上节课我们讲了很多 Now last time we talked a lot about music as a kind of
关于从音乐可以看出人的个性 clue to our personalities so when you looked at each
看看彼此爱听的歌 就能对彼此的 other's song list you had some inferences about each
人格特征和性格略知一二 other in terms of personal traits and dispositions, we
我们讲了地方也有个性 很多时候 said that places have personalities and a lot of times
地方的个性基于它们的音乐签名 the personalities of places is based on their musical
不管是田纳西州纳什维尔 还是新奥尔良 signatures, whether it be Nashville Tennessee, or New
还是什么别的地方 今天我们要用 Orleans or what have you. Today we are going to be
稍微不同的视角来看待音乐 looking at music in a slightly different way and as a
将音乐看做是人们评价自己环境的载体 vehicle of people evaluating their environments or
也就是人们通过音乐表达他们觉得 making statements about the good things in their
自己环境中好的地方和不太好的地方 environments or their not so good things in their
下面给大家看这些幻灯片 environments. So as I show you these slides and play
同时配有音乐 我想要大家看的时候 some songs that go with them, I want you to be thinking
思考音乐和环境评价是 about the various ways in which music and environmental
以哪些方式展开的 同时思考 evaluation plays out, and think about the themes that
这些歌曲表达的主题 以及它们 are covered in these different songs and how they
如何反应了曲作者或词作者对 reflect a lyricist's or a composers' feelings
某具体环境的感受 about a particular environment.
好的 你们如何理解这些歌曲 Okay, so what do you make of those songs and the themes
和它们表达的主题? 在人们 that are covered in the different songs. What comes to
使用音乐表达自己对环境的 mind in terms of how people are using music to express
感情和评价方面大家有什么想法? their feelings or their evaluations about environments?
有谁要说一下么? 安铂? What stands out, Amber?
两点 音乐选的很精彩 Two things, great music selection.
谢谢 Thank you.
第二 范围特别广 Secondly, the range was just so wide, you know at one
一会儿还在洛杉矶玩得很开心 point , you know you were having fun, Los Angeles,
无忧无虑的 nothing really, you know, not a care in the world
然后突然就 and then the next thing you know you are
回到了六七十年代 brought back into the 60's and 70's..
安铂是说歌曲中包含很大的反差 Amber's saying quite a range of contrasts in terms of
人们对环境的感情 反应和体验 people's feelings and reactions and their experiences
各不相同 有路易斯·阿姆斯特朗演唱 with environments, you have got Louis Armstrong singing
《多么美好的世界》《多么美妙的世界》 what a beautiful world, what a wonderful world and then
西部的音乐又是另一番样子 说到 you go to west side and it's kind of grim in terms of
帮派横行 贫困 环境等 所以人们 the gang situation, poverty, environment. So people are
在歌曲和旋律中运用多种情绪 using quite a range of emotions in their songs, their
来表达对环境的眷恋 lyrics, to kind of express their attachments to
以及对环境的情感和感觉 environments, but also their emotional feelings about
还有别的想法么? 另外 them. Other thoughts? Yeah, and you know what when you
发言的时候不要让我问 你叫什么名字 speak up instead of me saying ok, what's your name,
你叫什么名字 这很过时了 直接说大家好 what's your name, that gets old, just say hey,
我叫什么什么 直接说 my name is boom, shout it out.
大卫 David.
大卫 大卫说这些歌曲中有一些主题很广 David. So David is saying that some of the songs are
讲的是的大自然这个主题 very broad and are hitting on nature themes. Leaves
树叶变黄 或者由绿变黄 turning brown, or going from green to brown, the sun
太阳升起 以及日出带来的乐观 还有很多 coming up and the kind of optimism that brings and a
歌曲是更加具体的讲述某个地方的 路易斯 lot of the songs are much more specific to places,
安那 孟菲斯 阿拉巴马 俄亥俄的景色 Louisiana, Memphis, Alabama, that Ohio scene. Anybody
有没有同学知道克罗斯比那首俄亥俄曲子中 know what was going on in that Ohio tune by Crosby,
讲的什么? 剧照 纳什和杨? 报出名字 Stills, Nash and Young? Yeah? Say your name first.
卡伦 Karen..
卡伦 是的 说的是州立肯特大学事件 Karen. Yeah, the Kent State shootings, Kent state
国民警卫队杀死了4名学生 university, the National Guard mowed down 4 students,
是七十年代的事 整个国家的 that was in the 70's, pretty traumatic event
创伤 还有其他联想和思考么 for the country. Other associations and reflections.
你的名字? Say your name.
查尔斯 It's Charles
查尔斯 Charles..
是的 这些音乐有一种深度 Yeah..There's a depth, kind of a depth to their music
一个人得在那些地方住上 that you would almost have to live there for an
很长一段时间才能体会到这 extended period to know the feeling that was coming
三四分钟的音乐集中传达的感觉 together for that 3 or 4 minutes that they put that
但是在听这些音乐的三四分钟期间 together but as listening to it for 3 or 4 minutes I
我就能大体知道那些地区是什么样 get an idea of what they go through in that area.
好的 这些歌曲只有三四分钟 很短 Okay so the songs are 3 or 4 minutes, they are very
但是音乐具有捕捉大量情感的力量 short but they have, music has a power of capturing a
把这些情感感觉压缩到这几分钟里 lot of emotional feeling that's crammed into those few
我们听的最后一首歌 路易斯安那 minutes so that last song we played, Louisiana, was
其实是在新奥尔良先前发生洪水期间 actually written during an earlier flood that happened
写的 但是在卡特里娜之后才流行开来 in New Orleans but it became very popularised after
当新奥尔良努力重建复苏的时候 Katrina. When the city was struggling to try to rebound
刚才放的最后一张幻灯片是新奥尔良 and that last slide I showed you with the New Orleans
圣徒队 那时候圣徒队赢得超级碗给 saints, it was such an up lift for the city when they
新奥尔良带来巨大鼓舞 还有四分卫 won the super bowl and Drew Brees the quarter back was
德鲁·布里斯受到尊敬 今天圣徒队 like a revered figure and it's a little bit sad today
遇到这么多困难有点让人难过 that the saints are going through so much trouble with
发生了赏金丑闻 暗杀小组 the bounty scandal and the hit squads and I guess
还有窃听对手更衣室谈话 等等事件 wiretapping the opponents locker rooms and what have
我想这些事情是循环的 you. These things are cyclical I guess but it just
表现了一个城市会经历 shows you kind of how an urban area can go through such
这么极端的正面和负面的感情 extremes of positive feeling and negative feeling, you
有点像是循环的 这些截然不同的事件 know and it is kind of cyclical and these different
成了一个城市的符号 其他想法? events come to symbolise a city. Other thoughts.
好的 你的名字? Yeah, say your name?
我叫肖恩 My name is Shaun..
肖恩 以《阿拉巴马甜蜜的家》为例 Shaun. The example of Sweet Home Alabama, that also was
这首歌几乎像一场音乐 政治战役 like a, almost was like a musical, political battle and
自从(无法听清) since (cannot hear as he is speaking with back to
信教的南方人 microphone) religious southern man which basically
谴责南方人和奴隶制 condemns the southern man to the ways of ? and slavery
所以他有点像是在说 离开这里 so he's kind of like saying you get out of here, we
我们不需要你 有点像是当时 don't need you, sort of like basic tension
这个国家的紧张局势 that was going on in the country.
好的 这些歌曲中有很多表达政治主题的 Okay there is a lot of political themes that come up in
史提夫·汪达的歌曲 为这城市而活 these songs. Stevie Wonder's song, living for the city,
表现了非裔美国人 showing the kind of struggles that African Americans
和贫困的社区居民从农村地区 and poverty neighbourhoods and situations as they have
来到大城市后的境况和奋争 migrated from the rural areas to the large cities and
以及他们如何需要奋起 站起来 how they have had to really rise up and pull themselves
这是一首自豪之歌 但也写到了 up and it's a song of pride but it's also a song about
种族主义和这些人的挣扎 关于音乐 racism and about the struggles of the people. So music,
还有什么想法么? 好的 你的名字? any other thoughts that came to mind, yeah, your name?
克莱尔 Clare..
克莱尔 是的 我是想着能使画面 Clare, yeah I was trying to make some connections
和歌曲联系起来 有点做作 between the images and the songs, it was a little bit
但是我努力使它们协调 体现出 hokey but I was trying to sort of bring them in a
其意义 比如在放路易斯·阿姆斯特朗 coordinated to make the point that in Louis Armstrong
那首歌的时候这些大自然的美丽画面 song for example all those beautiful images of nature
是他歌中所赞美的 与我们听到的 are what he was celebrating and quite different from
其他很多歌曲截然不同 肖恩 some of the other songs that we heard..Shaun..
那您觉得您选的这些画面 And then to what extent do your visuals
在多大程度上决定 frame what we think the songs, like,
我们对歌曲的解读? frame our interpretation of the songs?
恩 我选择画面是带有偏见的过程 Yeah. My selection of the visuals is biased, you might
如果你在其中任何一个地方长大 have different, if you grew up in any of these places,
你可能会对那个地方是怎样 you might have maybe completely different or more
有完全不同或者更加详细的画面描述 detailed images of what that's about. You might, would
你有真正生活在那的经历 而我只是随便的 have the lived the experience that I am just putting up
挑选画面 你说的这一点对于我们 casually so and that's a very interesting point about
今天要讲的环境评价很有意义 today's lecture on an evaluation of environments.
