今天我们要讨论 Um, today we are going to be talking about
人类空间行为以及人类如何利用 human spacial behaviour, how people use
日常交往中的空间 space in their everyday interactions, and
在开始今天的材料之前 before I get into today's material
我想复习下上周的一些内容 I just want to pick up on a few things
上周内容有关环境评估 from last week um, on environmental assessment.
在20世纪80年代我们学校 Yeah there used to be at this campus back in the 80s
成立了校园环境评估小组 a Campus Environmental Assessment Team.
我们让这个团队的同学们四处走访 We had this team of students going around and
对校园图书馆和奥尔德里奇公园做评估 doing assessments on the campus, the library,
同学们经常抱怨 Aldrich park, a lot of times students were complaining
公园湿气太重因为 about Aldrich park being too wet because of
洒水过多 the overwatering and um, we sponsored
我们赞助了一个创意类竞赛 a creative change contest, where students
学生们受邀呈递建议书 were invited to send in proposals of things
能够切实实施改善校园 that could be done to improve the campus.
有许多有趣的建议 And there were a lot of really interesting proposals
其中有一个是 that came in, um, one of them was to paint
要在一些教室漆上颜色 some of the classrooms and this is um,
社会科学实验楼刷成红色 social science um, lab building painted red with
贴上一些有趣的海报 some interesting posters put in there to
为了使教室在同学们眼里更有趣 make that room a little bit more interesting
另外一个提议就是 for the students. Another proposal that was
拨款给一些树贴上标签 funded was to tag some of the trees and
在奥尔德里奇公园的历史景点 historical spots in Aldrich park so
如果你到公园里散步 if you go to Aldrich park and walk around,
你会看到许多不同的标签 you'll see a number of different um, tags,
贴上金属标签目的在于 metal tags that have been affixed to show,
公园中的趣味之处 sort of points of interest in the park.
最后一次我提到 Now last time I mentioned that
许多不同的模拟方法 there are a lot of different simulation approaches
从静态的缩尺模型到 from scale models static, to scale models er,
动态的缩尺模型到原尺寸动态模型 dynamic, to full scale dynamic and this is
这是一个原尺寸动态模型试验室 a full scale dynamic lab, it used to be
以前是社会生态楼 in social sci, social ecology one building,
一些人帮忙管理实验室 and these are some folks that helped run that lab.
泰德夏夫是一名高级科学家 Ted Scharf there is now a senior scientist
就职于辛辛那提的国家职业安全与健康学会 at the National Institute for Occupational Safety
所以我们可以 and Health in Cincinnati. So we had
让整个工作环境研究项目运营下去 a whole programme of work environment research
我们做研究比较 going on, and we did studies comparing
人们对可调节和不可调节电脑设备的反应 people's reactions to adjustable, nonadjustable
那时正处于 computer furniture, this was in the days
运用了人体工学的家具还没有得到真正普及的时期 before ergonomic furniture was really popularised,
我们变换不同环境 的um, we also varied different ambient conditions like whether people were surrounded by
比如是不是人们被自然因素围绕着 natural elements, in the bottom photo
下面的照片展示的 that was a natural environment condition,
是一个自然环境条件 or the more urban condition where the pictures,
还是城市化的环境 the posters were of urbanscapes
照片海报上的景色就是城市景观 rather than landscapes and we looked at
而不是自然景观 people's task performance, their emotions
我们观察人们的工作表现和情感 while they were in those situations, working
他们在这种情况下工作 in this full scale dynamic simulation laboratory.
工作在原尺寸动态模拟实验室 So that's the view from sort of a natural environment
这是看到的自然环境的景色 now you can see how old those monitors are,
可以看到那些监视器有多旧 those are Alpha Micro, Alpha Micro computers
这是阿尔法微型计算机早期的产品 early vintage so we've come a way since then.
自从那时我们找到了一条出路 Um, but in addition to the simulation strategies
除了上面的模拟措施 I want to mention a couple of examples of
我还想提几个例子 diagnostic walkthroughs that can be done
诊断踏查可以用于 on existing environments. This is part of
现有的环境 a post occupancy evaluation approach and
这也是一种用后评估的方法 I'll give you a couple of case studies.
我会给你们几个案例分析 This is one that I was involved with,
这个案例我参与了 with an environment impact firm called
和一个环境影响评估公司合作 LSA Associates, they write reports on
LSA事务所 他们编写了多份报告 proposed developments to see
有关环境发展建议 if they will qualify for the CEQA,
检查他们是不是符合环境质量法案 this Californian Environmental Quality Act, and
加州环境质量法案 they were moving from a building in Newport Centre,
他们搬出了纽波特中心的办公楼 this building here on the fifth floor, to a building
从这幢大楼的五层搬到了 over in Jamboree Centre on MacArthur and er Main,
麦克阿瑟的钻石中心 so they wanted to know what,
所以他们想知道 what do you see when you walk through
当你走过这种环境的时候看到了什么 this environment that's working well, not so well,
这种环境虽然和谐但也并非完美无缺 what can we do to improve our future digs,
我们要做什么来改善未来的生活空间 when we move into the new space?
当我们搬到了一个新的空间时 So we walked through and we saw a lot of things.
我们走过去看到许多东西 This is the, the reception office or area
这是接待办公室 for their old space in Fashion Island, and
给他们以前时尚岛的办公室留的地方 you can see it's pretty crowded there er,
你们可以看到那很拥挤 you got, you know this couch for visitors,
这张沙发供拜访者坐下休息 this is the front door, this is the receptionist,
这是前门这是接待人员 and over to the reception's left is the data programmer
接待人员的左侧是数据编程员 who's working there kind of in the corner
他在一个角落里工作 behind that screen, very minimal er,
在屏幕后面几乎没什么 privacy opportunities there and a lot of distraction.
私密空间和很多分散精力的因素 Um, we also noticed some pretty poor ergonomics
大家也注意到没有考虑到人体工效学 in the workstations the nonadjustable um,
在这种工作站 monitors and things like er, they had
不可调节的检测器以及那样的东西 fairly nice space, they had views of Newport Bay
环境非常好可以看到纽波特湾 and Fashion Island out their windows
窗外就是时尚岛 but their interior working conditions were not
但是他们室内的工作环境 very optimal er, they had people working
却并不理想他们员工人贴人工作 close together without any kind of separation
并没有隔间 in that case. This was their conference room
这是他们的会议室 before they moved to the new space,
在他们搬到新地方之前 so as we looked at what was going on,
我们看得见发生的一切 we developed a kind of environmental audit
我们开发了一种环境检查机制 and we put together these posters
我们把这些海报放到一起 that had examples of things that could be changed
上面画着可以改变的事物 and improved in their future space, and
以及在未来空间内可以改善的事物 we met with the members of that company to
我们见了公司的员工 get them involved to get them participating
为了让他们参与进来 in some of those decisions and
参与到决策和 the management approved that,
管理过程 they were all for that, and some of you for
他们全部赞成 extra credit might want to do that type of
为了额外的学分你们中有些可能想做 a poster board where you go into an environment
那种海报板 可以研究一个环境 and you kind of assess what's working well
评估做的好的地方 and what isn't from the perspective of things
哪些地方不符合 that you're learning in this course about
你们在这堂课上学习到的内容 environmental assessment, or way
有关于环境评估 finding or personal space and the like.
查看私人空间的使用情况或是类似的东西 So you present um, the findings
你可以展示研究结果 you get the people in that organisation involved in
你可以让机构里的人员都加入进来 sort of deciding what's coming next.
决定下一步的事情 Alright, so one of the things we did to
我们做的事情就是 get the workers involved and participating,
让工作人员加入并参与 is we had them consider colour schemes
我们考虑了配色方案 for the new offices and we showed them
给新的办公室 this designer's guide to colour and had them
我们给他们看设计师的颜色指导 look at these various shades and then we gave them
让他们看下不同的阴影 a questionnaire which said you know from
然后给他们分发调查问卷问题是 among those colours that they viewed um,
从他们看到的颜色 list your top three choices of colours that
列出他们喜欢的前三种颜色 you would like to see in your new office.
你们想要在新办公室看到的颜色 And based on that information the designer
根据设计师提供的信息 who was working with us Roger Lee
和我们一起工作的设计师叫罗杰李 from the Bay Area, put together
他来自纽波特湾 他组合了 alternative colour schemes and these were shown
供选的颜色方案 to the workers this was kind of in the pastel shades
展示给工作人员这是彩色蜡笔的蓝色和淡紫色 of blues and mauves, this was another version of
这是另一个版本 that colour scheme an alternate colour scheme.
供选颜色方案 So the workers kind of voted on those and
工人们给他们投票 they could choose, and there's question
他们可以选择 in the study guide about how does
研究指导中有个问题就是 environmental assessment, or how can
怎么利用环境评估 environmental assessment be used to increase
怎么利用环境评估 people's participation in the design of
提高人们对环境设计的参与度 their environments, and this is an example
这是一个例子 where you ask them about things
你们可以询问他们 they don't like the office or colours
他们在办公室里不喜欢的东西 they'd prefer in the next space, and
和他们更喜欢的颜色 you get them involved even voting for
让他们参与并投票 those different combinations.
给不同的组合 And I mentioned last week that
上周提过了 the designer also did these activity drawings
设计师会把这些活动画出来 in terms of who needed to work with whom
有关和他们在办公室共事的人 in the office and then came up with a plan for
提出一个计划 the new space that kind of separated
这个新空间 the two divisions of the company on those two sides
把公司的两个部门分开 of the central conference room, library areas
分到中间会议室的两边图书馆区域 back here the reception space, so all of that
接待区域所有的一切 was predesigned, programming and it was based on
都是之前设计好的 the post occupancy evaluation of their existing space
这是根据对他们现有空间的用后评估 and remember they were moving to a new space
记住他们要搬到一个新的地方 and they wanted to try to optimise that.
他们想要对此进行优化 The designer also came up with this scheme
设计师还提出了这个方案 that they could have these er, doors
针对他们现有的事物 that were on hinges so that rather than
有合页的门而不是 having traditional doors, they could slide these
传统的门他们可以 on a gantry for more or less privacy and
在门架上滑动为了保护隐私 when they wanted to work as a team
他们进行团队协作时 they could get together in the outer space, like that,
他们就可以一起在外面工作 就像这样 so it was kind of a neat design feature and
这种设计特点十分清晰利落 they actually custom-built these for the new space.
