他们对垂直建筑不感兴趣 out, they weren't big on vertical architecture,
他们喜欢颇具自然性的乡村环境 they liked rural environments with a lot of nature,
所以我们将会看到一些例子 so we will see some of those examples today.
这儿是弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特对城市的一些看法 So here have you got Frank Lloyd Wright's Perspective
他说 看着大城市的交叉区域 on the cities and he says that to look at the cross
就像看着 section of a large cities, to look at something as
纤维肿瘤 不仅有类似夸张的 a fibrous tumor, not only are there similar exaggerations
红肿组织 还有堪比 of inflamed tissue but more and more painfully
人类系统高血压且更为痛苦的强制循环 forced circulation comparable to high blood pressure
他说人类最终满足 in the human system. He said that ultimate human
不再会是依赖人类密度 satisfactions no longer depend on but are destroyed
而是被其摧毁 摩天大楼 by density of population.Sky-scraping is not merely
不只是谎言 还是道德 经济 美学 a falsity but moral, economic, aesthetic and
和伦理的扭曲! 弗兰克告诉我们 ethical monstrosity! So it is Frank, tell us
对城市的真实感受 how you really feel about the cities, he was really down
他真的很讨厌大城市 市中心 高密度 on large cities, urban centers, high density.
如果你读了他的文章 我发给你们了 And if you read his article,I assigned it
因为文字很多彩 because the writing is so colorful, you will find it
你会发现他表述的哲学很有趣 pretty interesting in terms of how he expresses
感受他极度反城市的情绪 his philosophy, but very extreme anti urban sentiment.
我们来看一个电视节目片段 Let's take a look at a clip from the TV program,
我不知道它是否还在播 I don't know if it is still on the air, but it captures
但其中有弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特对大城市的负面看法 Frank Lloyd Wright's negative view on large cities.
街上有垃圾 So you have got a garbage on a street, you got bodies
有尸体 都是负面东西 on the street, it is all the negative things
城市内的 we think about, with cities.
弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特对那些的反应 Now when we talk about Frank Lloyd Wright's reaction
他有副解毒药或是另一种选择 to that, he had an antidote or alternative.
他称之为 有机建筑 He called it Organic Architecture, and Organic
有机建筑是种环保建筑 Architecture is an environmental design that blends
与周围自然风光协调融合 而非冲突 harmoniously rather than conflicts with the surrounding
就像这儿的工程 natural landscape. Just like this project here
落水山庄 这栋建筑适应且融合了 Fallingwater, he built it to conform and blend with
水位 树 石头 the contours of the water, the trees, the stones
如此协调 让人有种浑然天成的错觉 in that area and it is almost camouflaged to the extend
这是他作品的一些例子 that it blends in so well, so this are a couple of
甚至在尔湾也有这种落水山庄 examples of his work. And even in Irvine we have this
就在迈克尔逊路 Falling water Irvine which is across the street from
霍森选择市场对面 Wholesome choice market on Michelson drive.
你们有多少人见过这房子 看过吗? How many have you see this house, have you seen it?
好的 这部分概括了弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特 Ok. It sort of recapitulates some of Frank Lloyd Wright's
如何在此运用水元素和石头的自然颜色 elements of water here and kind of natural colors of the
但坐落在奇怪的地方 因为就在交叉路口 stones, but it is in strange place, because it is right
就在迈克尔逊路上面 at the intersection, it is right up at Michelson drive,
街对面就是购物中心 where you have shopping center across the street, so
所以不太同于落水山庄 it doesn't quite fit to the same way that Fallingwater
落水山庄与周围风景完美融合 that Frank Lloyd Wright designed fits beautifully
来看看 in the surrounding landscape. We are going to show you
一个有关落水山庄的短片 a brief documentary about Falling-water just to
让你们稍稍感受下弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特的理念 give you a little more flavor of what Frank Lloyd Wright
他心中的 was talking about when he expressed this views
有机建筑 about organic architecture.
1935年 Lynda Waggoner: In 1935,
弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特设计了个乡村房子 frank Lloyd Wright designed a country house
坐落在宾夕法尼亚西部的一条溪流上 over a small stream in Western Pennsylvania.
莱特将它命名为 落水山庄 Wright named it...Fallingwater has been called
它被视为弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特有机建筑的杰作 Frank Lloyd Wright's masterpiece of organic architecture
我想这其中有许多原因 and I think there are a variety of reasons why.
当然其中一个就是 它或许 Certainly one of them is that it perhaps better than
比莱特设计的任何建筑都能更好地 any of his other buildings speaks to something deep
触动我们内心对简洁 明亮等 in us that longs for simplicity, lumity, all those things
自然特质的向往 we find in nature and respond to them so well.
1938年 当这栋建筑成形时 In 1938 when building first took shape and publicity
各种有关它的宣传出现 started to be generated around it,
出现在时代杂志封面 it appears on the covers of Time magazine and it is
很明显 公众为它着迷 very obvious that public is captivated by this building,
我不认为存在类似的建筑 I don't think it has never seen anything like it,
设计大胆 引人注目 it was daring it was dramatic,
所有这些都俘获我们的想象 all of those things that capture our imagination.
今天 落水山庄被视为 Today Falling water is memorable concerned
全球一大建筑设计地标 significant as a great landmark and architectural design
它代表了一个伟大设计师 around the world. It represent a great architect
的巅峰之作 working at the height of his design powers and
且其本身也十分重要 thus it is significant as an object in its own way.
甚至对那些不称赞 But even for the people that don't think about
弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特的职业生涯 career of Franklin Lloyd Wright or this is a masterwork
或不认为它是某时期杰作的人而言 of particular time, the building is meaningful
这栋建筑依然是赖特有机建筑的意义重大之作 and powerful as again experience of Wright's organic
它极富流畅性 architecture, where there is a remarkable continuity,
这些都被倾注于建筑体验中 of all the factors that go in the making an experience
空间的流畅 of a building, continuities of the space,
材料的流畅 continuities of materials,
与地点 感觉 continuities of connection to the site, a sense,
身处某处深深体验相关的流畅 a profound sense of being somewhere.
这些是今天建筑系学生的素质 These are qualities that students of architecture today,
建筑家 只是公众体验的一般成员 architects, just general members of the public experience
给房子留下某种意识 and leave the house with a sort of awareness,
某种好设计的潜力 of the potential for good design.
杰作是不朽的 A masterpiece is something that has a timelessness
我想落水山庄经受得住时间的考验 about it and I think Fallingwater is doing well over
人们依旧对其感兴趣 the test of time people continue to be interested in,
许多人对它感兴趣 a lot, a ray of people are interested in it.
杰作能让我们不断学习 A masterpiece is something that you continue to learn
我们依旧受教于落水山庄 from and we do continue to learn from Fallingwater.
接下来的课中 我们将讨论 Later in the course we will be talking about
影响人们接触自然的研究 the research on the affect people's exposure to nature.
无论花园在家附近 Whether that the gardens near their home or
或是去到野外 going out on wilderness experiences as that relates to
那与他们的压力体验有关 这是他们感觉的放松 their stress experience is their sense of relaxation
或是感官恢复 弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特 or sense restoration and Frank Lloyd Wright
没有从那项研究出发 was not going from that research,
他很多灵感来自自然 he intuited a lot of the benefits of nature and
把那融入他的设计 我们之后会看到 built that into his design and we will see later
许多研究支持他的假设 that a lot of research sort of bears out his assumptions
他的理论 and supports what he was talking about and yet
然而 同时 我们也将看支持人口密集 at the same time we are going to look at pro density
或中心主义设计师的观点 or centrist designers and look at the kinds of
看他们持有什么指导方针 guidelines they've come up with and why they think
他们为什么认为比起住在像这样的农村地区 cities would be a better alternative than living out
城市是个更好的选择 所以有时 in a rural area like this, so sometimes design
设计指导方针不一定是互补 guidelines are not necessarily complimentary
你可以想到某些地方 and you can think of particular places that have
有着相互冲突的指导原则 conflicting design guidelines so if you think of
想下洛杉矶的吉尔利音乐中心 the Geary concert center in Los Angeles
一栋美丽的新音乐厅 a beautiful new concert hall that was built there.