我们可以从很多不同角度 There are many different perspectives from which we can
评价环境 评价一间宿舍 evaluate environments. We can evaluate a dormitory from
可以以你们这些住在其中的人的角度 the perspective of you all having to live in a dorm, we
也可以从设计大学公寓楼的 can evaluate it from the perspective of a professional
专业建筑师的角度评价 architect who does college residence hall designs, who
他对于宿舍里哪些重要或者哪些不重要 has a different take on what's important to put in a
与你们看法不同 所以环境评价中既有 dorm or what is not important. So you can have an
专家的看法 也有居住在该环境中的 expert view, you can have the lay citizen's view who
普通市民的看法 我们今天要讲的 has to occupy that environment and one of the things we
话题之一就是专家 are going to talk about today is the gap between the
付钱建造具体环境的开发商 professional's view and the developer's view who pays
以及住在其中的人 这些人的 money to have a particular environment constructed and
看法间的差距 往往将要住在 the people who have to live in it. A lot of times the
这一环境中的人 像是宿舍和教室 people who have to live in it, like students in dorms
中的学生 都不会被参考他们对这个 and classrooms, aren't consulted about what they want
环境的希望 所以不管开发商和设计者 for that environment so they are stuck with whatever
建造怎样的环境 他们只能接受 the developer, the designer throws at them. So these
这是我们今天会讲到的几个概念 are a couple of concepts today that we will be talking
环境态度和环境评估 about. Environmental attitude and environmental
什么是环境态度? assessment. So what is an environmental attitude?
有人能说一下么? 说某人对什么的态度 Anybody, when someone has an attitude
具体是什么意思? 你的名字? what does that mean. Say your name.
苏珊 Susan.
就是与一环境 So like an attitude that relates to
相关的态度? that an environment?
啊哈 那态度是指什么? Ahuh, and what is an attitude?
对某事物的看法? Your belief about something?
态度是指对某事物正面或负面感觉 It's a positive or negative feeling toward something.
对某事物赞成 反对 还是中立 So you have a pro, con or a neutral about something.
环境评估比这个更系统 And environmental Assessment is more systematic where
不仅仅是问某人喜不喜欢某事物 you are not only asking somebody whether someone likes
而是要评估此环境是否适宜 something or not but you are assessing does it work
其中之人的活动 以后能不能改善 well for the people in, or doesn't, can it be improved
这是一些从态度和评估 in the future. So those are a couple of different ways
看待环境评价的方法 of looking at environmental evaluation in terms of
这张幻灯片给大家提了个问题 attitudes and assessments. Now this slide here poses to
你们为什么决定来加州大学欧文分校 you a question. You know, how did you decide to come to
(UCI)读书 UCI哪里吸引了你 像是 UCI, what was it about UCI IN TERMS OF YOUR
你来之前对这个校园有什么看法 PRECONCEPTIONS about the campus, your attitudes about
你对欧文市有什么态度 使你来到了UCI Irvine that led you to come to UCI and these are
这是一些别的大学 这是芝加哥大学 different colleges, this is the University of Chicago
我在那儿读的大学 这是圣巴巴拉市 WHERE I WENT FOR college, THIS IS Santa Barbara, the
芝加哥天际线 这应该是在西雅图 skyline of Chicago, I believe this is in Seattle, the
华盛顿大学 UCI的什么把你 University OF Washington, UCI, what was it about UCI
吸引到这儿? 你肯定对UCI有一些 that attracted you here. You must have had some
态度使你觉得 到这儿来读书 attitudes about UCI THAT LED YOU TO SAY IT WOULD BE OK
还不错 或者使你特别想来这儿 TO COME here, or you really want to come here.
恩 艾莎? Yeah, Ayesha?
(无法听清) Cannot here
好的 生物学院 想学医学的话 Okay the biological school, the medical emphasis if you
这儿的医学比较有优势 你的名字? want to do medicine, is pretty good here. Say you name?
凯利 Kelley..
凯利? Kelley?
我喜欢自然的周边环境 I like the natural surroundings.
自然的周边环境 这儿的周边 Natural surroundings. It's a pretty
环境很美 你的名字? nice LOOKING environment. Your name?
希瑟 Heather.
位置 The location.
学校的位置 相对于 好的 你喜欢 So the location, relative to ..okay so you like the
靠近海边 你们一些人可能不觉得UCI beach areas. Some of you wouldn't have thought UCI was
是个运动大学 我们在体育上有很多强项 a jock school. With all these great sports, WHERE we,
我们的排球队几年都是全国冠军 OUR a volley ball team is national champion for some
棒球队2007年参加了 years and we have got a baseball team that has been to
世界大学联赛 是的 the college world series in 2007 but yeah UCI is
UCI其实是因为体育而知名的 becoming known for its sports actually. When I first
我七十年代第一次来这儿的时候 came here in the 70's it was like students, this is a
这是个书呆子学校 每个人都是来学习的 nerd school, everybody comes here to study, there's no
没有宿舍 没有学生中心 现在UCI有的 dorms, there's no student centre, now it's getting more
更多是派对的名声 体育的名声 of a party reputation, more of a sport's reputation so
这些态度会随时间转变 是个有意思的现象 it's interesting how those attitudes shift over time.
所以态度是你对周边环境 So an attitude is the tendency to respond favourably or
正面或负面回应的趋势 negatively to your surroundings and it's reflected in
体现在你对某事物的情绪和看法上 your emotions, your beliefs about something. You
你相信UCI会是你读 believe UCI is going to be a good place, WHERE you can
文学学士的好地方 然后是行为 pursue your BA or not, and then your behaviour, you
即你选择了来这儿 而不是别的学校 know you decide to come here over somewhere else. So an
所以说态度体现在情绪 看法和行为中 attitude is really reflected through emotions, beliefs
我为什么决定去芝加哥大学? and behaviour. Why did I decide to go to the University
问得好 上节课我给大家看了佛罗里达 of Chicago? That's a good question. Last time I showed
迈阿密的一些地方 我在那里长大 you some places where I grow up in Miami Florida, which
那里与芝加哥南部相比是很不同的环境 was a very different environment than the south side of
所以我想去芝加哥南部换个环境 Chicago and part of me wanted to go there for a change,
就像你们一些人来自北加利佛尼亚 you know, just like some of you are from Northern
所以想来加利佛尼亚南方上学 California, you wanted to come down to Southern
我的孩子们在欧文长大 California to go to school. My kids grew up in Irvine,
绝对不愿意在南加州上学 they no way they wanted to go to school in Southern
他们去了北加州 California, they went Northern California, so I wanted
我想换个环境 觉得在芝加哥 a change and I decided it would be kind of neat to be
这大城市很不错 而且我喜欢校园的样子 in this big city and I liked the look of the campus,
是古老的校园 四边形的 都是传统建筑 it was old school, quadrangle, sort of traditional
这是我的宿舍 从第一年就住在那儿 buildings, this is my dorm from the first year which
不是那么传统 有点像动物园 was not so traditional, it was kind of a zoo, with so
住了好多人 很多噪音 派对到 many people living there, a lot of noise and partying
夜里任何时候 这是我 to all hours of the night, this is the first, this is
大一熬过化学课的教室 the classroom where I endured freshman chemistry so
我在情感上对其有很强的记忆 that has some very strong emotional memories to me,
因为那门课对我来说很难 because that was a pretty rocky course for me but
但这是物理科学部分 that's in the physical sciences part of the campus.
所以我们选择环境有很多原因 So there are a lot of reasons why we pick environments,
我们被一些环境吸引 we gravitate to environments in terms of what we think
因为对其的向往 they are going to be like, how they play out. Once I
我到芝加哥大学后发现 got to the University of Chicago I realised there were
它并不是多么欢乐的学校 some ways it wasn't such a fun school. In fact they say
实际上他们说欢乐在芝加哥大学死去 the University of Chicago is where fun goes to die,
那里特别学术 特别紧张 每个人 it's such an intellectual, intense place, everybody is
都有生存危机 着迷于 having existential crises and they are into all kinds
各种政治事务 不开派对 of political stuff and they are not partying and they
也不玩乐 我常去北边威斯康辛的 are not having fun. I used to go up the Madison,
麦迪逊 逃离那里 看看正常的 Wisconsin, to get away and see sort of normal college
大学生活 芝加哥大学紧张的多 life, but University of Chicago was a lot more intense,
但是我很喜欢那里 有很多美好的记忆 but I liked it, I have a lot of good memories of it and
它某种程度上指点了我以后的方向 it probably sort of pointed me in the directions I went
使我来到UCI 因为我对生态学和 later that led me to UCI in terms of my interests in
环境心理学的兴趣 其实芝加哥 ecology and environmental psychology because actually
分校是人类生态学的发源地 the Chicago school is were human ecology started and I
在那里我上了很多关于现代城市的课程 took a lot of courses on the modern city, on sociology,
和社会学课程 不仅仅是心理学 所以那所 a lot of things beyond psychology. So it had a huge
学校对我影响很大 总之 这些态度 influence on me. So anyway these attitudes, these
这些评估 对我们决定做什么和去哪儿 assessments play a big role in what we decide to do,
有很大作用 环境评价 where we decide to go. So ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION
包括态度和评估 ENCOMPASSES ATTITUDES and assessments, they are
这些大体是个人和群体 generally processes by which individuals and groups
对他们周边环境质量的判定 judge the quality of their surroundings and they could
可以基于很多不同态度 be based on a lot of different attitudes. You just
对于UCI你不可能只有一种态度 don't have one attitude about UCI but you are sort of
而是有很多 从几个不同观点 juggling several and making sense out of several
得出结论 你可能有很多不同 different views and you can have a lot of different
看法 把这些都放在一起 beliefs so you put these all together and that becomes
就组成了你的总体环境评价 your overall environmental evaluation. Why is
环境评价的重要性在哪儿? environmental evaluation important? Well we talked
我们说到过圣路易斯的普鲁伊特-艾戈 about Pruitt–Igoe in St Louis which were those low income housing projects and we saw that they were
那里有一些低收入住房项目 它们 abysmal flop. They looked good on paper, they were
完全失败了 在设计图纸上看起来不错 heralded with design awards before people came in and
还没人住的时候获得了很多设计奖项 then they were so poorly designed and they were so
然而它们设计的这么差 这么容易发生 subject to crime and vandalism that people refused to
犯罪和盗窃 人们不愿住在那里 live there, it was a terrible place to live. Half the
那是个糟糕的居住地 一半的建筑 buildings were not occupied by the time they had to
到时候都没有人住 不得不拆毁 tear them down. This is another example of that kind of
这是另一个这种项目的例子 project in Chicago where, it's called Cabrini Green,
在芝加哥 叫做卡布里尼格林 and these building s started to be constructed in 1942
这些建筑是1942年开始修建的 on the near North side and they were home largely to
在接近芝加哥北边的地方 住的大部分是 low income Italian and African American residents and
低收入的意大利人和非裔美国人 over time there was a lot of racial strife. There was a
久而久之就有了很多种族冲突 lot of gangs that developed around the buildings and
建筑周边产生了很多帮派 when I went Chicago IN 2011 THEY WERE Tearing DOWN THE
我2011年去芝加哥的时候他们正在 very last building of Cabrini Green. So this another
拆毁卡布里尼格林的最后一座楼 这是类似 example like Pruitt-Igoe and we have a lot of these
于普鲁伊特-艾戈的另一个例子 不幸的是 unfortunately in our US history where we put up these
