大家好 让我们接着上周的课程继续往下讲 Hi everybody. So, picking up on last week's lecture
我们上周讲到了环境应激 where we were talking about environmental stressers.
还提到了社交网络对于人体健康 And we talked about social networks being
可以起到积极的作用 你们能想象 very positive for health. Can you think of any
一个对健康有消极影响的社交网络吗? social networks that might be negative for health?
还是说社交网络一定就是好的呢? Are social networks always a great thing?
或者说这要看情况 看你所在的社交网络 Or is it contextual, does it depend on what type of
是什么类型?其他在这个网络里的人是谁? network you are in. who is in the network,
以及你通过这个网络做了些什么?露娜? what you are doing. So Luna?
官僚机构算是一个社交网络吗? Wouldn't bureaucracy be a social network?
官僚机构?好的它的确可以称之为 Bureaucracy? Yeah that can be a kind of
某种定义上的社交网络 还有没有其他 self-defining social network. What other kind of
一些网络可能对我们的精神健康以及 networks might not be so good for the spirit
行为健康产生不好的影响?你叫什么名字? or behavioral health? What's your name?
身处黑帮? Being in a gang?
这就是一个很值得推敲的情况了 So that might lead you to some pretty
因为这样你就不得不面临一些危险的情况 tricky situations that aren't so safe or helpful.
还有其他网络吗?监狱系统 没错 Other kinds of networks? Prison systems. Yeah.
还有很多其他的 我们之前看了关于肥胖的视频 You can think of others. We saw those networks on obesity
如果你的社交网络中的人你们都在增重 If your network, people are getting heavier,
那么这就导致你的体重也更有可能随之上升 there is a tendency that you are going to get heavier.
所以说在现实中的一些情况下 社交网络 So there are some situations where social networks
本身并不能为健康的体魄 per se are not going to be the ticket
打包票 我很想跟你们继续讲讲相关的问题 in terms of good health. So we want to go over
但是在此之前我们需要先来看看今天 some issues like that but first I want to go through
我们要讲的材料 上个周二我们讲到了 the material today. And last Tuesday we were talking
对于周遭环境的应激和反应-- about responding to the environment.
人们是怎么对环境中的应激力进行反应的? How people respond to environmental stressors,
比如温度 极端高温 住宅搬迁 like temperature, extreme heat, residential relocation,
长时间超负荷工作 以及由于自然或科技 work overload over time. Natural and technological
因素引发的灾难 我们周围有很多应激物 disasters, so there are a lot of stressors that
都会给我们的生理包括免疫系统施加压力 put strain on our immune systems and on our physiology,
而我们上周二主要讲的就是对于这些压力的 so we are talking about those kind of responses
应激反应 而今天我们想要讲讲 last Thursday. Today we are talking about how
人们对于环境设计的反应 people respond to environmental design.
以及这对于社会相互交流的影响 And how that affect social interaction so that is
所以说这是另一个层面的环境应激反应 a different kind of response to the environment
而我们也将会分析很多不同层面的 and we can look at different levels of
环境设计 我们周围有很多这样的设施 environmental design, so we've got facilities designed,
比如一栋大楼 这个教室也是一处小型设施 like a building. This classroom is a facility.
而住宅区设计则是一个中型规模的 Neighborhood design which is more of a mezzo
环境设施 至于城市设计或者是 or intermediate scale and urban design or
城市规划则牵扯到对整一座城市的 urban planning where you have the layout and
布局和该规划 而我们要研究的是这些不同 the plan for a whole community. So how does design
层面上的设计会如何影响我们的社会性行为 at these different levels affect our social behavior,
以及社会相互交流? our social interactions.
这其中的部分几页是对我们过去学习的复习 Some of these slides again will be a bit of a review,
也就是说我们还会不时回顾我们在之前的 we will pick on some things we talked about
课上讲到的内容 我们讲到过环境决定论 in earlier lectures. We talked about environmental
这个理论的核心伦理或者是猜想就是说 determinism which is the philosophy or the assumption
环境与我们之间一定存在着直接的不变的关系 that environments have direct or invariant relationships
比如如果我们接触到某种病菌就会生病 on us. So we get exposed to a germ, we get sick.
这就是微生物理论 又比如在居住环境中 That is the germ theory. Or you live close to
如果相邻很近 人们就很容易成为朋友 people in residential setting, you become friends.
这就是距离决定友情理论 That is proximity determines friendship.
麻省理工学院的费斯汀格和他的同事 And we have that study at MIT by Festinger and
就有一个类似的研究 而历史上丘吉尔 his colleagues and we have Winston Churchill
也曾经突出强调过这一点 回想当年 emphasizing that point there. And going back to
那时候我还是芝加哥大学的学生 my experiences as a college student
而我住的第一个集体宿舍 at the University of Chicago. My first dorm
就坐落在这栋名叫皮尔斯塔的高楼里 was this high rise here called Pierce Tower.
它跟我后来住过的很多集体宿舍 And it was quite different than some dorms
都很不一样 其中这间宿舍位于 I lived in later which is this one here,
博尔登贾德森庭 这栋建筑相对没有那么高 Burton Judson Courts, which was more of a low rise
整体环境颇有哥特式的味道 你们知道 Gothic kind of environment. You know really old style
那种老式的餐厅以及漂亮的庭院 不得不说 dining rooms and nice courtyards and I have to say
这样一个环境跟卡拉汉撰写的 in this environment here when you read that paper
那篇关于住在高层宿舍中的情况的论文 by Hollahan about what it's like to live in
描述的情景整个就是如出一辙的 High Rise dormitories, that was it for me.
那是一个疯狂的地方 我们可以彻夜 It was a very crazy place. We had a lot of noise
不停地制造噪音 有时候我们会把 at all hours of the night. Sometimes we would roll
钢琴推到电梯里 再搞一把贝斯 the piano into the elevator and get a washed up bass
有人还会弹着吉他 我们会在 and somebody played the guitar and we would
凌晨3点的时候穿梭在楼道里玩音乐 go up and down at 3 in the morning playing music
有时候会有一扇门打开 有人在里面说 and the door would open and people would say
"是谁在外面制造噪音啊?"然后门关上 oh who is making all that noise and the door
我们会直接到下一层楼去继续 would close and we would be onto the next floor.
更夸张的是 有时候有些人喝得酩酊大醉 Even crazier, some people when they were in
他们甚至会从窗户爬出去 various states of inebriation would actually go out
然后沿着外面的窗户溜达一圈 that window and walk around the outside window
从房间的另一面再回来 他们就是这么做的 and come in the other side. They could actually do it
时不时有些人会失足摔下去 所以这么做不好 and once in a while people fell and that wasn't so good
但当时那就是一个非常吵闹的社交型宿舍 But it was a very active noisy very social dormitory.
后来我搬到这里 这个地方要压抑的多 When I moved into this place it was more subdued.
这里没有那么多噪音 是一个更加收敛的 Not as much noise, a little bit more laid back
环境 而现在的问题就是 这些不同的 environment. So the question is do these dormitory
宿舍环境真的会对我们产生决定性的影响吗? structures really have deterministic effects on us?
我们这个课程中有一个主题经常会被提到 And one of the themes that comes out a lot
那就是物理环境与社会环境 in this course is that the physical and
这二者是高度相互依存的 the social environment are highly interdependent.
也就是说物理环境中的变化也常常会 What goes on in the physical realm often affects
反应到社会环境中 我们在埃珀亚德关于 the social realm. We see that in the study by Appleyard
旧金山的某个居民区中的交通量的研究中 today on traffic volume going through a neighborhood
也可以看到 这个研究还深入分析了交通量 in San Francisco and how that affects people's
对于邻里之间关系的影响 我们看到 neighboring patterns for example. We see that
卡拉汉的研究还提出了一个问题 in the Hollahan study in terms of the number of
那就是德克萨斯州立大学的大学宿舍楼层 stories that a college dormitory has at the university
以及它对住宿学生关于宿舍生活的感受 of Texas and how students are feeling about dorm life,
有何影响 包括住在顶层和底层的学生 living on the top floors and on the bottom floors.
这里的问题是 这种物理环境真的会 Question is are there these deterministic effects
对社会性行为产生决定性的影响吗? of the physical environmental on social behavior.
我们接下来就要分析一些相关的例子 So we'll see some examples of where that comes out.
首先是卡拉汉在德克萨斯州立大学的 So this is the study by Hollahan and it was at
110位新生中开展的实验研究 the university of Texas with 110 freshman.
他们之所以选择新生是因为他们不希望 They wanted freshman because they didn't want
实验对象有能力选择住自己喜欢的宿舍 students that had a lot of choice in living in
他们理想的实验对象是那些直接被 their preferred dorms, they wanted people that
分配到高层宿舍或者 were assigned to the high rises,
底层宿舍的学生 并且研究他们的反应 the low rises and then to see what happened.
有人可以简单总结一下从这个研究中 Can anybody summarize just quickly
得出了那些重要的发现吗?你说? what the key findings to that study were? Yes?
罗谢尔 住在楼层较低的宿舍的学生 Rochelle. The lower floors, so if you were living on
在填写问卷调查的时候 the lower floors, when students filled out
对于他们的宿舍生活的评价 these questionnaires, on their evaluations on
以及对于宿舍的整体氛围的评价 residential life and the social climate scales that
这个概念鲁迪穆斯也曾经提到过 Rudy Moose talked about and which we will
我们等一下还会再讲 这些住在低层的 go over again today. They were more positive
学生通常对这些问题的答案要比那些住在 if they were on the lower floors than if they were
高层的学生更积极 那么在男女学生中 on the higher floors. What about women and
结果有不同吗?有何差异?雷斯利? men students? Any differences there? Lesley?
是的 通常情况下女性相对于男性 Yeah, generally the females were reacting more
对于宿舍的反馈会更加积极 这包括了宿舍 positively to the social opportunities of the dorm,
提供的社交机会 建立人际关系的机会 to the relationship opportunities and personal
以及宿舍这个环境提供的个人发展的机会等等 development that the dorm afforded compared to
这是他们研究的另外一个发现 the males. So that was another trend that they found.
那么在13层楼高的高层宿舍 What about the differences between the high rise
就像我之前在芝加哥住的那栋宿舍楼一样 13 story dormitories, like I was living in that dorm
这样的高层宿舍跟低层宿舍 就比如 in Chicago, versus the low rise dorms
只有三四层楼的宿舍之间又有何不同? which might have had 3 or 4 stories.
有人记得这个问题的结果是什么吗? Anybody remember what happened there?
同样的 结果表明住在高层宿舍中的学生 Again the people living in those high rise dorms
对于他们的大学生活或者说是宿舍生活的 had a less positive college experience or
反馈相对没有那么正面 接下来这些 residential experience. So these are some of
问题是他们询问学生的不同出发点 the dimensions that they asked students about
这个在关于大学住宿环境的调查中都有涉及 on the university residents environmental survey
其中一条就是关于在某一个特定的宿舍中 and one dimension is about how social relationships
学生之间是如何建立起正常的社会关系的? get established among members of a particular
这样的宿舍是否能够帮助学生的个人发展? residents hall. Does that residents hall provide for
又是否能提供正面的鼓励? your personal development and encourage it?
回忆一下我们以前曾经讲过 Remember we talked about smaller
小型的行为背景在一定程度上是 behavior settings sort of cultivating or
可以培养甚至辅助人们的个人发展 enhancing people's development in terms of
比如说领导风格的 所以根据环境具体的 leadership style so depending on the size of
大小不同 个人能够得到的发展水平 the facility you can have various different
也是参差不齐的 outcomes in terms of development.
其他的问题还包括这种集体宿舍会 And also does the organization emphasize maintainable
更倾向于保持相对静态还是不断改变? staying static or does it emphasize change?
现如今的产业世界中 很多企业都是 A lot of companies in our industrial world that are
非常注重保持稳定的 一些在华尔街上 very focused on maintenance. Some of the blue ship
热门的公司股票发展的核心 utility stocks that are on wall street are all about
就是要维持其股票能够长生不衰 maintaining that sort of blue ship constancy
值得股民信赖 而另外还有一些企业 and reliability, whereas other companies are
他们更在乎能否在潮流中寻得一丝机遇 very much into capturing a moment in current trends,
不管这潮流是由谷歌还是脸书引领 whether that be Google or facebook,
对他们来说 他们所处的环境就更加求变 so their environments reflect that emphasis on change.