他们特意定制了这个新空间 So let's take a look at some of the changes
我们一起看看一些变化 that they made in the new space this is MacArthur,
他们在新工作场所的变化 this is Jamboree Centre on MacArthur and Main,
地点在麦克阿瑟的钻石中心 and um, they were up in the, I think I er,
他们在上面 the fifth floor of this building and one of the things
这幢大楼的五层 you see when you walk into their reception space now,
现在走进接待空间 is they've really optimised, kind of the separation
这真的得到优化了 between the staff and the public coming into
设立了工作人员和公共空间的分隔空间 that environment. They're also using
他们还使用了 environmental semiotics or communication symbolism
环境符号学或者交流象征符号 to showcase their products here and
展示产品 they're you know they got a nice clean logo
还有一个很醒目干净的商标 for their company, so they've made some changes to
他们做出了改变 the reception area based on kind of
接待区域是基于 what we were seeing in the old space.
以前地方所看到的东西 This is the conference room which I've shown you
这是我给你们展示的那个会议室 before and you can see compared to the
你们可以看到 和旧的会议室比较 old conference room, now they've got a lot more
现在更能体现出 symbolism of the workers there, their achievements,
代表员工想法的元素 成就 the things they have collaborated on together,
以及一起合作完成的成果 so when the workers go in there they get a sense of
当员工走进去他们会有一种 their shared group identity and that's
共有的团队认同感 really important in work organisations.
这在工作单位中很重要 So here we using environmental assessments
我们使用环境评估 both pre-designed evaluation, and post
设计前评估和 occupancy evaluation to try to enhance
用后评估来改善 the work organisation and their basic work functions
工作单位以及基础的工作运作 in that company. And this is a picture of
这是一张图片 what those swinging doors look like
这些滑动门看起来好像 on the hinges that they had custom-designed
挂在链条上这是他们基于评估定制的 based on the evaluation, and these are some of
这是一些员工 the employees in their meal area they previously had
之前用餐的区域 a very dingy area to have lunch and they put
用餐时很暗 some investment into bringing some plants and
他们花钱引入了一些植被 natural environment in here, and a much cheerier
改造自然环境 kind of inviting space. And again you know
建立更外向的空间 using the environment to communicate
利用环境去交流和传达 what they do in that company so
他们在公司的工作 when they have visitors walking through the see that
当有客人进来的时候 and they can kind of relate to
他们可以猜得到 what the company's functions are.
这家公司的职能是什么 Now I want to show you one other example of
现在我来给你们看另外一个例子 a diagnostic walk-through, this is based on
另一个诊断性走查的例子 more of a manufacturing environment and
这个更倾向于制造企业的环境 for many years we had a UCI
我们已经成立了加州大学尔湾分校 Health Promotion Centre funded by several grants
健康推广中心 from the California Wellness Foundation,
是由加州健康基金会的几部分基金资助的 and we were helping companies sort of
我们正在帮助多家公司 get into compliance with the Work Site Injury
去遵守 and Illness Prevention law in California.
加州工伤和疾病预防法案 And that was a pretty stiff law because
这是一门硬性法律 if people didn't comply if corporate managers
如果人们或者企业经理 didn't comply with the regulations,
没有遵守法规 they could be fined $7000 a day
他们一天的罚款高达7000美元 which is a lot of money. Now trying to keep tabs
这是一大笔钱 现在人们都在密切关注 on all the small businesses in California
加州所有的小型企业 was very difficult so not that many people
这项工作很困难所以并没有太多人 actually were fined, but nonetheless a lot of companies
真的被处罚但是许多公司 wanted to get into better compliance so
仍然想要更好地遵守法规 we began this kind of effort, er, called Reach Out
我们就开始了这项工作 For Safety, which trained up employees and
并称其为向安全伸出援手 对员工和老板 managers on how to be in compliance with
针对新的加州法律进行培训 the new California state law, for worksite wellness
内容有关工作场所的健康 and this is that legislation which I showed you last time
这是上次我给你们展示的法律条文的副本 a copy of that Senate Bill 198, and this is
198号参议院法案 Meredith Wells she is another former student,
梅雷迪斯威尔斯她是另一位学生 er Ph.D. student in social ecology who
一名社会生态学的博士 got her degree here and then went on and
在这里拿到学位以后 became assistant professor at the
成为了肯塔基大学的副教授 University of Kentucky. But she was heading up
但是她仍在进行这项研究 this work site audit or diagnostic
进行工作场所审查以及组建 walk-through team, and so what these
诊断性走查团队 walk-throughs involved is you go through
这些走查工作主要就是 and you look for safety issues that might be
检查安全隐患 out of compliance with the regulations and
查看哪些安全问题不符合法律法规 rather than sort of turning in these companies
而不是举报这些公司 and saying "Hey these are people that
这些人要被罚款 could be fined", what we were trying to do
我们努力要做的是 is counsel them, and give them sort of
指导他们 给他们 more expert advice on things they could do to get
更多专业建议 in compliance so they wouldn't be fined.
让他们有所行动以免被处罚 So it was really something in their interests and
这是符合他们切身利益的事 they appreciated that and that's why
他们也深表感激 they participated in the study.
这就是他们参与进来的原因 So when you do walk-through for safety issues
如果你要走查一些安全问题 you're looking for things like whether and
你要看以下的方面 the individuals are wearing safety equipment
员工有没有佩戴安全设备 like those goggles and earplugs so we're
比如护目镜和耳塞 doing some behavioural mapping on
制作行为绘图 how the employees are actually using the space,
针对员工们如何利用空间 are they using the protective equipment
他们使用规定的保护性设备了吗 that's mandated? As well the law says
法律规定 that copies of the legislation should be mounted
法律法规的副本 clearly and visibly in the workspace so that
要放在工作场所里容易被看到的地方 workers know what their rights are
员工就知道他们的权益 what's expected of the company in terms of
需要公司在健康安全去做的努力 health and safety. So here you've got a company
这里有一家公司 that's got that er, the legal stuff well displayed ur,
和法律相关的东西很好地摆设出来 this is another example of a company
这是另外一个例子 that's doing that, in terms of
这家公司也在做这方面的工作 emergency procedures and hazards management
紧急措施和危险管理 but then in terms of using physical traces
但是评估中的物理痕迹 in this assessment we found some companies like this.
我们发现一些公司有这样的情况 So they've got their signage up,
他们挂出了自己的标志 but it's so totally blocked and the print is so small
但是却全被挡住了 字体印刷的太小 that no workers could ever reasonably read
没有员工能看清楚 that stuff right they're just blocked. So this is
那块正好被挡住的内容 a kind of physical trace that you know calls out
这种物理痕迹似乎高喊着 "We're not in compliance".
我们违法了 Er, they're mandated to have fire extinguishers.
规定要有灭火器 Well here we have a missing physical trace,
出现了消失的物理痕迹 somebody's got their handbag hanging up
有人把他们的包就挂在 where the fire extinguisher should have been.
灭火器应该放置的地方 And so this is what ZISO means by
这就是所说的消失的物理痕迹 a missing trace. And so this is how you can use
这就是你如何利用一些 some of these physical cues and you may do
物理提示 你要做的就是 is in some of your extra credit projects,
在一些额外学分的项目里 looking for these things in a residential situation
在居住环境中寻找这些问题 or a workplace, in terms of how that environment's
或是工作环境中 working or not working.
了解该环境如何发挥作用 Other things we did is measure noise levels
我们要做的其他的事情就是衡量噪音水平 so this is a handheld dosimeter it measures
这是一个手持剂量计 the decibels of noise in a particular environment.
测量特定环境下噪音的分贝 This is actually a community noise analyser
这实际上是一部社区噪音分析仪 which goes for several 24-hour periods to
可以24小时连续运行 analyse the traffic noise levels in a neighbourhood
分析小区里的交通噪音级别 so this is another way that objective recordings
这是另一种客观的方式 of light, sound, temperature can be used to
记录光声温度 assess whether an environment is congruent with
评估环境是不是 the needs of its users or not.
和用户的需求一致 And here again is an example of that kind of
这有个例子 poster board based on the environmental audit.
海报板是基于环境审查设立的 You can see things here this is actually from a, er
你们可以看到上面的内容 The LSA and The UCI Financial Services,
都来源于加州大学尔湾分校财务处 so you can see that case here where someone is
可以看到这个案例里 using a prop to reduce glare on the computer screen.
用一个道具减少盯着电脑屏幕的时间 The work conference room that has no symbolism
而且会议室里没有标示性的东西 that all, er telling people you know
告诉人们 what's going on what their identity is in that space.
在这个地方他们的身份是什么 So there are a lot of things that
有许多东西 you can pull out based on various principles
需要移除 根据不同的准则 we've been talking about to identify areas
我们之前谈到过的 来划清区域 that need to be fixed in that environment.
这需要固定在这个环境里 So you use those kind of summaries to
利用总结 let people know, you know, to flag issues
让人们知道做标记 that they may want to consider for future improvement.
改善未来考虑到的问题 Now we also said that physical traces, er,
我们再说说物理痕迹 say something about the social climate not just
有关社会氛围 the physical quality of the environment but
不只是环境的物理特点 the social climate so here you've got bars on
还有社会氛围 a window and you can say well that's just
窗户上安装护栏你们会说 a physical part of the environment, but
这是环境的物理部分 what it symbolises is that there's a concern about
它象征着 crime in that neighbourhood or you know,
小区里存在犯罪问题 in that residence so it creates a kind of
小区里存在着某种 climate of fear and that's one of the problems
担心的氛围 with gated communities. Er, that people see
这是封闭小区存在的一个问题 those gates and they feel like they must be
人们看到那些门他们会觉得 needed otherwise you know, people would be
有人需要他们 否则 victimised so there's a kind of separation
就会有人成为受害者 that goes on, with that kind of gating.
进行某种隔离措施采取大门控制 Other cues such as this vision and
其他的线索 values statement that we've talked about
比如我们说过的愿景和价值阐述 before, that also says something about
我们也说过 the social climate or the commitment of
社会氛围或者 that company to certain social goals. And
企业对特定社会目标的贡献 as we said it's kind of gutsy to put that up
把那些贴到墙上是很有勇气的 on the wall because there are a lot of lofty values
因为有许多高尚的价值观列在上面 isted there and the employees go by that every day
员工每天经过 when they go to the elevator so if it's not working
他们坐电梯的时候 如果他们没有起什么作用 so well, that becomes a kind of contradiction right?
那就不合常理了 So that's another example of a cue that says
这是线索的另一个例子 something about the social climate of that environment.
有关社会氛围或社会环境 And here you've got a neighbourhood in Baltimore
在巴尔的摩有一个社区 where the residents have invested and
居民们都投资 the city has invested in a kind of beautification program
市里也投资环境美化项目 where plants have been brought in.