我们美国历史上有很多这样的事 我们建起 monstrosity PLACES for people to live and they were so
这样巨大的居住地 但它们是这么 dysfunctional that people refused and they had to tear
功能不良 人们不愿住在其中 不得不 them down. So environmental evaluation and assessment
拆掉 所以说环境评价和评估很有用 is useful because we can learn from our mistakes hopefully and
因为我们可以从错误中吸取教训 then improve our future environments and not make these
改善未来的环境 不再犯类似的错误 mistakes again. This is the gap that I mentioned. The
这是我所说的认识差距 user -needs gap. And what this is saying is that you
使用者-需求差 意思就是 have got designers who answer to the paying clients,
设计者回应付钱的客户也就是 the land developers. Somebody wants to out up an office
土地开发商的需求 比如一家 building in Irvine, an Irvine company let's say and so
欧文公司想在欧文建一座办公楼 they hire a designer and they have a pretty good
他们雇佣一位设计师 双方有 communication going back and forth that they want a
很好的沟通 公司在办公楼 certain kind of marble on the outside of the building
外层想使用某一种大理石 and they want palm trees in front of it but there is
前面想种棕榈树 但是 not a whole lot of talk between the developer and the
开放商和那些最终将会在这楼里 people who will eventually occupy those office
工作的人之间没有多少交流 buildings and what they want so there's a gap between
不知道他们想要什么 所以开发商 the developers and the user clients and the designers
和使用者客户之间 以及设计者和 and the users. So we have to bridge these gaps in order
使用者之间有认识差 所以我们得 to make the environment more congruent. Remember we
弥补这种差距使环境更适宜 talked about person and environment congruent,
记不记得我们说过要使人和环境相互适应 making things fit better so that they don't obstruct
使他们更相互适合 这样就不会阻碍 our need; they help us reach our goals. So this is the
我们的需求 而会帮助我们达到目标 user needs gap and just briefly, I want to show you,
这就是使用者-需求差 我想简单展示一下 we are going to show you some 35 millimetre slides,
给你们看一些35毫米幻灯片 this is really old school technology. Okay so these are
这是很落后的教学技术 这些是 some of the books that came out in the 1980's and early
20世纪80年代和70年代初出的一些书 70's showing this increasing interest in environmental
表明了对环境评价和评估 evaluation and assessment and these are some books that
越来越高的兴趣 这些书 came out indicating that if facility managers and
表明如果设施管理人员和 designer for companies made strategic choices in how
公司雇佣的设计者在设计工作场所 they designed the workplace people would be more
时做出一些决策 人们的生产力 productive and that would translate into the company's
会上升 这会转化成公司的 bottom line, they would be more profitable. People
帐本底线 会增加公司盈利 would waste less time because they were having back
人们因环境问题的时间浪费 problems, they would have a more interesting
会减少 他们会有更加有趣的 surroundings so they would be more motivated. So these
环境 也就会更有工作动力 were one of the first studies that really tried to
这些是这一方面的第一批研究 calibrate how much value was added by putting
它们真正试图标定对工作环境设计 investment into the design of a work environment. Most
作出投资可以带来多少价值 facility managers used to think that if they invested
很多设施管理者以前认为 in improved design, it was a cost centre, they were
投资改善设计会花大量成本 things that really didn't help the bottom line, you
不会改善账本底线 know, you have to put lights in, or you have to put
在工作地点装电灯 或者建造 walls in, they didn't do anything, but this new
墙壁 这些其实没什么用 但是这种 approach said if I designed well then that's a
新方法认为如果设计得好 就是 strategic management resource that can actually improve
一项战略管理资源 可以真正 our profitability. This book you have read, we will
增加盈利 这本书你们读过 read from this 'design that cares,' which argues that
《会照料的设计》 里面说 the design of a hospital or a health care facility is
医院或疗养设施的设计 part and parcel part of the therapeutic approach, so
属于治疗方法的重要的一部分 just as the antibiotics or the nutrition that a
正如医院提供的抗生素 营养 hospital serves out, the treatment of the doctors is a
以及医生的治疗是 part of your treatment and therapy, the design of the
其治疗的一部分一样 医院物质 physical environment also can impair or enhance your
环境的设计也能妨碍或者加快 recovery and we saw that with the views of windows,
病人的康复 例如窗外的景观 looking at nature, how that affected recovery from
看看大自然会对术后恢复有一定影响 surgery. So this is another example of applying
这是另一个例子 environmental assessment and evaluation to improve the
使用环境评估和评价 design of healthcare settings. There are also policy
改善医疗场所的设计 initiatives that have happened in the State of
加州已经有一些政策倡议 California. The California environmental quality act,
加利佛尼亚环境质量法案 how many of you are urban studies majors? So you have
你们哪些人是城市研究专业的? probably heard of the CEQA California environmental
你们可能听说过CEQA 加利佛尼亚环境 quality act WHICH MANDATES THAT ANY DEVELOPMENT HAS TO
质量法案 该法案规定所有土地开发 MITIGATE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT,
都要减轻对环境的潜在负面影响 Potential negative social impacts on communities so
对社区的潜在负面社会影响 there is a whole legislation now to try to improve the
所以现在加州有一整套法律 quality of future environments called CEQA in
来改善未来环境质量 叫做CEQA California, so ALL PLANNERS HAVE TO KNOW That LAW AND
这样所有的规划者都得知道这部法案 ABIDE BY IT. And then there's a work place injury and
并遵守其规定 另外加州还有 illness prevention law SP198 in California that went
一部工伤及疾病预防法案 SP198 into effect that requires the managers of companies to
已经生效 要求公司管理者 develop wellness teams and committees and to do regular
设立健康团队和委员会 定期 assessments of the health quality of their work
评估工作环境的健康质量 environment and to know how to manage hazards in those
知道如何管理这些环境中的风险 environments, so people are getting sick, you know
即工作人员患上疾病什么的 applied to illness prevention and workplaces or in
适用于工作场所或者医院的疾病预防 hospitals. The whole point is that we have to be more
总之就是说我们得对环境设计 cognisant of how we design our environments and how
以及环境将如何影响 they are going to affect our wellbeing. Okay, let's go
我们的健康提高认识 好的 back to the other. So environmental assessments are not
回到另一点 所以环境评估不仅仅 just concerned about people's feelings about the
关心人们对目前环境的感觉 present environment, like how you feel about this
像是你们觉得这间教室怎样 classroom, but also what would be your preference for
还关心你们觉得理想的教室 your ideal classroom, how could we improve a classroom
应该是怎样的 我们以后可以怎样 in the future. So environmental assessment just goes
改善这间教室 所以环境评估超过了 beyond attitudes and says how can we translate how we
态度的范畴 说的是我们怎么把 are reacting an environment into some kind of
对某一环境的反应转化成对未来 prescribed guidelines for the future that improves the
的规定性指导方针 以改善 environmental design of the future. Now there is
未来环境设计 还有一种情况下 another way that user needs gap happens. And one of the
也会有使用者-需求差 ways is that we have a lot of design disparities, based
就是我们根据性别 身体大小 on gender, based on body size, based on culture and
文化和种族不同会有很多设计差异 ethnicity and this is a website designed by Professor
这是伊利诺伊大学建筑学院的 Cathy Anthony at the University of Illinois, school of
凯茜·安东尼教授设计的 Architecture, Disadvantaged by design, and if you go
一个网站 "设计带来的不便" onto this website you will see a lot of different
这个网站上有很多洗手间 examples of restroom design. One of the things she
设计的例子 她研究的问题 studies is potty parity for women, why is it that in
之一是女性的马桶公平性 为什么在 most public places, women are queuing up in much longer
大部分公共场所 女性上厕所要比 lines to use the bathroom than guys and why is there
男性排更长的队 为什么会有 such a disparity and so she has actually testified in
这样的差别 她还在国会 congress about that issue. So there are a lot of ways
提出了这个问题 所以我们可以 in which we build these disparities into our physical
以很多方式把这些差异设计到 environments and our public spaces and I think if you
物质环境和公共空间中 take a look at that website you will see some very
上这个网站看一下 你们会发现很多 interesting examples and you can also contact her at
有趣的例子 也可以通过 the University of Illinois for more information but
伊利诺伊大学联系她 获取更多信息 it's one of the ways in which that gap between users
这是使用者和设计者之间认识差 and designers grows and we need to bridge it back. So
存在的一个方面 我们需要弥补这一差别 to summarise environmental assessments can focus on
总结一下 环境评估可以着眼于 physical or social aspects of places. We can talk about
地方的物质或社会方面 既可以讨论 the physical height of the ceilings here but we can
这间教室的天花板高度 also talk about the social climate of this classroom,
也可以讨论其社会气氛 is it comfortable, are people able to participate in
舒适么 大家能否参与 classroom discussions and be seated comfortably so the
课堂讨论 能否坐得舒服 room isn't a hindrance to what goes on in the
不让教室成为阻碍课堂活动的因素 classroom, we can also look at future as well as
我们可以看目前的环境 也可以 existing environments and these assessments can be made
看未来的环境 这些评估可以通过 by groups, like we can poll this whole classroom of all
群体进行 像是可以调查你们所有人的 of you to get your average views of what's good or
意见 问你们对于这里哪里好 哪里不好 what's not good here, or we can ask individuals about
有什么基本看法 或者可以问个人 their home environment, their dorm room or what have
对他们家中环境 宿舍或其他地方 you. So these are some of the dimensions of
的看法 以上是环境评估的 environmental assessments. Now factors that are going
一些维度 下面讲 to affect what we find out when we ask people about
我们问人们对环境的评估时 their environmental assessments depend on first of all
影响他们回答的因素 首先是 what we are showing people, so we can show people the
我们给人们展示什么 可以给他们 actual classroom which you are in here, and have you
展示这间真实的教室 请他们 come in and experience it here, we can show you a
进来体验一下 也可以给他们展示 simulated view of the classroom, we can show you
这间教室的模拟视图 也可以用 pictures or compute rated design simulations to
照片或者电脑生成的设计仿真 approximate what it would feel like. So there are
来尽量接近身处这间教室的真实感受 different ways of presenting that environment, the
所以展示一个环境有多种方式 classroom is your unit of observation. But the media
这儿的观察对象是这间教室 presentation might be a simulation versus an onsite
但与实地的全方位体验不同 媒体展示可能 visit full scale. And then there are different
只是一种仿真模拟 此外观察者 observers' characteristics. I mentioned that experts
也有各自的特点 我提到过 like classroom designers and professionals are going to
像是教室设计师或者专业人士这样的专家 have a different take on the quality of this classroom
对于这间教室的质量如何 than the students that have to use it on a daily basis.