音乐家在进行音乐表演时 The musicians have one set of needs for acoustics
对音质有一系列需求 in terms of when they're doing their musical
建筑物附近的行人 performance, the pedestrians that are walking near
有另一套需求 that building have another set of needs relative to
如汽车交通 the car traffic and then the people that live in
临近的居民 apartment buildings adjacent to that neighborhood
又有另一套需求和指导方针 have another set of needs and guidelines,
因为他们发现音乐厅 because they found out that the roof of that concert
反射了太多阳光到他们的屋子里 Hall reflected so much sunlight into their buildings
气温上升了15° that the temperature went up fifteen degrees and
他们必须改进屋顶 they had to retrofit the roof for that concert hall
以解决这个问题 in order to get rid of that problem.
这很有趣 So it's interesting that design guidelines
设计方针不总是一致 don't always go in the same direction
有时会互相矛盾 sometimes they are contradictory,
有崇尚自然 反对密集型的设计师 so we have our pro world anti density designers
我们将看到一群人 and then we are going to see the whole group of people
他们号召城市是唯一的生存地 that are heralding the city as the only place to live,
但站在反拥挤的设计师角度看 but staying on point with the anti density designers
这些是埃比尼泽·霍华德 these are some examples from Ebenezer Howard's
花园城市的一些图纸 drawings of his garden city and the garden city that he
他设想的花园城市是仿造英国乡村建筑 envisioned was modeled after the English country town
让人们从英格兰的工业中心搬至 so was getting people out of the industrialized centers
这清洁 适宜居住 安全 in England into this clean, hospitable, safe,
的农村环境 他称之为花园城市 rural environments that he called the Garden City.
有益健康的居住环境 他十分强调 Wholesome housing, he had a big emphasis on
为人们提供高质量 有益健康的居住环境 providing people with high quality wholesome housing.
他强调花园 这些卷曲的形状是 He emphasized gardens, these sort of curly cue shapes
环绕整个城市的花园 here are gardens that ring the whole city,
就像在尔湾 我们谈论绿色带 so just as in Irvine we talk about green belts
因为尔湾城的规划者借鉴了 because the Irvine planners borrowed many of
许多花园城市的理念 these ideas about garden cities and incorporated them
将他们融入于尔湾城的初建中 into the the town of Irvine when was first designed
人口上限为3200 and population was held at the ceiling of thirty two
32000 因为他不想 hundred, thirty two thousand because he didn't
有人口密集的问题 want to have the problems associated with high density.
这张图上有着相似主题 In this slide you see some of the same themes,
看这绿色带同心环 where you look here beyond the concentric rings of
和房屋之上 可以看见各种 the green belts and the housing and you see all of
农村土地利用 牛牧草 水果农田 these rural uses, the cow pastures and the fruit farms
这些是住在农村的理想田园环境 and all of this is that bucolic ideal of living out
这儿看见的是 in the country and here which you see is the kind of
32000人的小城市 hierarchical relationship between the smaller
间的等级关系 garden cities of thirty two thousand people connected
人们靠铁路和高速公路与中心城相连 through rail lines and high-speed roads to central cities
城市有58000人 that had up to fifty eight thousand people
我们在卡茨和杜阿尼写的《新城市化》中读到 so just as we read in New Urbanism today by
或是在卡茨有关注重运输的设计文章中读到 Katz and Duany, or Katz's article about transit oriented
如何将新城市化社区 design how you can have a new urbanist community
建在铁路周边 built along rail routes that connect it to higher
使之与高密度中心相连 这个梯度理念 density centers this this hierarchical notion
是新城市化的先驱 was a precursor of New Urbanism.
这是一则例子 So this is an example of how the garden ideal
花园理想如何被融入尔湾居住乡村的规划中 has been incorporated into the planning of Irvine's
这些小路旁栽满了树 residential villages where these pathways lined with
花园散布在附近 trees and gardens in sort of meander through the
和房后 neighborhood and behind the houses which is
这很不寻常 fairly unusual you don't see too much of that anymore
这在跟踪房屋发展中已很少见 in tracked house developments because it's fairly
因为投资这么多到自然中很昂贵 expensive to put that amount of investment into
当走进低收入社区中 nature and when you go into low income communities
你一定不会看到这类景象 you certainly don't see this kind of flavor
映入眼帘更多的是混凝土 you have much more concrete, much less natural
很少自然元素 结果是家附近的自然植被 elements and it turns out that nature adjacent to
有压力缓冲效果 one's home has a stress buffering effect and
对儿童是如此 有记录 that's been documented in children and especially
在低收入地区更是如此 so in low income areas where you compare low income
当比较有很多和很少自然植被的低收入地区时 areas that have a lot of nature and less nature.
所以新城市化 So when we talk about new urbanism as sort of
是出自花园城市理想 growing out of the garden city ideal this is
这是个十分流行的趋势 今天的城市规划理论 a very popular trend and urban planning theory today
是以某些原则为基础 and it's predicated on certain principles that
设计高度紧凑 you want to design highly compact
适于步行的社区 walkable communities, ideally they should be
理想的是5分钟内就可走完社区的半径 walkable across the diameter the community in five
这是个相当小的社区 minutes or less which is a fairly small community
如果不从头开始就很难做到 and it's hard to do that unless you are starting from
在尔湾 规划者从头开始 scratch. You know in Irvine the planner started
建造了新城镇 from scratch and built the new town and
耗费了许多资源 it takes a lot a resource to do that and in this stage
在现在的预算短缺阶段 the budget shortfalls that we have,
这类从头开始的新城市化城镇 there is not a lot of development of the these types
没有太大发展 of new urbanist towns from scratch so
现在的情况是有新城市化田园或翻新 what happens is you have new urbanist infields or
大城市内再发展 renovations re-development in large cities were
就是试图让邻区 you take a neighborhood and you try to
变得更新城市化 make it more new urbanist. But in addition to
但除了可步行性和紧凑性 the walkability and the compactness and that kind of
那类清楚定义的中心 clearly defined center were you have the
坐落着民用建筑 人们可以看见他们 civic buildings here located so people can see them
认出它们 通过这种象征价值 and identify with them, through this kind of
来让这些符号变得明显 a symbolic value to having those symbols very evident,
这让社区更加一体 it sort of brings the community together more,
许多强调 lot of emphasis on parks and public places
让人们能够聚集的社会体育设施 如公园等公共场所 where people can congregate socio-physical
是让人们聚集一起 settings were people get together,
这些是这本有关新城市化书 so these are some of the key principles that
中列举出的一些关键原则 are laid out in this book on new urbanism in
如果你上新城市化议会的网站 if you go to the Congress of New Urbanism website
你可以看见一些更近期的调查 you can see some of the more recent research that's
那是基于这个模型做的 been done in this out of this particular paradigm.
这是个新城市化的范例 This is an example of new urbanist kinds of
有人类尺度 principals were you have human scale design,
建筑只有两层高 the buildings are only two stories high,
有宽阔的人行道 街旁有许多树 you have wide sidewalks, a lot of street trees,
有有趣的材质 材质的变换 you have interesting textures, changes in textures,
建筑的不同部分 different parts of the building and you have
有不同的颜色使得它成为 these different colors to make it a more interesting
走在街上更有趣且更具活力的视觉体验 vibrant sort of visual experience walking down
这让行人更能接受 that street so it's more accessible to the pedestrians
你们稍后会看到 then would be the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles
洛杉矶的鸿运大饭店 which you will see a bit later.
尔湾能被视为一个新城市化城镇吗 Now would Irvine be considered a new urbanist
你们怎么看 town, what do you think? Why anybody? See,
你们必须开车 you have to drive, is pretty spread out from
南北隔得很远 the north to the south,
必须有5分钟内可行走性 so you have got the walkability in five minutes,
所以尔湾不符合标准 so no it doesn't really meet that standard.
市中心坐落在中心吗? Is the Civic centre centrally located?
多少人见过尔湾的市中心? How many of you have seen the Irvine's Civic center?
好的 很多人 Okay that's pretty good number,
就在哈尔博得和阿尔顿 it's actually out there on the Harbold and Alton
我想这不是什么都市大发现 I believe so it's not sort of on the beaten path
要去城市会议 你们必须得知道它在哪 in a sense you kind of have to know where it is
尔湾的土地利用多样化吗 to get to a city meeting. Is Irvine diverse in its use
有许多不同的土地使用方式吗 of land and are there lot of different land uses?
你怎么看的 What do you think about that?