引进植被 One of the problems of low income
低收入的问题之一就是 inner city environments is that people have
内城居住的人们 very little access to nature. And we've already seen
接触自然的机会很少 我们已经看到 how nature makes a difference people's recovery
自然所起到的作用 from surgery in a hospital. But we'll also see later
对在医院进行康复的病人 in the course how contact with nature restored in
我们还要看和自然的关系 environments reduce stress and has a lot of
如何减轻压力 positive effects on people so what is going
产生很多积极的作用 on this particular neighbourhood in Baltimore,
现在在巴尔的摩的这个社区里正在进行 is bringing in the natural environment and
引入自然环境 creating a different kind of social climate
创建与众不同的社会环境 on that street because of the presence of
在缓解压力方面 those plants and other sort of touches that
因为这些植被和其他感觉 improve the visual quality of the environment.
改善环境的视觉感 So do any of you have any questions on
你们有什么问题吗 any of the examples I covered there?
针对我举的这些例子 We talked about full scale dynamics simulation
我们刚才说了实验室的原尺寸动态模拟 in our earlier laboratory and social ecology one,
社会生态学的那个实验室 we talked about a couple of examples of
我们说了好几个例子 diagnostic walk-throughs where you can use
有关诊断性走查 physical traces behavioural mapping to
可以使用物理痕迹行为绘图 evaluate the quality of an environment and
来评估环境质量 to improve it for the future and that's
为将来做出改进 what we're doing environmental for typically
那是我们在环境方面做的工作 to improve an existing environment or
改善目前的环境 improve a future one. And then we talked about
或是改善未来的 some of these physical traces of social climate
我们讨论了社会氛围的物理痕迹 so any comments or questions at all about that?
你们有什么想说的或者提出问题 Yeah? Say your name.
好你的名字是 Um, Sekia.
塞其娅 Sekia.
塞其娅 (inaudible) on a full scale?
原尺寸 Oh, full scale. Sekia was asking
塞其娅的问题是 what do I mean in my full scale simulation.
我说的全尺寸模拟是什么意思 Um, a scale model is like a miniature little model
缩尺模型就像一个缩小版 that you show people or it could be a model of
你可以给别人看 Marin County that we showed at the Berkley Lab
也可是在伯克利实验室展示的马林县的模型 or at the university one, where you drive a camera
或者大学的实验室 through it and you get these eye-level views to
拿着摄影器材拍到与视线相平的景色 approximate what pedestrians would see.
这样就接近行人看到的画面 Those are scale models, they're drawn to scale,
那些都是缩尺模型 他们缩小比例画出来 they're constructed to scale but they're sort of
建造出来但是他们 tiny miniature versions. Full-scale simulation is
只是缩小版原尺寸模拟 like at the Lauzon University lab
就像洛宗大学实验室 where the people come in and they arrange Legos
人们进来然后安排 and they build these actual full scale
他们建造了事实上的原尺寸模拟 apartment replicas or designs or in our
公寓复制品 social ecology lab where we brought people
在我们的社会生态学实验室 into an actual office environment lab, and
我们让人们进入到一个办公室环境实验室 varied the conditions they were working under
变换他们工作的条件 to see how they affected their work.
观察如何影响他们的工作 So that's more of a full-scale dynamic situation
这就是一个原尺寸动态模拟情景 rather than a scale static situation.
不是静态场景 When you show somebody just a static model
你给别人看的只是一个静态模型 and ask them did they think that,
让他们做他们想到的 they would like living there, working there,
他们想要在那工作生活的地方 that's a little bit of a different that's more of
有一点不同 a stretch for people, because you have to
人们要想象得多一些 imagine what would that look like you know
你们要想象看起来会是什么样 if it were built out full-scale?
如果原尺寸建造出来 So scale models sort of make you er,
缩尺模型使你 require that you make that leap.
需要做出跨越 And there's also photographic simulation
也有逼真模拟 where you show people pictures and
给别人展示图片 we talked about photomontage
我们讨论了蒙太奇 where you can change what is shown
你们可以改变图片里要呈现的画面 in the pictures so that um, you can gauge
所以你可以判断 whether people like the Earth Tones or
人们是喜欢土褐色还是 they like more vivid colours or they don't like
更喜欢生动的颜色 high structures along the coastline this is
或者他们不喜欢海岸的高层结构 something they did in coastal planning in Oregon
他们在俄勒冈的海岸规划中采取高层结构 so these are different types of simulation approaches
所以有不同类型的模拟方案 and we said that environmental simulation is part of
我们说过环境模拟只是 a predesigned assessment it's giving people previews
设计前评估的一部分 提供给人们 of a future environment to gauge their reactions
未来环境的预览来判断他们的反应 and avoid the kind of design mistakes that
避免设计上的错误 you have seen in Pruitt Igoe, we've seen
就是你们在浦路伊特伊戈看到的错误 in Cabrini Green in Chicago and you can think of
在芝加哥的利尼格林你们会想到 other design mistakes where you have a dorm,
其他的设计错误 or a classroom that just doesn't work very well
在你们居住的宿舍或是教室 for the students. So we're trying to avoid
并没有为同学们很好地服务 those investments and environment just have to
我们要避免这样的投资和环境 be torn apart and bulldozed anyway right?
那就不得不拆毁推平了 So it's a waste of a lot of resource.
这就浪费了大量的资源 So that's one of the reasons we have this emphasis on
原因之一就是我们重心 environmental evaluation, and environmental attitudes.
放在了环境评估和环境态度 Alright so I want to switch now into the material
我现在要说今天的材料 for today which is human spatial behaviour and
人们的空间利用行为 we've been talking about how people respond to
我们讲过了人类如何应对 environments their reactions to environments
环境 他们对环境的反应 the reactive mode if you will of people dealing with
和反应模式 如果大家应对环境 their environment. And you know people
就会知道人们 that are in dysfunctional environments and
在这种不正常的环境中 they can't do anything about it, they're kind of
他们不能做什么 stuck in a reactive mode they don't really
他们身陷反应模式并没有 have a lot of opportunity to be active and
很多机会积极主动 change the environment to their liking.
按照喜好改变环境 Well we're going into more of er,
我们将要研究 some research areas now that
一些研究领域 emphasise people's active use of space
强调人们主动利用空间 for example like when you're in a social interaction
比如当你进行社交的时候 or you're setting up your dorm room,
或者当你建立你的宿舍时 how do you structure that space in a way
你怎么设计空间结构 that's more optimal for you?
以一种对你最佳的方式 So you're taking kind of an active role in
你要扮演一个积极的角色 reducing stress if somebody's standing too close
减轻压力 如果有人站得离你很近 to you or setting up a territory that works
建立一个更行之有效的领域 more effectively for you. So here we've you know
我们已经 we covered this active cognitive mode
我们已经谈过了这种积极的认知模式 where people are interpreting their environment,
人们解读他们的环境 environmental cognition, cognitive mapping,
环境认知认知制图 and how personality affects how people interpret
个性如何影响人们怎样 their environment in an active way.
以积极的方式解读环境 But we also said that personality can be
我们也讨论过性格 an influence by an environment in a reactive way,
可能被环境被动地影响着 so one of things I want to say about this diagram
有关这个表我要说的是 is it's a useful device to kind of locate
这是有效的方法来 different areas of research in the field
给不同的研究领域定位 but the fact is we are all kind of cycling
但是事实是 between these active and reactive modes ideally
我们在理想条件下游走于主动和被动的模式 we're kind of in an environment, we're interpreting it,
我们身处一种环境解读它 we're evaluating it at the same time, we're behaving
同时评价它 in it as long as we have that kind of good
并生活在其中 reciprocal interactive relation with our surroundings,
只要我们和环境有互助互动的关系 we are doing all of those things together and
一起做所有的事 it's in the service of optimising the fit or
对于优化配合服务 improving congruence, that we use our interpretation
改善和谐关系 利用我们的解读 in our actions, in our evaluations to sort of
在行动评估中 bring the environment closer to what we want.
将环境和我们的理想状态拉得更近 Ideally that's what we're trying to do.
理想状态下这就是我们想要做的 So today we're kind of moving up here er,
今天我们要讲的是 the active behavioural way of dealing with
这就是积极应对环境的行为方式 environment and next time we're going to
下次我们要 talk about how do you get people to behave in
讨论下你是怎么让人们的行为方式 an ecologically positive manner, to protect
有益于生态呢 their environment, to go green for example?
保护环境绿化环境呢 Today we are going to talk about proxemics
今天我们要谈论空间关系 which is human spacial behaviour, the use of
即人类空间行为 space in everyday interaction and
在每天的人际交往中利用空间 as you read the Edward Hall chapters,
当你读了爱德华霍尔那章 from his book, er, there's some very interesting
有一些非常有趣的例子 examples of how these spacial zones and
这些空间 traditions or strategies vary from one culture
传统和策略和今天大不相同 to the next and a lot of times you can
经常你可能 get misunderstandings between people
不同文化的人之间会有误解 from different cultures because they're sort of
因为他们 working from very different expectations
工作时对环境的期待不同 about space. So some of this research begins
这份研究是从 back with studies of animal populations, living in
研究动物种群开始的 very crowded dense environments and
居住在非常拥挤的环境 this was an early famous study of a herd of
这是一项早期著名的研究 deer living in a winter climate on an island off
一群鹿冬天住在一座岛上 the coast of Maryland, and what they observed
坐落在在马里兰海岸外 他们观察到的现象 was a die-off, of sort of a majority of animals
是物种相继灭绝 in that herd died, and they kind of wanted to
种群里的大多数动物都死了 know what was going on there. Was it crowding,
他们想知道那里发生了什么 was it the harsh temperatures? And one of the things
是太拥挤还是地球温度太高 about crowding is that it affects us depending on
拥挤影响我们依赖 other things in the situation so if we are dealing with
这种环境下的其他东西 a situation of crowding where we want
如果我们处理好拥挤的情况 more intimacy or we want more solitude,
我们是想要更紧密的关系还是想要独立的空间 that crowding is going to affect us more adversely
拥挤会以反作用影响我们的生活 that if we want to go to a party, or we want to
如果我们去参加一个聚会 go to an athletic event where we want more people
或是参加运动项目 to be present, so here they've got a kind of
要让更多的人到场 convergence of harsh temperature, density on
所以这里融合了严酷的温度密度 that island and it lead to a die-off and the authors
导致了动物的灭绝 of that study claim that part of that was due to
研究的作者称部分是由于 crowding stress, animals being too close together.