与每天使用教室的学生会有不同的解读 SO you have different observer perspectives there that
所以在一次环境评估研究中 influence the data that's collected in an environmental
不同的观察者角度会影响 assessment study. And then you have got measurement
你所收集的数据 此外还有测量工具 tools and criteria and by that I mean you can survey
和标准 这指的是你可以对人们进行 people, you can interview them, you can observe their
调查 可以采访他们 也可以观察他们的 behaviour. You can use multiple methods to get at how
行为 可以使用多种方法获知 they are feeling about a particular environment. You
他们对一具体环境的感受 can look at physical traces, what they leave behind, in
可以观察物质痕迹 他们在一环境中 an environment; we are going to talk about physical
留下了什么痕迹 我会简要讲一下 trace measures a little bit. So there are a lot of
物质痕迹方法 所以有很多 different measures and they all have their strengths
不同方法 它们各有优缺点 and weaknesses and in order to get a true, accurate
为了获得真实准确的评估 assessment you need to combine those different methods
需要把这些不同方法结合起来 and optimise their reliability, do you get the same
使其可靠性最大化 比如你多次问 answers when you ask people about that room multiple
一人对那房间的看法 他/她的回答 times for example. Or is the survey or the interview
是否不变 还有调查或访谈中的 question valid, do you get true information about what
问题是否有效 能否得到对于所问问题的 you are asking. So that's where these criteria about
真实信息 在这儿可靠性 validity and reliability come into play. And briefly
和有效性标准就要发挥作用了 for those of you who have had your methods courses
对你们中已经上过方法课程的 already, reliability is really the consistency of
我简要说一下可靠性 可靠性其实是指 responses across multiple test respondents and testing
在多个测试对象和测试情境中回答的 situations, so that's probably a new concept to most of
一致性 可靠性对你们大多数人来说 you what reliability is. So what's validity, anybody
可能是个新概念 什么是有效性? recall from your methods class what the validity of
有人记得么 方法课上学过的 an environmental assessment would be?
环境评估中的有效性是指什么? Yes, say your, name, Leslie?
恩 你叫什么名字 莱斯利? Cannot hear..
(无法听到) Okay, that's usually, that could be reliability, you
好的 这往往被当做是可靠性 want the consistency of measurements, but validity
要保证测量的一致性 但是有效性 would be if what you are measuring, what you are
指的是你所测量的 purporting to measure as a concept, is a true
你作为一个概念去测量的是否 representation of that concept. So if I give somebody
真正代表那个概念 比如我给人 a sensation seeking personality scale and say oh, they
一个感觉寻求人格量表 得出 are a high sensation seeker, the validity of that scale
他们是高感觉寻求者 这个量表的有效性 would be that it really does measure sensation seeking
是指它能真正测量感觉寻求倾向 tendency. If it measures, if it doesn't measure that,
如果它并不能测量这个 then I have an invalid scale. I think I am measuring
这个量表就是无效的 我自以为是在测量 it, but I am not. So validity is the extent to which a
这个概念 其实并不是 所以说有效性是指 test or an assessment measures what it claims to
一个测试或者评估测量的是否是其声称 measure. Is it a true measure? Reliability is whether
测量的 是不是真实的测量 可靠性是指 those measurements are consistent over time, over
这些测量不管在什么时间 测试和对象下 tests, over persons. So these are important because
是不是保持一致 有效性很重要 因为我们 when we measure people's reactions to their
测量人们对其环境的反应时 environments, we want to have, the sense that what we
要保证我们所测量的 are measuring is accurate, you can depend on it and use
是准确的 可以用其作为 it for future guidelines, if you are going to change
未来方针 如果想 environments to make them better you want your data to
改进环境 数据就得 be as reliable and valid as possible. Now when you read
尽量可靠并有效 the BRIL article that's assigned for today, there are
你们读今天布置的BRIL文章的时候 some different phases of environmental evaluation. One
会读到环境评价有不同阶段 phase is pre design, it's called programming, you want
一个阶段是设计前 叫做规划 to talk to people before you design a classroom or
指的是在设计一间教室或 before you design a work space and ask them what they
工作场所之前和人们交流 问他们 would like in that space. What would their preferences
对这个空间的期望 更喜欢怎样设计 be so that's called pre design evaluation. You are
这叫做设计前评价 是评估 assessing the potential fit between occupants' need and
居住者需求和这一未来环境的 that future environment. Now another kind of evaluation
适宜度 另一种评价 is post occupancy evaluation, so once the campus is
是居住后评价 也就是校园 built, the lecture hall is built, we want to find out
建成后 讲堂建好后 去看 how it is working. So we go back to the people who are
运行的好不好 我们找到目前 now using it and we post occupancy, we ask them what
在使用这些地方的人 也就是居住后 their opinions are, so pre design evaluation is really
问他们的意见 所以说设计前评价 before the construction takes place, and if they had
是在施工之前 如果普鲁伊特-艾戈 done pre design evaluation for Pruitt igoE or Cabrini
和芝加哥的卡布里尼格林项目进行了 Green in Chicago, maybe they would have avoided those
设计前评价的话 或许可以避免 night mare scenarios where they had to tear all those
不得不把这些建筑都拆毁 buildings down because they were big mistakes. So pre
因为它们是一个错误的惨剧 design evaluation is important to try to avoid design
所以设计前评价对于避免设计错误 mistakes. One of the ways we do pre design evaluation
很重要 我们进行设计前评价的 is through what's called environmental simulation and
方式之一是环境模拟 I am going to show you some examples of that, where we
我会给出一些例子 give people previews of future environments and we ask
就是给人们展示未来环境的预告 them to kind of react to how they feel about those pre
问他们对这些环境的预先展示 viewed environments. So one way to do a pre design
的反应和感觉 所以设计前评价的 evaluation is you give a designer or you give a
方法之一是给设计者或者 potential user a floor plan, and this happens to be a
潜在使用者一张平面图 这是 floor plan for an elderly care facility. And you
一处老人保健设施的平面图 annotate the floor plan; this is talked about in John
并给平面图加上注解 约翰·蔡泽尔的书 Zeisel's book where basically from different
说到了这一点 从不同的视角 perspectives, either the users or the designers, they
使用者或者设计者的视角 focus on behavioural principles like identity or
专注于行为原则 像是认同感 hominess or back stage, giving people back stage areas
家庭气氛或者后台 即给人们后台空间 where they can be more private and not as public or
在那儿他们可以有更多隐私 不那么公开 where they can achieve a more sociopetal or social mix.
或者可以实现更好的社交融合 So you annotate that space from the perspective of the
所以要从环境心理学家的角度给 environmental psychologist, is this going to work well
平面图加注解 说明这会不会 or not work well and you give them a floor plan before
凑效 在建造或设计前给他们 it's built and designed to see how they react to it,
一张平面图 看他们作何反应 what they think it's going to be like, that's called a
他们觉得建起来会怎样 这叫做 pre design annotated floor plan. I also mentioned that
设计前加注平面图 我还提到了 WE CAN SHOW PEOPLE PREVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTS SO YOU CAN
可以给人们展示环境的预告 也就是 show them scale models and ask them to imagine, would
给他们看缩尺模型 让他们想象 they like living in that house that's shown in the
想不想住在缩尺模型展示的 scale model. Or you can bring them into a full scale
房子中 或者你可以带他们去原尺寸 model like a mock-up of a class room and ask them how
模型 比如一间教室的实物大模型 they would react. So these are, these simulation
问他们的反应 这都是一些 processes are ways in which observers are given
模拟过程 用来给观察者 previews of their future environments and they can
未来环境的预告 include all these different methods: scale model and
包括所有这些方法:缩尺模型 full scale simulations, static and dynamic simulations
原尺寸模拟 静态和动态模拟 where things are moving and I will show you some
动态模拟中东西能动起来 examples of these. This WOULD Be a STATIC MODEL WHERE
给大家一些例子 这是一位 AN ARCHITECT DESIGNS a MODEL OF a HOME; THIS IS a
建筑师设计的住房的静态模型 Laguna Beach architect Chris Abel. He actually brings
是拉古纳海滩建筑师克里斯·阿贝尔 his scale models out to the site where the homes going
他将缩尺模型带到将要建造这些住房 to be built so the resident can get a kind of
的地点 这样居民们可以大体 perspective with the ocean in the back ground, that's
看到海洋作为背景的效果 a pretty high end design obviously; they are designing
这显然是很高端的设计 为拉古纳海滩 for Laguna beach. But this is the environmental
做的设计 这是加州大学 simulation lab at the University of California Berkeley,
伯克利分校的环境模拟实验室 where they have a full scale dynamic simulation lab.
