今天我们要讲的是人格和环境 Today we are going to be talking about personality
大家在课余时间已经完成了 and the environment and when you guys ended class
跟歌曲有关的一项测试 you did this song exercise right, where each of you
也就是写出你们最喜欢的歌曲 wrote down your list of favorite songs and then passed
然后传给旁边的人 他们来评价 it to your neighbor and they made some judgments about
你列出的这些歌曲 我来读一个例子吧 that list of songs. So I want to read a few examples,
这是其中一个卡内的Get em High um this was one of them, "Kanye West- 'Get em High'
Seed 2.0 克里斯布朗的 唷 The Roots- 'Seed 2.0' Chris Brown- 'Yo' Ice Cube
有人喊 今天是个好天气这首歌 'Today Was a Very Good Day' and the person said,
从这个歌曲列表来看我觉得 that from the list of song I can infer that this person
他可能比较怀旧没有跟上主旋律 is laid back and does not follow main stream trends
都是一些老的校园歌曲和地下歌曲 due to some of the old school and underground songs."
这就是对这个纸条的评价 So that was the appraisal on that one. Another list was
另外一张上面写着 太阳和月亮 保重 Above and Beyond by "Sun and Moon", Dre- "Take Care,"
亚瑟的高潮 和佩里的少年梦 Usher- "Climax," Katy Perry "Teenage Dream," and
还有爱丽丝 他旁边的人写的是 Goo Goo Dolls, "Iris." And the neighbor of this person
他喜欢积极乐观的歌曲 但是 said, "they liked upbeat songs but ones with kind of
又富有韵律或者吸引人的节奏和鼓点 a melodic and catchy rhythm and beat.
我没听过第一首歌但是听起来不错 I've never heard the first song but it sounds great.
似乎很有深意而且附有灵魂 Likes songs with a lot of meaning and soul behind them
是关于人们享受生命或类似的内容 Person enjoys life and everything about it."
你们的评价也很有趣 So you guys are making some interesting judgments
关于这些列表 来看另一个字条 about the song lists. And then another list was,
音频机器 已经忘了它的名字 Audio Machine- Forgot the name of that one, Two Steps,
巴赫的自由斗士 小提琴32协奏曲 "Freedom Fighter" by Bach, "Opus 32 concerto for
上帝靠近你和杀手 Two Violins", Nearer my God to Thee and The Killers
他旁边的人给写的评价是 and what this person said is that, "I can't really
我不能盲目评价 因为这些歌我都没听过 say much because I'm not familiar with these songs,
但是通过歌名和乐队来判断 but by the names of the songs and the bands
我感觉这个人的人格特点应该是 I feel like this person is the type who like listening
喜欢在房间里带着双耳式耳机听歌的人 to their music with their big headphones in their room
而且还有可能 on full blast. He also seems like someone who
喜欢乐器和摇滚 plays an instrument and likes to rock out." Ok
这是你们交上来的一些例子 So these are some of the examples that you all turned
今天我们要开始讨论 in and we're going to be talking today how people
人们如何利用环境来分类 use their environments to make queues or to make
后者评价他人的人格 judgments about other people's personality,
还有兴趣 而且你们还可以 their interests and also you can do that when you
走进一个人的卧室 alk into somebody's room and you see what
观察墙上挂了什么 they put on the wall so there are a lot of ways that
有很多不同的方式来通过环境推断他人 we use environmental cues to make inferences about
当我们观察 other people. So when looking at the relationship
环境与人格之间的关系 between environment and personality,
其中一个要注意的方面就是 one of the issues has to do with how your personality
你的性格特质如何影响你 traits are influenced, how they influence your
并且影响你对周围环境的诠释 interpretation of your environments.
如果你是一个容易受到启发的探求者 So if you're a stimulation seeker for example
你可能会觉得特定的环境 you're going to find certain environments maybe
非常无聊一点都不刺激 too boring and not interesting or exciting enough.
如果你是一个慢反应者 If you're a low stimulation seeker you're going to
可能会得出相反的结论 have just the opposite kind of judgment. Also,
地点也有特点 places have personalities and we're going to talk
我们会稍作讲解 a little bit about that, they have their own little
比如气候氛围等方面 climate, atmosphere, and they help shape
这对我们的性格是有影响的 our own personalities. So depending on where
性格取决于你在哪里长大 you grew up or whether you went to a big high school
在大学校还是小学校读书 or a small high school all of those kind of influences
这对你的个人特点都有影响 have an influence on your own characteristics.
于是我们所说的人格 So when we talk about personality we're usually
指的是一种相对稳定的特点 referring to a relatively stable set of characteristics
也就是一个人对事物的直觉 The way in which and individual perceives things
或者是他们的行为趋向 or their behavioral tendencies and these tendencies
这些倾向在不同情境下会被别人观察到 are observable by others across a variety of situations
这就是通常心理学家所说的 and settings. So that's generally what psychologists
人格的含义 mean when they talk about personality.
但是直到环境心理学领域的出现 But until the field of Environmental Psychology got
人们才开始大规模的发现 going there wasn't much interest in how the large scale
环境塑造了人格 environment really helped to shape personality.
主要是对直系亲属来说 It was more about the immediate family uh,
也就是家庭这个微环境中 the micro-environment of the home,
父母的人格会影响到孩子 parents' personalities as they influence their kids'
但是这跟环境不是一回事 personalities but not too much about the environments
人们把大部分的时间都花在这个地方 where people were spending most of their time.
这是环境和人格 So these are really four basic relationships between
四种基础的关系 the large scale environment and personality.