拥挤产生的压力或是动物之间距离太近了 And they, you know, in line with Wynne Edwards study
这和韦恩爱德华兹的研究是一致的 that we read about territorial spreading out of
有关领土扩张的动物种群 an animal population when it gets too dense to
当过于拥挤时 为了避免种族灭绝 avoid a crash, an over consumption of
或者食物资源过度消耗 动物种群会进行领土扩张 food resources. It was kind of in that vein.
这也是类似的看法 This is another study kind of in that er,
另一个研究 sort of tradition by John Calhoun at NIH
由美国国立卫生研究院的约翰卡尔霍恩实施 where he did this study of rats, we've mentioned this
他做了老鼠研究 我们之前提到过 before they call it the behavioural sync,
他们称之为行为同步 there were areas in that experimental community
在实验的社区有很多区域 where a lot of bad stuff happened, especially
发生很多不好的东西 around the feeding areas and then some of
尤其是在喂食区域附近 those rats going from one compartment to the next,
这些老鼠从一个隔间跑到下一个 er, the animals would attack each other.
动物们会对彼此发起攻击 The subordinate animals would be attacked
低阶动物会受到攻击 by the more dominant animals, er, the animals trying to
被那些支配性更强的动物攻击 动物们都想 get food if they weren't dominant, would be pushed
获得食物如果他们没有占主导地位 out of the way or attacked and Wynne Edwards
就会被淘汰或是袭击 韦恩爱德华 and Calhoun interpreted this as being part of
卡尔霍恩把此现象解读为 the internal checks on population, that you know
种群的内部检查 remember their food was optimised, they had
他们的食物得到优化 all the food they wanted, the temperature
他们有想要的食物和温度 was optimal, predators were not there er,
捕食者不在那 they tried to control microbes, biological you know
他们尽力控制微生物生物感染 infections, but still as an animal population starts to
当一个动物种群开始 exceed its boundaries, er, these impulses
超越他们的地盘 towards territoriality, spreading out and
地盘性的冲动不断扩张 the dominance hierarchy kick in and they become
打开支配等级他们就变得 much more observable. So these were some of
更容易被观察到 the things that were observed among nonhuman species
这是在非人类物种观察到的现象 and also in the 60s um, this book, the Population Bomb,
在20世纪60年代的时候污染炸弹这本书 but Dr Paul Ehrlich was published and it was basically
保罗埃尔利希博士已经出版著作 decrying the population explosion in the world and
谴责世界的人口爆炸 the fact that density was going to be our ruin. Er,
社会密度使我们走向毁灭 this was a book by Jonathan Freedman
这是乔纳森弗里德曼的书 at Columbia University, in the early 70s
在20世纪70年代执教于哥伦比亚大学 which argued that density really is neutral,
认为人口密度是自然形成的 it doesn't affect people er, positively or negatively
无论是积极地还是消极地都不会影响人类 but rather if somebody is living in a slum area
如果人们生活在贫民窟 and they're under hardship, yeah density is
他们生活在贫苦中 人口密度 not going to affect them very well, er this paper
就不会在积极方面影响他们 that I did as a graduate student distinguished
我在本科时的论文 between density, a physical condition of space or
对人口密度空间充足和空间不足的物理状况 lack of space, and crowding a motivational state
以及拥挤的动机状态进行区别 where people feel stressed because they don't
那些情形下人们会感到有压力 have enough space to do whatever they want
他们没空间做他们想要做的 to get done. So density effects are determined
密度的影响 by sort of the personal situational factors and
是由个人的环境因素 what people are trying to accomplish
在特定环境下人们要完成的目标决定的 in a given situation. So these are some of
这是有差别的 the distinctions between density and crowding.
在人口密度和人口拥挤之间 Density is a physical kind of concept i.e.
密度是一个物理概念 an amount of space, and you can either
一定量的空间 talk about social density which is in the number of
你可以讨论人口密度 people per given space, or you can take
每块空间的人口数量 the same number of people and vary
同样的人口数量 their square footage and that's called spatial density.
建筑面积却不同这就是空间密度 So there's social density and spatial density.
还有社会密度和空间密度 But all of these variants of density are basically er,
这些密度的变形基本上 measures of physical space right?
都是用来衡量物理空间 Crowding on the other hand is a psychological experience
拥挤另一方面还是一种心理经历 and it refers to kind of a discomfort that arises from
指的是一种不适感 the perception that you don't have enough space
由于你没有足够的空间 for what you want to do. So this situation here
给你想做的事情 obviously you've got pretty high density but
显然你的密度过高了 if that's chronic people are that huddled together
如果长期聚集在一起 for a long enough period time, they're going to
时间一长 start feeling crowding stress because
他们会感到巨大的压力 they can't get away from that situation.
他们不能摆脱这种状况 And this is a model that, and
这是一个模型 I don't want you to, you know try to memorise
不需要你们去记忆 all the details of these boxes, but basically
这些盒子的所有细节 there are features of the environment the way
环境的特点 the physical environment is arranged, social status
人们已经安排了物理环境 and social conditions in that situation and
社会地位和社会条件 together with individuals' personal attributes
个人因素 whether someone is a stimulation seeker, or
决定了一个人会不会寻求刺激 they are introverted or extroverted or
他们是内向型的还是外向型的 something like that, it's that combination of
这是一种结合 the dense environment or some kind of
是拥挤的环境 social strain combined with a personal attribute that
社会的压力还是个人的因素 makes people more sensitive to crowding stress
使人对拥挤的压力更敏感 that should begin to get that stress experience
应该去经历压力 and the stress experience can manifest itself
让压力呈现出来 in terms of psychological symptoms like the belief,
在心理症状方面比如信仰 the feeling that you don't have enough space,
或你没有足够空间的感觉 or a kind of emotional imbalance feeling infringed on,
一种心理的不平衡感 or peripheral to what's going on in a situation.
对目前发生的状况 You can also get physiological stress and
你会产生心理压力 this is something that Hans Selye talked about
这就是汉斯塞勒在书中谈到的 in his book "The stress of life" in terms of the um,
书名是生活的压力 reaction of the thymus gland, the enlargement of
胸腔的反应 the adrenals, the stomach ulcers those are
肾上腺扩大 胃溃疡的 symptoms of physiological stress.
生理应激反应的症状 And then people respond to that crowding stress
人们对拥挤压力的反应 behaviourally, perceptually, by trying to work back
在行为上观念上通过努力工作 and change the environment or change themselves,
改变环境改变自己 and by changing themselves they might try to
改变自己他们 withdraw from that environment, they might try
可能从环境中退出 to get to know and like people in that situation
主动了解喜欢那种情况的人们 a little better, then um, before so they're trying to
在他们还没进行修改的时候 modify, you know themselves personally right?
改造他们自己对吗 So these are different kind of adaptations that
有很多不同的调整 people can employ to try to reduce the feeling of
人们努力减少拥挤感 crowding stress.So people's susceptibility to crowding
人们容易受到拥挤的影响 depends on their personal attributes,
取决于他们的个人因素 a lot of social things going on in a situation, culture
环境中很多的社会事物 and physical environment. So, here again
文化以及物理环境 we're seeing that whole notion of systems, er,
我们看看这个系统的整体含义 quilibrium the kind of combination of environment
公平环境和人的因素的结合 and person features that determine whether
决定了 someone is going to feel that fit or they can
一个人是不是感觉舒适 feel stressed in that setting.
在那种环境下感到紧张 Now where would you want high-density?
在哪里你会想要高密度呢 Where would that be desirable? Well obviously
在哪里被需要呢 非常明显 if you're in a situation where more people makes it
如果你处于这样一种状况 more exciting or more interesting setting,
更多的人使气氛更兴奋更有趣 you want greater density you want that at a party,
在聚会上你想要人群更密集 you want to at a sports event or a concert.
或者在运动会或音乐会上 You know if you go to a concert in Coachella nobody is
如果你去科切拉听音乐会没有人参加 there, it's like not really worth going to.
感觉就不值得去 You wanted to be an event something you remember
你要的是一场让你铭记的活动 as you know, everybody showed up.
每个人都出席 So density is not always an undesirable thing.
人口密度并不总是大家不待见的事情 By the same token there are a lot of situations
同样在很多情形下 where you absolutely do not want high-density.
你绝对不会需要高密度人群 You want more privacy, you want more separation
你需要的是隐私独立空间 from people whether you're trying to study quietly
你要安静地在图书馆学习 in the library or get some privacy with somebody
和别人隐私的空间 get your close with romantically involved, these kinds of
和恋人一起浪漫的时候 situations you start to feel that crowding stress
这些场合你会更快察觉到拥挤的压力 a lot sooner right? So here's an example of
举个例子 what we mean by that equilibrium model of
就是我们说的拥挤压力的均衡模式 crowding stress. You know somebody's tolerance
有些人对密度的容忍力 for density, or just one person being that situation
或者只有一个人在那种情况 is going to be a lot lower in these situations than
也会比其他我给你们展示的那些人差 the ones I showed you before because of the nature
因为情况的本质 of the situation and what they're, you know
他们本身的特点 what you're doing there. So, obviously high density
你们在这里做的事情 显然高密度 is not a good or bad thing in itself.
本身并不是一件好事也不是一件坏事 Now we've been talking about crowding
我们讨论了拥挤 where people don't have enough sort of
人们没有足够的 separation between themselves and other people,
他们自己以及与其他人的独立空间 and you can also have a situation of isolation
你可能会有被隔离的情况 where you feel like you don't have enough contact
你感觉你和别人没了联系 with other people. You want more contact,
你需要更多的联系 you're under crowded. So how do people kind of
你在拥挤的环境下 maintain this balance between crowding stress on
人们如何平衡拥挤的压力 the one hand and feeling isolated on the other?
和被孤立的感觉 So there are behavioural mechanisms according to
存在行为机制 Robert Sommer that people use to optimise
罗伯特索姆认为 their contact with other people.
人们常常使他们和别人的联系达到最佳 So what do we mean by personal space?
那么您说的个人距离是什么意思呢 Well it's an area around somebody's body
是一个人身体周围的距离 it's an invisible kind of zone, and if people go into it
这是一个看不见的区域 如果人们 too closely you start to feel uncomfortable
和你的距离过近你会觉得不舒服 you start to feel that stress of too much proximity.
太靠近会让你开始觉得有压力 So personal space is one of the mechanisms
所以私人空间是一种方法 that we use to adjust our space
我们用此来调节空间 in our everyday interactions and either clam up
日常交往时或者缄默不语时 and not er, be as open with people or to approach them
抑或是对人们敞开心扉接纳他人时 and reduce our personal space needs,
降低对个人空间的需求 so we can have more contact,
我们会有更多的联系 depending on the situation. According to
这依情况而定 Edward Hall who's an anthropologist, he found
人类学家爱德华豪尔认为 some very, sort of consistent zones of
他发现了个人空间的固定区域 personal space in his research across many
综观多种文化 different cultures so one zone is the intimate zone,
有一个亲近的区域 0 to 18 inches of contact with somebody else.