他们所处的环境随意性很强 They are very flexible environments and they have
他们感知到的环境氛围 感受或者说 a different feel or ambiance or social climate
社会气氛跟那些循规蹈矩运转的企业 we would say than companies that have more rigid
所处的环境是截然不同的 以上提到的 kinds of work environments. So these are some of
就是集体宿舍具有的一些可能影响到 the social climate dimensions that were affected
其中社交氛围的物理环境特点 by physical features of the residents halls.
当我们要讲到社交气氛的时候 Now when we start talking about social climate
我们就有必要回顾一下 we need to go back to this exemplar of
功能失调的环境模型 圣路易斯北边 a dysfunctional environment. Pruit Igoe in
有个名为"布鲁伊特-艾格"的建筑群 St. Louis where 33 11 story buildings were
当时有33栋11层楼高的房屋被修葺在了 constructed on this 57 acre site in St. Louis near
这片占地面积为57亩的土地之上 North Side and originally the Pruit buildings
其中布鲁伊特楼是提供给美籍黑人的住所 were going to be for African American residents
而艾格楼是提供给白人的住所 and the Igoe complex was going to be for
这两个命名分别是为了纪念 white residents and they were named after
文戴尔布鲁伊特 一名二战时期的 like Wendell Pruit was an African American
美籍黑人飞行员 以及议会成员艾格 World War Two pilot and Igoe was a US congressman
但是在种族隔离被裁定为违反宪法之后 but when segregation was ruled unconstitutional
这些建筑中的种族构成界限也模糊了 they merged the racial composition of those buildings
而当时很多人对此并不太能接受 and a lot of people at that time felt uncomfortable
但更甚的是 这些建筑的结构本身 with that, but more than that the structure of
也相当程度上侵害了人们所需要的 those buildings really discouraged what has been
防卫性空间 通常人们希望自己 called defensible space. People feeling like
周围的环境有一定安全感和防卫性 they have a kind of security or defensibility
而后来曾经发生过一件事 of their environment. One of the things that happened
因为这些建筑建成当时 楼间距非常小 because revenues were very tight during the time
毕竟那时候还是1951到1956年 于是很多 these were built, it was 1951 to 1956. a lot of amenities
应有的便利设施还不齐备 比如说那时候 from those buildings were cut out. So rather than
电梯没有办法在每层都停 它只能停在 having the elevator stop at every floor they stopped
四层 七层和十层 on the fourth floor, the seventh floor, the tenth floor.
他们当时之所以选择这种间隔停止电梯 They had these skip stop elevators and
是因为他们认为这样会更有效率 they thought that would be more efficient plus
再者他们在楼道内设置了一定的公共区域 they had these sort of public areas internal public areas
这个区域在电梯以外 而且不同的住户 outside the elevator where you had different
房屋都面向这块公共区域 但实际上这个设计 apartments opening onto them but what this did
反而给每一层都带来了很多陌生的访者 is it brought a lot of different strangers to each floor
他们本身不一定住在这层楼上 这就导致 who didn't really live on that floor so you had less
住户对于本层的邻居的辨识度大大降低 recognizability of the residents at each floor,
而这也致使了该环境的不可预料性的增加 made it a more kind of unpredictable environment
很多发生在这栋楼中的犯罪事件 if you will and a lot of the crime that happened
都是在这些靠近电梯的公共环境当中 in those buildings were in these interior spaces
因为在这些地方经常会有人通过 near the elevators where you would have people
并且由此转移到其他他的楼层去 getting off from a lot of different floors and
于是人们之间互相完全不熟识 因此这些 people don't know who is who, so that defensible
建筑的防卫性空间系数非常低 space factor was very low in those buildings and
乱涂乱画以及肆意破坏公物现象严重 you have a lot of graffiti and a lot of vandalism and
同时这些建筑与外部街道的相对结构 the way these buildings are sighted to the street,
使得其中的住户很难得知 there is very little opportunity of the residents
有人来到了本楼的某一个入口 knowing if someone comes in along here to
又或者是他们究竟是这栋楼的住户 this entry point, do they belong to this building,
还是那栋楼的住户 这片地方拥有将近 that building. There were close to 3000 residential
3000个住宅房 而我们应该给人们 apartments so you wanted to give people that
一定的过渡空间 使得对人们私密性的保护 transition space where we talk about intimacy
能够有一定梯度--从公共到半公共 gradients going from very public to semi public,
再到私人住房 我们应该是给住户 to private, to private apartments. You want to
这样一个过渡 是他们能够更好地了解 give people that transition so you can recognize
哪些人是邻居而哪些人不是 但布鲁伊特- who belongs and who doesn't. Pruit and Igo
艾格建筑群在这方面做得很差 was pretty bad on those dimensions.
接下来我想要给你们展示一个短片 Now we are going to show you a film that was
它拍摄于布鲁伊特艾格建筑群期间 developed around the time Pruit Igo was being
完成于它在1950年代被建成之后 constructed and after it was constructed in the 1950s.
大家知道在1972年 这个项目不得不 As you know in 1972, that whole project had to be
被取缔 这个住房的功能已经完全丧失 demolished, it was so dysfunctional no one
没有人愿意住在这里 而且这里犯罪高发 would live there and there was so much crime,
公务破坏严重 导致人们纷纷搬离 so much vandalism. People just checked out
最终市政府也决定整体拆毁这个建筑群 and the city had demolished the whole thing
也就是说这个项目花费了他们巨大的资金 so they wasted millions of dollars on that project
尽管最开始作为一种尝试 它被证明是 even though initially it was heralded as
一种良好的解决低收入者住房问题的建筑结构 a great architectural solution to low income housing.
这个项目由圣路易斯住房部门全权负责 These developments are run by the St. Louis
它体现了那些常年居住在破落的房屋中的 housing authority. This is a far cry from the crowded
贫穷人民强烈的呼声 collapsing tenements that many of these people
在这个光鲜亮丽 宽敞舒适的 have known. Here in bright new buildings
新楼盘中 他们将开启新的生活 with spacious grounds they can live.
这是一个美丽的地方 It is a very beautiful place,
要我说是酒店级别也不为过 like a hotel resort, I'd say.
这是沙漠中的一片绿洲 崭新锃亮 IT was like an oasis in the desert. All this newness.
我从来没有想象过我能够 I never thought I would live in
住进这样的一个环境中 that kind of a surrounding.
到底发生了什么?某一天我们睡醒 What happened? Well one day we woke up
这一切就都消失了 他们的卡车停到楼前 and it was all gone. They pulled up with a moving van,
那一瞬间我知道这里将变成地球上的地域 I knew at that point that it was hell on earth.
这里现在就像一片战场 严重的公物破坏和 It now looks like a battleground. Vandalism and
政府的忽视使得在50年代中期仍然居住于此的 neglect has left fear among the remaining occupants
居民们感到恐惧 圣路易斯政府认为他们 in the middle 50s, St Louis thought it had solved
解决了低收入人民对住房的需求 its low cost housing needs.
但事实上这一切都是一场灾难 But instead a monster was created.
居住体验开始变得非常糟糕 The experience had gone terribly airy.
而且蔓延之势完全不受控制 这个建筑群 It was just uncontrollable. It is such a symbol
在当时太具有代表性以至于我们忘记了 that we tend to forget that it is no different than
它跟周围的城市环境其实别无二致 the city that surrounded it. What happened to
发生在圣路易斯的一切都是悲剧的 St. Louis was tragic but that's simply not
但我们想要讲的故事并不是那么简单 how we've told the story. Pruit Igo was always
布鲁伊特-艾格一直也在反抗着衰败的侵袭 fighting against this terrible tide of destruction
尤其当时整体经济发展势头都不看好 in the midst of an economy that was dying.
于是很多本身联系紧密的家庭和社区都 The strong tight knit communities of families
开始破裂 就像一直伴随我长大的那个社区 with which I grew up had begun to shatter.
一样不复存在了 这是最让我感到悲伤的 And it wasn't there it is one of the most tragic things
它就仿佛是在跟我说这是对我出生贫穷的 I've seen. It is saying to me that we were being
一种惩罚 因此才引起了这么多愤怒的声音 penalized for being poor that caused so much anger.
那些没有舒适的地方可以生活的人 Persons that don't have a decent place to stay
才会自愿接受和承担这些风险 are willing to take these kinds of chances.
我们住在这里就要承担风险 就是这样 Where we live we are taking chances. This is it.
但现在一切已经不受控制 This is out of control and we are no longer
而我们也不再想要忍受 going to tolerate this anymore.
我认为作为住户 我们必须划清界限 I say as tenants we have go to draw a line
像这种情况说不 我们不再忍受 and say no more. No more.
布鲁伊特-艾格建筑群的拆毁被一些 The destruction of Pruit Igoe was heralded
建筑批评家看作是现代主义建筑的结束 as the end of modernist architecture by some
而当初设计布鲁伊特-艾格建筑计划的 architectural critics and the architect who
建筑师跟设计纽约世界贸易中心大楼的 developed the plans for Pruit Igoe was the same
建筑师正是同一个人 architect who designed the world trade center
在他的设计中不难看到来自法国的 in New York and he was very much influenced
科尔布希埃的高密度设计理念的 by the high density design of Core Bousea
深远影响 我们下周会开始更细致地 in France and next week when we start
讲到关于城市设计的知识点 talking about urban design in more detail
那时候我们还会回来研究现代主义建筑 we'll see what those principles were for
中的核心原理都是为了是什么 modernist architecture but that kind of shows you
这一定程度上能够解释布鲁伊特-艾格 what was happening at Pruit Igoe and
项目在实施和投资中发生的一切 what did happen in that whole investment and project.
你认为类似的建筑群拆毁事件会发生吗? Do you think the demolition of the building
假设这个建筑群是被建在另一个拥有 would have happened if it was built in a different
不同文化背景的不同地区? location with a different culture in a different area?
这是一个好问题 我认为布鲁伊特-艾格 That's a good question, I think one of the observations
事件的一个发现就是它建成的这个地区 at Pruit Igoe that it was built in an area that
在此之前就已经是圣路易斯著名的贫民区 was already stigmatized in St. Louis as being poor
人们认定那片地方很危险 加之人们普遍 and being dangerous and also you have the flight
在搬离城市的中心 当时很多人都 away from the city. There were a lot of people
不愿意住在城市的核心区 that didn't want to live in the downtown core
而布鲁伊特-艾格的建成正是希望能够把 and Pruit Igo was intended to bring people back
人们拉回城市的中心区 这就跟纽约的 to the center of the city. Just like in New York
曼哈顿一样 那里有大批的房产开发商 in Manhattan, you had these really large public
在建设着多层的公寓建筑群 housing authority, apartment complexes, multi story.
但圣路易斯的环境是不同的 St Louis was a different kind of environment and
那里的人们没有那么热衷于生活在市中心 people were less keen to live in the center of
所以当他们在城市中建起这样的住房时 the city so when you cite these kind of buildings
他们已经要面临很多反对的力量和声音 in places that already have things going against them,
在这种情况下这些项目很难获得 hard stacked against them, they are less likely
最终的成功 所以这是一个好问题 to be successful. So that is a good point.
一些布鲁伊特-艾格建筑群的研究者 Now some of the research that came out of Pruit Igoe,
就是那些对于环境行为很感兴趣的人 people interested in environment behavior emphasized
他们非常强调这个建筑设计中的一些缺陷 the design features of the structures that made it
认为正是这些缺陷导致了防卫性空间的缺失 difficult to establish defensible space or
并使得居住者对于该环境缺乏必要的控制力 bringing the environment under occupants control of it.