第一 环境表现出人格 First off, the environment reveals personalities.
比如你的方面装饰 你对音乐的选择 So you're room decorations, your musical selections,
你网页上的内容 your webpage content. People use these as queues
人们用这些内容来评价你的个人品质 to make judgments about your own personal qualities.
第二 环境塑造人格 Secondly, the environment shapes personality,
正如我们从巴克行为设置研究中发现的 so we saw in the Behavioral Settings research of Barker
这取决于学校的职工体系 that depending on the staffing level of a school system
如果学校的教职员工比较少 if it was under staffed it put a lot of pressure on
就会增加学生的压力他们要担任更多领导角色 those students to take on more roles leadership roles,
然而如果学校的员工过多 and yet if that setting was over staffed you had more
就会出现一些人被边缘化 peripheral people that couldn't get involved in
无法担任领导职位 leadership positions. So the environment has a definite
于是环境会影响到我们人格的发展 influence on the development of our personality.
如果你生活的环境中能接触到很多人 Uh if you grow up in a place where you can meet a lot
我们都知道Festinger的研究 of people, and we remember that study by Festinger
在麻省理工附近有很多别的人员 Shachtner and Back at MIT, where proximity to
至于他们居住的地方 other people spatially, in terms of where they live in
那座综合性建筑 也体现了交友模式 that apartment complex, predicted friendship patterns.
在一些社区中并没有机会 In some communities you don't have as many
去见其他人 opportunities to meet other people. So the structure
于是环境的结构也能够影响人格 of the environment can influence personality that way.
第三条线索就是 Now the third pathway is that the kind of personalities
我们培养的人格也会影响到 we develop have an influence on what we do in
我们的周围环境和我们的健康 the environment and our health. There's a lot of
有很多研究都是关于人格和健康的 research on personality and health and
其中很多人格特点 many of these personality traits have to do with
都同环境偏好有关 environmental preferences,
如果你喜欢刺激冒险型的环境 so if you like really exciting risky environments,
这就是由性格决定的 that's one kind of personality orientation.
冠状动脉行为模式意味着 The coronary prone behavior pattern means that
你会倾向于选择那些 you tend to very job involved and you tend to drive
会使你努力激发自己从一个环境到另一个 yourself really hard and you go from one environment
然后尽一切努力 to another and to do as much as you can and that
形成某种行为模式 leads to certain kinds of behavioral patterns.
最后一点是关于 And the final pathway here is that personality is
人格有时候就处于环境之中 sometimes in the middle between the environment
我们处于一定环境之中又作为其结果存在 we're exposed to and then the outcomes of that exposure
如果你让一组实验者 So if you take a group of people and you expose them
待在动荡有压力的环境中 to really chaotic stressful environment if they're high
如果他们是敏感型的人 sensation seekers in that group they're going to be
他们会对压力影响产生抵抗 more resistant to feeling the effects of that stress
因为他们更能忍耐刺激 because they have a higher tolerance for stimulation
承担压力 但是如果换做那些 and overload and if the person, some of the people
意志消沉的人 他们可能会 in that group, are low stimulation seekers they're
因为受到过度刺激而崩溃 going to be much more put off by too much stimulation.
于是人们的人格可以调节 So the personality that people have can mediate
环境以及环境对人的影响 the relationship between the environment and
以及他们对人的健康和行为的影响 the effects it has on their health and behavior.
这就是我们介绍的四种路径 So these are the four kind of pathways that we want to
目的是用来讲解 talk about in terms of how the large scale
大环境是如何影响人格的 environment affects people's personality.
现在我们开始讲解环境是如何体现人格的 Now we'll start off with how the environment reveals
这里有很多例子可以证明 personality.And these are a lot of the examples up here
比如你可以走进一个人的宿舍 of walking into somebodies dorm room for example
这里 你看到的可能是一片狼藉 and here you've got a kind of chaotic look here you've
也可能看到井井有条的场景 got a very neat and organized look , you walk into this
或者走进这个会议厅 能看到 conference room and you see a lot of emphasis on
很多员工的照片和获得的成就以及奖励 employee's pictures and their achievements and awards.
另外一些会议室则不会这样设置 Some conference rooms don't do that in a work
于是当你进入这些环境中 environment. So when you go into these environments
他们会对你产生微妙的影响 they have a subtle influence on how you make inferences
帮助你判断在那里工作和居住的人 on the people that work there, live there,
我来给大家放一段影像 occupy that space. I'm going to play a little vignette here
我希望大家能思考一下 and I want you to think about the how the people
在这个场景中推断一下 in this situation are making an inference about
这些人的人格 other people's personality based on the situation,
基于他们所处的环境 the environmental situation.
今天天气真好 "Nice Day"
是呀 "Yeah"
那是谁 "What is that?"
嘿 Jo Jo 嘿 "Hey Jo Jo!" "Hey"
Kramer谢谢你开车带我来这 "alright, thanks for the ride Kramer"
我应该谢你才对 "No thank you"
你们干嘛呢 "so what are ya doing"
我们出发去沙滩吧 "Hey let's go to the beach?"
你怎么了 疯了吗 "what are ya, crazy?"
没有啊 今天天气多好啊 "nah it's a beautiful day."
玩的开心 "Have a good time"
没错 要出事儿了 你感觉到了吗 "yeah, there's something in the air today You feel it?
肯定要出事儿了 There's something in the air"
你不觉得你要变成兰卡斯特了吗 "You know you're turning into Burt Lancaster?"