和别人0到18英寸的距离 The personal distance zone, a foot and a half to
个人距离区域是一英尺半到4英尺 4 feet out, social distance 4 to 12 feet out, or
社会距离是4英尺到12英尺 public distance where you go into a lecture and
你参加讲座的公共距离 you're interacting with the speaker who's up
你和讲台上的讲话人互动 on the podium, and you're separated from
你和那个人就分离开了 that person. So these are different sort of zones of
个人距离还存在不同的区域 personal space that people use and these go across
人们利用个人空间 a lot of different cultures generally the need for
不同的文化也有不同的个人距离 对于个人 personal space seems to be
距离的需要似乎是 a culturally universal thing, but how it's managed
在文化上相同的 is quite different. You know some cultures use
但是如何处理这种距离却不同 clothing, veils to sort of reduce the contact that
有些文化利用面纱减少外界联系 somebody has visually with other people er,
减少和别人的视线接触 some people use behavioural mannerisms to
有些人会利用行为举止 cut down er, contact with other people. So
减少和别人的联系 we're going to take a look at some of that
我们来看看 so it's its culturally variable for sure.
所以肯定在文化上个人距离是可以变化的 There are cities and there are cultures
还有一些城市和文化 that are close personal space endurance, and
对于亲近的个人距离容忍度 generally what Hall found is that in the Middle East,
总体说来霍尔发现在地中海地区 and Latin America, in Asia er, you find and
拉美亚洲地区 in some European areas you find
在一些欧洲地区 closer personal space endurance, people are used to
对更近的个人距离更宽容 kind of getting in close with each other
彼此更亲近 they like a sort a lot of high contact interaction
他们喜欢接触多的交往活动 even with strangers. They're not put off by that
甚至和陌生人 他们不会不高兴 and yet there are other cultures where you have
但是在其他文化里 much larger personal space needs um, and
就需要更大的个人距离 these would be northern Europe, um Canada
这种情况常常发生在北欧加拿大 and these are you know gross generalisations
这些都是一般的概括 obviously but as Hall interviewed people across
但是霍尔采访了不同文化的人们 many different cultures these are some of
他找到了一些模式 the patterns that he found that there was
存在文化的差异 a cultural variation in people's use and need
在人们对个人距离的需求和使用 for personal space.Now this is a bit of
这张幻灯片有点乱 a busy slide, which you can Territorial behaviour,
地方性的行为 which we going to talk about. We've talked about
这个话题我们将要讨论 it with Wynne Edwards but we're going to talk
我们和韦恩爱德华讨论过 how it as it applies to humans not just
但是我们要讨论它如何利用在人类上 nonhuman species. These concepts or these processes
不只是非人类物种 这些概念或者过程 work together to optimise peoples' um, control over
共同协作优化人们对隐私的控制 their privacy so in an ideal situation where
在一个理想的情况 you have an environment that you can modify
就是你可以改变的环境下 you want to maintain you want to hit the sweet spot
你要击中最有效的击球点 of just the amount of privacy or lack of privacy
或是只是隐私的量或者缺少隐私 you want with other people in that situation.
在那种情况下你想要和其他人的距离 If you don't have control over the situation
如果你对那种情形不控制 people can come in and infringe on you and
人们就会靠近侵犯到你 do whatever they want, and you have
做他们想做的任何事 no control over it. So privacy is the central concept
不去控制 隐私是核心概念 and it sort of binds the other processes together
它会蒙蔽了其他的过程 it's a regulatory process where a person or
这是一个监管程序 group makes themselves more or less accessible
一个人或一个团队让自己或多或少能够被接近 or open to others. And then personal space and
对别人更开放 个人空间 territoriality are mechanisms that help that person
和地域性会帮助那个人 achieve their desired level of privacy so
实现他们想要的隐私的程度 if you want more privacy you step away,
如果你要更多的隐私就退后点 you increase your personal space or
增加个人距离 you set up a territory in your room
在房间可以确立你的地盘 where you say you put on your door you know,
你可以安个门 "Please do not disturb me now" or
请勿打扰 "Visitors are not welcome", um, so
恕不待客 you set up territorial devices to push people away.
设立你的空间设施增加和他人的距离 Crowding is a social condition
拥挤是一种社会状况 where privacy mechanisms have not functioned
隐私机制运行的并不好 effectively, so you have an excess of
不想要的社会接触太多了 undesired social contact. And privacy related behaviours
隐私相关的行为 these all these behaviours are working as
所有的行为都是一个动态系统运行 a dynamic system, so remember we said that
我们说过 you know, people environment relationships are
人类和环境的关系 part of systems, that's why we went over
只是系统的一部分 这就是我们学习 systems theory, and they strive to maintain
系统理论的原因 他们努力要维持平等 a kind of equilibrium or fit between the person and
或者人类和环境的良性关系 their environment, so that's what this model says.
这就是这种模式要表达的内容 And in this slide it's kind of a diagrammatic er,
在这张幻灯片上是个图标 portrayal of what Altman is saying, he's saying
描绘出奥特曼观点 you start with some ideal level of privacy
从隐私的理想水平开始 given somebody that you are interacting with
假设和你交往的某些人 in a situation, it may be a stranger, they may be
他们可以是陌生人 somebody you don't like, they may be somebody
也可以是你不喜欢的人 也可能是 you really like, you want to get to know better,
你喜欢的人 要加深了解的人 and based on that ideal, you adjust your
基于理想条件 personal space you territorial behaviour
调整个人空间地盘性行为 your verbal behaviour what you say to somebody,
你的言语对别人说的话 or your non-verbal behaviour, how you glare at
或者非言语行为 them or you smile at them and these are that
你怎么看他们怎么对他们微笑 differentiated set of system behaviours remember
这些都是系统行为有区别的模式 we said that systems get differentiated.
我们说过系统是有区别的 So you can hit the ideal level of privacy or
你可以到达隐私的完美水平 you can achieve your privacy ideal
可以实现你的理想隐私状态 by varying these different behaviours and
通过让这些不同的行为变得有区别 that's what we mean by differentiation in systems.
这就是系统中说的差别化 And if you don't do that effectively, you might get
如果你没有有效地采取行动 isolated so here you've got more privacy that
你很可能就会受到孤立 what you wanted, and, or you could get crowded
获得更多你要的隐私或者会变得更拥挤 where you have less privacy than what you wanted,
比你想要的隐私少 so these things play out and they determine
这些都结束了 他们决定了 what your actual achieved level of privacy is,
你达到隐私的目的 and the optimum would be, you know where
和最佳效果 you're achieving the level of privacy you want,
你可以达到你想要的隐私的目的 so this is basically an equilibrium model sort of
这基本上是一个平衡的模式 tying together these different concepts of
融合了不同的概念 personal space, territory, crowding, isolation
有关个人空间行动范围拥挤程度受孤立程度 and privacy. So social isolation and
以及隐私 社会孤立 you have too much privacy relative to
过多的隐私 what you want, that's a kind of stress,
和你想要的相关 这也是一种压力 remember we said stress is an imbalance
压力是一种失衡状态 between environmental demands and your ability
在环境要求和你的能力之间 to cope with that environment. Crowding is
来处理环境 拥挤 a different kind of stress where you have,
是一种不同的压力 you know, less privacy than what you want.
你所处的隐私程度要低于你的期待 So those are basic differences in that model of
这就是模式中两种概念的基本的差异 those two concepts. Now territoriality, and
现在地盘行为 we're going to talk about differences
以及我们要讨论的差异性 between human and nonhuman territoriality
在人类和非人类的划地盘行为 because they're quite different. You know
因为他们的差别很大 in the Wynne Edwards article, territoriality was all
在韦恩爱德华的文章中 划地盘行为全部和 about feeding and breeding. Those were
这些都和喂食哺育有关 the main biological functions as to
这些都是主要的生物功能 why animals claim and defend territory.
和动物划分保护自己地盘的原因 In humans it gets a lot more nuanced , you know
人类就有点麻烦了 we have copyrights, we have patents,
我们有版权有专利 we have our cars that become our territory,
我们有汽车这也成了我们的地盘 we have multiple residences you know our room
我们有多个住所 back at home and our dorm room, so human territoriality
比如家里或者宿舍所以人类的划地盘行为 gets a little bit more complex.
更复杂 So Altman defines this as a self/other boundary
所以奥特曼把这个定义为一种界限 regulatory mechanism that involves personalising or
监管机制包含了个性 marking a place or object and communicating that
对一个地方和物体进行标记传达出 is owned by you by a person or group, so you're
一个人或一个群体所有的信息 marking something to communicate your identity
给一些东西做标记传达你的身份 that you own that space and we saw examples of that
表明你拥有那块空间我们看下这些例子 in the corporate er, conference room we also saw
在公司会议室 examples of it in a dorm room where people
我们也看到了宿舍的例子 put up items of interest on their wall to sort of
大家在墙上贴出了有趣的东西 reflect who they are. This is done to regulate
体现出他们是谁 social interaction and to satisfy social as well as
就是为了管理自己的社会交往满足社会 physical needs, so a social need might be
物理的需求社会需求 you want to express your political leaning,
可能是你要表达出你的政治倾向 so you put up posters in your dorm room
在宿舍里贴上海报 for Obama or for Romney or whoever you're
无论是支持奥巴马或者鲁尼 supporting to kind of communicate to people
或者你支持的任何人 that that's what you're about socially. And then
给人传达出社会上的联系 defence response since sometimes occur
保护反应 when people invade your territory okay so
如果有人侵犯到你的地盘 territory can be set up but it doesn't always
因此可以确立地盘 hold people from, back from infringing or
也不能保证不被侵犯 violating it. So we're going to show a couple of
我们要展示几个影片 videos here that er, convey what we mean
传达了我们说的 by territoriality and I think as you see these,
划地盘行为特点 er maybe you can relate to them er,
你可以和他们联系起来 in things that have happened.
在发生的事清里 Right, I'm really surprised at Elaine,
对伊莱恩我真没想到 that whole phone business?
电话业务 She should know better than that.
他肯定知道得更清楚 Hey, hey, hey!
嗨嗨嗨 What?
怎么了 Where do you think this relationship is?
你认为这段关系发展到哪了 If you are thinking of instituting an open door
如果你想过开门撒尿的主意 urination policy, let me disabuse you of
那么我就废了你 that notion right now my friend!
成为我朋友的权利 You're so uptight.
你太紧张了 Uptight Let's all just have a big pee party.