至少要让他们认为自己对于周围的环境 The feeling that they have some control over
能有一定的控制力 防卫性空间这个概念的 what goes on in that environment and one of the major
主要推崇者之一就是奥斯卡纽曼 proponents of defensible space was Oscar Newman,
一名城市社会学家 这是他关于 an urban sociologist. This is his book on
防卫性空间的著作 而这些是他在纽约 defensible space and these are some examples
及其他城市中进行的系列研究中的部分例子 of the projects that he studied in New York and
其中这些是纽约市内的例子 other cities. These are from New York,
提尔顿楼 还有这些低层的布朗斯维尔楼 the Tilden Buildings, these low rise Brownsville houses
和凡戴克楼 以及这些更加低层的 and Van Dyke buildings here and then a development
名叫布鲁克林的住房 called Breukelen which was more low rise and
包括凡戴克楼以及这些楼房 then this Van Dyke these kinds of buildings here
它们跟布鲁伊特-艾格楼在结构上都是一致的 where you see that same kind of pattern as Pruit Igoe
我们都可以看到一样的几何设计结构 you have these geometrically arranged mega structures
但它其实会导致人们很难在其中开发出 but it is very hard for people to establish any kind of
任何次层领域或者是在公共街道和 secondary territory in here or transition between
私人空间之间的过渡性空间 这就像是 public street and private apartments. It is a kind of
一片无人区 这也是这种防卫性空间系数 a no man's land and that is one of the problems
较低的环境的面临的首要问题之一 with these low defensible space environments.
纽曼在研究中发现 如果我们把 What Newman found is that if you compare
六层以下的建筑与 the buildings that had 6 or less stories with those
六层以上的建筑进行比较 比如这些楼房 that were greater than 6 stories and these buildings
就有十四层 并且把这个变量与 that had 14 stories and then you cross that variable
住房规模 也就是每栋楼的住房单元进行比较 with project size, number of residential units
并且将1000间房屋作为划分的标准 per building. Less than a thousand or greater than
那么得出的结果就是犯罪数量最高的 a thousand apartments. What happens is this mean of
情况是平均每1000间住房67起案件 67 here in terms of the number of cases of crime is
这种情况多发于高层并且 highest where you have the high story buildings and
人口聚居密度极大的住宅区中 the very dense large number of apartment residences.
我们可以明显看到犯罪案件的上升 So you get the jump in crime there.
也就是这个每1000间房屋中的犯罪数量 Number of crimes per 1000 residents.
在衡量时我们结合了楼房的高度 When you combine the height of the building
以及居住人口的密度 and the density of the building.
以上就是纽曼的研究的一个重大发现 So that was a key finding from his research.
当然他的研究中还有其他一些 Now he found some other things that were
有趣的发现 当他以楼层数量来标注 pretty interesting. When he plotted the building
房屋的高度时 这里有一些表示 in the number of floors and these are
高度的大括号 不同类型的房屋可能有 height brackets here. Different categories of buildings
两层 四层 六层 八层等等 他发现了 with 2 stories 6/8. He found this linear relationship
在每1000户家庭遭遇抢劫案件与 between robberies with 1000 families and
房屋高度(楼房层数)之间的线性关系 building height, number of stories.
这看起来非常符合环境决定论对吗? So this looks like environmental determinism right?
也就是说房屋越高 抢劫事件越多 The more you go up in height, the more robberies.
从中我们可以看出人口密度与房屋高度 So there is something about that density and
一定程度上打破了正常的社会结构 height that is breaking down the social fabric
使得人们不能很好的相互认识 where people can't recognize each other.
也不再互相关心他人的事情 They don't care about each other. About other
这种情况就跟原始丛林无异 individuals and it is more of a jungle almost.
纽曼的另外一个发现是 Another thing that Newman found is that
把犯罪地点按照一定的标准 when you break down and disaggregated
细分成了三层左右的底层建筑 where the crime happened. In the 3 story buildings,
六到七层的中层建筑以及三十层左右的 the mid rise 6 or 7 story or even the 30 story
高层建筑 并且分成了不同的事发地点 buildings certainly in these categories here.
私人住房内部和楼宇外部场地的犯罪率的确 Inside the apartments and on the outside grounds
会随着高度增加而增加 但犯罪发生率 you had somewhat of a jump, higher numbers
明显升高的地点在高层建筑中其实 for the high rise buildings where you really see
是在楼宇内部的公共空间里 the jump is in the interior public spaces and
就比如说这些电梯以外不受保护的区域 these are those unprotected spaces around
在这些地方人们无法辨认遇到的人 the elevators where people didn't really recognize
是否安全 因此这种情况下的防卫系数 each other and it was kind of a very low
是非常低的 这也是为什么在这里犯罪 defensible situation and that is where you get
案件会随着楼房高度的上升 the greatest increase because of the height of
有一个显著的提高 这也是纽曼提出的 the building or the number of stories. So that was
一个非常有意思的研究发现 a pretty interesting finding that he came up with.
最后他概括总结出了几个 And in general he concluded that there are
能够加强防御性空间的要素 certain factors that enhance defensible space.
其中一条就是给不同空间明确的定义和界限 So one is provide clear territorial definition of space
也就是说让人们拥有一定私密层次 Which is to say give people those intimacy gradients
使得空间中公共 半公共和私人空间的 that are clearly visible between the public and
界限能够得到明显大的划分 the semi public to the private.
而不是直接从公共空间跳到私人空间 Don't go immediately from the public to the private.
不要像那种工程中心 Like an engineering plaza,
那种工程中心有一栋核心的办公楼 the tall engineering building, the original
办公楼外面是一个公共广场 engineering building you have public plaza out there
而走进办公楼 电梯就会直接把你带到 and then you go into an elevator and you go up to
不同的办公室去 也就是说它没有一个 where the offices are, there is no lobby
类似大堂这样的能够作为广场和 there is no transition between the plaza and
通往办公室的入口的过渡地带 some kind of entry into that engineering building
这样的一个结构就是纽曼所谓的 here on our campus. So that is what he means
能够划分公共和私人空间的过渡地带 by breaking out that transition between public
这就是对空间进行的所谓定义 and private and defining the territory.
大家应该还记得我们曾经讲过领土性质 Remember we talked about territoriality and
以及个人空间的内容 那时候我们提到过 personal space and how you define territories
如何定义空间 比如定义它是一间宿舍 whether it is a dorm room or some other kind of
还是其他某种环境时 我们会先给它 environment by personalizing by putting up
贴上个人或者是集体特点的标签等等 evidence of group identity and things like that.
另一种途径是合理安排窗户使得住户 Positioning windows so that residences can survey
能够合理观察楼内楼外的公共空间 interior and exterior public spaces.
纽曼非常重视观察的能力 Newman was very big on surveillance.
他认为如果人们能够辨认窗外的人 If people can look out their window and know
是否是自己这栋楼的邻居 who belongs and who doesn't belong that
这无形中就会对街道形成一种监视 puts eyes on the street in a sense so that
从而使得陌生人出现在住宅范围内 it is less likely someone is going to be there and
住户却无法辨认他是否外人的可能性 sort of be unrecognized as not belonging.
以及犯罪分子由于不为人所知 And therefore be able to commit some kind of crime
而轻松实施犯罪的可能性都大大降低 that if were recognized wouldn't have happened.
纽曼还认为房屋的建筑应该避免明显 Adopt building forms that avoid perceived
可见的缺陷和弱点 我们在纽曼的 stigma and vulnerability. And there are certain
防卫性空间研究中常常能看到 building forms that we see repeating in
一些重复出现的案例 包括布鲁伊特艾格 the Newman defensible space research proved that
包括芝加哥的卡布里尼格林 这是另外 Igoe Cabrini Green in Chicago which was another
一个著名的功能缺失型住宅区 dysfunctional residential complex.
这些住宅区的宏观结构设计中 Where you have these mega structures,
这些高层建筑之间都没有明确的 high rise buildings with no sort of semi public
半公共-半私人型空间 semi private space adjacent to them.
这似乎象征着住户的低收入和缺乏保护 That connotes poor low income not defended
也就是说这种房屋结构已经被植入了 so there are certain symbolic meanings of
一定的象征性含义 而纽曼认为这是 those building forms that have to be avoided
在房屋建筑中应当避免的 最后一点 according to Newman. And then finally as
我们以前也说过在为住宅楼选址的时候 we were saying before try to locate those buildings
我们应该选择那些没有明显负面信息的 and areas that don't already have some stigma
地区 否则人们肯定会对其带有偏见 attached to them so people are going to be biased
甚至完全没有意愿入住这些地方 to living there or going there in the first place.
事实上环境的确会承载着这样一些 And areas of environments do acquire these
特殊的象征性含义 比如洛杉矶中南部 symbolic meanings for example, south central LA
在发生了暴动之后 从那里开车经过的 after the riots there, people riding on the freeway
人们从此就很少再在那里逗留了 through that area were very reluctant to stop
哪怕只是停下来吃个汉堡他们都不愿意 and have a hamburger for example,
他们连在那里吃餐饭的事件都不肯停留 they didn't want to have fast food there.
我曾经有一个研究生在毕业论文中 I worked with a graduate student who did
做过这样一个研究 她在洛杉矶中南部 a dissertation where she photographed various areas
以及洛杉矶其他地区比如说 in south central LA and other parts of LA
韦斯特伍德 伯班克等地拍摄了一些照片 like Westwood, Burbank. And she put
并且为之标上了不同的标签 比如给一张 different labels on them. She took a south central LA
洛杉矶中南部的照片贴上韦斯特伍德的标签 in a photograph and called it Westwood.
但她发现人们对于这些标有韦斯特伍德 People were much more positive about
实际上却是洛杉矶中南部的环境的态度 that environment even though it was actually
要比真实的中南部好的多 也就是说人们 in south central LA, so people develop these biases
的确会出于历史原因等等考虑对 and prejudices based on the history of
这些环境产生一定的偏见和歧视 what happened in those environments.
从环境心理学以及城市设计 Now from an environmental psychology point of view
和设施设计的角度来说 and urban design and facilities design point of view
我们都可以使用一些策略来加强 there are strategies we can use to enhance
防卫性空间 这就是我接下来要讲的内容 defensible space. So that is what I want to talk about
我们在设计时可以采用哪些策略 next. What are some design strategies we can use
让人们产生更强的自我个人空间意识 to create a stronger sense of personal space.
也就是更强的空间防御性感受 One of them, or stronger sense of defensible space,
其一就是对颜色和划分范围的使用 one strategy is to use color. And enclosure.
图片上的这个区域是一片依附于后面 So here you have got this recreational sort of
这栋楼房的半公共半私人娱乐性用地 semi public semi private area attached to these
之所以这么说是因为我们看到这个环境中 buildings by virtue of the fact that you are repeating
颜色的使用跟房屋的颜色是统一的 this color scheme here in this outside environment.
就是房屋上面前门油漆的颜色 The same color scheme that is on the front door.
从而使得这个区域与住宅有机结合在了一起 So it is tying that space to that environment.
因此在这个区域内活动的人会被默认为 So people that are in that space are presumed
是房屋的住户或者是到访的客人 to be residents. Or visitors of the residents.
要研究另外一个可行的途径 Another thing that we want to try and do is
我们就要回到克里斯亚历山大关于 go back to Chris Alexander's notion of
私密层次的概念 他在他的著作 intimacy gradients. He claimed in this book
《建筑模式语言》中提到住宅小区中的 A Pattern Language. That it is important to lay out
楼房建筑布局应该要遵循一定的条理 buildings in neighborhoods according to
比如说它要有一个公共的入口 a sequence that begins with the public entrance.
然后慢慢地延伸向更加私人的区域 And leads into slightly more private areas and
最终止于最私密的个人空间 finally the most private domain.
所以即便是在低收入者居住的公寓里 So even in these low income apartments
住户至少也应该有一个象征性的门廊 you give the residents at least a symbolic porch
一旦有人从公共人行道上走进门廊 where anybody going from the sidewalk onto
他就算是进入了一个半公共半私人的 the porch is entering a kind of semi public
空间 也就相当于这个门廊是用于连接 semi private zone. So it is a transition into
更加私密的个人空间的一个过渡 the more private part of the apartment.