是的 尔湾内部一直有辩论 Yeah that's been a struggle in Irvine
当他们最初设计穿过大学的市场时 when they first designed the marketplace across
这个规划就已经有混合用途房屋 from UCI, the plan was to have mixed use housing
有在商店上面的房子 so you have had housing on top of the shops
或许有人住在饭店上面 so you have maybe some people living above
或许甚至在电影院上面 the restaurants or even the movie theaters probably
或许不在电影院上面 但或许在一些餐馆和店铺上 not the movie theaters, but maybe some of the restaurants
那被剔除出规划 and stores and that was taken out of a plan
因为那有点太前卫了 because it was too sort of avant-garde,
在当时太先进 没有吸引足够多的销售商 too advance at that time it didn't appeal to enough
想要租尔湾公司的市场店铺 vendors who wanted to rent from the Irvine
所以他们必须减少 company in the marketplace. So they had to go with
混合使用 增加零售 less mixture of uses and much more retail
但许多城市有那种混合土地使用 but many cities have that kind of mixed land use
你可以看到 许多城镇都有那种 you can see that in a lot of towns with a mix up
房屋和零售商混合在同一街区 the housing and the retail spaces in the same block.
这又回到了简·雅各布斯说的 And that gets back to what Jane Jacobs argues,
让城市运作的一个重要因素是 an important factor that makes cities work
当有土地使用的多样性 when you have that diversity of land uses that
使得不同人在不同时间 聚集在同一地区 brings different kinds of people into the same area
空间就有更大的使用性 at different times of day so you have a more
有她说的街道眼 even use of the space, you have what she calls eyes
尽管人们彼此间不认识 on the street so even though people don't know
但人们可以认出 each other personally people can recognize
这个陌生人是否属于那个区域 if the stranger doesn't belong in that area so there
所以有人调查了那个地方 people are sort of surveying the place,
因为活动自然量 because of the natural flows of activity.
所以如果有个地方只在白天某个时间段 So if you have a place that is only open certain hours
晚上很少时间开放 of the day and very few hours of the night,
那会使得许多地方无防备或不受看守 that leaves a lot of places undefended or unwatched
所以简﹒雅克布斯谈到的纽约的一些地方 so in the kinds of spaces in New York that Jane Jacobs
成为了活力四射的城市中心 is talking about is being vibrant urban centers,
整天都有景流 you have this flow of views all day so you got
人们白天离开住地 people going away from their apartments
去工作 其他人去工作 during the day to go to work other people coming in
或娱乐 人们晚上回家 for their work or recreation, people coming home
或从其他地方来 at night or people coming in from other areas for
去那些晚间才开放的娱乐场所 recreational places that are open at night
所以有更多的那种用途的空间 so you have much more of an even use of the space,
或许那个街区有个爵士乐厅 maybe have a jazz place on that block or
或是音乐场所 或晚间开放的咖啡厅 a music place or coffee shop that is open late.
许多人在一天不同时间中到来 To bring a lot of different people in a different times
使这个地方成为更安全的环境 of day that makes it a safer environment.
查尔斯说的很有趣 It is interesting what Charles is saying that Irvine
尔湾有种新的预建面貌 has such a new prefabricated kind of look,
人们如何能与之结合 how can people kind of bond with it and feel
感受到它不受时间影响 有趣的是 that it's that has a timeless quality and interestingly
当这个建筑被设计时 way when this building was designed I was actually
我实际就在设计委员会 sitting in on the design committee reviews
检验建筑公司计划中 and one of the things that the architectural firm
强调的一点 那就是 emphasized in sold the plan on, was that by
建这个钟塔 having this clock tower and having this granite
用这种很坚硬的花岗石 material that's very solid and stable,
他们争论这赋予建筑物永恒的品质 they were arguing that this gave the building timeless
人们可以将其视为社区的一个钟爱地 quality that people could see it as an adoring part of
这个设计引人关注 their community, so interesting interesting take on
但它被分离至一个轨道邻区 the design but it is sort of isolated out there in
所以它不属新城市化 a track neighborhood so it's not like in new urbanism,
新城市化会把它建在中央公园中心 where we have it in the middle of the Central Park
或人们聚集的地方 所以通常 or place were people are gathering. So generally
尔湾不符合新城市化的 Irvine would not qualify in terms of the compactness
紧密性标准 当然 criteria of New Urbanism. Certainly
我们很方便去许多公园 球场 there's easy access to a lot of parks and ball fields
和一些公共场所 如购物中心 and some public places like shopping malls
但除了购物中心 but other than the shopping centers there is not
没有许多其它公共场所 a lot of public places going on, so not so much
所以算不上新城市化 我们现在来看 in terms of New Urbanism. Now let's take a look at
一些支持密集化的设计师 some of the pro density designers because
有设计师的整个职业生涯 there are designers who built the whole career on
就建立在推广垂直建筑 promoting verticality and promoting people
推广人们居住在文化中心的过程中 living in cultural centers where you have enough
人们聚集在那 那儿有文化 people congregated that you can have culture in
那儿有兴奋的东西 you can have excitement and an avant-garde
有先锋艺术或科学 advances whether that be an art or science.
勒·柯布西耶是这场密集化运动的 So Le Corbusier is one of the exemplars of
一个代表人物 他是名法国建筑师 this pro density movement, he's a French architect,
他巅峰时期的30岁有许多作品 worked a lot in the thirties at the height of his career
他的设计实际是 and his designs are actually worthy forerunners of
巴西首都等建筑的先驱 buildings like the capital of Brazil.
许多建筑都基于 Many of the buildings there are based on
勒·柯布西耶的原则 他是 Le Corbusier's principles and he was a consultant
巴西首都 on the design of the Brazilian capital,
世贸中心 甚至还有我们说的普鲁因 the World Trade Center, or even the Pruin building
的设计顾问 高楼大厦的 that we talked about, the high rise kind of idea
平面占地不多 where you don't have much of a footprint
但有很大的垂直空间 on the ground but you have people going up high,
这些基本都源于他的想法 very much came out of his ideas. Jane Jacobs
简·雅各布斯没有如此推崇垂直建筑 was not so much pushing verticality
如果我们去城市 but rather if we're going to have cities and
比较运作得好的城市 you compare cities that worked well and cities that
与纽约市警局蓝段等阴沉的地方 are sort of dismal like that NYPD Blue segment,
是什么使得城市有好与差之分呢? what differentiates the cities that worked well in
你们对此有何看法 those that don't? So what do you think about that,
在雅各布斯看来 what would you think in Jacob's theory makes
是什么使得城市有活力 变得美好呢 a city vibrant or makes it livable, a nice place to be?
在她看来 是什么使城市变好 So what are her requirements to have a good city
或成为一个重要的安全城区呢? or a vital safe urban area? So when you read
读简·雅各布斯时 我会给你们看张PPT Jane Jacob's article, I am going to show you
上面写着多样化生成元素 a slide that says Generators of diversity and
她列出了4点 there are four key points that she makes.
一个方式 人们会问你 One of the ways I would or people ask you,
你怎么学习这门课的 how you should study in this class and
你怎么读材料的 how do you go through the readings,
我承认有许多阅读材料 there is a lot of reading I agree, one thing
你们要做的一件事就是 课前快速 you could do was before class, go through
浏览材料 the readings quickly and scan them in terms a
了解主题 和要讨论的关键点 what are the topics what are the key points
课后 that are being discussed, then after lecture and
有了PPT后 再看看里面一些重点 after you have the slides take a look at some of the
在课堂上重点讲过的 key points that have been highlighted in the lectures
然后回到材料中去寻找 and then go find them back in the readings and
你会看到 简·雅各布斯 you'll see, Ok Jane Jacobs that's where
她说的多样化三个生成元素在哪 she's talk about these generators of diversity or
或是卡茨谈及 this is where Katz and Khan are talking about
其系统理论的原则在哪 their principals of systems theory and that's
我们如何记住我们想要你们从 how we try to key on sort of the main points,
这些材料中获知的关键点和主要点 the critical points we want you to get from
因为要涉及到许多材料 these readings because there is a lot material to be
你会看到 covered and you saw from that tool box of
我列举一页的法则 the principles I put up,
我们讲过了许多 we have been over a lot of ground,
我们讲过了许多不同理念 术语 we covered a lot of different concepts,
有很多知识要用同样方式吸收 terminology so it's a lot to absorb in the same way.