那里有原尺寸动态模拟实验室 I'll show you some examples of that and this is computer
我会给一些例子 这是 rated design simulation, so let me show you a few of
电脑生成的设计模拟 我先给大家 these from the .. and then we will go to the falling
看几个 之后就看流水别墅 water after that. So I am going to run through these.
我把这些过一遍 These are the photographic slides so you don't have to
这些幻灯片都是照片 put up with those power point bullets. I am just going
你们不必忍受PPT上的一条条 to run through these pretty quick. So this is a scale
我就快速地过一遍 这是 model, static, it's put on the site to give the
缩尺模型 静态的 放在建筑地点 potential home owner the perspective of what it's going
让潜在住房主人感受一下 to be like to live in that place. They can tell the
住在其中会怎样 他们可以告诉 designer I want this changed or I want this adjusted.
设计者想要调整设计中的哪些地方 So these are all that approach. This scale model was
这都是这种方法 这是欧文公司 actually used by the Irvine Company to design fashion
设计时尚岛的缩尺模型 Island, they were doing it according to Kevin Lynch's
他们是根据凯文·林茨的 principles of imageability so they had a very strong
可想象性原则设计的 所以他们 district in the middle of Fashion Island here, a strong
在时尚岛中心有一个很强势的区域 edge here in Fashion Island and they were trying to
在时尚岛上很有优势 他们想要 optimise imageability, whether they succeeded or not,
最优化可想象性 你们可以判定 you can be the judge of that, this is the scale model
他们是否成功了 这是他们使用的 that they used. Here you have got a computer rated
缩尺模型 这是一张电脑生成的 design mapping, there are some very sophisticated cad
设计图 现在设计者使用一些 programmes now that designers use. And it's really
很复杂的计算机辅助设计程序 helpful because you can see different perspectives.
这很有用 因为可让我们看到不同角度 When my family was doing a remodel project in our home
我们家要重新设计的时候 the design group had some really nice compute rated
设计组有一些很好的电脑生成 designs, where they could show some different designs,
设计 给我们看了一些不同设计 different perspectives, we could pick, you know, do we
不同的角度 我们可以从中挑选 want this kind of redesign or this kind of redesign so
想要这种重新设计还是那一种 it's really helpful to give people that pre design
所以给人这种设计前评价的机会 evaluation opportunity. These are some more computer
很有益处 这是更多电脑 rated design. Examples from Irvine here, near the
生成的设计 这是欧文的例子 campus, you have probably seen those buildings. Now
在校园附近 你们可能看到过这些建筑 this is an interesting approach called photo montage
这是一种有趣的方法 叫做照片蒙太奇 where you use scale models to vary systematically
使用缩尺模型系统的改变一个 different features of a design project. This was used
设计项目的各项特征 在俄勒冈 in Oregon to assess people's reactions to coastal
曾用这种方法评估人们对海岸设计 designs and are they going to like this kind of
的反应 看他们更喜欢这样 structure or that kind of structure for a hotel along
还是那样的建筑物来作岸边的 the coast, so they could vary the colour of that object
旅馆 他们可以调整建筑的颜色 by varying the colour, they could vary the height of
也可以调整其高度 the design structure and get people's reactions to
看人们对这些不同高度 these different heights, these different colours, They
不同颜色的反应 also could show different land uses, like this is a
也可用这种方法表现不同的土地使用 lumber mill with different designs features and
这是一座可以改变设计特征和颜色的 different colours so the point here is that in this
锯木厂 所以重点是 photo montage approach you can doctor, you know, they
使用这种照片蒙太奇可以修改 didn't have photo shop back then but they were able to
他们那时候没有Photoshop change the qualities of the models and see what
但是可以调整模型的特征 patterns people were preferring for that coastal design
看人们更喜欢海岸设计的哪种模式 so this was actually used in a political situation, a
所以这实际上可以用在 political process, for land planning. Now you get more
土地使用的政治过程中 如果用摄像机 dynamic when you start putting cameras over scale
拍摄缩尺模型可得到更动态的模拟 models and moving the cameras around to give people a
围绕模型移动摄像机可以给人们 kind of eye view level of what it would be like to walk
展现步行或者驱车通过 through or drive through that environment. So this is a
这一环境会是什么样子 dynamic simulation model at the University of London,
这是伦敦大学的动态仿真模型 Sweden that was developed by Rikard Kuller, famous
是里卡尔·库勒开发的 environmental psychologist from Sweden and he can
他是瑞典著名环境心理学家 actually drive that camera around the scale model to
可以真正围绕缩尺模型移动摄像机 provide different views for people to observe and rate,
给人们不同的观察角度来做出评价 evaluate. He's also done a lot of research on full
他在原尺寸 颜色方面也有很多研究 scale colour, guys got a question? No, OK, SO HE'S DONE
有人有问题么? 没有? 好的 A LOT Of RESEARCH ON COLOUR IN SIMULATION AND HOW YOU
他做了很多关于模拟颜色的研究 CAN, HOW PEOPLE REACT TO THE reds or the dark blues,
看人们对各种红色 深蓝色等 the different shades of colour. So he's done a lot of
种种色度的反应 他围绕颜色 really interesting environmental evaluation research around
做了很多有趣的围绕颜色的环境评估研究 colour. Now this is another dynamic simulation lab at
这是加州伯克利大学的 the University of California, Berkeley. This is Ken
另一座动态模拟实验室 这是肯· Craik in the early days he was developing this
克雷克 早年是他发展的这座 simulation lab. This is a scale model of marin County
模拟实验室 这是马林县的缩尺模型 that's built in the basement of the architecture
建在伯克利建筑学大楼 building, Worcester Hall at Berkeley and what they do
的地下室 伍斯特礼堂 there is they have this camera that's guided through
他们有电子系统指挥的 an electronic system and they had to adjust it, it used
摄像机 一开始需要调整 因为 to knock over these little trees and homes, so they had
摄像机常常碰到这些小树和房子 to make that run very smoothly so that's a detail of
他们得使摄像机平滑的移动 the scale model that depicts a portion of Marin County
这是马林县一隅的缩尺模型 and then this is the actual area of Marin county that's
这是这个模型模拟的真实的马林县 simulated in that model and what they have done is
那一部分 他们所作的是比较 compare peoples evaluations of driving through that
人们驱车经过马林县那一部分后 part of Marin County, they were asked to fill out
的评价 让他们填写调查问卷 questionnaires about their reactions to each part of
调查他们对那条线路各个部分的反应 that route. And then they put them in the laboratory
然后让这些人来到实验室 and expose them to the scale model, they want to see if
给他们看缩尺模型 他们想知道的是 the scale model provides a valid representation of how
缩尺模型是否有效代表 people would respond to the real environment. So if you
人们对真实环境的反应 are going to simulate and pour all that money into a
如果要花那么多钱造一个模拟器 simulator you want to make sure that it is giving you
得保证它提供的是有效的结论 valid conclusions. So what they did is they had people
所以他们让人们驱车 drive along this route in Marin County and then they
沿马林县中的这条线路行驶 traced that same route in the model and they made a
然后在模型中追踪这同一路线 film based on the camera moving through the model and
通过让摄像机移动穿过模型制作出录像 they compared each scene to the actual street location
然后将录像的每一个场景与人们驱车经过 where people were driven to evaluate that environment
并作出评价的真实街道位置对比 and they found a pretty high correlation between how
发现人们对此环境的各部分 people rated these different parts of the environment
评价有很高的相关度 on various emotional qualities and design features. So
包括各种情感特征和设计特点 they were trying to show that that simulator that cost
他们是想证明那时候 back in the day about a million and a half to build at
在伯克利花150万 Berkeley, they wanted to show whether it actually
建造的这个模拟器能否真正 generates valid approximations of people's actions to
生成人们对真实环境反应的 the real environment. Now there is still another
有效近似值 还有另一种方法 approach is full scale simulation, I have been showing
是原尺寸模拟 到现在给你们看的 you scale models that are static or dynamic. Full scale
都是静止或动态的缩尺模型 is where you build a mock-up of the actual environment
原尺寸模拟是建造环境的实物大模型 and you bring people into it. So at The University in
把人们带到其中 在瑞士 Lausanne, Switzerland, and this is the Lausanne
洛桑大学 这是在洛桑 environmental analysis lab, people are given these
环境分析实验室 他们给人们 building blocks, these legos and they are asked to
这些积木 让他们搭建出 create their ideal department dwellings by putting
他们心中理想的公寓住所 those blocks together and as they go through this
在他们搭建的过程中 process the designer interview them about their
设计者询问他们的喜好 preferences, why they are moving the blocks from one
比如为什么把积木从这里 place to another and here you can see they come up with
移到那里 可以看到他们搭建出了 some fairly sophisticated room designs based on putting
一些很是复杂的房间设计 these legos together and it's a very useful strategy
这是个很有效的方法 both for approximating resident's future preferences
不仅可以在建造住房前大概获知 about their homes before they are built, but also
住户对未来房子的喜好 training design students to understand how people make
也可以训练学设计的学生理解 choices and how they configure spaces so it's a very
如何做出决定 如何配置空间 所以这 good teaching tool as well. And then another example of
也是很好的教学工具 另一个 a full scale simulation lab is at UCI here before we
原尺寸模拟实验室的例子就在UCI converted SC1 computer lab into a computer lab, we had
我们把SCI电脑实验室改成电脑实验室 an environmental simulation room where we did a number
之前 在那儿有一个环境模拟室 of studies of people working at these work stations
曾在其中做过很多研究 让人们在一些 with adjustable desks, nonadjustable desks, some of
工作点工作 有的用可调节的办公桌 them had views of nature, some of them had urban scapes
有的不可调节 有的有自然景色 有的是 and we observed how they did on computer tests, how
市区景色 我们观察他们在电脑测试 they did on various tasks by bringing them into the
还有其他各种任务中的表现 把他们带到 actual simulated work environment so this was a full
真实的模拟工作环境中 这属于 scale dynamic simulation. SO you can see there are a
原尺寸动态模拟 所以环境模拟 lot of different approaches to doing environmental
研究有很多不同方法 simulation research. Another example, it's based on an
另一个例子基于弗兰克· environment designed by Frank Lloyd Wright called the
劳埃德·赖特设计的一个环境 falling water home in Pennsylvania, it's a very
叫做流水别墅 在宾夕法尼亚 striking environment with, it's a home built over a
是很惊人的环境设计 一座建在 stream, trees growing up through the home itself, yeah
溪流上的别墅 树木穿过别墅生长 so we are going to show you a simulation approach based
下面给大家展示一种模拟方法 on a video simulation of that environment and it gives
为这个环境做的视频模拟 the user a kind of a perspective of actually walking on
给用户一种真的行走在别墅中 the property and seeing that home up close. So the
可以近距离观察的感觉 evaluations get pretty realistic as you go up in
随着这些方法越来越复杂 sophistication of these methods.