同样对于一个工作环境来说 And also a work environment here you might create
也可以建立这样一种用于团队交流的 this sort of social space buffer zone semi public
半公共半私人型社交缓冲区 semi private for team interaction where
员工只需要走到自己私人的办公空间 the individual can go into the private work space
把门关上就能够享有更多的个人空间 and pull this door closed and have more solitude.
所以不管在什么样的环境中我们都应该 So you want these intimacy gradients as much
尽可能地创造出一定的私密层次 as possible in various kinds of environments.
接下来我要展示的幻灯片中的例子 So I'm going to the other slides for a minute and
也能够说明这些策略的使用 首先我们 show examples of these strategies. So here we are
又回到了还没有被拆除的布鲁伊特-艾格 back at Pruit Igoe before it was pouring down.
从中我们不难看到私密层次的缺失 So you can see the lack of intimacy gradient here.
这里还是公共的街道 然后它马上 You have got the public street and you go
就连接到了住房的内部 right into the guts of the building.
这种结构也没有很好地把楼前的 Not really defining this area as attached to
这篇空地与住宅楼本身相连结 the building in a meaningful way.
在楼房内部的公共空间里有很多的涂鸦 Lot of graffiti in the interior public spaces
在电梯周围也好 在楼梯井里也好 around the elevator, in the stairwells.
这里是有游乐区域 但是几乎只符合最低限度 You had play areas that were kind of minimalist.
为了划出这样一块区域他们不得不从 They had to cut out of those projects
最原始的设计蓝图中删去花园的部分 the original plans, they had to cut out gardens,
以及原本应该更好的娱乐区域和 they had to cut out the more enhanced
运动场 开发者的确圈出了一块地 play areas and playgrounds. And they gave people
供人们在那里打壁球 some hoops and some areas to play racket ball.
但总的来说父母想要时时监控 But basically the parents had a hard time
孩子的去向还是非常困难的 keeping surveillance of over where their kids were
因为他们住的房间太高了根本什么都看不见 because they were so high up on the top floors.
所以最后这整个区域都干脆被荒废了 So eventually this whole thing had to be torn down.
如果我们想要使用一些策略 And if we go into some of the strategies that can
来加强防卫性空间 help enhance defensible space.
其中一条就是合理利用空间提升 One of those strategies is elevation,
假设我现在在爬这个楼梯 并不是说 so I am going up the stairs now and that doesn't
这个过程中我就真的走进了私人空间 necessarily take me to a more private area
但是在这个情况下 当我走上这段楼梯 in this room but in this space as you go up the stairs.
其实我就是从公共的停车区转移到了 You go from public parking lot to these different
这些不同的层面的用地区域 landing zones here, these different levels and
这个区域最终将会连结着私人的住房 finally you get up into the private apartments.
因此当你穿过这段楼梯的时候 So you are making a transition as you go through
其中空间的提升就形成了一个过渡 this landscape so you can use elevation
也就是说我们可以有意识地利用地形 you can use landscaping to connote that you are
来表示我们从公共空间向私人空间的移动 moving from a public to a private area.
以此来有意识地形成一定的私密层次 You are trying to beef up these intimacy gradients.
同样我们还可以利用颜色达到相同的目的 You can do that again with color.
比如我们可以把这个公共人行道与 You can try to tie this public sidewalk to
旁边的住宅相连结 只需要把用于标记的 the residential structures by bringing those colors
颜色延伸到墙面上就行 这跟我刚刚给你们 up on the wall here just as they did in that
看的那张幻灯片效果一样 就是那个利用 other slide I showed you, bringing the color
大门颜色来连接门前空地的设计 to match the doors, the front door colors.
这个例子也一样 通过带有颜色的沥青 And here again they are using that colored asphalt
这一片户外的空地就与后面的住宅 to define this outside area as attached to
及设施连接成一体 身在其中的人也会 this residential facility so that people who are here
被认定为是这个社区的分子 are soon to be part of that community so
因此环境也能够起到一定的沟通作用 it helps to communicate through the environment,
区分究竟哪些人是自己人 这些都有助于 who belongs and who doesn't. And that increases
防卫性空间的增加 另外还有一个 more defensible space. Another strategy
可行的策略就是视觉规划 you can use is sight planning.
在这个例子中 设计者设计了这样 So in this particular instance the designers created
一个L型的房屋结构从而通过 a kind of L shaped block and they created
这两侧的建筑划分出了一片缓冲地带 a buffer zone that was bounded by these two sides
其中的住户如果从这些窗户望出来 of the apartment building so that residents can look
他们就能看到这片缓冲区 out of their windows here on this buffer zone
而这片区域也就成为这栋楼的附属用地 which is attached to these buildings only.
同时这个结构也算是公共街道通往 And that provides the transition from the public street
半公共半私人区域的一个过渡区 into the semi public, semi private play area here
可以作为连通住宅的娱乐或者休闲区 or sitting area then into the apartments.
而且这样一个缓冲区还连通了 So you create this kind of buffer zone for
这栋住宅的四个不同入口 the different entries of that building.
这就是视觉规划的利用 So that is using sight planning by sighting
通过这种几何形的视觉规划 the building in a geometric way, you create that
建筑师扩大了防卫性空间和监视的机会 greater defensible space, surveillance opportunities.
这又是我们之前看过的在马里兰州的 And here again is that apartment building
住宅楼 我们看到这个住宅的门前有一些 in Maryland where they are creating the small porches
小型的门廊 尽管它很小 但是至少它能 and they look very minimal but at least they are
给住户一种感觉说他们的住房 giving the residents some inclination that
有这样一个从公共到私人的过渡 they have this transition from public to private.
这是在巴尔迪莫 这些门廊还被 Here in Baltimore you have those porches again
一些植物性装饰进行了突出强调 signified by some plant decorations to give
并且有助于这个社区产生社会认同感 that community some social identity.
它能够证明住户对这个社区的关心 That people care about that community,
证明住在这些房子里的家庭对于 that there is a sense of sort of jurisdiction over
这个地方是给予了足够的关注和管理的 that place for the families that live there.
另外还有一个策略经常会被使用 And one other strategy that has been used and
我们以后还会再细讲这个策略 we will talk more about this when we get into
在我们讲到人性对人类行为的影响的时候 the role of nature in human behavior.
但在纽约和其他一些大城市里 But some well income communities in New York
一些高收入住宅区都会针对住户开展一些 and other large cities have run gardening programs
园艺项目 他们会给住户提供一定的 for the residents where they give the residents
园艺资源 包括种子和必要工具 some gardening supplies, some seeds, some tools
然后在每年夏天举办一个园艺比赛 and they have a contest at the end of the summer
看看谁家的院子里种出来的蔬菜最好 to see who grows the best vegetables and
来评比冠军 这样的项目通常对于 who wins that contest and these programs are
团结这些住户来说都有非常积极的作用 very helpful in bringing the residents together.
有时候甚至会有黑社会势力牵扯进来 Sometimes gang members would get involved
只为保护这些花园 这其中会有很多 to protect the gardens and there is a whole kind of
势力相互协同 这会创造出一个更好的 synergy that happens to create more positive
社会氛围以及更大的防卫性空间 social climate, more defensible space.
因此我们应该在这些环境中 So you try to create activities in
举办这样的一些活动以达到这个目的 those environments that accomplish that.
现在我再简单总结一下我刚刚举的例子 So just recapping the examples that I've talked about.
这些是我们作为建筑设计师可以使用的 These are some strategies that you can use as
能够加强防卫性空间的策略 a designer to enhance defensible space.
可以利用次级空间中的颜色使用 Color coding of secondary territories
来将其与主要空间相连结 to attach to more primary territories.
主要空间指的当然就是住房本身 Primary territories are the apartments themselves.
还可以利用视觉规划来划分出天然的 Sight planning of buildings to create natural buffers
易于为住户所观察的缓冲区域 that can be surveyed by the residents.
还可以利用空间的提升来形成 Using elevation of landscaping to mark transitions
公共与私人区域之间的过渡 between public and private areas.
或者是建立一些具有交流性功能的区域 Establishing interaction spaces like gardens
比如说在住房边上开辟一片土地作为花园 for residents adjacent to apartment buildings.
我们要做的就是利用这些策略 What you can do is capitalize on these different
把一个本身可能象征着低收入水平的 strategies to take an environment that might be
环境(尽管它本身肯定受到很多限制) low income, it might have some limitations to it
但是通过一系列的环境设计来改善 but through environmental design enhance
它的社会氛围以及这个环境 the social climate, the social properties
本身的社会属性 所以我们说物理环境 of that environment. Now we said that physical
和社会环境之间是息息相关的 and social environments are highly interdependent.
他们会在很多方面相互影响 They influence each other in major ways.
这里有一个很好的例子 堂埃珀亚德的 This is a great example, this study that was assigned
这个研究非常契合我们今天的话题 for today by Don Appleyard. How many of you
多少人以前曾经读过他的作品?有吗? have read Appleyard's work before? Any of you?
他是一个非常有影响力的城市设计师 Well he is a really influential urban designer
他曾经长期在加州大学伯克利分校 who tried at the university of California Berkeley
进行研究 但不幸的是他很年轻的时候 for many years and he unfortunately died
就在一次交通事故中身亡了 very early in an automobile accident.
他对于城市设计领域的主要贡献在于 But some of his signal contributions to the field
他对于交通以及交通量对于 were to study the effects of traffic and traffic volume
人们的社会性行为有何影响的研究 on social behavior and he did this really
这个有趣的研究是在旧金山开展的 interesting study in San Francisco where
他选择了同样的一些社区 he took the same basic neighborhood
这些社区的种族构成相同 with the same racial composition and
社会经济地位也相同 但其中的一些街道 socio-economic status but some of the streets had
每天可能有大概两千辆车通过 2000 vehicles going through them per day.
另外一些街道每天有大概八千辆车通过 The moderate traffic streets had 8000 vehicles
而交通密集的街道每天则有 per day and the heavy traffic streets had
一万六千两车通过 所以在最后一种情况下 16000 vehicles per day. So you have got a lot more
交通量跟前面比是要大得多的 traffic volume at that bottom situation there.
然后他找了一些住户让他们画自己的居住范围 And he then asked people to draw their home territory.
他问他们哪些范围算是他们的居住范围 What do they regard as their home territory.
在这些不同的环境和不同的街道中 In those different environments, in those
他发现在交通稀少的街边居住的人 different streets. What he found was in the lightly
更倾向于认为整栋楼都属于他们的 traveled streets people referred to their territory
居住范围 "我认为我的"家"可以延伸到 as the whole block. I feel that my home extends to
整一栋楼 路面交通并不会影响我的生活 the whole block. Street life doesn't intrude into
我看到路面上的一切都非常美好" the home and only happiness comes in from the street.
这是一个相当正面的评价 That is a pretty positive comment.
"我非常认可这整栋楼都是我的居住范围 I definitely think of this whole building as my home.
我对这个环境有一种责任感" I feel a sense of responsibility.
这些是他在访问那里的居民的时候 These are some of comments that
他的受访者对于他们的邻里行为 his respondents made when he surveyed them
做出的部分评论 about their neighboring behavior.
他们的邻居是谁? Who did they neighbor with.
他们认为这个范围有多广? How broad was their conception.
以及在他们认知当中的居住范围 Their cognitive map of their territory.
在交通量居中的街道上他得到的 On the moderately traveled street you had
关于居住范围的划分则缩水了不少 a more shrunken notion of social territory.
认为整栋楼都属于自己居住范围的 You had people not as many people drawing
人数减少了 有些人认为整栋楼都是 the whole block, some of the people the whole building,
而有些人只圈出了自己的公寓那一部分 some just their immediate apartment.
而在交通量密集的街道上我们看到 In the heavy traffic street that is where you saw
结果跟交通稀少的街道形成了鲜明的对比 most contrast with the lightly traveled streets.
人们评论说这个环境几乎是完全公有的 People here are saying it is impersonal and public,
"来自路面的噪音能够传到我的家里 noise comes from the street and intrudes into my home.
我的居住范围只有这个房间 甚至比这还小" My territory is just this apartment, not even that.