肯定要出事了 "Yeah there's something in the air"
糟了 忘了叫Jill 嗨Jill "Oh, I forgot to call Jill" "Jill? Hi, it's Elaine.
啊 你爸怎么了 还好吧 天呐 How is your father? Is everything ok? What?!
啊 我听不清楚 信号不好 I Can't hear you so good there's a lot of static.
你大声点 哎我一会儿给你打过去 What? I'm gunna call ya back"
人家父亲住院了 你竟然还这样 "Jill's father is in the hospital and you call and
在电话里询问多不礼貌 ask about him on a cell phone?"
有什么不对的地方吗 "What no good?"
太失礼了 "faux pas"
怎么失礼了 "faux pas?"
失礼到家了 "BIG, hefty, stinking, faux pas"
为什么啊 "why?"
你不能在电话里询问别人的健康状况 "you can't make a health inquiry on a cell phone.
这就等于告诉人家 That's like saying I don't want to take up any of
我在家的宝贵时间是不会浪费在你这种人身上 my important time in my home so
我只能边走边顺便打个电话 I'll just get it out of the way on the street"
在大马路上打电话 "On the street cell phone call is
是最没礼貌的表现 the lowest phone call you can make"
这就是一种蔑视的表现 "It's an act of total disregard"
是自私 "it's selfish"
是鄙视 "it's dismissive"
是自高自大 "it's pompous"
你做事之前能不能用点脑子 "why don't you think before you do something"
这次我用了 拜拜 "here's a thought, bye bye"
如果你当时在场 If you were in that situation what kind of inferences
你会怎样评价Elaine呢 would you make about Elaine or what do you think
你觉得他们对Elaine的评价如何 they were concluding about Elaine
单看她打电话这个问题 based on her cellphone call?
Leslie你来回答 Yeah, Leslie, is it Leslie? Yeah, So Leslie's saying
她说他们认为她自私的结论太表面化了 that maybe they're inferring that she's kind of selfish
她只是不经意地接个电话 superficial, she's sort getting the call out of the way
只是恰好走在马路上 while she's walking down the street where she can't
她不可能专注于她朋友父亲的健康状况 really focus in what her friend might say about
这是个有趣的观察 her father's condition. That's a very interesting
我刚才也这样说是因为 observation I was just saying that because this is in
我们知道一份在城市环境中的研究 an urban situation and we saw that study
是由米尔格拉姆完成的 by Stanly Milgram where on how urban dweller
是关于城市人对过分的刺激如何反应 react to stimulation overload. What do they do?
他们会掩饰而且每次不同 They screen out outputs they don't as much time
所以你看到的别人的反应 to each interaction. So maybe you take kinda
只是他所有表现中的九牛一毛 what she did with a grain of salt. That,
她是一个城市人 Ok she's an urbanite and she's got a lot going on
她在整个场景中做了很多事 in terms of what she's managing in that situation
于是你不能断定她的人格 and you don't attribute much to her personally
只能说她住在城市里 but rather that she's in a living in a city where
要处理很多压力 she's got to manage all that overload.
还有人对于他们的评价有什么想法吗 Other thoughts about how they were judging
请回答 你叫什么名字 or might judge that situation? Yeah, what's your name?
安妮塔 观察的很仔细 Anita. That's a great observation. Anita is saying that
她说我们队技术的使用涉及到一些规范 because our use of technology has evolved our norms
这已经变了 about technology have evolved. That's changed and
现在人们都在忙碌奔波中发短信 nowadays people are texting on the run,
在奔波中打电话 这很正常 they're calling on the run, it's normative.
你并不能把某人看轻 Ya know you don't put somebody down or assume
或者认定他就是坏人 they're a bad person or that they're an inconsiderate
仅仅从他们这样打电话的小事来断言 person just because they're making a cell phone call
在一定程度上这样的片段 like that, so in a sense that episode might be
已经有些陈旧 因为我们对技术的利用改变了 a little dated now, right because of how we've
如今一切都追求速度 embraced technology. So and everything is about
我们进入2.0时代 speed today, you know, so we're going to web 2.0
手机上已经有4g系统 and we're going to the 4g system of cell phones and
速度都越来越快 its more and more speed so how can you know
你怎么知道买这些的人就有错呢 sort of fault somebody if they're buying into that.
这是个很有趣的例子 So, it's an interesting example of how people
关于人们如何建立联系 make these links between behavior in a particular
在这些特殊的环境中 以及 environmental context and why that would be sort of
为什么这会提供关于他们人格的信息 information for what they're personality is like.
还有人有关于这个短片的想法吗 Any other thoughts about what's going on in that
埃莉诺说她推断出 particular video? Eleanor is saying that you could
Elaine可能是个神经大条的人 maybe infer that Elaine's sort of a disorganized person
因为当她从车里出来的时候 because when she gets out of that car when you know
Kramer摇下车窗告别 Kramer slams on the breaks and then
她却在想别的事情 she's thinking about other things and then
她才想起忘了给朋友打电话 she remembered she should have called her friend.
所以她可能有点心不在焉 So maybe she's a little bit absent minded or not
或者说不是很有条理 that organized so yeah those are all really
大家的观察和评价都很有趣 interesting comments and observations.
你叫什么 大卫好的 What's your name? David. Yeah, so the guy
这个人走在街上跟Jerry和George walks down the street saying hello to Jerry and
打招呼 他们甚至都不想理他 George and they don't even like acknowledge him right.
他们很鄙视她 And then they're putting her down because
他们说的太表面化了 they're saying she's kind of superficial. So that's
这在那个场景中有些讽刺 a little bit of an irony in that situation as well.