保罗·索莱里是另一位 So Polo Soleri is another guy who is very
很推崇密度化和城市化的人 他造了生态建筑学这个词 pro density and pro urban, he coined the term Arcology,
混合了生态学和建筑学 which is the fusion of the ecology and architecture
他把城市内建筑视为有机系统 and he saw buildings in cities as organic systems
视为活体 有立方结构 as almost living entities that had cubic structure
他试图将建筑建的更高 so he tended to go higher with his buildings,
城市不同功能有多重层次 they have multiple levels for the different functions
就像个体和有机体 of the cities just like individuals and organisms have,
在体内不同部位有着专门功能 sort of specialized functions in different parts
所以他在他的高密度设计中 of the body, so he drew out a lot of that sort
拟定了许多那种有机原则 of organic principles in his high density designs,
我们将看到一些例子 we will see some examples of those and finally
最后是丹下健三 著名的日本高密度设计师 Kenzo Tange who is a famous Japanese
他有个详尽的计划 high density designer, he had a very elaborate
将东京建到东京湾上 plan for building Tokyo out on to Tokyo Bay
让东京容纳更多人 so you can get more people in that area by
通过将城市建在水上 虽然计划没有实施 building out over the water. Never quite happened
但他的设计很夺人眼球 that way but his designs have caught a lot of
很是前卫 attention and were heralded as being pretty advanced.
柯布西埃 他的一个主要元素是 So here is Corbusier and one of his major elements
几何状摩天大楼 is geometrically placed skyscrapers,
他设计出这些布局漂亮的 so he's got these nicely arranged almost like
几乎有点像校区建筑的建筑 每栋建筑 a rector set of buildings, each would house
有1200个居民 about twelve hundred residents,
有时屋顶有花园 sometimes you had gardens at the tops on
所以他是绿色屋顶建筑的先驱 the on the roof so he was sort of a precursor of
我们之前在课上讨论过 the green roof movement, which we talked about earlier
在他看来 这样建造的好处是 in the class and the advantage he saw building this way
摩天大楼只会占用 is that the skyscrapers would only take up about
5%的地面面积 five percent of the ground space so you could be
这样能有效使用土地资源 efficient with how the resources on the ground
他可以将街道建在地上 are used and also he would elevate or
或地下 build the streets underground so that
使其不挡住人行道 they weren't in pedestrians way so pedestrians can
行人可以在这周围行走 因为街道建在地上或地下 walk around in here because the street are elevated or
他可以以此 underground so these were how he would
缓和高密度问题 take the edge off of high density, he would build
他可以建造高楼 a high vertical you have all the benefits of people
带来人们聚集一起的各种好处 高文化 being clustered together, high culture,
但不会有过度密集 but you wouldn't have all the promise of density
因为屋顶花园 because of the rooftop gardens that would
会减轻街道系统设计的部分压力 take some pressure off in the way the the street system
这是 was design. And these are some examples
他的理论被应用的一些例子 where his principals have been applied, actually
被用于巴西首都的城市设计 translated into an urban design here in the capital of
如果去到现代的北京 Brazil and also if you go into modern Beijing
你会看到现在 these days you see a lot of emphasis on
很注重低层建筑 replacing low rise residential structures with
被能容纳数百人 these high rise apartment buildings that house hundreds,
有时是数千人的高层建筑替换 这是 sometimes thousands of people, this is Kenzo Tange's
丹下健三扩建东京的计划 plan for building Tokyo out over Tokyo base,
这实际没有付诸行动 so this didn't really get designed but that was his idea
但他的理念能够使 of being able to encompass even more millions of
东京容纳更多的人 people in the Tokyo region by building out
通过将城市建在水上 这些设计师十分热衷高密度 over the water, so all of these designers are really big
他们认为大城市和 on high density they felt that the large cities and
城市密集人群能产生 dense urban conglomerations yielded
许多好东西 例如人们有多样化选择 in a lot a good things, such as people having a
如果你想去看这场戏剧 diversity of options you know if you want to go to
看这部电影 或是去这个艺术博物馆 this play this movie or go to this art museum
都可随心选择 you have all that at your disposal.
这是保罗·索莱里的一个设计 This is an example of Paolo Soleri, his design of
他设计的这种有机建筑 一个城市 一个社区 this sort of organic structure, a city a community
被坚实的外壳包围 that was enclosed in a solid skin and you can see
可以看见它没有占用很多土地 how it's not taking up a big footprint on the ground
而是使用了这个立方空间 but instead uses this cubic space where
这儿顶端 有居住空间 you have got the residential spaces up a top here
这儿底下有一些工作空间 and you got some of the working spaces down
每层有不同的地域 here below, and so you have got these different areas
或社区功能 or functions of the Community House on
这儿是自然光 different levels and here you got natural light
透过光穴照入 coming in through a light delve, so integrating
这将建筑学和生态学融合 architecture and ecology and emphasizing efficient
强调有效使用资源 又不占用太多地面空间 use of resources by not taking up too much
使用他设计的这个社区 ground space and so he designed this demonstration
被称为阿科桑蒂 位于亚利桑那 community called Arcosanti in Arizona,
你们多少人去过阿科桑蒂? how many have you been to Arcosanti?
你们一些人或许有这些钟 Or some of you may have these bells that
是产于阿科桑蒂 they produce in Arcosanti and that's one of the ways
这是他们赚钱的一个办法 they make their money to be able to do
以做这些事 它们十分受欢迎 some of these things, they are pretty popular,
上网可以购买那些东西 if you go on the website you can order those and
这些是其中一些建筑 these are some of the buildings that have actually
建于阿科桑蒂 been constructed at Arcosanti, this is sort of
这是人民大厅 在这上面 这个设计得很漂亮的屋顶 People's Hall, up here, this nicely designed roof,
这是阿科桑蒂的入口 他提到 this is the entrance to Arcosanti. So he mentioned
简·雅各布斯说过的多样化的生成元素 these generators of diversity that Jane Jacobs
我想很快地回顾那些点 talks about so I wanted recap those really quick,
对她而言 高密度确保了 for her, high density ensures that combining
将高密度与混合土地使用结合 high density with mixed building types of land uses
确保了人们会在一天中大部分时间 ensures that you are going to get diversity of people
多样地使用土地 using the space most hours of the day,
所以他们能看见彼此 这个地方有人居住 so that they can see each other, the place is
被使用 很少出现犯罪 inhabited, it is used, is less likely to have crime
因为这些地方没有被闲置 that way because places are not left vacant so
那是她设计中的一大原则 that was a big principle in her design.
将城市街区切成小块 Also cutting up city blocks into short parcels
而不是做成大型切块 rather than having these long monolithic blocks
后者会使人们成为陌生人 where people can be a stranger, that someone
一些人是陌生人 没人认得 can be a stranger nobody knows whether they
不知他们是属于那儿的商店还是居民 belong to a store there or an apartment building.
当有了较短的街区时 When you have shorter blocks,
更紧凑的社区或街区结构 more compact neighborhoods or block structure
人们更容易辨认彼此 people can identify each other a little better and
这创造了更具活力的空间使用 it creates a more sort of vibrant use of the space,
使用这些都是混合土地使用建筑形式 so these are all in a mixture building types of
这个短街区 密度 land uses, the short city blocks, density,
都相结合 使得纽约那个空间 all combined to make that space in cities in New York
变得尤为有生机 愉悦 particularly livable and enjoyable, not all areas
不是纽约所有地方都是那样 她说的是 in New York are like that, she is saying some that
富有这些品质的一些地方 有资格被称得上多样化 have these qualities, qualify as being highly diverse
且很具有生机 这些 and and very livable. These are some ways in which
发生在北京的传统庭院中 this happens in the traditional courtyard homes
有低层建筑 in Beijing, where you have these low rise
街道两旁有树 neighborhoods and you got the street trees
有供销商 有行人 you got vendors, you got largely pedestrian
自行车 一些汽车 但不是很多 and bike traffic with some cars, not a lot,
可行走性高 so the walkability is high and when you compare
把它们跟环形路比较一下 that to what's happening along the ring roads
环形路旁有有巨大的摩天大楼 we have these monolithic skyscrapers
可以看见比例 一些人在这周围行走 you can see that the scale, somebody walking
比例很不一样 around in here has a very different scale,
如果他们走在这 an experience than if they're walking here
环境更 and the environment is more scaled
适合行人的维度 to their dimensions as a pedestrian.