而在这些社区 这些街道附近 So what happens in these neighborhoods,
在户外玩耍的孩子相比之下也要少得多 these streets, is that fewer kids are outside playing.
出于行人安全的考虑这个环境也更加 It is a less walkable environment because of
不适宜行走 因此这个物理情况就 the pedestrian safety concerns. And you see
造成了社交层面上的一个明显缺陷 this kind of deficit at this social level created by
这一切正是因为更加密集的交通量 the higher traffic volume. So you have got
因此我们看到糟糕的物理环境会 the physical environment knocking down and
导致邻里之间必要社交的减少 diminishing the social interaction, the neighborhood.
这就是一种相当具有决定性的影响 So it looks like a pretty deterministic affect.
当然根据社区具体情况的不同 And it might be different depending on certain
结果可能也会有一定出入 但是总的来说 contextual features of neighborhoods but generally
高密度的交通的确更有可能导致社区中 high volume traffic does tend to do that
社交的缺乏 它让人们觉得不那么安全 to neighborhoods. It makes them less safe and
不那么社交 也让环境不适合儿童居住 it makes them less child friendly. And less sociable.
当我们讲到关于行人安全点的问题 Now when we look at pedestrian safety,
讲到关于孩子不在交通拥挤的街道上 talking about children not playing on those
玩乐的问题时 我们不妨来看一下 heavily traveled streets. When you look at
通过不同的交通出行方式以及 these different types of transit and deaths
每亿英里旅程造成的死亡人数 by hundred million miles travel.
驾车出行每一亿英里平均会 Driving is associated with 1.4 deaths
造成1.4人的死亡 per 100 million miles traveled.
飞机只有0.2人 因此飞机与车相比 Flying just 0.2, so flying tends to be a lot safer
更加安全 而步行每一亿英里 than driving. Walking is associated with nearly
就会有大约50人死亡 50 deaths per 100 million miles traveled.
因此行人在城市当中面临的危险更多 So pedestrians have a harder go of it in our cities,
尤其是在一些遍布高速公路的城市 especially in some freeway dominated cities,
比如休斯顿 迈阿密 洛杉矶等 所以接下来 like Houston, Miami, LA. So in the next part of
我们会先休息一会儿 休息结束后 the lecture. I'm going to give you a little break now,
到今天的课结束之前 in the next part of the lecture as we finish up,
我都想要讲一讲车辆减速措施 I want to go through traffic calming strategies.
也就是如何在社区中让交通的 How do you take a neighborhood and
通行速度减慢 交通压力降低 calm down the traffic, slow it down so
这不仅对行人更安全 同时它也 it is safer for pedestrians but also make
有助于把社区打造得更适合行走 the neighborhood more walkable.
使得身在其中的住户能够真正地 So that it provides more amenities for people
走到户外 走到社区中去 that will actually be out in the neighborhood
那么我们先休息五分钟 and walking around so take about a 5 minute break.
好的上课 接下来我们要先看一个短片 OK we are back. Next thing we are going to do
这个短片由唐纳德埃珀亚德提供 is see a short video by Donald Appleyard
拍摄于伯克利环境模拟实验室 that was made using the Berkeley environmental
它向我们展示了埃珀亚德是如何 simulation laboratory and it demonstrates how
构思他关于交通减速的设想的 he developed some ideas about traffic calming,
这也很好地展示了这个研究在伯克利 so it's a pretty good indication of the research
是如何开展的 所以我想让你们先看看 developed at Berkeley. I'd like you to see this.
这也算是一个横跨了环境评估研究 And it's kind of a cross between environmental
情景模拟研究以及交通减速 assessment research and simulation research
三个学科的项目 as well as traffic calming.
几乎所有人都住在街边 Nearly everyone lives on the street.
人们从古至今都住在街边 People have always lived on streets.
它是城市中唯一真正意义上的公共场所 They are the only true public places in our cities.
这是旧金山某个居民区的一条街道 Here is a residential street in San Francisco
这周围住着很多带小孩的家庭 where many families with children live.
现在正是下午放学后的时间 街上到处 It is late afternoon after school and the children
都是放了学的孩子 他们在穿梭的 are all out on the street. They play around
车辆之间玩耍 因为街道就是这里 between the cars. For the street is the only
唯一的露天场所 这里的交通并不繁忙 open space available. The traffic here is light.
事实上过往的车辆并不算多 Not too many cars can drive through in fact,
所以这条街还是很特殊的 跟旧金山的 it is quite a unique street. As most streets
很多其他街道一样 交通还是会 in San Francisco, the traffic has all
对这样的街道生活产生一定的压制 but suppressed this kind of street life.
而这个短片将会展示一些途径 Now this film is going to show a few ways in which
以便我们创建更适合居住的街道 more liveable streets can be created.
我们会通过把街道带入实验室来完成这次展示 We will do it by bringing a street into the laboratory.
就像这样 这是一条双向行驶的车道 Here it is. A two way street with parallel cars
车辆平行地停靠在路两边 这很危险 parked on each side. Quite dangerous because
因为孩子随时可能从中冲到街道上 children can dart out from behind them.
我们首先可以做的事情是这样 Now the first thing we can do is this.
我们可以建造一些直角型路面结构 We can group the parked cars right angle
将停靠的车辆分组并停靠地更加紧密 parking stacks them more compactly.
并留出一定空间以供其他的居民性活动 And make some room for other resident activities.
在市场前面可以建一个街头广场 A street corner plaza can be created in front of
修得更宽的人行道可以为用户 the market. The wider sidewalk along the houses
提供修葺花园的空间 can be used for individual from gardens.
住户也可以更方便走上街头 And residents can come out on the street.
街道变窄了 而且只有单行道 The street is narrower and one way.
停车也更困难了 Parking is a little difficult.
这些都有助于降低车速 All helping to slow the cars.
另一种方式是对角线停车法 Another solution is diagonal parking.
这可以使得人行道更宽 This makes the sidewalk wider.
那些躲藏在停靠的车辆中间的孩子 Children who are hidden behind other
也更容易看到经过的车辆以及 kinds of parking. Stand a better chance to see
被这些开车的人看见 and be seen by passing cars.
但是还有一种更有效的方法 But we could make a more effective change by
那就是把道路的一端变成一个死胡同 turning the end of the street into a cul de sac.
所有的停车位都集中到街道的一端 The parking spaces lost are placed on the end
从而留出足够的空间建立起一个 of the street. Leaving enough space for
公用的花园 a communal garden.
除了减少或者挤占 While reducing and narrowing
交通空间之外 增加居民用地还有一种方式 the traffic spaces, one way of increasing resident
那就是共享街道的空间 space sharing the street space is a new alternative.
在荷兰 这种街道被称为生活化街道 In the Netherlands, such a street is called a woonerf.
也就是一个住宅庭院或者是花园街道 And that means residential yard. Or a garden street.
在这里行人可以自由行走 Here pedestrians have the legal right of way.
如果车辆想要通过 他们就必须保证 Car drivers are allowed into the space but
车速小于15英里每小时 only if they drive under 15 miles per hour.
小路障或者是小斜坡必须设立在道路的入口处 A curb or ramp must be passed over on entry.
而人行道也延伸到了整一条街道之上 And the sidewalks are expanded to take in
同时这种途径也能够提供足够的空间 the whole street. We have accommodated
给在其他方式中停靠的车辆 the same cars that were in the other alternatives.
自然而然 空着的停车位可以为孩子们利用 Naturally empty parking spaces will be used by
他们在有限的街道中能够找到更多 children and they have found a place to play
可供玩乐的地方 这种街道在荷兰 more in the street space. These streets have become
非常盛行 现在荷兰境内已经有超过 so popular in Holland that over 800 woonerfen
八百条这样的街道 傍晚时分 have now been constructed. In the late afternoon hours
这种街道会变得人声鼎沸 this street could become alive with people and
却又保持着远离交通的宁静感 yet remain a peaceful sanctuary away from the traffic.
在这个短片里我们重新设计了 In this film we have started to redesign the inner
城市中现有的道路结构 在下一个短片中 city street our next film will take a look at
我们将会研究居民道路在节能减排 the future of residential streets.
变得日益重要的未来将会如何发展 As energy conservation becomes more urgent.
比如说当轿车变得更小更环保之后 For example, smaller, more energy efficient cars.
大概就是这栋楼前第一部车的样子 Here is the first one on the block.
如果每个人的车都变成这样呢?它只需要 What if everyone had one? They require about
目前美国车辆四分之一的空间 1/4 of the space of a current American car.
因此用于停车的路面会变得窄得多 And the moving lanes can be much narrower.
这就意味着供给居民使用的空间会增大 All opening up more space for resident use
对这些道路和车辆的重新设计 Now the redesign of streets and cars can
不仅能够保护住户和孩子们 not only protect residents and children from
不受交通的负面影响 the negative effects of traffic,
还可以把我们的城市打造成 they can make the city a place
一个人们喜欢居住的地方 where people might really like to live.
这个例子很好地展示了如何利用 So that's a great example of using an environmental
环境模拟实验室 在这个研究中 simulation lab in that case it's a scale model
他建立了一个成比例的动态模型 dynamic simulator that was built in the basement
这一切都是在伯克利的伍斯特大厅 of Worcester Hall which is the architecture
也就是他们的建筑与规划楼中完成的 and planning building in Berkeley.
为了能在这个研究中建立起旧金山 To simulate different chunks of San Francisco
不同地区的不同街道 county for these kinds of studies.
他们对这个实验室的使用可谓高效 And they used it extremely effectively
同时它也非常符合我们以前在讲到 it also ties back to the theme we mentioned
可持续性时提到过的一个主题 when we were talking about sustainability,
那就推动绿色屋顶的运动 这个运动的 the green roots movement. And the whole idea of
概念就是把自然引入我们的屋顶 bringing nature into the city on our roofs,
而当我们讲到了在街道层面的 on the street level and we are going to see
城市设计的时候 这个主题一定 this theme over and over as we get into
还会不断地出现的…… the urban design part of the course...
尤其是在我们讲到自然对我们的 when we talk about the effects of nature
行为与健康的影响的时候 而埃珀亚德 on behavior and health. What Appleyard was
在短片中向我们展示了一些设计策略 showing you there were some design strategies
来降低交通通行速度 to slow down or calm the traffic,
这里他就提到了一些元素比如路面 so these are elements like speed bumps,
降速装置 安全岛 收缩路面宽度 median strips, narrow road widths and
以及通过设置保障行人安全的信号灯 pedestrian safety signals that reduce
强制降低车辆通行时的速度 the speed of vehicular traffic.
他还讲到了荷兰的生活化街道 Now he talked about Holland the voonerfs
也就是花园街 这些是这种类型的街道 or street gardens. And these are some of
所共有的一些特点 他们会在住宅附近 the things that typify them, they use these kind of
设置这样一些栏杆来保护在里面 posts to protect the areas near the buildings for
玩耍的孩子 通常这些道路都非常窄 children to play in here. The streets are very narrow.
所以停车位也不像其他一些情况下 The parking is such that you can't park
有那么多 有时候他们会在路中央 as many cars in there. They sometimes put
设置一些拐弯 这也能够降低车辆的 a little bend in the street so you can't go as fast
行驶速度 同时还有很多交通标记 and there is a long line of signage.
这些元素都在花园街中投入使用 So these are elements being used to try and
以期降低车辆通行速度 接下来我还想 slow down the traffic. And I want to show you
给你们看一些图片 来展示一下其他一些 some 35mm slides here of strategies that have been
在欧洲和美国常常被使用的设计策略 used in other areas of Europe and the US.
这张图片还是在荷兰 他们设计的 So this is Holland again and they use narrow streets,
道路狭窄而且迂回曲折 they use these sort of roundabout elements
以此来降低交通速度 他们还经常会 to slow down traffic and they often close off
关闭一些公共广场 这是荷兰代福特市 their public squares. This is Delft Netherlands
他们会把这整一个市中心都封闭起来 where they closed off this whole central area of
专门供给行人进行人行活动 the city for mostly pedestrian activity and
或者是节日庆典及集市 所以这个环境 festivals and fares so it is a very pedestrian
对行人来说非常安全而具有保护性 safe defensible environment.