我们来看这张纸上的内容 So when we look at that Gossilen paper,
这其实是周二的列表 that is listed for Tuesday actually,
就是我们今天要讲的内容 we're going to talk about it today.
这其实就是涉及到一些文章 What they're you know it's fairly involved a little bit
其中有很多术语 of a jargony article.There's a lot of terminology there
我们来分析一下 so we want to break some of that down.
其实这很简单 如果你是一个观察者 So it's, it's a simple idea that if you're an observer
在观察像她一样打电话的人 of someone like Elaine making a cell phone call
或者当你走进一个人的房间 on the street or you walk into somebody's room
看到他的桌子收拾的很整齐 and you see that they have a very organized desk,
上面有很多书 或者类似的内容 or that they have a lot of books or whatever
这些迹象 实际上就是你用来 these queues are, you're using those queues as
尝试着判断并且理解 a kind of lens to try to view and understand
他们的深层含义是什么 what they're underlying quality is like.
它们是有意的还是无意的 Are they conscientious or are they not conscientious?
是社会性的吗 Are they sociable or not? So you're utilizing queues
你在利用这些你观察出的迹象 here based on what you observe in the environment
然后判断他们是否很好的指示出 and then whether those queues are a good predictor
深层的人格特点 of the underlying personality trait that has to do with
这和迹象的可信度有关 the validity of the queue. So if you think that having
如果你觉得桌子整齐就说明 an organized desk really in fact does predict
这个人是有责任心的 this person's conscientiousness that would be
有很高的正确性 high queue validity, and so when people are good
如果人们擅长利用这一系列表现 at using the queues and making these valid inferences,
这就叫做功能成就或者准确度 that's called functional achievement or accuracy.
你作为观察者能够做出准确的判断 So you're making accurate judgments as an observer
针对特定的场景 in that particular situation. So that's called
这就叫做观察者的镜面模型 The Lens Model of how Observers Make Judgments
关于房屋的居住着 about Room Occupants. In the Gossilen paper
他们讨论了几种不同的 they talk about number of different types of queues
物理环境的表现 in a physical environment, so one of those categories
其中一个就是自我导特性 is Self-Directed Identity Claims. And you can thing
你可以从自身环境出发 about your own environments in terms of what you
你在墙上挂什么装饰 put on the wall and they're saying that often you're
有人说你使用的这些装饰 using these kinds of postings these personalization
让你的房间体现了你的个性化 of your room to sort of reinforcefor your own benefit,
也就是你对自己的看法 what you're like your own view of yourself.
这就叫自我导向的身份认证 So that's called a Self-Directed Identity Claim.
他人导向的身份认证是为了有益于他人 An Other-Directed Identity Claim is for the benefit
在这栋离我们校园很近的公寓中 of others. So here in this apartment near our campus
这个人决定完成这些墙壁艺术 this particular person decided to do all the wall art
在客厅里你通常看不到这些 in their living room which you typically don't see
当你走进一个人的客厅 when you walk into somebody's living room
从正门中走进去 right through the front door,
可能在卧室中会出现这些 maybe you'd see something like that in their bedroom
但是这其实就能说明 but this is a pretty out there kinda statement about
他们希望别人看到的自己 what they want others to see them as,
这就是一个人对别人做出的象征性说明 so it's a symbolic statement made by a person to others
通过物质上的展示 through physical displays about how
说明他们希望别人怎么看待自己 they'd like to be regarded. And what might you
你对于这种艺术会产生怎样的结论呢 conclude about that kind of artwork,
你们是否认识会往墙上这样画的人 somebody you know drawing that on the wall?.
这是非传统的 这是另外一种特质 Unconventional, so that's another kind of trait you
可以从行为中或者剩余的迹象中推断出来 could infer from that behavior and that residue
还有其他的依据吗 that queue. Any other inferences you might make,
你叫什么名字 Jackylin认为 what's your name? What what's Jackylin is saying
这已经成为一个关注点 is that this becomes a kind of focus when somebody
可能成为一个话题的开始 walks in and it's a conversation breaker or starter and
或者是互动的开始 it opens up interaction, so maybe the people that
可能住在这里的人们 live in this place are more about interactions than
更喜欢互动而不是被动的看电视节目 sort of passive TV viewing or something like that,
这种想法很有趣 so that's an interesting kinda way to view it.
现在有些人会做出错误的身份鉴定 Now sometimes people make False Identity Claims.
什么是错误的身份鉴定呢 Ok, what's a False Identity Claim?
你为什么会这样做呢 Why would you want to do that?
可能是为了体现出你的优点 Ok, so you want to dress up your qualities and
可以吸引别人更喜欢你 make them more appealing so that people like you better
有些人会说一些人在Facebook上这样 and some would say well people do that on Facebook
或者在其他社交网络也是这样 and social networking but that study that
但是我们之前看到的研究表明 we read earlier suggested that people Facebook pages
Facebook的个人主页确实可以准确地 are really pretty accurate depictions of what
表现一个人的兴趣爱好 they're really like. So we're going to run another
我们要放另外一段视频 little video clip here to illustrate this notion of
来说明错误的人格鉴定 a False Identity Claim and this happens sometimes
有时会在现实中发生 有时只是在网页上 in environments or it might happen on a web page.
现在巴勒斯坦人民在和平和进步方面 "Now while Palestinians now have a new hope
获得新希望的同时 for peace and progress here in the United States
在美国我们希望 在世界上的某个地方 we hope that somewhere in the world
能够出现不恨我们的国家 there's a country that doesn't hate us.