这些环境有点过于骇人 So these environments tend to be a bit more
难于与环境产生联系 overwhelming and difficult to kind of relate to
尽管它们有其经济优势 even though they have their economic advantages
人类尺度 我好几次使用这个词 for sure. Human scale, I used this term a couple times,
那到底是什么意思呢 so what does that mean exactly and in the city of
在西雅图城内和其它地方 Seattle and other places they've tried to define
他们已经十分准确地定义了它 that fairly precisely so that people know
人们知道那意味着什么 当他们使用这个词 what's meant when they use the term. Sizes,
尺度 材料和 textures and arrangements of physical elements
符合人类尺度和比例的物理元素排列 that match the size and proportions of humans
可被以步行速度准确感知 and can be perceived easily at walking speed
所以出现一种声音 so there is an emphasis on pedestrians being
行人是环境质量的尺度 the measure of environmental quality.
一旦人们在环境中快速行走 As soon as you get people going fast in environment
或是开车让他们错失太多沿途风景 or the car they miss so much of what's going on
他们就与环境没有那么紧密 舒适的联系 and they can't sort of relate to that environment
所以西雅图 as closely or as comfortly. So here in Seattle
有这些环境治疗 you have these treatments of the environment
建筑上有这些材料 we've got these textures on the building,
十分不同的窗户和颜色 very different kind of windows and colors
底下有行人活动 and the pedestrian activities down below and then
然后在这有这种突出部分 over here you got this overhang, which is
设计很华丽 人行道有特点 very ornate in its design and the textured pavement,
打破千篇一律 anything you can do to break up the monotony
创造特征 使得环境 and bring in texture, makes the environment
更适应行人需求 much better scale to pedestrian's needs.
这些是造就人类尺度的因素 These are the factors that contribute to human scale
给你们看这些是想让你们思考 and while I'm showing you these I would like
什么是破坏人类尺度的因素 you to think about what are factors that de-track
什么环境 for human scale, what would be an environment
没有很好的人类尺度 that really doesn't have very good human scale at all,
或是什么对行人有害 or would be kind of inimical to pedestrians using it.
清楚的是 如果环境存有 So clearly if you have environments that have
许多有细节特征的建筑 buildings with a lot of details like I showed you
像我给你们看的 不同高度有不同纹路 where they have the different textures of
街边有树 different heights. You have street trees that
在人们眼里 in human eyes the environment makes it
这环境对走在那空间的个人而言更适宜 more scaled to individuals walking through
路上有足够的风景特征 the space and you ample landscaping textures
记得我给你们看的例子 in the pavement, remember I showed you
在一些房屋地区 the examples in some of the housing apartment areas
他们使用彩色沥青将次空间 where they use colored asphalt to tie the secondary
与私人空间相连 所以使用那些地面特征 spaces to the private spaces so using that texturing
公共设施 even in the ground, street furniture making it easy
使之更利于人们休息 更舒适 for people to sit and be comfortable, so that
他们不必一直站着 they don't have to stand completely
当他们处于那个空间 混合土地使用 when they are in that space and mix land uses
和第三空间时 我们接下来要说的是 and third places so we are going to talk about
什么是第三空间 what is the third place and what does it mean
第三空间混合 多样化是什么意思 to have a mixture, a diversity of third places.
什么地方会破坏 So what would be places that sort of
人类尺度 是的 undermine human scale? Yes some of
一些建筑单调乏味 these buildings that have monotonous facades,
没有门 没有窗户 there is no doors there is no windows
没有装饰纹理 no decorations of texture, those are kind of
那些乏味的环境很不宜人 stultifying not very pleasant environments to be in.
所以首先是一些例子 So first some examples of how these principles
有关这些原则是如何推行人类尺度 that promote human scale.Let's take a look at
我们来看看一些相关例子 a few examples of that. Here you have got this
这儿是马德里的大广场 Plaza Major in Madrid where even though
尽管上到这的几层楼上 you're going above a couple stories here,
四五层 four or five the most, you have got a
都可以看见十分漂亮的设计主题 very nice design motif going on with a lot of
有许多特征 这些塔很具多样性 texturing and a lot of diversity with these towers
轨道上有小细节 here and the fine detail on the rails and
窗户元素 然后在地面上 the window elements and then on the ground level
有纹路的行道 很多地方 you got the textured pavement, you got a lot of areas
供行人歇息 让他们去喝杯咖啡之类的 for pedestrians to stop and go get coffee or
威尼斯的圣马可广场 something like that. So St. Mark's Plaza in Venice
是大型公共场所兼顾人类尺度 is a great example of that same kind of scale
很棒的例子 in a large public space and you don't find
尔湾没有类似的公共地域 these kind of public spaces so much in Irvine or
最初设计时也不存在这样的地方 对吗 places that have been planned from scratch right?
尔湾人忘了一件事 And that's one of things that people miss in Irvine,
这是建在墨西哥大学的一个图书馆 this is a library building here at the University of
可以看见非常精致的艺术品 Mexico and you can see the incredibly detailed
铺砖在那建筑的表面 artwork, tile work that's gone into the facade of
草地图形和人行道结合 that building and that combined with the pattern
为那个地方创造出了 here of the grass and the walkways creates a kind
某种纹路感 of textured feel to that place, that makes
使得更具人类尺度 a little bit more human scale even though this is
尽管这是个十分大型的建筑 在威尼斯 a very huge structure. Here in Venice
抱歉是佛罗伦萨有布鲁内勒斯基圆顶 I'm sorry in Florence you have got Brunelleschi's Dome,
一栋精工细作的建筑物 a highly detailed architectural treatments,
新奥尔良的法语区 the French quarter in New Orleans,
旧金山的哈斯利连撒尔 this Haas-Lilienthal house In San Francisco
屋旁有许多细节 where you've got a lot of detail on the side of
粉饰 the house and the window dressings and all of
那些都丰富了视觉体验 that sort of makes for a kind of diverse visual
美化了比例 experience, nicely scaled. So features that really
违背人类尺度的特征 这出自 work against human scale and this comes out in the Gehl
格尔和吉姆松的文章 读到这篇文章时 and Gemzoe's article, so when you read that article
思考下这页面上的内容 and you think about this slide, there are things like
有类似查尔斯大厦的单调表面 Charles Mansion's monotonous facades,
这栋建筑是北校园的社科楼 the building here is Social Science Tower on
也是这种单调的墙面 North Campus is one of those kind of monotonous
它是种高层建筑 facades. It is kind of a highrise building but a lot
许多混凝土 墙面没有很多有意思的细节 a concrete not a lot of interesting details on the side.
我或许提到了 I might have mentioned that building was used
那栋建筑在人猿星球电影的一部中被用到 in one of Planet of the apes movies, where the apes
猩猩爬上社科楼的一侧 were crawling up the side of the Social Science Tower
这个校园被多次用于电影拍摄 so this campus has been used many times as
但它不是符合人类尺度的建筑 a movie set, but not the most human scale kind of
事实上当校园被设计时 a building and in fact when the campus was designed
最初设计师设计了 the inner circle by the original designers had
这些很大的混凝土整栋建筑 these very large concrete monolithic structures
但不讨学生喜欢 and not very pleasant to students, now that's a kind of
罗伯特萨墨来的时候就是这反应 thing that Robert Summer was reacting to
然后出版了他的书 when he came here and then published his book
《紧密空间》 里面说我们的工程大楼 Tight Spaces and called out our engineering building
和许多其它建筑缺少人类尺度 and a lot of other buildings for lacking human scale.
大单元很少或没有门 没有明显变化和功能 Large units with few or no doors, no visible variation
变动的墙面不主动向人们敞开大门 and function, passive facades that don't invite people
而是将人拒之在外 in or to be active but rather so to keep them out,
缺少细节 没啥有趣可看的 lack of detail, nothing interesting to look at
这些因素都是不重视 so all these kind of factors really downplay
损伤了人类 我确定你们可以 and hurt human scale and I'm sure you can think
想象出类似那样的环境 of other environments that are like that.
鸿运大饭店 So the Bonaventure Hotel, how many
你们多少人到过鸿运大饭店 have you have visited the Bonaventure Hotel?