环境评价也越来越现实 You can add in the audio part along with the visual part.
除了画面还可以加入声音 So obviously, this is a pretty expensive type of simulation and
显然做这种模拟很昂贵 normally designers wouldn't put that kind of investment
通常设计者不会在模拟方法上 into a simulation approach but it's done to demonstrate
投资这么多 但这个模拟是为了展现 the amount of realism you can achieve by combining
通过这些视频和音频形式的结合 those video and audio modalities. Okay so what I talked
可以实现多大程度的写实 好的 about, the first part of the class was pre design
我讲了哪些 前半节课讲的是 evaluation and environmental simulation obviously
设计前评价和环境模拟 showing people previews of environments before they are
也就是在设计环境前给人们 actually designed to try to get their opinions or
展示其预告 以获得人们 attitudes about what that environment, how it might be
关于这个环境的意见和态度 improved and what it's going to look like. Now we are
可以怎么改善 建成后会是什么样子 going to talk about how you could assess environments
下面讲一下环境建设完成 once they are built, once they are up and running. We
开始运行后如何对其进行评估 are talking about post occupancy evaluation. And that
也就是居住后评价 has to do with asking people about the degree of fit
即一个项目建设完成后询问人们 between their needs and environmental features after a
该环境特征和他们需求 project has been constructed. Thank you. So that's what
的贴合度 谢谢 居住后评价 we mean by post occupancy evaluation and this slide
就是这个意思 这张幻灯片 here talks about some of the barriers, why we don't
讲的是一些障碍 即我们为什么 have post occupancy evaluations or POE's conducted very
不做居住后评价(POE) 或者POE often. They tend to be expensive. A lot of times the
为什么不怎么常见 因为它们比较贵 management doesn't want, if they are managing a company
很多时候管理层不想 如果他们管理 work site, they don't want them conducted because they
公司办公地点 他们不想做居住后评价 are afraid that the employees might want a lot of
因为担心员工会要求 improvements and that's going to cost too much. So this
很多改进 会花太多钱 has to be a commitment to change if change is needed,
所以需要的话得做出改变的承诺 everyone's already overloaded. They don't have time to
大家都已经很忙了 一个环境一旦 go back and evaluate an environment once it's built.
建成他们没有时间再回去评估 The design team usually moves onto the next project,
设计团队往往去忙下一个项目 they want to stay profitable, they don't want to go
他们想保持盈利 不愿意走回头路 back and back track. SO a lot of times people don't go
所以很多时候设计者不愿意 back to scene of the prior design to ask the people
回到先前设计的场所询问人们 what they think of it. It will require a certain amount
的意见 这需要一定量的 of technical expertise in terms of how to survey
专门技术 调查人们意见 people, how to observe behaviour, how to analyse
观察行为 分析物质痕迹 physical traces and things like that. So that's another
等等都需要一些技术 这也是妨碍 impediment. They are viewed as an extravagance. They
POE进行的因素 POE被看做是奢侈的 are not something that we do typically as part of
通常设计过程会省略这一步骤 environmental practice but as the field of design psychology
但随着环境心理领域的发展 grew up the need for post occupancy evaluation as well
对居住后评价和设计前评价 as pre design evaluation became more and more apparent,
的需求越来越显著 especially in relation to those design mistakes I
尤其是鉴于前面提到的设计错误案例 showed you earlier with Pruitt Igoe and Cabrini Green
普鲁伊特-艾戈和卡布里尼格林项目 and there have been many others beside those. So the
除了这些还有很多这样的例子 bottom line gets in the way a lot of times, they don't
很多时候经济上的考虑会妨碍评估的进行 want to invest in paying for post occupancy or pre
他们不想花钱做居住后 occupancy design evaluations. So these are some of the
或设计前评价 布里尔在其书中就 things that Brill talks about in his book, the part of
讨论了这样一些问题 布置给你们的 the article assigned from Brill and he's the one that
布里尔书中的那篇文章 那本书是布里尔 wrote that book, using office design to increase
写的 利用办公室设计提高生产力 productivity, it's a very interesting take on how
这是个很有意思的视角 design evaluation can improve corporate profitability.
证明了设计评价可以提到企业盈利水平 Now when you do a post occupancy evaluation, let's say
当你具体进行居住后评价的时候 假如 you are lucky enough to get one done, then you have
你足够幸运可以真正进行的话 会得到 these results, these data, and you have to decide what
一些结果 一些数据 就得决定怎么处理 to do about them. So these are reasons or criteria for
下面讲决定是否对评价结果 deciding whether or not to act on the data, what they
作出具体行动的原因或者说标准 show, so if you find that people have a concern in a
如果你发现人们 work environment about comfort, or they have a concern
对一工作环境的舒适度不满 about lighting or they have a concern about noise, how
或者对灯光或是噪音不满 do you know whether you should go ahead and fix it.
怎么确定是不是应该动手改善呢 Well one way you go about that is how many people in
一方面可以看你所调查的群体中 that group that you are surveying say it's a big
有多少人说那是个很大的问题 problem for them, if 50% of the workforce is saying
如果50%的工作人员都说 I am wasting 30 minutes of work time every day because
我每天浪费半小时的工作时间 it's too noisy or the temperature is too hot, I have to
因为太吵了或者温度太高了 go out of the building to cool off or something like
我得不时下楼去凉快一下 什么的 that; so that's prevalence, how many people are
这是普遍度 有多少人抱怨某个 complaining about it. Severity would be are they
具体问题 还有就是可以看严重程度 wasting 2 minutes on average of work time each day or
他们每天因为这一问题平均浪费2分钟 are they wasting an hour and we have done survey of
工作时间还是浪费一小时 我们调查过 workers in these environments and sometimes they will
这些工作环境的工作人员 有时候他们 say they are wasting up to 50, 60 minutes a time
说会浪费高达五六十分钟的时间 because of a particular problem, noise or poor lighting
就因为某一个具体问题 噪音 or something like that or uncomfortable furniture. And
灯光不好 等等 或者家具不方便 then there is the relative cost of fixing the problem
还要考虑改善或者不改善这一问题的 or not fixing it. So it's one thing to go in and change
相对成本 换换灯泡是一回事 light bulbs, some of these light bulbs in the class
教室里的一些灯泡坏了 room go out and the lighting starts to get dim in here,
灯光变得太暗 it's not very much trouble to call up facilities, they
叫工作人员并没什么麻烦 take a long tool and they just replace the light bulb.
他们扛来工具就把灯泡换了 But if the workers are saying that we don't light these
但如果是办公室员工说我们不喜欢 cubicle offices, we want enclosed walls and more
这样的小隔间 我们想要封闭的墙壁 privacy, then they have to invest thousands of dollars
需要更多隐私 那就得投资成千上万美元 in creating those interior walls and that gets
建造这些墙壁 就贵得多了 expensive so you know you have to judge well are the
所以你得判断这些问题 problems because of the lack of privacy prevalent, are
缺乏隐私的现象普遍么 they severe, how much is it going to cost to fix it.