这是波士顿的范纽维尔大街吧 This is Fanuwell hall in Boston and again,
是一片巨大的城市用地 城市设计者 it is a very large urban area where they are using
在这里种植了很多树木并且设立了 trees they are using a lot of amenities like
许多饭店等类型的便民设施 包括供人们 restaurants around here. Benches where people
坐下休息的长椅等 以打造出一个社交空间 can sit to create a social space, so even though
所以即便你身处波士顿 作为行人 you are in the part of Boston there, you've got
在这里你仍旧能够获得足够的安全保障 a kind of protected area for pedestrians and
因此这条路也非常适宜行走 并且受到 making it very walkable and very low impact from
周围路段的交通影响也很小 尽管这条路 traffic along the adjacent streets there even though
本身离城市核心商业区非常近 it's very close to the downtown commercial district.
有多少人曾经去过这里?有人去过吗? How many have been here? Any of you been here?
这是在波士顿吧?上张图片是在波士顿 Is that part of Boston? The previous one was Boston.
你去了范纽维尔大街吧?那是个不错的地方 Did you get to Fanuwell Hall? Yeah. It's nice area.
这是在西雅图 这里名叫先锋广场 So this Seattle, it's called Pioneer square.
广场的设计者也使用了很多植物 And again they have used the trees,
他们还专门开辟了一些区域用于餐饮进食 they've used some protected area for meal space,
这种环境都是非常适合走路的 lot of walkability in this kind of environment.
因此这里也受到了包括游客和当地居民的 And it becomes a very attractive place for tourists
强烈追捧 这个地方离我们更近了 and residents alike. Now closer to home,
我想大家或许都见过这条街 you all probably have seen this street.
在欧文 曾经专门有过针对路面植物的 Here in Irvine there has been an investment
一笔投资 因此我们才会看到这样的植被 in street trees. So you've got this planting here
而这条宽行人道也让这个区域对于 and these wide sidewalks that make that area
行人来说变得更加安全 同时也更 a little bit safer for pedestrians. A little bit
便于行人的行走 而在米歇尔森的 more amenable for walking on Michelson
路面上 有这样一种路人装置 you have a pedestrian device set up where
只要按下这个按钮 you push the button here and basically
街灯就会亮起来 这样当行人 the street lights up where the pedestrian
过马路时 司机就能够清楚地看到 goes through so cars can see them.
以上这都是一些可以降低车速 So these are all strategies to slow down the traffic.
把街道环境变得更安全并且 To make that environment a little safer and
更适合周围居民行走的策略 more walkable. For people living in the area.
在苏黎世 我们又能看到另外一种 Now in Zurich you see another European
非常欧洲式的传统 那就是他们非常 kind of convention and that is to put a lot of
强调使用自行车作为出行工具 emphasis on bikes. On rail transit,
同时他们的有轨电车系统也非常发达 so they've got an incredible tram system there
只要搭上这种有轨电车 where you can get anywhere in the city really quickly
不管去哪里都非常方便快捷 and you get on one of these trams and
而且车里的指引地区也非常清晰 they give you a really good picture,
你随时都可以知道下一站到哪里 a cognitive map of the next stop coming up and
因此不管你去的地方多远 you can cover a lot of ground even though
尽管这些有轨电车穿梭在城市的各个角落 those are running right through the city.
它们的速度依旧非常快 这是苏黎世的火车站 They go pretty fast. This is the Zurich train station.
意大利 荷兰等等欧洲国家的铁路系统 The train system, in Italy and Europe in general
总体上来说比我们的要发达的多 is a lot more developed than what we've got over here.
如果你身在像苏黎世这样的欧洲城市 And then you go through European cities like Zurich
你还可以看到大量的自行车 and you see this preponderance of bicycles.
欧洲人受到他们文化的影响 So people are through their culture are sort of
一向非常喜爱骑车和步行 reinforced to ride bikes. To walk and to be less
而没有我们那么依赖汽车 dependent of automobiles as we are over here.
这也是一种降低交通速度的方式 That's another way of slowing down the traffic
有一个词我刚刚提到了很多次 Now this term walkability of neighborhoods
那就是社区是否适宜行走 现在我想要 comes up a fair amount and I want to sort of
更深入地讲讲所谓的适宜行走是什么概念 go into what exactly we mean by walkable neighborhood.
这是大学园里非常漂亮的一个区域 So this is that nice area in University park
人行道两旁绿树成荫 很多学校都坐落在 with trees along the sidewalk, the schools over here.
这个大学园当中 我们看到路中间的安全岛 University park elementary and you've got this
当初设计者可是花了大成本才铺设了 median strip that was put in at great expense to
这样的安全岛以降低米歇尔森车道的交通速度 kind of slow down the traffic on Michelson drive.
而我们所谓的适宜行走性指的是一定范围内 Now by walkability we mean overall support for
环境中对行人步行的整体支持 这就包括了 pedestrian travel in an area. It takes into account
行人辅助设施的质量 路段整体路况 quality of pedestrian facilities. Roadway conditions,
土地使用模式 社区支持 行人安全 land use patterns, community support. Security.
步行舒适度等等 比如有没有长凳可供 And comfort for walking. You give pedestrians benches
行人休息 比如有没有专门的设施 to sit down on. Do you give them other kinds of
就像刚刚我们看到的那种信号灯那样 facilities like those signals they can push to
让行人能够指示过往车辆他们要过马路 alert people that they are crossing the street.
因此 用于加强社区适宜行走性的 So specific factors that enhance walkability
具体元素就包括了是否存在人行道及 of a neighborhood would be the presence and
人行横道以及这些设施质量如何 quality of sidewalks and cross-walks.
比如说行人是否有专门用于行走的区域 If you give people specific places to walk and
而不是直接站在行车道上 you don't put them right up on the street for example
其他元素还包括通量更小速度更低的交通 and where you have lower traffic volumes and speeds.
人们在行走时认为自己有多安全? How safe do people feel when they are walking?
这也是一个重要且具有一定主观性的 That's another important component,
关于适宜行走性的衡量标准 a subjective component of walkability.
再比如路上有没有植物 水元素 Do you give them street trees, water elements,
以及其他人们天生就喜欢的 other natural elements that people are naturally
自然元素的存在?以及不同道路之间是否 drawn to. Connectivity between streets,
能连接成体系 比如曼哈顿的街道连接性 a grid system, like in Manhattan, is very connected,
就很好 所有东南北方向的道路都是 all of those north, south, easy streets are
相互连接的 走在这样的城市里 interconnected. So you can walk around that city
也很容易获得所需要的各种服务 and get your services very quickly. However
但是如果你住在一个死胡同型的社区 if you live in a cul de sac neighborhood like
比如说伍德布里奇或者是欧文的某些地方 Woodbridge, or some other area of Irvine or
又或者是像伊斯特布拉夫这样的纽波特海滨 Newport beach like Eastbluff, go into one of those
在这些地方 道路总是蜿蜒曲折 neighborhoods and you've got these very curvy streets
这样的确能够很好地把人们与 and that is great for separating people from
拥堵的交通分离开 但是这种社区通常没有 high traffic but it doesn't make the neighborhood
那么适宜行走 因为不管是去杂货店还是 as walkable because you can't get to the grocery stores
饭店都将不再那么方便快捷 easily or you can't get to a restaurant as easily.
因此在规划时 应该将不同的土地使用 So mixed use planning and clustering land uses
方式相结合 尤其是在人口高密度的情况下 together in different ways, in a high density situation.
这种混合的规划模式会比纯死胡同式的 There is more promotable walkability than these
街道规划更有利于提高道路的适宜行走性 cul de sac sprawl situations. Even though
尽管有些人更喜欢郊区 他们希望逃离 some people like the suburbs, they like to get away
城市交通的影响 因为交通的确会影响到 from traffic it does cut down certain aspects
道路的适宜行走性 而这种混合型的街道 of walkability. And it gives them less proximity
则将是人们的出行更便利 在这样的地区 to value destination so areas that have mixed uses
你可以在一平方英里的范围内做很多事 you can do a lot of things in a square mile,
而在另一个死胡同式的社区 whereas in another neighborhood you've got another,
比如说如果你住在欧文的特托罗 like if you live in Turtlerock Irvine,
那么你就要沿着特托罗大道走一大圈 you've got drive down Turtlerock drive to get to
才能找到西夫韦超市或者洗衣房什么的 the safeway or the cleaners or anywhere else.
这是从是否适宜行走的角度来看的方面 So these are some walkability dimensions.
我们比较了网络状的街道体系 And here we are comparing a grid street structure
和无序的郊区街道体系 从中说明了 with a sprawling suburb and this makes a point
为什么在华盛顿贝尔维尤这种单端型街道上 that in this cul de sac in Belview Washington,
几乎没有在步行范围内就能到达的商店 there are very few shops and services within
或者就能获取的服务 人们可以跟大自然 walking distance. So you can get a nice contact
进行亲密的接触 可以在周围自由漫步 with nature and walk around your neighborhood
但是这种环境距离拥有更多功能的 but in this situation you are going to have
居民区和商业区的距离也要远得多 a lot more proximity to mixed residences and
这种环境也因此更加适宜行走 businesses so this becomes a more walkable place
有时间你们可以登录一个网址为 and you can go to a website online called
walkscore.com的网站 选中任意一个社区 walkscore.com and plot any neighborhood and
看看它相应的行走适宜系数 接下来这张 see the walkability co-efficient, so next slide shows,
幻灯片 应该还在后面 actually it is one of the later slides.
它向我们展示了欧文地区的行走适宜度 This shows the walkability of UC Irvine
根据该网站的数据 这里的行走适宜度 they are saying we have a walkability score
在满分100分中打了77分 在附近范围来说 of 77 out of a possible 100, so it is a very walkable
还是一个相当适宜行走的地区 environment from near the best range.
因此这个校园还是非常合适不行的 So the campus is pretty walkable a lot of services
而且附近也有很多便民服务 比如超市 nearby in the marketplace you can get to quickly
但是如果我们去到欧文地区其他那些 but if you go into one of the residential villages
不那么适宜行走的村庄或者社区 or neighborhoods of Irvine much less walkability,
比如说我们可以选择欧文地区的特托罗 so you can try plotting walkability of turtle rock
或者诺斯伍德 我们会很明显地感觉到 in Irvine or Northwood and you are going to
行走舒适度的降低 see less of that walkability.
再回到上一张幻灯片 Let's go back to the earlier.
这上面写的是一些更加具体的能够 So these are some more specific features
增强地区行走适宜度的特点 of walkability that promote it.
这上面说 在一个适宜行走的社区 So they say picture a walkable neighborhood
你每一次步行到杂货店的过程都是 you lose weight every time you walk to
可以减肥的 即便跌跌撞撞也会走路回家 the grocery store. You stumble home from last call
而不必依赖总也等不到的出租车 without having to wait for a cab.
你在自己的车上花的钱很少 You spend less money on your car,
甚至你根本就没有自己的车 you don't even own a car. When you shop
每次购物都会对本社区及其经济起到推动作用 you support your local community, economy.
你会常常跟邻居聊天 因此也会建立起 You talk to your neighbor, so you create more
更强的社会网 更好的社会氛围 social support, social climate.
究竟是什么使一个社区适宜步行呢? What makes a neighborhood walkable?
通常来说它都会有一个中心区 Well it has a center usually.
这可以把人们集中到一起 That draws people together.
这里的人口密度更高 通常来说人口 It has higher density, lower density environments
密度低的环境都不会太适宜行走 aren't as walkable generally because
因为这些地方的土地使用类型单一 they don't have that mixture of land uses.
因此参差不一的收入水平和土地使用 So mixed income, mixed use of land tends to
能够提升行走适宜性 而公园等公共场所 promote walkability. Parks and public space
也能够让人们聚集起来进行娱乐活动 that bring people together for recreation.
同时还需要有以行人为中心的道路设计 Pedestrian centric design where you are looking
来满足行人的需求和舒适感 out for the needs and comforts of pedestrians
最后还需要有学校和工作场所 and nearby schools and work places.