你们发现了什么 有什么评论吗 And what have you find, any comments,
对这地方有神马反思吗 进去后 reflections on the place? When you go into
会发现里面并不难看 有水元素 it is not bad looking place, it has water elements,
很酷的电梯 kind of cool elevator things and has a lot of
有很多不错的休闲空间 nice human space inside. The problem with that
这个建筑的问题在外部 就是饭店建筑 structure is outside, it is the scaling of these towers of
与公路间的比例 the hotel to the freeways, it is very good scaling to
这个比例相对公路系统而言很好 our freeway system but not very good for
但对底下的行人并非如此 these pedestrians down here that are walking along
这些混凝土墙面硕大 又没有几个入口 these massive concrete facades with not a lot of
进入宾馆 entry points. You get to the hotel entrance,
进去后 但在外面没太多可做的 you go in but there is no a lot to do or see around
也没啥可看的 交通繁忙 the perimeter of that hotel, it is a lot of traffic
事实上人们可以在那自由行走 and in fact people can walk there if
如果走上端 they are elevated they have these passage ways
公路上方驾着这些通道 除此之外 over the freeways but other than that it is a
这是个十分高的交通环境 very high traffic environment so the outside
外面没有很好的尊重人类尺度 is not human scaled at all and that's what Gehl
这被格尔和吉姆松称为乏味的墙壁 and Gemzoe referred to as monotonous facades,
被动的墙壁 爱德华霍尔的文章中 passive facades. In the reading by Edward Hall
他谈到了汽车症状 he talks about the automobile syndrome and
当然鸿运大饭店展现了 certainly the Bonaventure Hotel shows
很多建筑是如何方便地 how many of our buildings have to be sided
立在公路旁 在坡道和出口处 conveniently to freeway, on ramps and exits
我们的车使用这种固定物 and we have this sort of fixation on using our cars
这被他称作动觉空间 as opposed to what he calls the kinesthetic
在公路上行驶时 sense of space, you have got the visual experience
会产生视觉空间体验 of space when you're zooming through an
你可以 environment on a freeway and you can
观察此地的风貌 observe broadly the contours of the place visually,
但你实际不能吸收许多细节 but you can't really take in a lot of these details
如声音 地点 through multiple senses like sound, site,
这个地方的味道 感觉 what the place smells like, what it feels like,
这些是一个环境中的小纹理细节 so these are fine grained details of an environment
当你走过时 when you walk through and that's called
那被称为动觉 如果去物理治疗 kinesthetic sense and if you go to physical therapy
有人有关节痛或其它病 and people have a knee injury or something
医生会试着让他们恢复 and the therapist is trying to get them to regain
动觉平衡感 their sense of kinesthetic balance, that is
那是他们所说的 what they are talking about, whether they are
无论他们能否感觉不同的感觉 able to sense the different feels and and
及环境特征 textures of the environments, if they can maintain
如果他们能保持平衡 这就是他在那文章中说的 a balance, so that's what he's talking about
他实际在批评许多美国城市 up there and he is really criticizing a lot of
没有注重 american cities for being so focused on
汽车交通 新城市化者也是这么说的 automobile traffic and that's what the new urbanists
我们不要那么多交通 were saying too, let's get rid of a lot of that traffic,
把城市变得更紧凑 适于步行 lets make cities more compact and walkable,
这样我们不用这么依赖汽车 so we are not so dependent on cars that are polluting
汽车会产生污染 让我们与环境尺度疏离 and sort of detach us alienate us from the scale of
下课休息前 our environments. So before we take a break I want
我想要你们做一件事 拿出一张纸 you to do one other thing, take your piece of paper
采访一个人 可以是坐在你旁边的人 and interview one person, they can be sitting next
或后面的人 我希望你们采访他们 to you or behind you and I would like you to ask them
尔湾缺少了什么地方 what place in Irvine, what are other places in Irvine
什么该有的地方却没有 that have been left out, what's not here that
可以是第三空间 should be here. Whether it is a third place or
或其他地方 some other kind of setting.
尔湾缺少了什么 What's missing from Irvine, so just ask
问问你隔壁的人 记下他们说的 your neighbor and write down what your neighbor says.
好的 你们的采访应该已经完成了 Ok so you guys should have your interviews done
首先是例子 and just for starters any examples, ideas about
觉得尔湾缺少了什么 what's missing from Irvine. Irvine is lacking of
尔湾缺少了人们可以聚集和闲逛的市中心 downtown area where people can congregate and
缺少夜生活去的地方 如夜店之类的 just hang out, night life, night clubs,
就连以前在这的戏剧中心Improb even the Improb that Comedy Pace that used to be here
都搬去了Spectrum 名字? moved over to the Spectrum. Yeah what is your name?
动物园 没错 没有动物园 我们可以用动物园 Zoo, that is true, no zoo, we could use a zoo...
记着我说过 我们说当我们说到 So remember I said when we were talking about
行为设置时 罗杰·巴克认为 behavior settings, Roger Barker's idea of places
存有物理和行为程序 that have physical and behavioral programs and
有循环特性 如阶级和团队的 have kind of recurring quality, like classes or teams.
我们说行为设置是 We said that the behavior settings are the building
构筑社区的基石 blocks of communities and the composition of
且构成那些行为设置 其多样性 those behavior settings, their diversity and
无论吸引的是不同年龄段 whether they appeal to different age groups or
还是不同族群或不同生活方式 different ethnicities or different lifestyles,
其多样性赋予了社区风味 is what gives the community it's is flavor,
特色 氛围 its character, its ambience. Ray Oldenburg
城市规划理论家雷欧登堡吸取了这个理念 an urban planning theorist picked up on this idea
并稍加延伸 使其不仅限于行为设置 and went a little further than just the behavior setting
他说 有不同种类的行为设置 and said well there are different categories of
第一空间 即家庭环境 behavior settings, first places, which are home
第二空间 and family environments, second places which
即工作地点和学校 are work and schools where you have to put out
在那你要努力干活 第三空间 a lot of effort and do your work and third places
是他理论的关键 which were kind of a linchpin of his theory,
指的是美好的非正式场所 were these nice informal places where people
人们可以在那与陌生人 朋友闲逛或放松 can hang out with strangers or with friends and relax,
在那他们能够逃离家庭和工作中的压力 so they get away from the stresses of home and work,
第一和第二空间 所以他说 the first and second places, so he said that places
缺少第三空间的地方 that lacked these third place settings,
不适宜居住 were bad places to live in,
它们没有任何人类尺度 对于他而言 they didn't have any human scale so for him human scale
人类尺度不只是物理尺度 wasn't just about the physical dimensions of scale
动觉尺度有更多动觉感知地点 in kinesthetic sense having more kinesthetic
但也有多样选择 sensible place, but also having diversity of options
所以大城市里有许多地方可去 so big cities have a lot of different places you can
休闲场所 go to and recreational environments and sports
运动场所 团队 environments and teams and all that and a lot of
而郊区许多地方没有这样的多样性 suburban places don't have all the diversity so
我们如何在社区中构建第三空间呢 how do we build third places in our communities
使他们变得更有趣呢 to make them a bit more interesting,
这些书讲的就是这个问题 so that's what these books are about, this one lays
这本列出了他的理论 《绝佳之地》 out his theory The Great Good Place and then
这本书是案例研究 this book is Case studies, it is a several case studies
有关社区如何创建有趣 on how communities have created interesting
富有生机的第三空间的调查 这是他的基本定义 vibrant third places, so this is his basic definition
读这书的选段 when you read the selection from his book,
准确地找到它描述的地方 you know, definitely look for how he describes
及不同种类的例子 and gives examples of these different categories,
第一 第二 第三空间 the first, second and third places and
那是他的主要贡献 that's really been kind of his main contributions.