紧张 那我们来个大型的撒尿聚会 Hey everybody, grab a bucket,
大家来拿个桶 we're going up to Jerry's, it's a pee party.
我们要去杰瑞家他开了一个撒尿聚会 We said that territoriality began to be studied
我们说过划地盘行为开始在 in animal populations and there was a lot of interest
动物种群中研究 in how animals mark their territory um,
对动物如何划地盘很感兴趣 for feeding and breeding purposes, um the next example
为了喂食和哺育的目的 is from sort of a human example.
下一个例子来自人类 When you enter the restroom, always select
当你进入房间总是选择 the urinal that is as far away as possible from men
离另外一个男性较远的小便器 who are using other urinals. Here are
这有一些例子 some illustrations of various urinal situations
针对不同的小便情况 and the proper course of action for each.
和恰当的行为过程 Situation number one. All urinals are
情形一所有的小便器 empty correct action you take the urinal
都是空的正确的做法是 on either edge. This allows others to most effectively
你可以用边上的那个 这样别人 comply with the rules that are to follow.
最大程度的遵循下面的原则 Situation number two. One urinal is taken.
情形二 有一个小便器被占用了 Correct action, the urinal on the right is
正确的做法 右手边的小便器 the optimum choice here this minimises
就是最好的选择 the chance of any contact whatsoever
就减少了和别人接触的机会 with the other man in the bathroom.
尤其是和卫生间里的其他男人 Situation number three. Two urinals are taken,
情形三 两个小便器被占用 correct action, the middle urinal which is
正确的做法 中间的小便器 equal distance from the other two occupants.
是和另外两个同等距离的小便器 Situation number four. Three urinals are taken.
情形四三个小便器被占用 Correct action, no urinal is acceptable.
正确的做法就是先不用任何小便器 The loo has now reached critical mass leave
卫生间里现在比较拥挤 and come back later or use a stall
离开一会以后再回来或者使用隔间 under no circumstances should
任何情况下都不要 two adjacent urinals be in use at the same time.
同时使用两个相邻的小便器 So that maybe a little over the top example
也许上面的例子有点夸张了 but I think the fact is that people do have
但是我认为人们确实 territorial needs and behaviours not just
存在划地盘的需要和行为 you know related to the bathrooms, but
不只是和卫生间有关 how they set up their rooms and people are
和他们如何安排房间有关人们对 quite sensitive to territorial infringement so
侵犯自己地盘的行为非常敏感 it becomes important to kind of understand
这很重要 how is this accomplished? How is it carried out
去理解这是如何完成的 in various situations and to what extent does it
在不同的情形下是如何实施的 prevent stress or does it sort of improve
什么程度下才能预防压力 people's experience of their environments?
这会改善人们在环境中的体验吗 So what constitutes an effective territory
什么才能构成一个有效的地盘 so to speak? And as far as the rest room research
就目前的洗手间研究 goes actually there's been a lot of work er,
有许多员工 on restroom behaviour and as I mentioned parity
在洗手间的行为 between women and men's restrooms er,
我之前提到了男女洗手间的不同 because of the longer queues and waiting times
因为要排更长的队等更久的时间 that women experience in public restrooms and
女性一般在公共卫生间是那样的情况 there has been testimony and Congress
有证据和大会 by environmental psychologists about this
这个会议是由环境心理学家提供召开的 so it's not something that actually hasn't
这其实是 actually been studied so that
现在还没有真正研究的课题 why I went ahead and threw it up there.
我为什么要在这不断强调 Alright as you read Edward Hall is his chapters
你们读爱德华霍尔 in the "Hidden dimension" he talks about
在他的隐藏的空间中的几个章节 cultural use of space, cultural differences
他谈过空间在文化上的应用文化差异 and territory but in addition to er, those special
以及地盘行为 behaviours there are what he calls semi-fixed
除了这些行为还有他称其为 and fixed features of spaces that people use to
空间的半固定或固定的特征 adjust their, their territory. So a fixed feature
人们可以用来调整他们的地盘 would be an attribute of a setting that cannot be
固定的特征可能形成了某种布置 readily modified by occupants so the way
这不能被占有者改变 these front doors are designed together that's
前门和其他布置一起被设计好 fixed, nobody is going to change that around.
就固定了没人会变来变去 A semi-fixed feature attribute of the setting is
半固定特征对布置的影响 where people can arrange the furniture they can
是人们可以安排家具 decorate their walls they can do things to that
可以装饰他们的墙 physical environment that gives them
可以对物理环境有所变动 at least some flexibility or customised ability er,
他们具有一定的灵活性或是自定义的能力 in terms of how they going to use that space.
他们会如何利用空间 So Hall is saying that we kind of, are stuck with,
所以霍尔说我们坚持 or we have to conform to and adapt to
或者必须要遵循适应 what the fixed features are. You know
固定特征本来的形态 if our window of our bedroom is out over
如果我们卧室的窗户 a very busy highway, there's not a whole lot
对着一条繁忙的高速公路 we can do about that in terms of changing
我们做不了什么 the design of that environment. So fixed,
来改变环境的设计 所以固定 semi-fixed though you can actually modify
半固定的布置即使你们会有改变 and adjust pretty readily. Now there're different
适时地调整 仍然会有不同 types of territories. Irwin Altman talks about primary,
地盘类型 欧文奥特曼谈论到首要的 secondary and public territories. A primary territory
次要的和公共地盘 is one where you spend a lot of time you have
首要地盘你在那里度过很多时间 a lot of your personal psychological needs
很多个人的心理需求 wrapped up in that space and its primary to
在这块空间得到满足 your identity to what you want to get done.
它对你的身份你想要做的事情很重要 You know when you go into your, your room er,
当你走进房间 or your office you want to be able to
或者办公室你希望能够 get your work done and not get interrupted er, or
完成工作任务不被打扰 you want to have privacy with a friend.
需要和朋友在一起的私人空间 That's a pretty important space to you.
对你来说是非常重要的空间 Secondary spaces are a little more public
次要空间有点公共化了 and they're group spaces so groups set up
是一个群体的空间 a territory temporarily where they want to
一个群体建立了一个临时的地盘 have a conversation or they put their books
他们会聊天会把他们的书 down in the library to mark a place where
放在图书馆表明 they are going to meet. A public territory is
他们要在这见面 not really um, owned or under jurisdiction of
公共区域就不被任何人拥有 any particular individuals or groups, it's just
不隶属于某个人或群体 a completely open space. So a beach
是一个完全开放的空间 if you go to, er, you know Corona Del Mar Beach,
如果你去科罗纳岱玛海滩 you know basically it's not a behaviour setting
这基本上不是一个行为定势 that's owned or populated by particular people
行为定势在特定人群中存在传播 doing a particular behavioural programme,
那些人有特定的行为程序 is an open public setting or territory
一个开放的公共环境或是地盘 where you can set up your blanket anywhere
你可在任何地方放你的毯子 you want and there's no sort of jurisdiction there.
没有隶属权 And one of the things that you're seeing
你们在课堂上看到的事物 in the class I think is that we're using examples
我们正在利用例子 in with different terms so you can talk about
里面有不同的术语 an interior er, identity cue, or self-directed
你们可以谈论内景 身份提示 自主提示 identity cue which you, in Gosling's paper
在高斯林的论文里 but you can also talk about it as a physical trace.
但是你也可以把它说成是一种物理痕迹 Somebody can go in look at that room and
有人看到那个房间 have a kind of cue as to what you're interested in,
就对你感兴趣的东西找到了提示 so it's a physical trace so we talked about
这是一种物理痕迹 that environmental assessment. We've also talked
我们谈到了环境评估 about behaviour settings so this is
谈到了行为定势 a kind of temporary behaviour setting,
一种临时的行为定势 this is a more permanent er, anchored behaviour
这个就更持久固定的行为定势 setting in a particular building or space
在特定的建筑或空间里 this would be a public space that isn't really
这可能是一个公共空间 a behaviour setting the way Barker defined
不一定是巴克定义的行为定势 so it's more of a public territory.
这更倾向是公共地盘 Yeah? Say your name?Amanda.Hi Amanda?
好的你的名字阿曼达 你好阿曼达 What about in public spaces kind of
那要是公共空间 get owned by different groups?
被不同的群体占有呢 Like if a game takes over er, our space,
比如做一个游戏 or in our neighbourhood or a um, or
我们的空间或者在我们的小区 if you just don't feel like it's a beach
如果你认为不是海滩 for everybody, like you feel like it is kind of
你觉得这是 been taken over by the teenagers or
青少年玩的地方 something and you don't feel comfortable with
或者你觉得很不舒服的东西 you're in a different age group or something.
你在一个不同的年龄组 Yeah no, that's a very common kind of
这很普遍 thing where a particular group appropriates
一个特定的年龄组在 a public space and makes it their secondary or
一个公共空间就很正常使这个地方 even primary territory and one of the reasons that,
成为次要或是首要地盘 原因之一是 the Fun Centre, off of the 405 freeway and
在405高速路外的娱乐中心 Michelson got built for certainly the younger,
米切尔森当然是给年轻人建造的 some of the younger aged people in Irvine, is that er,
尔湾市的一些年轻人 for a while a lot of the teenage groups were sort of
许多青年人 going into the parking lot of Wholesome Choice or,
进入Wholesome Choice停车场 some of the other shopping centres and sort of
或是其他的购物中心 taking it over as their hangout, their meeting space,
把他当做逛街的地方聚会场所 and so a lot of people felt that there was a need
所以许多人觉得 for behaviour settings that catered to people of
需要行为定势满足更年轻的人 a younger age just as there's a need
因为 for senior centres in Irvine, so there was
尔湾需要老年中心 an effort to sort of diversify those settings and
需要变化环境布置 put some investment in er, you know that,
进行投资 the bowling alleys over there and the recreation zone.
那边有保龄球馆和休闲中心 Yeah, but a lot of times these kind of spaces er,
很多时候这种空间 public you know walkway or sidewalk can be
人行道会被占用 taken over um, and you can see indications of
你可以明白其中的意思 that through graffiti through gang markings and
从墙上的涂鸦和帮派标记 the like. So territories typically get marked,
所以地盘就这样被划分了 the get personalised in some way.
以某种方式被个人占有了 So a few more slides talking about territoriality
更多幻灯片讲解了划地盘行为 at human and nonhuman level. So some of the
在人类和非人类中 differences between er, human territoriality is
他们的区别是人类的划分地盘的行为 that they tend to be larger scale than
他们划分的范围比动物要更大 the animal territories, and more complex so
更复杂 we can have multiple territories like I mentioned
正如我提到的我们有多个地盘 between cars and multiple residences.