全世界都鄙视我们的时候我们应该怎么做 What do we do when we're despised internationally?
Ed Helms找到了答案 Ed Helms found the answer."
由于某种原因美国在世界上 "For some reason America's popularity around the world
声誉不断下降 has plummeted in recent years making travel,
使得出国旅行对于很多美国人来说 making travel abroad for many Americans a
都是一段痛苦的经历 但是有人能解决 harrowing experience. But one man has a solution.
美国企业家Bill Broadbent American entrepreneur Bill Broadbent"
我称它为加拿大服装 就是一件T恤 "I call it the "Go Canadian Kit" it's a t-shirt with
上面有加拿大的国旗 a Canadian flag on it."
你是说对于美国不好的国际形象 "so your solution to America's poor international
就靠这件烂T恤就解决了 standing is a fucking t-shirt."
这不仅仅是一件文化衫 "It's more of a kit, it comes with a patch
还可以是一个背包 一个领针 for your backpack, a lapel pin for your lapel or
戴在哪都可以 24.95美元一件 where ever you want to wear it. It's sells for 24.95."
能给开一个23美元的发票吗 "Does it come with a 23 dollar bill?.
好吧 这个廉价的烂T恤是最好的解决方法 Yes this cheap ass kit is the perfect solution.
除了一点 Except for one thing."
很多加拿大人抱怨说 "well a lot of Canadians complained uh,
他们不希望美国人假扮他们 they didn't want Americans walking around as Canadians.
像Steve Thomas这样的加拿大人 "Canadians like Canadian Steve Thomas."
我不喜欢Bill的做法 "I don't like Bill's actions. To me it's undermining
这样破坏了加拿大人的名声和荣誉 the Canadian name and the Canadian reputation
在世界上都会有不好的影响 throughout the world."
Thomas说对了 在全世界 "Thomas is right throughout the world Canadians
加拿大人都有很难得的好名声 have a hard earned reputation as harmless pussies
不像美国人这样 最近的一项研究发现 Not so with Americans, a recent study found that
61%的西班牙人和64%的德国人 61 percent of Spaniards and 64 percent of Germans
还有91%的荷兰人 都觉得美国人傲慢 call Americans arrogant as well as 91 percent of Dutch."
加拿大有什么了不起的 "what's so great about Canada?"
没办法 "Well"
你们的国歌可是 哦加拿大 "even your national anthem is oh Canada."
不是哦加拿大 是嗷加拿大 "it's not like ohh, Canada. It's O Canada"
嗷 "Oh"
你们的国歌呢 "Whatabout your national anthem?
火箭的红色焰火 The rocket's red glare."
很厉害吧 "It's kicking ass"
是么 可能这正是为什么美国人 "oh really? Maybe that's why the Americans
在全世界的声誉也是 have their reputation throughout the world-"
很厉害吧 "-for kicking ass"
也可以理解成欺负人 "also known as bullies"
踢人的人嘛 "ass kickers"
抱歉 不是踢人这么简单 而是恐吓别国 I'm sorry not ass kickers bullies coming into countries
必须以我的方式做事 这才是正确的 saying you'll do it my way, this is the right way"
你确定你不是美国人吗 "are you sure you're not American?
因为你竟然敢这样说 Because you're being kind of a dick about this"
但是肯定还有别的选择 "but there might be an option for safe American
能让美国人不用穿那样的T恤旅游 travel other than the kit."
我们可以指定一种外交政策 "well we could adopt a foreign policy that shows
以表示对世界的尊重 more respect for the world?"
我不确定政策能起什么作用 "I'm not sure how that policy would work."
是啊 我们是不会这样做的 "yeah we're not going to do that."
所以对于美国的旅客来说只能穿加拿大T恤了 "so for American travelers that leaves only
但是我们看到了法裔加拿大人的愤怒 the Go Canadian Kit, but we bare the Canuck wrath."
我是典型的加拿大保守派 "I am of typical Canadian reserve.
直到那些规则和规范介入 Until those principles and morals have been stepped on.
那么之后怎样了 "and then what"
然后我说出了自己的观点 "and then I voice my opinion or
我要写一封表达担忧的信 I'll write a letter of concern."
我很崇拜你 "you're adorable"
但是加拿大人没有意识到的问题是不存在皇帝 what Canadians fail to realize is that there's no king
阻止美国的资本主义 还是阻止t恤吧 stopping American capitalism and no stopping the t-shirt
你出售那种写着大胡子乘骑的t恤吗 do you sell t-shirts that say "mustache rides a dollar
或者是五分钱 我们愿意 "for a nickel and yes we do."
山羊胡子乘骑五分如何 也会有生意 "how about 'goatee rides a nickel' there's a business
Bill Broadbent会感兴趣吗 Bill Broadbent might be interested in?"
还有一个问题 衣服会有用吗 "one question remains, does the kit work.
我尝试了加拿大的极端打扮 I underwent an extreme Canadian makeover.
挑战就在于要去除所有美式的东西 The challenge was to remove everything about me
包括外表 that says America: the dumb fuck look,
美国人典型的大屁股 the rock hard American ass, and finally my luscious
还有我性感的发型 我的转变是彻底的 hair-away-to-heaven. My transformation was complete.