这是他对第三空间的定义 Here you see his kind of definition of third places,
非正式公共生活设施 course settings of informal public life,
多种公共空间使人们定期 variety of public spaces that host the regular,
自愿 非正式 开心地 voluntary, informal and happily anticipating
参加聚会 gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of
那是在家庭与工作地点之外的 home and work, so whether we're talking about
无论说的是个有数百万人的高密度地点 a high density city with millions of people or
如尔湾 他说所有这些不同类型的团体 place like Irvine, he is saying all of these different
都需要多样性空间 sizes of communities, need their places for diversity
使他们变成更有趣的地方 to make it an interesting place, so many of you
你们中发现了尔湾缺少的地方 identified places that are missing from Irvine,
那使尔湾变得不那么有趣 that make it less interesting and wouldn't it
如果其中一些东西被加回来就好了 been nice if some of these things could be
现在你们知道了 added back in. Now you know we do have
我们确实有第三空间 没有许多 our third places , we don't have a lot of them
但这是一个例子 那被居民 but this is an example of one that's highly valued
甚至被访客高度重视 by residents and even visitors so you can see
所以可以看见 在UCI市场 每周六 this every Saturday at the UCI market place,
人们都会来这 他们说 people come here they say it's one of the best
这是全南加州最棒的一个农贸市场 farmers' markets in all of Southern California
就食品的多样性 人们的友好而言 in the terms of the variety of foods, the friendliness
人们可以讲很多 of the people, people will go into lot of detail
关于他们如何种植蔬菜 about how they grew a vegetable and the variety
蔬菜种类惊奇的多 人们似乎真的很关心 is crazy, people seem to really care about
他们贩卖的商品 你可以问他们问题 what they're selling, you can ask people questions,
会得到几经思考的礼貌回答 get a carefully thought out educated response,
这个人很棒 他的鳄梨 this guy is amazing, his avocados,
他会告诉你鳄梨的事 如果你喜欢地中海食物 he'll tell you about them, if you like mediterranean
你得尝一口 food you have to try this dip, so you know
这会让你明白 these are taken off the web comments about
网上关于去农贸市场的评论 为什么人们喜欢那里 going to the Farmer's market and why people like it
那如何创造出更多社区 and how that sort of creates more community,
创造出更多比例 创造出第三空间 it creates more scale and it creates a third place
人们可以聚集一起 were people can get together in ways that are
那里不同于他们的家和工作地点 different than if they are at home or work.
你们多少人去过丹佛这个书店 So how many you have been to this bookstore
叫做破旧封面 查尔斯 in Denver called The Tattered Cover? Charles,
你对那里有何印象 what's your impression of The Tattered Cover?
查尔斯说那是个很棒的书店 Charles says is a really cool bookstore,
好的 那儿有很多可以坐的地方 ok so tons of choices were to sit,
可以欣赏的东西 很多视觉体验 what to look at, a lot of visual variety,
很欢迎顾客到来 人们在里面呆几个小时 it's very welcoming, people don't get kicked out
也不会被赶出来 人们坐在那 after a couple hours it they are sitting there and
或许会在沙发上睡着 maybe fall sleep on the couch or they are
或许在读书 他们欢迎各年龄段的人 reading a book, it's very welcoming to people of
所以它是 all ages, all the nominations so it kind of
丹佛的一块宝地 a treasured place in Denver actually.
我要给你们看一小段录像 I am going to show you a little video, in here I am
我又要剥削我儿子的资源了 他是个电视台记者 going to exploit my son again who is a TV reporter,
这篇报道是在 but he actually did a report on the closing of
丹佛的破烂封面书店关门前拍的 one of The Tattered Cover bookstores in Denver,
不是市中心那个 not the main one downtown , but the one on
而是樱桃溪那个 给你们看这个 Cherry Creek and I just wanna show this to you
我觉得它捕捉到了人们对它的情感 because I think it captures how people feel,
他们对那个环境产生了情感依赖 their emotional attachment to that particular setting.
这是伊莱斯托克尔住今晚的休息寓所 Here is Eli Stokols live at the story retreat tonight
里面一小帮志愿者正忙着打包 where a small army of volunteers is busy packing up
这是个大商店 我相信他们很繁忙 and that is a big store so I'm sure they're busy.
这是支小军队 There is a small army indeed and
这个商店从未像现在这般 you have never seen the store looking quite
有200左右的人 like it does now, there are about two hundred or
人们来这做志愿者 so people here volunteers and they have got to
明天之前他们要搬运100000本书 move about a hundred thousand books before
就是到周一之前 当然 tomorrow, by Monday morning, of course
不是每个商店都会 it's not every store out there that's going to
有如此多忠诚的顾客 inspire such a loyalty amongst its customers
会吸引这么多志愿者来帮他们搬书 that actually show up and volunteer to help them
但这些人说 他们今晚想在这 move but these people say they wanted to be
因为他们说 here tonight because they say this store has been
这个商店过去35年一直为他们伫立在这 there for them for the last thirty five years.
这是破旧封面的最后的星期六 One last Saturday's at The Tattered Cover.
这个商店有许多记忆 There is a lot of nostalgia for the store,
每个人在其中都有自己的故事 each person brings their own story to it,
他们来这已有35年 for thirty five years they have come,
夫妻来这已成习惯 单身妈妈有所需来这 couples out of habit, a single mom out of need:
周日来这曾是我的忘却琐事的时间 On Sundays that used to be my getaway time,
在这我有机会听成年人谈话 have a chance to listen to grownups talking.
几代图书爱好者都被吸引至这干净 Generations of book lovers all drawn to this clean,
亮堂的地方 well lighted place.It is easy to strike up
在这很容易和陌生人开始谈话 a conversation with people you don't even know.
今天他们来这道别 Today they came to say goodbye, somehow over
这些年来 店主乔伊斯麦石让这个大店成为 the years owner Joyce Meshes made this huge
一个希望 附近居民的一部分 store a hope, a part of the neighborhood.
它一直是人们生活中重要的一部分 It has always been an important part of
当收款机最后一次响起 有掌声 people's lives, where there was applause and
甚至有泪水 even tears when the registers rang the last time.
但这故事是属于顾客与书店之间的 But the real story is the customers and the books,
没有那些故事 破旧书店就不存在 without those The Tattered Cover does not exist.
我听说 有三个顾客实际从其它州赶来 I heard that three customers actually came from
只为亲临 out of state just to be here on this the final day
樱桃溪破旧封面的最后一天 for The Tatter Cover here in Cherry Creek and
店内的许多东西都令人如此熟悉 a lot of the things in the store there are
这些旧棕色的书架 so recognizable, these old brown bookshelves,
地板上的绿地毯 the green carpet that you see on the floor,
许多东西你会在 a lot of those touches you will find
哈利法克斯大道上的罗伊斯莱剧院旁的 in the new store near the Lois Lane Theatre up
新店发现 他们准备在 Halifax avenue, they are set to open with a big ribbon
周一8点举行个大剪彩仪式 cutting right around eight a.m. on monday,
就是这些 guys back to you.
这是几年前的报导了 All right so this was a few years ago that
我没跟他讲过第三空间 he did that report and I hadn't talked to him
但他碰巧做了这篇报导 about third places but he happened to do this report
因为这店要关门了 because it was closing and it seemed to fit
这似乎很符合第三空间的某种情绪吸引力 so well the emotional appeal of certain kinds of
它俘获了人们的心 我不认为 third places and it captured that and I don't think
所有第三空间都可以做到这点 you have that in all third places, you saw a little
你们看了一点点对尔湾农贸市场的评论 bit of that in the comments about the Irvine
我们来看看其它的第三市场 farmer's market, let's look at another third place,
这个角落有星巴克 here you got a Starbucks coffee on this corner and
这个角落有另一个 another one on this corner, so you got sort of
有点星巴克大量扩散的感觉 a mass proliferation of Starbucks, this happens
这是在加拿大的温哥华 实际上 to be in Vancouver Canada and actually the CEO of
星巴克总裁的创业理念就始于第三空间 Starbucks began his business with the idea of
他想要星巴克成为 third places, he wanted Starbucks to be the third place
美国社区和全球社区的第三空间 to american communities and communities all over
他读过奥尔登堡的书 the world so he had read old Oldenburg, and
知道那个概念 问题是 knew about that concept question is can places
数量这么多的地点 that are so numerous and there are on just about
每个角落各有一家 如果去到纽约的百老汇 every other block, if you go down Broadway in
你会发现每个街区 New York you you'll find it a Starbucks on
都有家星巴克 just about every other block. Is that sort of cookie
那种饼切设计是否使其不符合第三空间的标准 cutter design does that detract it all from the quality
或是它能否成为个很好的第三空间呢 of a third place or can it still be a pretty
某个州是否有 good third place, whether there is thousands of
成千上万家星巴克 them in a particular state or not...