这些都是可以增强行走适宜度的条件 These are all factors that enhance walkability.
现在正在推行有一种名叫 And there's a whole movement now called
完整街道运动的活动 the complete street movement which is
活动旨在让城市街道功能更完善 to make city streets completely in the sense
也就是说它不但需要关注车辆 that they serve not only motoriste
还需要关注行人和路边小贩的需求 but they also serve pedestrians, they serve vendors.
这些街道上其实有很多事情在发生 There is a lot of things going on in those streets.
首先它们必须要能为人所用 So they are accessible they serve people
比如说它需要能够服务于残疾人 that may have disabilities. They have this
它需要能够满足人们不同需求的设施 street furniture for people that need them.
再比如说树荫 以及四通八达的街道 Shade. Well connected streets.
交通通行速度不能过快 Not too fast in terms of the traffic.
同时还要有舒适的保护措施良好的公车站 Very comfortable in terms of protected bus shelters.
有计时的红绿灯 自行车道等等设施 Cross walk timers, bike lanes and things like that.
以上这些都是可以加强社区的 So these are some features that enhance
行走适宜性的一些要求 walkability of neighborhoods.
那么我们讲到了包括防卫性空间 So we are looking at how things like defensible space.
行走适宜性 行人安全等等问题都有助于 Walkability, pedestrian safety can enhance
创造良好的社会氛围 并且能够增进 the social climate and the helpfulness of
邻里之间的关系 使得人们更积极地 a neighborhood where people are going to interact
更经常地进行交流 从而建立起 more positively and more regularly and create
一种强大的邻里之间的羁绊 those sort of neighborly bonds
并融汇成一个团结的社区 that make for a strong community.
环境心理学家们如今已经确定了 Now environmental psychologists have gotten
一些非常精确的能够确实增强 very precise in measuring what are features
社区行走适宜度的标准 of neighborhoods that contribute to walkability.
以下是相关的部分研究 该研究由 These are some surveys that were designed by
UCI团队 莫莉阿尔冯索博士 UIC team, Mory Alfonzo who got her PHD,
克里斯戴伊河马龙伯内特设计 Chris Day and Marlon Bornette,
他们还针对不同类型的人行横道 and they developed these different guidelines
制订了不同的指导意见 for different kinds of cross walks.
于是就有了这种刷白的标志线 So you've got the white painted lines,
彩色的标志线 斑马线 the color painted, the zebra striping,
不同的路面和路面材质 different road surfaces and textures.
而任何环境都可以按照是否具有 So you can rate an environment as to whether
这些相应的条件来进行打分 it has any of those particular amenities.
另外一方面我们还可以看看路上的 Also you can look at it in terms of pedestrian
行人穿行马路的标识和信号 包括我 crossing signs and signals. And you can rate it
刚刚给你们展示的米歇尔森大道上那种 as to whether it has a pedestrian activated signal
行人控制的信号灯 以及人行隧道/人行天桥 like I showed you on Michelson or under pass
并按照这些标准来打分 这些都是能够 over pass for pedestrians. So these are all features
方便人们在居住环境中行走的 that make it easier for people to walk through
一些条件 其他当然还包括人行道 their communities. As well sidewalks,
绿化带 火车道 草皮 有些社区 greenbelts, rails, pads, some communities
不仅有传统意义上的街道 not only have the traditional street
它们还有一些侧道和景观观赏区 but they have these side trails or scenic vista areas.
通常行人会聚集在这些区域 Where pedestrians are drawn because of
或许是因为风景 或许是因为这些环境下 the views and the kind of sociable quality and
良好的自然以及社交质量 natural quality of those environments.
所以我们可以给任何一个环境打分 So you can rate the environment,
看看它是否具备比如说绿化设施 does it have those kinds of greenbelt amenities.
行道树是非常重要的 Street trees are very important.
我们知道有些社区看起来就像 You have some of these neighborhoods that
花园一样 有着繁茂的树丛 look like gardens. Overarching trees where
甚至可以形成庇护所 给人一种自然的感觉 it provides a kind of canopy, a very natural feel.
相比之下有一些社区就只有这种单一的 Compared to this kind of monolithic concrete
钢筋水泥 博纳旺蒂尔大酒店 in some neighborhoods and that is what we are
就是这样的一个地方 talking about at the Bon Adventure hotel,
我以后还会给你们展示更多的图片 and I'll show you some slides of that
等我们的课程进行到相关部分的时候 in the next part of the course.
户外餐饮场所一定程度上可以让空间 Outdoor dining and meal spaces tend to humanize
更人性化 我刚刚给你们展示的那个 a space and pioneer square, that example
那个西雅图先锋广场就是一个很好的例子 I showed you in Seattle is a good example of that.
在欧洲 街边咖啡馆是很常见的 In Europe you see a lot of sidewalk cafes to
人们可以很方便地来这些楼底的 have people occupy these social spaces
社交空间中小憩 adjacent to the buildings that they can relax.
这种地方叫做第三空间 These are called third places.
等我们进入到下一个章节的学习之后 And when we get into the next part of the course
我们还会讲到社区需要尽可能 we will talk about the importance of having
拥有丰富的第三空间的重要性 communities with a rich array of third places.
第一空间是指居住空间 第二空间是指 First places are homes, second places are
工作空间以及学校 第三空间则是指 work places and schools, but third places are
这些休闲空间 比如皮特咖啡店 书店 these relaxed like Pete's coffee, a bookstore,
休息室等等 这些地方可以供人们 a lounge where you can go to hang out
三五结伴通行 不管是生人还是熟人 with people, strangers or friends and let your hair
都能在这里得到放松 一座好的城市 down and just kind of relax. And the best cities
通常都应该有很多这样有趣的第三空间 tend to have a lot of these interesting third places.
而这种第三空间在欧文地区其实并不多 Irvine doesn't have so many third places actually.
这里的夜生活基本上到了晚上十点以后 The nightlife here is pretty restricted after
就很少了对吧?如果我们去到勒古达 about 10 pm right? So if you go a place like
海滩或者韦斯特伍德 这些地方的第三空间 Regouda beach or Westwood. You have a lot more of
会多得多而且基本上全天候都有 those third places that are active throughout all hours
街头设施 比如街道上有没有足够的空间 Street furniture. Are you providing suitable spaces
去安置能够满足人们特定需求的设施 for people that want to use that area.
比如在下雨天有没有可以遮雨的地方 Or covered shelters here for when it rains.
有没有自行车栏等等 在开始课程的 Bike racks or things like that. So looking ahead
下一部分之前 让我们先回顾一下 to the next part of the course, we've gone through
我们已经了解了人们与周围环境是如何 these different ways that people relate to
经由不同途径相联系的 比如认知制图 their environments through cognitive mapping,
比如人格与环境的相互作用 态度和 personality and the environment, attitudes and
评价 可持续性行为 assessment. Sustainable behavior.
人类空间性行为 我们还讲到了 Human spacial behavior. We talked about
环境应激力以及它对我们的影响 environmental stressors, how those affect us.
我们还讲了社会交流 We've talk about social interaction.
以及行为背景对人的影响 The impact of behavior settings. On people.
这些都是我们应对环境时不同的 So these are all representing these interpretive
包括解读 执行 评价和反应在内的 operative evaluative and responsive ways of
一些方式 当然这些很明显并不是全部 dealing with the environment and obviously
人们无时无刻不在使用这些不同的策略 they are not exclusive. People are using these
当人们不仅仅可以对环境产生应激反应 different strategies all the time and when they are
还可以反过来对环境执行改造 able to not just react to things but also operate on
我们称之为优化的过程 the environment we call that optimization,
因为人们开始能够将环境按照自己的需求 they are able to try and bring the environment
进行控制和转变 使得它能够为自己的 into line to what they want. To be more attuned to
目的和需要服务 如果我们只是一味地 their goals and needs. When we are just stuck in
进行应激反应 这个过程就是被动的 the reactive mode here they are adapting passively,
而且也是没有得到优化的 因为这时候我们 but they are not able to optimize, able to change
还没有办法让环境反映我们的需求 the environment in a way that reflects what they want.
所以当我们在心理学研究涉及了 So as we've gone through these different areas of
各种领域之后 我们现在面临的问题是 research of psychology. Now the question is
能否将这些研究成果转化成设计的原理 can we translate them into principles of design,
并应用到教室 工作环境 whether that be classrooms, workplaces,
健康中心 城市社区等地 healthcare centers, urban neighborhoods.
我们要如何把这些设计理念和 How do we take these design findings and
这些环境行为相关的研究成果 these environmental behavioral findings and
实际转化成改进我们生活环境的策略呢? translate them into improving our environments.
我们称之为转化性科学 又叫行动研究 We call that translational science. Or action research.
也就是研究如何将理论付诸行动 Research in the service of action.
来真正把我们的社区变得更美好 Trying to make the community better.
这是我们努力的方向 我们已经 So that is where we are going, we've kind of
做出了很多发现 在环境心理学的 reviewed, some of the basic findings, basic science
研究领域 现在我们想要实际应用它们 in environmental psychology, now we want to apply it.
这就是我们下面将要讲的内容 And that is the next part of the course.
在我们复习期中内容之前 Now before we do the mid term review,
既然我们今天讲到了对于街道质量的 since we are talking about environmental assessment
环境测评 我想我还是给大家再放一个 of streets today, of street quality, I thought I would
关于pathole游行的小短片 play one more segment of the pothole patrol.
然后我们再进入期中考点的回顾 And then we will do some midterms reviewing.
我们都知道今年的万圣节是一个周五 Now we all know that this year Halloween falls
但是pathole游行作为一项 on a Friday, but the pothole patrol,
只在周三进行的传统不能打破 a Wednesday tradition simply couldn't wait.
因此按照你们的邮件 我们的团队 Following your emails, the crew went to
今天专门去了伯克郡 在那里 Berkshires street today where the tricks
万圣节的传统提前了两天进行 and treats came two days early.
哦天哪 快让我们看看这个 Oh dear. Stop to look at this.
大家好 孩子们和所有人 万圣节快乐 Hello out there. Children, animals. Happy Halloween.
这是我们大家最爱的节日 而pothole游行 It's everyone's favorite holiday and the pothole patrol
也把噪音和欢乐带进了这条平时安静的街道 is bringing the noise the hot mix to this quiet safe
我已经在这里待了很久了 port street. I've been going around it long enough.
要问多久?这个我也不太确定 How long? Well, I don't know for sure.
你害怕镜头吗? Are you scared of the camera? Well...
那你不害怕熊猫吧? You're not scared of Panda's are you?
不我不害怕你 只是我而已 No I'm not scared of you. It's just me.
别被这些奇装异服蒙骗了 这是亨利 Don't let the costumes fool you. This is Henry,
这是特林迪 我们还在做正事 and this is Trindy. We're still doing our thing.
我们的街道需要修整这些坑洞 The street needed fixing the pothole.
我没有想到会有这种情况 我们只是 I hardly expected this. We just like to stay
想要保持自己的形象 你好先生 in character. Hello, sir.
你好伙计 你怎么样啊?还行吧? Hello patches how are you doing? Doing alright?
你怎么看这个修整路面坑洼的团队? What do you think of this pothole crew?
我认为他们做的很棒 Well I think they are doing a good job.
这个问题 要说我已经来这里九年了 This this is something, I've been around 9 years,
现在这个问题可以解决我想 this is something I think the customers
大家都会很高兴的 Really appreciate out here.
我的工作就是让市民们高兴 Pleasing the citizens, that's my job.
他是一个长着鳄鱼脑袋的强壮男人 He's a big strong man with an alligator head.
别把他的靴子拿走 Don't take his boots away.
这里是pothole游行 From the pothole patrol to you,
祝大家能度过一个安全愉快的万圣节 have a safe and happy Halloween.
好的 接下来让我们回答一些问题 Alright, so let's do some questions.
关于期中复习的学习指导 Mid term review. Study guides. Some of you
有些人似乎对学习指导上的问题有些疑问 are puzzled by questions on the study guide.
我看到有些人在留言板上问说 Some of you asked on the message board,
什么叫做"用户需求代沟?" what's meant by the user needs gap?