严重么 要改善的话得花多少钱 And then you have political considerations as well, you
除此之外还有一些政治上的考虑 have got a tug and pull between people that administer
这一具体组织或地点的管理者 that particular organisation or site like the managers
比如公司经理或所有人 and the owners of the company and the workers who want
与想要更舒适环境的员工之间 a more comfortable environment and some times there is
会有力量的权衡 有时候情况会 a tension there and so that has to be negotiated and
很紧张 这些都得经过协商决定 played out. Now when you do a post occupancy evaluation
做居住后评价时 there are a lot of, I mentioned that there are many
有很多 我说过可以使用 different measures we can draw on to get a more complete
很多不同手段获得最全面的信息 comprehensive picture of whether the environment is
以获知这个环境运营的 working well or not working well. We can do what's
好还是不好 我们可以做 called behavioural mapping, physical trace analysis,
行为测绘 物质痕迹分析 cognitive mapping, we can look at peoples clarity about
认知测绘 也可以看人们对 their environments which we talked about last week,
自己环境的表述 上周讲过的 we can interview and survey with people, we can do a
可以采访或调查这些人 behaviour setting inventory when certain parts of an
还可以制作一个行为环境详细目录 organisation are overstaffed or understaffed,
如果一个组织的某些部分超编 人手不足 overcrowded, we can look at reports of productivity,
或者过度拥挤 还可以看生产力报告 health problems in a company, or an organisation, we
公司或组织内的健康问题 can measure peoples blood pressure and heart rate,
还可以测量人们的血压和心率 if they are under too much noise all day, their
如果每天承受太多噪音 physiological arousal is going to go up. We can measure
他们的生理指标会上升 也可以 the lighting levels, the noise levels objectively, the
客观测量照明水平 噪音水平 temperature levels, so there are a lot of different
和温度水平 所以有很多方法 ways, air quality, we can measure whether an
还有空气质量 有很多方法来评判 environment is working well, it's good quality or not
一个环境运行的好不好 质量是好还是坏 so good and these are talked about in Zeisel's book,
好的 这些在蔡泽尔的书中都有讲到 there's a section of his book, encouraged by design,
他的书中有一部分叫做"被设计鼓舞" that's assigned and it's a really good source if you
布置给你们读的 如果你们想对 want to do some further reading at some point in terms
如何综合使用这些方法有更多了解 of how these different methods are put together. So
那是很好的阅读材料 let's take a look at one of these, it's called
下面我们看一下其中一种方法 behavioural mapping. Behavioural mapping is when you go
叫做行为测绘 行为测绘指的是 into a place and you observe as the researcher and the
你去到一个地方 作为研究者或者 study team, who's doing what, where are they doing it,
研究团队 观察谁在做什么 how often, who are they hanging out with, in what
在哪里做 多么频繁 他们跟谁在一起 relationship, in what context, so you can observe a
彼此间是什么关系 在什么情境下 比如 play environment for children and look at how the
你可以观察一个孩子们做游戏的环境 children are using that space so that's an example of
看这些孩子如何利用这个空间 这是 behavioural mapping and the advantage of doing that
行为测绘的一个例子 相对于对人们 rather than just surveying people or interviewing them,
进行调查或者访谈 行为测绘的好处是 when I survey you, I ask you a question about your
如果是对你进行调查 我问你一个关于 environment, you might adjust your answers depending on
你的环境的问题 你可能会根据觉得我 what you think I want to hear, but when we go in and we
想听什么而调整回答 但是我们进去 just observe what's happening, there's no chance for
直接观察的话 人们就没有 people to sort of fudge their answers, they are doing
捏造回答的机会 他们该做什么 whatever they are doing or not doing and you can
就做什么 不该做什么就不做什么 observe that more objectively. SO that's why try to
你就可以更客观的观察 put these different kinds of methods together, the
所以要综合使用这些不同手段 surveys, the questionnaires, the observations, for
进行物质痕迹分析 physical trace analysis. So let's take a look at some
调查 问卷 观察等 下面看一下 of the ways you can do behavioural mapping. Beth, do
进行行为测绘的一些方式 贝丝 you want to throw the switch on? Thanks. SO here we
能打开开关么 谢谢 这是在 are at UCI AND WE HAVE GOT THIS BIG Space IN COMPUTER
UCI 这是计算机科学楼 SCIENCES HERE. The old computer sciences, the original
里面空间很大 是原来的 computer sciences building, and what we see is that it
计算机科学楼 可以看到 is very rare that anybody sits here and talks, what you
很少见人在这儿坐着聊天 have is a big wind tunnel from one end of that space to
从这个空间的这一头到另一头 another because you have got 4 storeys, people are
是一个大风洞 因为有四层楼 looking down through their windows at whatever's going,
上面的人从窗户往下看可以看到一切 so you have a fish bowl effect. People are sort of in
所以就有鱼缸效应 人们都在这个 this fish bowl, the proportions are all wrong, it's not
透明鱼缸里 结构比例都错了 a very sociopetal space that brings people together,
这不是社交的好地方 大家不会聚在这儿 it's kind of sociofugal. So what's missing here if you
倒像是妨碍社交的地方 所以如果 do the behavioural mapping, you just don't see people
在这儿做行为测绘 根本不太能 very often here. So it's a space that you have seating
见到人 这儿有座位给人们 for people to sit and talk but they just don't use it,
坐下来聊天 但人们不会使用 so you could map that just by observing it. You could
你可以通过观察测绘这一点 also go into environments and map whether there on
也可以测绘一些环境中有没有 safety hazards, you could watch what happens are stair
安全隐患 可以观察楼梯附近 ways, are people tripping or are they falling? What it
的情况 人们会绊倒或摔倒么? is about the design of those stairs that's creating
楼梯的设计中有什么问题导致 that problem. So that's a kind of behavioural mapping.
这样? 这就是一种行为测绘 You could go into an open plan school, it used to be in
也可以去开放性学校 the 1970's it was all the rage to have open plan
七十年代小学使用 classrooms in elementary schools and people thought
开放性教室很火 人们以为 kids would be more creative and they would enjoy the
这样孩子会更有创造力 会享受 openness and as people went in and studied those
这种开放 但进去研究这些环境后 environments they found that in order to get quiet
发现要找到安静一些的空间 space they had to go out in the hall way, because there
他们得到教室外的走廊里 were no protected areas where the teacher could talk
因为教室中没有教师可以 quietly with a small group of students. So you picked
与小组学生安静交流的地方 that up by going in, observing what's happening and
进入这个环境 观察情况 测绘人们 mapping people's behaviour in that environment. Another
在此环境中的行为 就可得到这一点 use of behavioural mapping is where you are designing
另一个使用行为测评的例子是 let's say a work space for a company that has 2
比如给一个公司设计包含两个分区的 different divisions. And so this designer does this
工作空间 设计者绘制了这样的 sort of chicken scratch sketch of who is interacting
粗略草图 描绘谁跟谁交流 with whom, and who has to be close to whom in hand off
谁得离谁比较近 能把文件 documents to whom. And then on the basis of that
递过去 在此测绘的基础上 mapping process, talking to people about their daily
跟这些人讨论他们的日常活动 activities, who do they work with, he comes up with, he
他们和谁一起工作 or she comes up with this design that optimises the 2
他/她得出了这个设计 将此工作 divisions on each side of that work space, so this
空间两边的两个分区都最优化 happens to be an environmental assessment from a firm
这其实是欧文一家公司的环境评估 in Irvine say LA associates and this mapping process,
好像是洛杉矶伙伴 这个测绘过程 and you can see these swinging doors here, where they
还有这些旋转门 门口很灵活 went through these flexible doorways, where people CAN
人们经过的时候可将其绕铰链 swing on a hinge, when they want to be open them up or
旋转 想打开的时候可以打开 they want to be closed and have more privacy, they
想关上以获得更多隐私时 close them. So they used that mapping of peoples work
可以关上 他们通过对员工 activities to figure out what's the optimal design in
工作活动的测绘得出最优设计 terms of adjacencies between people that need to work
包括需要共同工作的员工之间的最优距离 together, and when we go into the second part of the
是多少 下半节课我们讲 class we are going to talk about the social life of
城市空间的社会生活 urban spaces and read this book, talk about this book
还要讨论威廉姆·怀特的 by William Whyte and one of the things that William
这本书 威廉姆·怀特 Whyte did is he put a camera up over these public
曾在纽约市的各个公共场所 spaces and plazas in New York City and he did time
和广场上放一架照相机 lapse photography and he mapped peoples flows
通过延时摄影测绘一天中 throughout the day and learned a lot about how people
的人流情况 获得了很多城市中人们 used public spaces in cities. So that's another type of
如何利用公共空间的信息 这是另一种 behavioural mapping. So this slide is thanks to Charles
行为测绘 这张幻灯片要谢谢查尔斯 here who sent me this link about using people's tweets
他发给我这个链接 上面讲利用纽约市中 in New York City, using that digital technology, to map
人们的推特 使用这种数字技术 where people are going during the day, at different
测绘人们在一天中各个时段 times of day in Manhattan. And it's a very interesting
都去曼哈顿的哪些地方 这样使用 use of that digital technology because there are
这种数字技术很有意思 有很多 various reasons you might want to know where people are
原因 你或许想知道人们在哪里 converging, certain nodes, what traffic ways are going
汇合 一些交通结点 一天中 to be congested at different times of day so these
各个时候哪些路段会堵车 digital technologies are now being used to map these
现在也使用这些数字技术测绘 flows of how people use an urban space and that
城市中的人流和空间使用情况 information can be used in future designs, future city
这些信息可以用到未来城市设计中 design, to optimise a more even flow in use of that
优化未来环境设计 使人流更为平均 environment. Now in addition to doing behavioural
除了行为测绘 mapping we can do what's called a diagnostic walk
还可以做诊断穿行 through. This is a kind of post occupancy Evaluation,
这是一种居住后评价 where a design team goes into a facility and this is
设计团队去到一处设施 from Zeisel's book again where they observe the way
这也是蔡泽尔的书中讲的 设计团队 this environment for elderly, this institutional
去观察这个养老院 这个公共机构 environment is laid out and then instead of annotating
环境的布局 不是 the floor plan at the beginning of the design, they
在设计之初给平面图加注 make these observations based on the walk through of
而是在其建成后通过步行穿过 the facility once it's built so that's called a
这处设施来观察 所以叫做 diagnostic walk through and one of the things that
诊断穿行 诊断穿行中 people use in diagnostic walk through are physical
经常用到物质痕迹 traces. We have already talked about a number of
我们已经说了很多中 physical traces already, you know, what do people put up,