安布尔说 So Amber is saying that we had quite a
存在多样化的第三空间 diversification of third places where you have
一些地方便于大龄女 some better designed for older women trying to
勾搭单身小伙 或许是年下小伙 pick up a single guys maybe younger guys
所以有很多种类 so there's quite a variety out there but
但多少人认为星巴克是 how many of you think that Starbucks is
很好的第三空间 a pretty good third place or does it depend on
还是仅限于某些星巴克 the individual Starbuck? So it still provides
所以它仍有第三空间的特点 尽管尔湾有好多家 a third place and even if there's a lot of them and
这儿没有很多 但我们有自己的地儿 in Irvine we don't have a lot but we have got our pits,
有星巴克 我们应多少 we have our Starbucks so we have to kind of be
为我们所拥有的表示感激 但你们看 grateful for what we got but you can see some
一些社区有许多很详尽的第三空间 communities have a very elaborated menu of
可供人们选择 third places that people can choose from and
那使城市变得更有趣且更有生机 that makes a city very interesting an lively.
奥登伯格的理论这个意义上变得更复杂了 Oldenburg's theory has got a little complicated
因为有虚拟世界 in the sense that with virtuality and people
人们将其网络生活带至不同地方 bringing their wired lives into places,
现在出现了混合空间 we have these hybrid places now,
这不只是第一 二 三空间 it is not just first second third but you
而是第一 二空间的结合 二 三空间的结合 got first second combinations, second third
这家星巴克里 combination, so here you got a Starbucks
人们大多在单独工作 where people are working pretty much
他们很少与 individually they are not interacting with
陌生人和朋友有交流 strangers and friends so much, but there are
他们专注于自己的工作 focusing on their work so that is sort of
所以这有点像第二空间与第三空间的结合 a second place combined with a third place.
这有一些家庭办公室 Here you have a home office situation combining
结合了第二空间与第一空间 a second place and the first place, so home is
所以家庭不在是远离世界的避风港 no longer a refuge away from the world,
它们成为了把滚刀 人们在同一个地方做各种事 they are a hob where you do all kinds of things
屋内必须联网 in same space, they have to be wired,
必须要有无线网 they have to have wi-fi, so these are ways in
这是这些地方的改变方式 which these places are changing and Oldenburg
奥登伯格没有谈及其它环境 didn't talk about other kinds of settings,
他没有讨论开放空间和公共公园 he didn't talk about open space and public parks
正如一些反密度设计师 so much, as some of the anti density designers,
他更注重的是这些建筑环境 he was more focused on these built environments
人们能够在其中融合 社会化 where people can congregate and socialize
但这是非常有趣的理论 but very interesting theory about what
有关如何使空间有更好的比例且更有趣 makes spaces better scaled and more interesting.
周四我们将讨论 Now on Thursday we're going to talk about
威廉怀特的书 William White's book and this is one of the
这是这本书内的一篇文章 paperback text of this book where he did a
他在其中进行了关于社会空间十分详尽的研究 very intensive study of social spaces in
关于纽约社会空间 他做了定时间隔照相 New York City by doing time lapse photography
看人们去哪聚集 and seeing where people went where
什么空间受影响 they congregated what spaces were affected
哪些地方没有 他发现了 which one's weren't, and he found that
这些不同维度 these different dimensions here,
它们是在曼哈顿等大城市中心 were key to having a vibrant social space
造就生动社会空间的关键 in a large urban center like Manhattan and
我没有去过这所有地方 I won't go into all of these, we are going to
我们来看看周四拍的一段影片 see actually a film on Thursday that provides
这是些很有趣的例子 some really interesting examples of
他发现这些元素 how he discovered these elements from citable
从可引用空间到此地区的妇女比例 space to proportion of women in groups
太阳 树木 水等自然元素 in the area, how natural elements like sun, trees,
如何交织在城市空间内 食物供应商 water are woven into urban spaces, food vendors,
尽管他称他们为不良分子 even undesirables he calls them,
但空间常需要一些不良分子 space's often need some undesirables as long as
只要他们不伤害他人 they are not hurting anybody and acting out
它会将一个空间变得更有趣 it kind of makes a space a bit more interesting
然后有被他称为三角划分的东西 and then something he calls triangulation,
三角划分将人们聚集 and triangulation is bringing people together
在一些不寻常事件周围 around some unusual event like you have
例如一个杂耍艺人或小丑在表演 a juggler or mime that is doing something
人们就会被突然聚集一起 and suddenly people are drawn together and
他们看着表演 几乎就像不是陌生人 they're looking at that as almost they are
他们彼此熟知 not strangers, they are more familiar with
他们欢笑 他们拍照 each other, they laughing, they are taking pictures
这儿有个城市街头乒乓球台 and here you have got a street ping pong in a city
你可以做很多事来制造三角划分 and you can do a lot of things to make triangulation.
例如 我们先来看一个钢琴空间小短片 For example lets show a quick video of the piano
这是一个例子 spaces one first, so this is one example where in
洛杉矶 纽约 全球许多城市都有这样的 Los Angeles, New York City, lot of cities around
钢琴被被放在开放式的市中心 the world, they're putting pianos out in the
如时代广场 open urban centers, Times Square and just inviting
邀请人们来弹 钢琴说 people to come up, it's the piano saying
来弹我吧 我是你们的 人们可以坐下来 Play me I'm yours and people can sit down and
弹奏肖邦 贝多芬 布吉音乐 play Chopin and Bethowen and boogie or
或是任何他们想弹的东西 whatever they want to do.
我们来看看一些音乐台阶 So lets show the piano stairs,
这个更短些 你们得看看这个 there is one more short one, you have to see this,
这很有趣 这些方法 it is interesting too. So these are the ways to
可以创造威廉莱特所说的三角划分 create this triangulation that William
你们读这篇文章时 Lloyd is talking about so when you read his chapter,
记得寻找这些元素 look for these kind of elements.
这是另一个例子 So this is another example what a city
这样会使城市变得更有趣 has done to make it a little more interesting,
更具活力 更符合人类尺度 more vibrant, human scaled.
谷歌"趣味理论" So if you google FunTheory you will see
你们会看到更多类似那样的例子 some more examples of that. Just quickly
我们还有一些PPT we have got a couple of more slides to show you
你们要准备好读威廉劳埃德的篇章 so you are ready to read William Lloyd's chapters.
三角划分 我们说了如何将人们聚集一起 Triangulation, we talked about how to get people
让他们交流 together, get them interacting, these are some
这是其他一些例子 在澳大利亚墨尔本 other examples in Melbourne Australia they have
有这种自行车分享站 these bike sharing stations where people come to
人们去到那些地方 他们开始聊天 those stations they start talking and they meet
那样和人们碰面 在旧金山 each other that way. Here in San Francisco near
有这种小丑表演 Geardeli you got these mimes doing their thing so,
这样有个刺激机制 processes by which some stimulus provides
构成人与人间沟通的纽带 a link between people and from strangers to
让人们互相交谈 就像大家不是陌路人一样 talk with each other's as though they weren't
可坐空间 strangers. And sitting space, seatable space it
这个概念不断出现 comes up again again in terms of how to
就如何使得社区变得具行走性 make a community walkable how to make it
如何创造活跃的社会空间而言 a vibrant social space. So this is something that
这是威廉怀特在其作品中反复强调的一点 William White emphasizes a lot in his work
我想要你们读威廉怀特文章时 and one other thing I would like you to look for
注意另一样东西 when you read William White. He talks about
他探讨将这些设计发现 translating some of these design findings and
和行为发现转化成规范原则 behavioral findings into very prescriptive principles
所以在这他从他的研究中总结到 so here he is saying from his research he discovered
他发现 如果能 that if you can provide one linear foot of
在广场的每30平方英尺提供一纵尺的休息地 sitting space for every thirty square feet of plaza
那会使广场成为更具社会性的地方 that makes the plaza much more sociable space
我们将看其它一些例子 so we are going to see some other examples
设计师如何转化 where designers have actually tried to translate
基于行为研究的 very specifically and precisely designed guidelines
十分具体 精心设计的指导方针和原则 and principles based on behavioral research
例如我们在本课讲的一些发现 such as the kind of findings that we talked about
好的 享受怀特的文章吧 in this class. So, yeah enjoy White and
我们周四来看他的影片 we will take a look at his film on Thursday.