用户需求代沟是什么意思? What's the user needs gap,
有人还记得所谓的代沟是什么吗? anybody remember that? What's the gap?
赫罗纳说这应该是一种沟通上的障碍 Herona is saying it's a communication gap.
设计师常说他们被请来设计一个空间 Designers were talking about being paid to
但是很多情况下 空间的开发者 develop an environment and a lot of times
并不知道他们的终端用户需求为何 the developers don't know what their end users
不管是使用办公室的员工 are going to need like the office workers or
还是在教室学习的学生 the students who occupy classrooms,
学校管理者要求建造一间教室 the university administrator commissions
并不意味着他们就真的知道或者 a classroom but they haven't necessarily done
对学生的需求进行过合理的评估 an assessment to know what the students want
这就是我们所说的代沟 or what they prefer so there is a gap,
是一种在用户和设计师以及开发者 a communication gap between users and
之间大的沟通不畅 这就是我们所谓的 the designers and developers, so that's what
代沟的意思 而要减少这种情况 we mean by that gap, that has to be bridged by
我们就需要进行调查 使得设计师 doing this type of research, which alerts
能够设计出更符合用户需求的环境 the designer to some of the congruence issues,
也就是如何让空间变得 how do you make an environment
与用户的需求更一致 more congruent to fit the occupant's need.
还有另外的同学问了另外的一些问题 Other questions that came up. Somebody asked,
有人问为什么一个高度可读的环境 why would a highly legible environment
这里的环境可读性是由凯文林奇 in terms of Kevin Lynch's notion of
提出的一个认知制图概念 environmental legibly, cognitive mapping,
他们的问题是 为什么一个高度可读的 why would a highly legible environment
环境不是在什么条件下都好呢? would not be good in all circumstances.
有人知道为什么吗?要回答这个问题 Would anybody know why? This gets back to
就要回到米斯拉博士关于环境认知的那一课 what Dr. Misra lectured on. Environmental cognition.
有人能猜测一下吗?阿鲁纳 Somebody take a guess. Okay, Aruna.
好的 神秘感与意外感都是有一定价值的 Okay, there is some value in mystery and
当一切都显得太过平淡无奇 serendipity when everything is too grid like
太容易预料 人们就会觉得无聊 and too predictable people get bored.
这就是欧文地区的现状 And that's what its like in Irvine,
它太单一太绝对了 所以完全不有趣 it's too predictable, too staid, it's not interesting,
一切都是计划好的以至于完全没有 it's so planned that there is no happenstance or
意外与新奇 因此过分的可读性 serendipity here. So the extreme legibility is
会让人们感到无聊 但可读性的缺失会让人们 where you have boredom but the extreme illegibility
变得迷失 迷茫而且压力倍增 is where you have people getting lost and
因此我们需要一种让人开心的媒介 confused and stressed. So you want that
这是介于两个极端之间的一种状态 happy medium. Where you don't want either extreme.
有人能展开来讲一下城市想象力吗? Can you elaborate more on urban imagibility?
在凯文林奇在《城市的构想》中 Ken Lynch in image of the city,
这也是我们的课程一本重要读物 one of the paperback books for the course,
他讲到了环境设计中两个重要的特点 talks about two key characteristics of environments
第一个就是环境可读性 based on the design one of them is eligibility.
你能轻松地辨认方向吗?要从 Can you find your way? Is it clear?
一个地方去到另一个地方容易吗? How to get from point a to point b. imagibility is
而城市图像性则能够激发深刻的记忆 simply does it evoke and create strong memories.
它是否能够因为震撼了你而被记住? Is it easy to remember, because something that
这个概念是非常有趣的 strikes you there. That's a really interesting.
这一点跟能力无关 So it is not so much having capability,
它不是简单地让人能够在城市中移动 how do you get from point a to point b,
这是客观的城市功能 而且主管的图像性 that's legibility and coherence, but rather imagibility
这座城市能够给你留下多深的印象? how strong of an image does that create in you
那我们要怎么利用设计特点来 and how do we create using design features
创造出具有强烈图像性的城市? how do we create strong imagibility.
比如在交通分叉点建一个地标性建筑 Put a landmark near an intersection,
等等方式 通过结合这些不同的元素 and a node and by putting those different elements
来激发出更强的图像性 就比如说 together create more imagibility, so you've got
芝加哥的湖区大道边上的汉姆考克大楼 the Hempcock building on Lake shore drive in
当你行驶到那个环状的道路上之后 Chicago and as you come round that bend and
你就能在湖边看到这栋高楼 you see that tall building and the edge of the lake.
它在视觉上非常具有想象力 It is a very visual imagible kind of scene and
因此也成为了芝加哥非常著名的形象 it makes a kind of iconic image of Chicago,
就像悉尼歌剧院也是一栋非常著名的建筑 just like the Sydney opera house is a highly imagable
甚至成为了悉尼乃至澳大利亚的代表 representation of the city of Sydney, Australia.
这就是我们所谓的图像性 That's what we mean by imagability.
安博问我们为什么要对城市图像性 Amber is saying why are we distinguishing between
和传统意义上的图像性进行区分? urban imagibility and just plain old imagibility
图像性这个词非常泛 and imagibility is a more general term but
我们在城市在郊区都可以应用到图像性 you can apply it to a city and apply it to a suburb.
在梅尔乔德利研究的最后一部分 The last walk technique in the INADAUDIBLE study,
他们尝试着以不同的方法来评估 they were trying to come up with different ways
人们的认知地图 of assessing people's cognitive maps
了解他们是如何看待他们的社区和城市的 how they see their neighborhood or their cities.
其中一种途径就是评估他们的认知地图 So one way is assess cognitive maps...
你可以让人们画出他们认知中的地图 you ask people to draw a sketch map and you
并看看这个地图有多精准 how accurate it is or you see many elements,
或者有多少元素出现在了地图中 which elements show up in that map,
比如当他们看到人们画的巴黎地图时 so they looked at Paris' maps and they saw that
几乎每张地图中都会出现埃菲尔铁塔 the Eiffel Tower shows up in just about every map,
几乎每张地图上都会出现塞纳河 Seine river shows up in just about every map.
当然还有一些元素在巴黎人的认知地图中 There are certain other elements of Paris that didn't
则没有那么经常出现 而研究者想要研究的 show up so much. So they wanted to come up with
就是如何衡量他们是如何决策自己的地图的 some other ways of measuring people's cognitive maps.
其中一种途径就是看看巴黎的哪个 So one way of doing that is to assess
片区最常出现在巴黎人的地图中 what areas of Paris are in the most of them.
这些地区就是巴黎人最有感情的地区 Their most sentimental attached. Remember
我们以前将到过地区依附和地区认知 we talked about place attachment, place identity.
因此他们利用了这样一种特殊的技巧 So they ask people to do the last walk technique.
那就是他们问受访者 如果这是你在 If this was your last day in Paris,
巴黎的最后一天你会去哪里?你会在这个 where would you walk? What is your most favorite
城市的那个地方渡过这最后的一天? part of the city where you would most want to
大部分人都选择了香榭丽舍大道 spend the day? And most people chose
就是巴黎市中心绿树成荫的一条路 the Change a Lize, that beautiful tree lined
研究者一次所谓衡量巴黎人民对 area to walk. So they used it as a kind of measure
这个城市的一种地理依附感 of sentimental attachment to Paris.
那就是他们最喜欢巴黎的哪里 Favorite parts of Paris.
对认知地图的研究最开始是源于 Cognitive mapping research really came out of
对老鼠的研究 研究者在相关研究中 some studies of rats. What they found in the studies
发现如果你训练一只老鼠跑迷宫 is that if you trained up a rat to run a maze.
比如说先训练他们跑L字型迷宫 Like L shaped maze, where they go from
当他们从起点跑到左上角时 the starting point to a top left hand compartment
就能够得到食物奖赏 然后再把这些老鼠 where they get food pellets and then you put them
放到一种不同的迷宫里面 比如说一个 in a different kind of maze. Where let's say
星型的迷宫 这样他们就会有16种可以 it is radial and they have 16 different routes
穿行的路径 然后当你把这些经受过 that they can travel. And you put those trained up
L字形迷宫训练的老鼠放到新迷宫当中 rats who learn the L shaped maps how to get food
然后在迷宫的东北方向等着 from the L shaped and then go to the north east
那么你会发现即便它们身处这个新迷宫 and you put them in this new radial maze design.
其中的大部分老鼠依旧会选择跑 The vast preponderance of the rats choose
那条向东北防线延伸的路径 而不是往 the route going to the north east. They don't go to
西南方向走 他们会选择自己熟悉的路径 the south west, they go to the easy.
因此加州伯克利大学把他们的心理研究 So Edward Taldon who was a psychologist at
教学楼以心理学家爱华德提尔顿的名字 UC Berkeley and they've named their psychology
进行了命名 因为他作为一位著名的 building Tillman hall because he was a pretty
心理学家发现了即便是老鼠 famous psychologist. He discovered that
也可以培养出对空间的认知感 even rats have the ability to develop spacial
它们能够在环境中找到自己的途径 representations of their environments to find
当时他的这种实验性心理研究让他的 their way around and a lot of his experimental
很多同事都觉得非常不可思议 psychology colleagues thought that was crazy
他们不相信老鼠会有这种心理认知地图 that rats don't have mental maps and so that
因此他的研究成果很长时间并不受到认可 term was out of favor for many years but then
但后来麻省理工的城市规划师林奇 Lynch at MIT who was an urban planner
出现了并声称他能够就人们的 came along and said I can do research on
认知地图进行研究 于是他开始采访 people's cognitive map and he started
来自波士顿 纽约 费城等地的人们 interviewing people in Boston, New York,
询问他们关于自己城市的认知如何 Philadelphia about their images of their cities,
他们对城市印象最深的地方是哪些 about what they recall about their cities
以及为什么这些地方会给他们留下如此 and why they are highly imagable.
深刻的印象 贝斯现在展示的这张幻灯片 Beth just put up this slide here, where you have got
就向我们展现了提尔曼在老鼠的研究中 in the Tillman study the rat is running from
如何训练它们到达B点 而在新迷宫中 point A to point B and then in the next maze
它们仍然可以按照训练做到 after they are trained up to do that.
这就是那个星形的迷宫 然后当他们把 OK, this is the radial. So then they put them
这些老鼠放进新迷宫并封闭D出口-- in this radial maze and they close of the route to D
因为这条路径太过于明显 because that is sort of the obvious Okay
以防他们直接朝前走 然后他们发现 I'm just going to go forward but they found that
朝东北方向的路径6也就是B点 Path 6 going to the Northeast point B
是最常有老鼠通过的路径 is the most frequently traveled route.
你说杠杆作用点? 所谓杠杆作用点 Go over leverage point? Leverage point
指的是这样一些行为 means that there are certain behaviors.
比如说它们能够影响我们对能源的 That exert high leverage on how much energy
使用量多少 所以在贝斯讲到了 we use for example, so when Beth talked about
他对于节能型行为的发现之后 finding the high leverage efficiency behaviors,
我们下一步就希望找到那些需要消耗 we want to find the behaviors that account for
最多能量的行为 比如对于一个家庭来说 most of the energy use. Like household that
什么才是他们会买的车 might be the kind of car people purchase.
什么才是他们会用的空调和 Or it might be the kind of air conditioning or
放热系统 而我们想要尽可能地 heating system they have. So we want to try
对这些行为做出影响 and influence those behaviors.
又或者我们可以去找那些决策者 Or we want to try to find decision makers
他们做出的节能决策可能会影响到 who are making energy conservation decisions
那些能够进一步影响千千万万人生活的企业 for their companies that affect hundreds of people.
所以他们在这个杠杆中就处于较高的地位 They are in a high leverage position because
因为他们选择和制造的产品 they are choosing products that might be
或许非常节能或许非常耗费能量 energy star rated or not more efficient or not so
总之都会间接影响我们的行为 而我们也希望 we want leverage our efforts of changing behavior
能够通过我们的努力对人们的行为进行改变 on people's who's behavior make the most difference.