物质痕迹 人们在墙上挂什么 sort of personal emblems of themselves, or there are
算是他们自己的标志 或者是 missing traces here, people haven't put up anything
痕迹缺失 他们什么也没挂 here. Or here you have a symbol saying, please don't
或者这儿有个标志说 请勿 smoke. And one of the things they did in that study in
吸烟 他们在澳大利亚做的 Australia is they measured the number of cigarette
一个研究是数 butts that were deposited in the stands before and
体育比赛前后留在看台 after the athletic events so they actually measured
上的烟头数量 他们把烟头 cigarette butts as a kind of physical trace to see, you
当做是物质痕迹来测量 know, before and after they did this symbol on the
看看在场上加了这个请勿吸烟 field to see if that symbolic communication was useful
的标志后 看看这个标志沟通 in cutting down people's smoking at the event. And we
是否能有效减少人们看比赛时的吸烟量 have talked about how this healthcare company puts up a
我们也讨论过这个医疗公司 vision of value statement. This person here is making a
设置了评价声明 这个人 statement that they don't like all this exposure to
声明他们不喜欢工作空间 their work space so they are putting up a kind of
暴露在外 所以他们竖起了这种 privacy screen there. SO these are some of the kinds of
私人屏障 这些是几种物质痕迹 traces and as you read John Zeisel's book, the
读约翰·蔡泽尔书的 selection from his book, you will see there are
节选的时候 你们会读到 different categories of physical traces. One of the
有不同类别的物质痕迹 things that some of you might want to do as an extra
你们可以这样做赚取 credit project, is go out among the campus or where you
额外的学分 就是到校园中 are living, and look for these different physical
你住的那一部分 寻找这些不同种类的 traces, so bi products of use. These would be things
物质痕迹 即环境使用的副产物 like erosions, if you go into a museum exhibit, are
像是磨损 比如你去博物馆展览 certain displays, more worn, do you see more wearing on
是不是有些展区磨损的更严重 地毯是不是 the rug because people are visiting those exhibits and
有更多磨损 因为人们都来看这些展品 are more popular than some other exhibits? That would
比其他一些展区受欢迎 这就是 be a kind of erosion. Or in Aldridge Park if you see
一种磨损 或者在阿尔德里奇公园 where people have worn a pathway which is outside the
你如果发现人们在柏油路之外走出了 asphalt, you know the design path system, people have
一条小路 本来有设计好的道路系统 cut a design themselves to get somewhere more quickly,
但是人们自己设计了一条小路 可以更便捷 that would be a kind of adaptation and an erosion of
地到达某处 这属于修改 还有草地的 the grass, showing you how people have change, you
磨损 可以告诉你人们 know, how they are using the space. Leftover might be
是怎么使用空间的 遗留物 litter, littering an environment. A missing trace might
包括废弃物 在环境中乱丢东西 痕迹缺失 be that there are no people in that computer science
就是像我刚才展示的那个计算机 area that I showed you or there is nothing on a
科学区根本没人 或者一个人的 person's dorm room wall. Why did that person not
宿舍墙上是光的 为什么这个人 decorate? So those are bi products of use. Then there's
不装饰? 这些都是使用副产物 those adaptations for use, you put up a screen between
还有使用修改 比如你在房间中自己 your part of the room and your room mates room to give
那一部分和舍友那部分之间放一个屏障 you a bit more visual privacy. Or you put a manila
给自己更多视觉上的隐私 或者你在 folder over your computer to cut down on glare, so
电脑上放一个马尼拉纸夹减少灯光 that's a kind of prop. And when you observe that as a
这属于道具 当你观察到这一 physical trace you can make some inferences that
物质痕迹 就可以大体知道 lighting and glare is a problem in that work
这个工作环境中的灯光有问题 environment. So these physical traces tell us something
所以这些物质痕迹可以告诉我们 about the lack of fit or the fit between people and
人们和其环境之间适宜还是不适宜 their environments. Whether people personalise their
人们会不会把自己的环境个性化 environments, these displays of self, or their group.
体现出这是他自己或他们群体的环境 Public messages, whether there are kind of illegitimate
还有公共信息 有没有某些非法 messages, you know, graffiti, or whether there are
信息 像是涂鸦 或者有没有 legitimate or official public messages. So these are
合法或者官方公共信息 这些是 different categories of physical traces and you can see
不同类别的物质痕迹 下一张 some of these in the next slide here; the litter as a
幻灯片上有一些 废弃物属于 bi product, the prop, the adaptation for use, the
副产物 还有道具 使用修改 displays of corporate social identity, and the graffiti
团体社会身份展示 涂鸦属于信息 as a message. And I want to show you a few other
我还想给大家看一些别的例子 examples from these slides so we go back to these.
回到这些幻灯片 Okay. So yeah, here they did the cigarette butt count
好的 这里他们通过数烟头数 to figure out whether the messaging was effective or
得知场上的标志有没有效果 not, so that was a use of the butts as a kind of
这是把烟头当做物质痕迹 physical trace. Here you have got no separations so
这里员工之间没有分隔 what is missing there is any kind of separation
任何视觉或者听觉上的 visually or acoustically so those workers are in a
分隔都没有 所以这些员工的 really tough spot because they are basically exposed to
处境很困难 因为他们基本上一整天 all that stimulation all day, And very little
都暴露在外界的各种刺激中 屏障很少 screening. Here you have got a very feeble attempt to
这里他们做出了没太大效果的尝试 set up a separation between the waiting area of that
在办公室的等候区域和程序员 office and the data programmers work station so this
工作点之间设置了分隔 little cubicle was the best they could do. And one of
他们最多只能做到小隔间这样了 the things that we did when we did the programming for
我们为未来环境做 the future environment, they moved from fashion Island
设计规划的时候 他们从时尚岛 to Jamboree centre and they did a lot of things to
搬到了庆祝会中心 做了很多努力 optimise their new space that set up much better kind
优化这个新空间 接待区的 of management of the reception area so I will show you
管理比先前好了很多 后面我会 some examples of those later. Here you have got a
给大家看这些例子 这儿是围起 little more separation with this 3 sided cubicle but
三条边的小隔间 有了更多分隔 very minimal to the rear here so this person has to
但是后面没有 所以这个人工作时 work with their back to the aisle way which can be
得背朝走廊 可能会带来很多 pretty distracting. Here again you have got some
干扰 这儿也是 与发出噪音的 shielding from that noisy copier machine but right at
打印机之间设了一些屏障 the other side of these file cabinets you have got
但是这些文件柜另一侧 people working in their cubicles so some times that
就是员工在隔间中工作 所以有时 noise spills over and gets in the way of people being
打印机的噪音会溢过去 使员工 able to do their work effectively. When the Irvine
不能高效地工作 美食广场 branch, the food court first went up at fashion Island,
欧文分店刚去时尚岛的时候 they experimented with having a meal area by the
曾试验在停车场旁边设置 parking lot so as you parked your car and walked into
进餐区 这样人们停好车 the food court you could eat your food out here and it
刚好可以走进美食广场吃饭 was a dismal flop because it was very un aesthetic,
这个试验失败了 因为很没有美感 there was no separation between traffic and the parking
车流和停车场之间没有分隔物 lot and people trying to have their meals. Now how many
而人们就在那进餐 你们多少人 have you been to wholesome choice here in Irvine, which
去过欧文这儿的Wholesome Choice is the grocery store multicultural, yeah they do it a
一家跨国连锁杂货店? 是的 现在他们 lot better, they put these big planters between the
做得好多了 他们在停车区和Wholesome parking area and the tables outside of wholesome choice
Choice外的餐桌间放了很多大盆植物 and people can sit there and it's like a whole
人们可以坐在这里 餐点时这儿 community develops there at meal time because it's more
几乎发展成了一整个社区 因为这样更加 enclosed. So this is very poor separation. Over here in
与外界隔绝 这是很差劲的分隔 Costa Maca, near South coast plaza, you have got this
这儿是哥斯达马卡 在南海岸广场附近 parking lot where they have constructed, you have got a
这儿有个停车场 meal and restaurant area right near the parking lot,
紧挨着就是就餐区 where they have constructed these screens to give the
他们建了这些屏风给 people at the restaurant a lot more of a sense of
在餐馆就餐的人更多 enclosure and privacy and so this person comes out and
隔绝感和隐私 这样有人 starts up their motor cycle, they don't have to hear
发动摩托车 他们也不会听到 all that, or as loudly as they would if there's no
噪音 起码不会像没有屏风那样 screening, so that's a kind of separation in that space
噪音很大 这也是一种分隔手段 as well. I have been talking a lot about the physical
目前为止我说了很多关于空间的 qualities of space and evaluating how well the physical
物质特征以及评估物质环境运行 environment works and as you know from the cognitive
的内容 从认知测绘文献 mapping literature that Dr Mistra talked about we can
可以知道 米斯特拉博士说 talk about physical imagability like how clearly people
我们既可以看物质可想象性 比如人们 remember the physical environment, but we also talked
对物质环境记得多清晰 也可以看 about social imagability like the social meanings
社会可想象性 比如和一环境 associated with an environment so by the same token we
相关的社会意义 所以同样的 can evaluate an organisation or a group space in terms
可以从社会气候的角度评价一个组织 of its social climate. Does that environment foster
或者群体空间 这个环境是有利于 social relationships or get in the way of good social
塑造社会关系呢 还是会阻碍正面社会 relationships. Does it provide opportunities for
关系的形成 它有没有为个人提供 personal development? Does it emphasis organisational
发展机会? 它更加强调组织要改变 change or maintenance and these are dimensions that
还是维持现状? 斯坦福大学的 Rudolf Moos of Stanford University has used to evaluate
鲁道夫·穆斯教授曾用这些维度 the social climate of a lot of different kinds of
评价一系列不同环境的社会气候 environments from dormitories at colleges to work
从大学宿舍到工作环境 environments to hospital care settings and the like and
到医院护理环境 等等 that's what we mean by the social climate of an
环境的社会气候就是这个意思 environment and here in this example the individual,
这个例子是 this is an individual's childhood home and she has
这个人童年时的家 annotated it in terms of her memories of how her
她根据自己的记忆为其加注 parents used this home and how her siblings used her
回忆她父母和兄弟姐妹是怎么利用 home and it's a floor plan to assess her memories and
家里空间的 这个平面图是用来评估 her attachments to her childhood home. And a lot of
她对小时候这个家的记忆和感情的 those memories are social in terms of her relationships
由于她和家人的关系 这里面很多记忆 with her family. So yeah, let us know if you have any
都有社会性 好的 关于这节课讲的内容 questions about what we have covered in the lecture,
或者阅读材料有任何问题 if you have any trouble with any of the readings
都可以告诉我们 and we will pick up on Thursday.
我们周四再见