从汽车到住所 We can have a national territory, we can have
我们国家有边界 a home territory where you know our dorm or
我们家也有我们的宿舍 home environment where we grew up, er,
或是我们成长的家庭环境 we can belong to a lot of different groups
我们可能属于不同的族群 so you know that's quite different than
所以这不同于 in most animal populations where you're
大多数的动物种群 in the single residential group in a particular area.
你处在某个地方的一个单独的居民区 With humans there's much more emphasis
人类更强调 on social modes, for creating territories er, so
社会模式在创建地盘时 protecting your ideas through a patent or
通过专利或者版权保护你的想法 copyright for example it's not about feeding
这就无关喂食和哺育 and breeding as it is in animal populations.
就像在动物中群里的那样 We could have multiple locations for our territories.
我们的地盘选择地点有很多 Um, territories can be other people, objects, ideas
地盘囊括了人物想法 and sometimes people you know relate to
有时和其他人有联系 others as if they are their territory, their objects.
好像他们是他的地盘他们的物品 We can talk about variability and complexity
我们可以谈谈多多变性和复杂性 in response to territorial invasion so
针对侵犯地盘 in animal populations you will have a kind of
如果在动物种群里 defence or aggressive response to try to
你会有一种防卫或攻击反应 keep out an invader. In a human situation
为了抵御侵略者在人类的环境 you might have a verbal response saying
你可能会用言语应对 you know, "I don't really want to talk to you
我不想和你说话 right now please, you know I'm not open for
现在还没营业 business here, or I don't want you to come into
现在我不想让你进我的房间 my room right now I want to take a rest",
我想要休息会 so you can you know put people back verbally or
你用言语或非言语的行为就拒绝了别人 nonverbally so that's quite different
这是非常不同 than in animal populations.
和动物种群相比 How are these two concepts different?
这两个概念不同在哪里 We've talked about how they're interrelated with
我们讲过他们如何同拥挤的环境 crowding and isolation and privacy.
孤立的状态和隐私相联系的 They're different in the sense that, personal space
他们是不同的 is more portable and invisible. It's a zone
个人空间更不固定更不易被看到 around you that you carry around with you,
这是你身边的区域并跟随你移动 whereas territory is more stationary, it's visible
而地盘就比较固定能够看的到 it's your car, is your room, it's a place typically.
你的车你的房间显然是一个场所 This is person centred, you know it's your
围绕着一个人的就是你的个人空间 personal space whereas territory is place centred,
围绕这一个场所的就是地盘 it belongs or relates to a particular place that
它属于或和一个场所有关 you've marked in some way and that
以某种方式做标记的地方 you own and groups can have territory as well.
你拥有的或群体也可以有地盘 Um, groups don't have personal space
群体没有个人空间 so much as they might have in a secondary territory
不会和次要地盘一样多 but groups certainly um, mark places and that's
但是群体会标记地方 where you have the, you know,
你们有 the decorated conference room for example
比如装饰的会议室 being a group environment a group setting
当做群体的环境群体背景 and then invasion. When you have invasion of
然后侵犯 当侵犯到了个人空间 personal space, often there is a withdrawal response
通常的反应是退出 whereas for territorial defence you have more of
地盘防卫来说 a defence response digging in drawing a line
你的防卫反应可能是在土地 in the sand and not letting people take over or
掘地划线不让别人占领 infringe on that territory. So territory gives you
侵犯你的地盘 an advantage and when animals can lay claim
地盘赋予你了优势 to territory and defend it and hold it, it gives them
动物可以要求获得地盘占有 a distinct advantage over predators over
这给捕食者绝对的优势 other members of the species because people
对物种的其他成员 in their home base, are usually much more effective
因为人类有房子作为大本营这更有效 when you look at the home and visiting records of
当你看着主客场记录 visiting teams, you know you can see that teams
你会亲眼看见他们 when they're playing on the home-field are
当他们在你的主场踢球时 a lot more successful in terms of
他们更容易成功 the win loss record okay?
就输赢记录来说 So these are some differences between
所以存在不同 personal space and territoriality, we talked about
在个人空间和地盘行为 differences between human and non-human territory,
人类和非人类的划地盘行为不同 and just by way of summary and these actually
通过总结 covered in the chapter that I assigned er,
这些在我布置的章节都有讲 during the second week of the class or maybe
在第二周的课 it was class session two on environmental context
好像是有关环境背景和行为健康的第二节课 and behavioural well-being, that chapter reviews
那个章节复习了 some of these research findings. Evidence for
一些研究成果 individual differences in personal space,
个人空间的个体差异的例证 strong cultural differences, friendship, and
文化差异 友情 physical attractiveness obviously play a big role
生理的吸引都起了重要的作用 in people's personal space needs
对人们的个人空间需求 in any given situation. Um, informal settings people's
在某个环境在非正式环境里 personal space needs er, shrink down they're
人们对个人空间的需求降低并没有 not as demanding as in a formal setting and
在正式环境中那么强烈 also this role of cubic space as well as
立体空间的作用 rectilinear space so when you raise the ceilings,
也比直线空间个人空间大你提升了天花板高度 even though you are keeping the square footage
即使你的建筑面积不变 the same, people's sense of crowding and
人们对拥挤的感觉 special closeness goes down and
就会降低 there's some recent research that
最近的一些研究表明 raising the ceiling height actually changes
提升天花板高度 people's cognition when you have groups
会改变人们的认知 当几个团体 trying to do different tasks and be creative,
要做不同的任务要有创意 people tend to be sort of more out of the box
人们要跳出思考的盒子 in their thinking when they have more cubic space
当他们有更多立体空间 not sure why that is and when they confine groups,
不确定为什么这样 当他们局限了那些团体 the researchers confined groups to more,
研究员也局限团体 to tighter spaces they seem to be more detail
把他们逼到更狭促的空间 orientated and sort of better on the details
更倾向细节并在细节上做得更好 but not as good on the creative tasks.
但是在创意性的工作就没那么出色 So that's kind of an interesting recent update
最近一种有趣的更新 of some of the work on cubic and rectilinear space.
对立体或者直线空间的工作 And finally with territoriality um,
针对地盘行为 some of the findings that stand out, is
一些研究结果很突出 markers are pretty effective. When you
标识物是很有效的 put a book bag down at the library people
当你把书包放在图书馆人们会 tend to respect that, they don't infringe on it.
出于尊重不会侵犯这个地方 So territorial markers often are
地盘性的标志物 pretty effective in holding that space
在保护空间方面相当有效的 not always, I mean if you go to a concert
如果你去一场音乐会 and you know the chairs are filling up quickly,
椅子很快就会被占满 you're not necessarily going to hold space
你不必去占坐 by putting a program on it. But er, or in a movie
把节目表放在上面 但是如果在电影院 theatre but in other cases they do work um,
或者其他场合有时候也有效 to sort of hold the territory. The more personal
标识物越私人 the marker the greater the protective value
保护地盘的价值就发挥得越大 so if you put a jacket or coat down there
如果你把夹克或是外套 at a table, that has a little more suasion than
放在一个桌子上会比 if you just put a pencil or a pen or something
放一支笔更有力度 like that. The longer the occupancy,
占领的时间越长 the more elaborate the marker system.
标志物系统就越丰富 So as people reside in a particular territory longer,
所以人们在一个特定的地盘越久 they get more differentiated and more nuanced
他们就越容易区分更容易辨认 in how they mark that space and keep it their own.
在如何标识那个空间并占为己有 And finally territorial markers of residential settings
居住环境的地盘标识物 can reduce vulnerability to a burglary.
能减少被盗 We're going to see later in the course er,
这堂课最后我们要看看 from a study done in Utah that when a walk-through
犹他州的一个研究 of neighbourhoods was done and
在一个小区实施走查 different physical features of homes were recorded
不同的物理特征被记录下来了 like whether they had fences or hedges
比如他们是不是有栅栏或护栏 around them whether they had
在他们周围他们门上 personalised nameplates on the door, er,
有没有个性的门牌 there were a number of features that were
很多特征 associated with lower burglary rates and also
是和低入室盗窃率有关的 when they showed pictures of these different homes
当他们展示这些盐湖城不同家庭的图片时 in Salt Lake City to people that had been convicted of
给那些曾经的抢劫人员看 burglary, those former burglars were very good
这些曾经的抢劫犯擅长 at sort of picking out which homes they would hit,
把容易下手的家庭挑出来 which homes they would avoid, because of
要避免那些家庭 certain cues that conveyed greater territorial defence.
因为传达出的线索表明了更强的地盘防御 So these territorial queues and play out
所以就结束 so they give you pretty influential for a lot of
他们对很多不同的行为有很大的影响 different behaviours. Um, all right marks going to er,
好吧接下来会展示 show a couple of videos now one of my sons is
几段影片我的儿子 a TV reporter and we've been talking about
是电视主持人我之前谈论过 environmental assessment and he always used to
环境评估他常常说 say that I don't want to become a professor,
我不想当教授了 I don't want to be an academic I want to be a
我不想当学者 you know out there on a baseball field or
我想当个棒球场外的 you know doing comboka in the TV studio.
或者在录影棚里做节目 Anyway he got called on by one of his stations
他受到一个电视台邀请 when he took his first job in Louisiana to
当他在路易斯安纳做第一份工作是 do an environmental assessment project,
做环境评估的项目 so the news director said "You've got to go out
这个新闻导演说你去 and you've got to look at the quality of our streets
看看我们街道的环境质量吧 and cover the crews doing pothole repair", and
报道坑槽修补的新闻 my son said "That's one of the dumbest thing
这是最愚蠢的事 I've ever heard I don't want to do that" and um,
我不想做 so he decided to try to make some fun
所以他决定做点有意思的事 out of it and enjoy it and what was supposed to be
并享受其中本应该 a one-month thing for sweeps, er you know
一个月的清理工作 these stations do different packages for sweeps
电视台给清理做了不同的包装 to try to increase the ratings, turned out to be
为了增加收视率 year and a half because the community kept
结果进行了一年半 wanting pothole patrols so for some fun
因为小区想从坑槽工作找点乐子 we showed some of those episodes that
我们展示了几集 you can run one of those.
可以播放一集 seat belt after you see belt after you see
安全带 our next report potholes. They are seemingly
你们看了我们对坑槽工作的报道以后 everywhere, they're annoying, and
他们似乎无处不在 很烦人 they're dangerous.
很危险 News 12's Eli Stokols joins us now, live
现在艾利司德科加入我们 from just north of downtown Shreveport with
住在什里夫波特市区的北部 this special report. Eli, have you found some?