现在装备上唯一的服装 Now armed with only the tools of the kit it was time
现在就是见证我像不像加拿大人的时候了 to see if I could pass as a Canadian. It worked,
有效哦我的美国同胞们看我的眼神像看外星人 my fellow Americans were staring at me like an outsider
我觉得自己像一个真正的加拿大人 I felt like a true Canadian and like a true Canadian
我只是急切地需要暖和一下 I desperately needed to thaw out my balls"
Ed Helms我们马上回来 "Ed Helms, we'll be right back"
有没有其他的例子 可以是宿舍里发生的事 Any other examples of how this might happen in a dorm
你观察到的 你叫什么名字 that you've seen or, yeah, what's your name?
Amanada 不能算是在宿舍 Amanada. Amanda. It's not necessarily a dorm
我有一个朋友 她在这里长大 but I have a friend and she grew up here on
她住在西部海岸 但是她大部分时间都在 the west coast but she says she's spend a lot of time
纽约居住 她发现 in New York growing up and she finds when
当她在欧洲的时候 she goes to Europe people like her better when
如果她说她来自纽约就会更受欢迎 she says she's from New York. They just kinda respond
他们会表现的更友好甚至说来自旧金山也可以 a little more favorably to her or even San Francisco
但是如果她说她来自加州 if she says San Francisco but if she says California
她说情况就大不一样了 it's not kinda, so she says kinda plays that up more."
很好很有趣 Interesting, all right good. So these are some of
这真是Gosslen和他的同事所说的分类 the categories that Gosslen and his colleagues talk about
关于人们展示自己的方式 in terms of how people present themselves.
这些身份的认定 或对或错 These identity claims, true or false, personal,
可能是自我导向或者他人导向的 self or other directed.
这里是一些他们研究的其他分类 Now there's some other categories they look at as well
其中一个就是内部行为剩余 One is this Interior Behavioral Residue.
这是一个很好的方式来介绍 Which is a fancy way of saying that this guy has
如果一个人房间里有一把吉他 a guitar in his room so you can kind of infer that
你可以推断出他可能弹吉他 he probably plays the guitar that he's got in his room
如果他有很多书 and he's got a lot of books and so maybe
他可能很好学 这些都是行为的轨迹 he's sort of studious. So these are traces of activities
实际上是由一个人 that are actually conducted by somebody
在他身边的环境中展现出来的 in their immediate environment so you walk in and
这些就是内部行为的残余或表现 those would be Interior Behavioral Residues or queues.
这个类别就属于外部行为剩余 This category is Exterior Behavioral Residues or queues.
这些都是身体的轨迹 And these are physical traces of activities performed
是人们在他们周边以外做出的活动 by people outside of their immediate surroundings.
如果你走进某人的房间看到 So if you walk in and you see that somebody has
他有一个滑雪板或者类似的东西 a snowboard or skis or something like that obviously
周边不一定有像Barrano这样的地方 there not doing that Barrano or someplace around here.
这是一种外部的行为迹象 So it's an exterior behavioral queue it allows you to
能够推断出他的兴趣爱好 infer something about their hobbies or their interests
可能超出了他周围的环境 that happen away from the immediate environment So
这有他们总结在一起的四个分类 these are four categories that they're putting together
在给出他们的模式之前我想念一条 Before we put up their model I just want to read uh,
John Steinbeck的话 a quote from John Steinbeck that they mentioned
他们在和查理一起旅行这篇文章中提到了 in their article In Travels with Charlie, and Steinbeck
他在小说中写道 一个动物栖息或经过 in that novel said "An animal resting or passing leaves
会留下破碎的草叶和足迹或粪便 crushed grass, foot prints and perhaps droppings.
但是一个人在一间屋子里停留一晚 But a human occupying a room for a night prints
就会留下他的特征和传记 his character his biography his recent history and
有时是他未来的计划和希望 sometimes his future plans and hopes.
我非常相信人格能够渗透进墙壁 I further believe that personality seep into the walls
在我来到这个未改变的房间时缓慢释放出来 and it is slowly released as I sat in this unmade room
Lonesome Harry开始形成 Lonesome Harry began to take shape and dimension.
我能够感受到以往的客人 I could feel that recently departed guest and the bits
他留下的痕迹 and pieces of himself that he had left behind."
这就是我们的物质环境 So this is the idea that our physical environments
在某种程度上对我们个性的影响 take on our characteristics to some extent either
因为我们有意的留下一些东西 because we're intentionally leaving putting things up,
我们想影响到他人对我们的看法 that we want to influence our views of ourselves or
有时候可能是物质环境 other people's views of us. Sometimes they can be
也可能是我们留下的物质迹象 physical traces that we leave behind that we really
我们并没想让别人看到的洗衣店收据 didn't intend on anybody to see like some laundry
或者是一个空的威士忌的瓶子 receipts or an empty bottle of whiskey or something
或者类似的其他东西 但是通过这些迹象 like that but you can use those kinds of queues to
可以判断出一个人可能喜欢什么 judge what the person might be like and by the same
也正是通过这些象征人们得以记住一个环境 token just as people leave their imprint on an
环境给我们留下主要的印象 environment, our environments leave a major imprint
对我们一生的人格产生影响 on us and our personality as we go through our lives
我们从一处背景进入另一处 and we go to one setting to another
这就是一种复杂的模式 So this is the kinda the complex model,
它看上去很复杂 其实很简单 it looks complex although it's a pretty simple idea.
也就是当你开始观察一个情景 Uh, it's the idea that when you go into an observation
你会看到这些表象和遗迹 situation and you see these queues these residues,
你可以判断这是一种自我导向的身份鉴定 you can say so this is a Self-Directed Identity Claim.