艾利你找到一些吗 Haha well, yes we found some. We're at Finn and Richou,
是的找到了我们在Finn a small intersection here just off of North Market Street,
and Richou小十字路口在北市场街道 and this is about as bad as it gets but there are
这变得越来越糟了 a lot of streets across town that have these
城里有很多街道 kind of bumps, cracks, and potholes and streets
凹凸不平的破裂坑槽 that if your car has anything to say about it are
如果你的汽车会说话 best avoided. Now this kind of damage can happen
最好躲开这条街这种伤害会发生 in one rainy night, it can happen in one
在雨夜也可能在 sweltering afternoon usually a lot faster than
闷热的下午 the crews can get out to patch them. This is
工作人员都来不及修补它 an ongoing and never-ending war on
这是一场正在进行而且永不停止的战争 potholes and that's why news 12 is
这也是新闻12 on the pothole patrol.You've been there driving along
对坑槽进行追踪报道的原因 perhaps with a Ringtail Lemur enjoying
你们一路开过去 the view from the dash, when suddenly
欣赏一路奔驰而过的美景 "What was that?" I bet they don't have potholes that
那是什么我敢说 in Madagascar! In this asphalt Jungle
在马达加斯加没有坑洼路 they're everywhere. Potholes aren't going away
在柏油丛林还是有坑洼路面 are they? Potholes will never go away
坑洼不会离我们远去 as long as you have asphalt.
只要有沥青 Almost as fast as they can surface
尽可能快的铺路 Ernie Negrete's crew is on the scene to resurface.
尔湾内格雷特工人们在现场重新铺平路面 Cutting, spraying, pouring, filling and tamping.
剪喷洒灌最后压平 We try to get them as soon as possible.
我们让他们尽快完成工作 If they're called in, we try to get there
如果被召唤 as quick as we can.
他们和我们一样快到现场 Because you know that if you don't get to them?
因为如果不到那 Right we're going to have claims files saying
就会有索赔文件 that damages to cars.
说车辆损坏 And possibly worse right?
也许更糟糕 Right, accidents trying to swerve around
事故会急转直下 and miss them.
和他们擦肩而过 And if you don't miss them you will likely end up here.
如果没有躲过去就可能最终在那了 They're hitting the potholes all the time and
他们总是撞到坑槽 the streets just take its toll on it eventually.
接到最终会赔偿 On this truck, the idler arms are loose.
这辆卡车上空转壁松了 They get a lot of slack getting hit, that
越来越松到崩溃 throws the alignment out
无法对齐 which starts causing tyre wear.
造成爆胎 Mechanic James Hill knows a little pothole
技术工人詹姆斯希尔了解一点 can cause a domino effect of damage.
坑洼路面会引起伤害产生多米诺效应 Tyre rod ends, centre links, swipe more bushings ,
拉杆中心链条摩擦衬套 ball joints, coil springs.
球接头螺旋弹簧 That noise you hear, that's your pocket book
你听到的噪音是你的袖珍书 getting a lighter compared to that, a little early morning
和那相比变轻了 jackhammer and never sounded so good.
一大早手提的声音钻听起来肯定不好 I've been driving over these same holes for 12 years.
我从这个坑上面走了12年了 There are no doubt hundreds of potholes that
毫无疑问数以百计的大坑 people would like to have patched
人们本应该就修补好的 all across the arklatex. In fact, this one
事实上 I'm standing in right now pointed out,
我站在旁边的这个 brought to our attention by a news 12 viewer
因为新闻12的观众引起了我们的注意 named Bob Pasou, Bob works right across the street and
名字叫鲍勃帕索鲍勃工作在街的对面 Bob tired of driving over this thing day after day.
厌倦了每天在这样的路面开车 what kind of response have you received about
你获得的答复是什么呢 the local pothole problems?
对你们当地的坑槽路面问题 Well Carl, funny you should ask.
卡尔你这么问很有意思 I got in my hands here a stack of e-mails that
我手里有一打电子邮件 we've gotten from viewers, emails, phone messages
是我们从观众通过电子邮件短信获得的 and this is just the beginning, listing the
这只是一个开始罗列了 various locations where there are potholes that
不同坑洼路面的地点 people are of tired of driving over and
人们都厌倦开车经过 would like to see fixed. Now we're going to
希望得到整修 hand these over to the city officials let them
我们要把这些交到市政工作人员 take care of it but we'll be looking into this
让他们负责此事我们也会调查 as well as we continue this series on potholes
我们将继续坑洼路面的系列报道 and you got a pothole you'd like to see patched?
有坑洼路面想得到整修吗 Well give us a call at the station the phone number
可以拨打我们电视台的电话 222-1212 or log onto our website KSLA.com and
222-1212或者登陆网站KSLA.com click on the pothole patrol together we can help to
点击坑洼路面侦察 make the streets a bit smoother and a whole lot safer.
使街道更平稳更安全 Umm, Eli Stokols on pothole patrol in the arklatex,
艾利也在我们的巡查队 thank you for that report Eli.
谢谢你的报道 Judging by the number of viewer calls and
通过观众热线电话和邮件可以判断出 emails there are more than just a few streets out there
不知几条街有这种问题 that need more than just a little smoothing out.
他们不仅需要平整路面 It's a big job but Eli Stokols and the pothole patrol
这是一项大工程艾利和路面巡查队 seem to have it all together now. Eli we understand
一起解决它 you guys have been very busy today?
我们知道你们今天一直很忙 Well you're right Michelle, we've been all over
对啊我们一直在城里跑 the city following up on viewers' tips, trying to
追踪观众的线索 track down all the potholes we can, potholes big
尽我们所能记录下所有的坑洼路况 and small and there are a lot of them. We're trying
大大小小有很多 to get them patched as quickly as we can.
我们努力尽快修复 Now the last time we were in this intersection
最后我们站在十字路口 is is Finn and Richou er, just off of
这是Finn and Richouth街 North Market Street, north of Shreveport,
在北市场街外北什里夫波特 full of crater sized holes well as you can see
都是火山口大小的坑 the city got out here early this morning.
你们可以看到这里今天早上开工 Pretty smooth now, here and all across the city
现在这里很光滑 and the arklatex the pothole patrol is
路面巡查队 just getting warmed up.
只是开了个好头 This rocky road has roughed up its last car.
去年这条坎坷崎岖的路一直就是被粗暴的对待 It took a seven man crew and a little push
需要7个工人 from the pothole patrol to repair what's known
和路面巡查队的支持才修好 as a base failure, a sort of pothole gone mad.
现在基底塌陷坑坑洼洼没有得到控制 Just completely torn up, and what we did now
完全毁坏 我们现在做的就是 we've got to come in and take out the bad surface
我们把损坏的表面拿出来 and resurface it back, put in raw material and
重新铺上路面 we put the hot mix back on it and pack,
我们把热混合物放回去压紧 compact it back down.
使他们紧密结合 Well that could take a while so we found and
这可能会花一些时间 followed another pothole patcher following
跟随另一个坑洼修补 upon your tips. The viewers are keeping
跟随着你们的线索 you guys pretty busy hugh?
观众们让你们很忙啊 Yes sir they are. And I tell you I just love doing
是的我告诉大家 what I'm doing and I'm just trying
我喜欢我现在做的事情 to please the public.
我正努力让大家快乐 Get these things patched as quick as possible hugh?
让这些东西被尽快修补好 Yes sir.
对的 This stretch of Kings Highway too tough
国王高速路的延伸路段 for a two-man crew. So we're off to the next one
对于一个两人队太难了 following perhaps a bit too close behind. Hold on to
我们出发紧紧跟在后面 your hat lemur, here we go. Hey, Henry,
带好帽子出发了 let's fix this one before someone gets hurt.
嗨亨利有人受伤之前让我们修修这个 This area's kind of sunk down through the ground
这个地区有一点塌陷了 and we're going to level it out real nice and neat
我们要弄平弄好 so the cars make a smooth transition across it.
所以汽车穿过时有平滑的过渡 Our viewers love the smell of asphalt.
我们的观众喜欢沥青的味道 Go pothole patrol!
加油路面巡查队 At first I thought er, you were just talking
起初我觉得你们只是说说 but I see that er, you all are for real about
但是我看到了你们是来真的 what you're talking about doing.
对你们说要做的事情 All as real as that sweet sound of the tamper,
捣固机美妙的声音 it's music to our ears and you just might hear it
对我们而言听起来像音乐一样 rolling down your street sometime soon.
很快机器就会在下面轰鸣了 Now this street would be fully paved
这条街会被完全铺好 if the city hadn't run out of hot mix
如果城里的热拌沥青混凝土还够的话 that's the asphalt this morning.
今天早上就是沥青 They've been pretty busy and they know
他们真的很忙碌 they're going to need to get a lot more of that
他们需要更多的材料 if they want to keep up with our viewers
如果要跟上我们的观众 and the pothole patrol.
和路面巡查队 And Eli the pothole patrol is for real like the ladies
艾利路面巡查队是认真的 were saying "You're for real pothole patrol" ha ha
像那位女士说你们是真正的路面巡查队 Yes we are.
是的我们是 Tell me this, when does the city hope to
告诉我市里希望什么时候 have that area fully repaired?
把这块区域完全修好 Well this street right here they say
他们说这条街 they'll have more of that hot mix
他们需要更多地热拌沥青混凝土 they'll be able to get this paved by Monday.
他们会在周一的时候铺好 Now obviously though there are a lot of
尽管这还有很多 more potholes and base failures and
坑洼路面和基底塌陷 other things out across the arklatex,
还有其他的问题 and we want to hear about them so
我们需要知道他们 give us a call at the station, it's 222-1212
可以拨打电话222-1212 that's the number or you can go online to
那是电话号码你也可以登录 our website KSLA.com and click on the pothole patrol.
我们的网站KSLA.com点击路面巡查队 See how many more of these things
看看还有多少问题 we can get patched up by our next report
我们可以修好 which is coming up next Wednesday on News 12 at 6.
下周三新闻2六点播出 Alright good job to you and of course the city workers.
你们做得好当然还有工人师傅们 Thank you Eli.
谢谢你艾利 Alright so er, probably it was a slow news
这可能是一个漫长的新闻 day that day. But er, they wound up having to
但是他们最终 do these for er, the next year and a half actually.
一定要这么做在接下来的一年半 And so for a guy that thought he would never be
对于一个认为 doing environmental assessment research or
不会做环境评估研究或是这种事的人 anything like that he was kind of pressed into service.
他投入到了环境评估服务当中 So, I just tried to make some fun out of it.
所以我常常拿这个取笑 Anyway, er, have a good day and we'll see next Tuesday.
今天很开心下周二见