有的人可能摆出一块小鹅卵石 Somebody puts out a pebble that they collected
来自他们喜欢的海滩 如果是他人导向型 from a favorite beach or an Other-Directed Identity
他们可能会在房间里贴投票的粘纸 Claim they put a "I voted sticker in their room"
或者是内部行为残余 or an Interior Behavioral Residue,
他们的工作区很整齐 they have a very organized workspace,
或者是外部行为残留 or an External Behavioral Residue,
房间里会放滑雪板 there's a snow board in the room.
观察者看到这些残留和迹象 So the observer takes a look at these residues,
就开始做出推断 these queues and starts to make inferences about
推断出这个人收藏纪念物 that person's behavior they collect memorabilia,
他们参与选举或者整理自己的物品 they vote, they organize their belongings,
他们去滑雪 通过这些行为 they go snowboarding, and form those behaviors
他们开始进行判断 they then start to make inferences about
分析深层的特质 他们是很敏感的 the underlying traits. There sentimental because
因为他们收集纪念物 they collect this kind of memorabilia, they're socially
参与选举的人有社会责任感 responsible because they voted, they're conscientious
整理物品的人很勤奋认真 given the neatness of their workspace,
爱滑雪的人可能是勇于探索的人 they are sensation seekers because they like to
或者喜欢跳伞和类似的运动也能体现 snowboard or maybe they like to parachute or
观察者需要经过这些阶段 something like that. So observers are going through
找到迹象 物质迹象 these steps or taking the queues the physical queues
在他们的房间里 能够推断出行为 in the room and they're inferring the behaviors and
从行为再推断出性格特质 from the behaviors inferring the traits that underlie
这只是一种假设的总结 the behaviors. So this is sort of the theoretical
是Gossilen的研究得出的结论 summary of how Gossilen of how they're research
人们会做出这种人格的判断 suggests that people make these personality judgments
基于他们的环境 based on other's environments Now just as
正如环境可以反映我们的人格一样 the environment reveals our personality it can have
是对我们开发的性格的主要影响之一 a major impact on the characteristics that we develop.
这是我们提到的两项研究 So these are two studies that we already talked
关于Festinger和Shachtner about Festinger, Shachtner, Back: The Linear Distance
正门之间的线性距离 预测友谊模式 Between Front Doors, predicted friendship patterns,
预期态度和同邻居之间的社交活动 predicted attitudes, and sociability to the extent that
以及和更多的人之间 people lived next door to a lot of people and
他们有很多朋友 通过这项研究 they made a lot of friends. In this study by Barker on
巴克行为背景正如你在大规模的高中里看到的 behavior settings as you look at the larger high school
在这些通过规模划分的高中里 and these high schools are by categories of size
学生的参与度 the participation of students, participation
每一千个学生的课外活动 per thousand students in extracurricular behavioral
可以是一个团队或者一份报纸 settings weather it's a team or a newspaper or
或者一个啦啦队 a cheerleading or something. Those are much higher
在小学校里参与度高 for the smaller schools and they drop off precipitously
在大学校里突然就下降了 这就表明 in the larger schools. So what's that is saying as
正如我们之前提到的 这就是学校的规模 we mentioned before, is this is the size of the school
学校中人员过多 the overstaffing of the setting is having quite
对学生能够参与领导活动有着很大影响 an influence on the persons tendency to get involved
以及肩负起更大的责任 in leadership roles and take on more and
可能他们会更加外向善于社交 more responsibility maybe they become more extraverted
考虑一下你成长的环境 more sociable. So think about the kinds of environments
它对你们有什么影响 you grew up in and what kind of influences they might
是你的高中 have had on you. Whether it was a high school or
一个让你信服的团体或者类似的组织 a faith based group or something like that they
它们对于我们的人格有巨大影响 have tremendous influences on our personality. Now
其中一种看待物质环境对于我们 one way to look at this physical environment having
人格影响的方式就是位置身份概念 influence on our personality is the concept of Place Identity.
这是环境心理学家 And this is something that environmental psychologist
Herald 和他的同事完成的研究 Herald Phroshansky and his colleague have done research
这指的是一个人身份中的不同方面 on. And this refers to those facets of a person's
可以反映他或她对于一个地点的心理依赖 identity that reflect his or her psychological
如果你在故乡长大 attachment to a particular place. So if you grew up in
你非常怀念觉得自己是它的一部分 a hometown that you really miss or you really feel part
这就是你的自我身份 of that's part of yourself identity. It's that place
在这种身份中包含了你的个人特点 identity part of your personal characteristic. And
可能包括视觉形象和回忆 this might include visual imagery, memories, symbolic
以及代表性的地点 meanings of a place that become part of yourself
都成为你的观念和人格 我个人的例子 concept and personality. So an example of that for me
就是我成长的的行为背景中 are these are some of the behavior settings where I
这是我童年时代的家 grew up So this is my childhood home interestingly when
我住在那时墙壁是粉色的 I lived there it had pink walls for some reason that
那时候很流行 但是现在不了 seemed to be an in color at the time not so much today.
但是在这张我儿子照的照片中 But this is picture that my son took when he went back
我当时回迈阿密开会他到那去了 to Miami for a conference and he visited this place
给我寄了这张照片让我回忆旧时光 and sent me a picture of it for old time sake.
我在那住了很多年 So I spent a lot of years there and this is my old
这是我的小学迈阿密卡洛威小学 elementary school Coralway Elementary School in Miami,
这是迈阿密的橙色碗 this is the Miami Orange Bowl before they built
在他们建Joe Robby海豚馆之前 Joe Robby stadium for the Dolphins and my dad and I
我和我父亲在每个周五晚上 and my dad would get off of work on Friday night and
都会去迈阿密大学 we would always go to the university of Miami
看橄榄球比赛 football games and that was sort of our,
这是我们一起做的事 one of the things we did together so that has a lot of
对我来说是美好的回忆 nice memories for me. We later moved to a different
后来我们搬到这个城市别处 这是我的高中 part of the city and this is my high school,
Palmetto高中 在弗罗里达 Palmetto High School, in Florida, this is Biscayne
只是迈阿密的比斯坎湾大街 Boulevard in Miami, so I you know I would spend
我曾经常常在这条路上穿行 many a day driving up and down that route.
这周的前几天我还在芝加哥开会 And just recently this week I was in Chicago for
我又回到那里去拜访 a conference and I went back and visited
我过去常去的地方 这些图片 some of my old haunts there um these pictures are
实际上是之前照的 但这个是在四分仪 actually from an earlier visit but this was in quadrant
在芝加哥大学的宿舍 where my dorm was at the University of Chicago,
芝加哥密歇根大街上的水天线 uh the sky line of Chicago on Michigan Avenue and
芝加哥大学的图书馆 the library at the University of Chicago which
这是我很喜欢去的地方 这是精致的房间 I really kinda liked hanging out there it's a beautiful room.
对于大学我有很多回忆 And you know I have a lot of memories from college
关于我在城市的那些地方做过的事 in terms of things I did in that city and in those places.
你们也可以回忆一下自己 So you can think for yourselves in terms of where
成长的地方 跟你有关系的地方 you've grown up, what places you've been involved in
你拥有的那些记忆 and those memories that you have are part of
正是Misra博士说到的环境认证 the environmental cognition that Dr. Misra talked about
周二他们会讲解这些成为你身份的一部分 on Tuesday they stick with you they become part of
不管是记忆 your identity. You know, whether it's remembering things
你同父母过去做过的事 you used to do with your parent, or remembering
还是回忆你小学六年的生活 the six years you spent in that elementary school,
当然最后我进入了 and then of course I went off to grad school at the
北卡罗兰纳大学 这是南礼堂 University of North Carolina. This is the south hall there,
这是主行政楼 the main administration building. Very different kind of
这里的环境完全不同 南部的大学城 environment, southern college town as compared to
相比于蔓延发展的芝加哥城的社会生态 this sprawling city of Chicago and social ecology where
我毕业之后花费了好几年的时间 I've spent a lot of years after coming from grad school
其中一件我思考了很久的事情就是 And one of the things I thought a lot about while
我来到芝加哥在我住的旅馆附近 I walked around Chicago near my hotel this time is,
是一家Alerton旅馆 there was the Alerton Hotel, I remember bringing
我记得在我大儿子13岁的时候带他来开会 my older son when he was thirteen to a conference
因为他是芝加哥Cubs的忠实粉丝 with me because he was a huge fan of the Chicago Cubs
他很想来参加这次会议 and he really wanted to go this conference because
因为是在芝加哥举行 可能我们会去里格利 it was in Chicago and maybe we'd get to go to Wrigley
他就可以去观看了 Field and he could go check it out.
我花了很长时间在附近寻找 So I spent a lot of time walking around looking for
芝加哥Cubs的宣传品 Chicago Cubs paraphernalia and trying to get over
并且试着到里格利赛场去 to Wrigley Field but whenever I go back to Chicago
当我回到芝加哥从Geno比萨店经过 and walk past Geno's Pizza or I walk by that hotel
或者经过这个旅馆的时候我都会回忆和孩子们 I think of events I had with my kids when I was
在芝加哥度过的幸福时光 这对他们影响很大 in Chicago and you know and it really made an impact
他们还能记得其中一些事情 on them. They still remember some of those events
我们有这么多值得回忆的经历 as well. So we all have this whole constellation
去过这么多地方 of memories and place experiences that become
都成为我们的一部分 part of us and it's in that sense that places leave
这也正是这些地方给我们带来的影响 their impact on us. And some places don't leave
有些地方可能不那么有趣 没有那么深刻 a very fun of positive very desirable impact on us,
有些让我们有压力 some places are pretty stressful and we just as soon
不久我们就忘记了 forget about them. So it's not always places that are
环境对于我们的影响不总是积极的 influencing us in a really positive way.
地点可以表露出我们的人格 So places can reveal our personality they can influence
影响到我们人格的发展 the development of our personality through place identity
通过地点身份和记忆 地点本身 and memories. And then places themselves have
也是有人格的 有时可以称为气氛 a kind of personality. Sometimes that's called ambiance,
或者说是整体的氛围 or the overall feel or atmosphere of a place.
当你进入西班牙马德里的城市广场 So you can go into this plaza Mayor in Madrid Spain
那是为步行者设计的规模宏大的气氛 and it's such a beautifully designed scaled environment
人们愿意坐在那里 for pedestrians that people just love to sit there and
并且融入其中 从美学上将这令人愉快 sort of take it in. It's aesthetically very pleasing
而且适合交际 我们说到一个地方的社交环境 it's very sociable. So we also talk about the social climate
当你来到Ghirardelli广场 of a place you know you go to Ghirardelli Square and
你会看到人们在相互拍照 you see people taking pictures of each other and
尽管周围有很多陌生人 even though there are a lot of strangers around
他们在做自己觉得舒服的事情 they are doing things as if they feel comfortable there.
他们不介意有陌生人 And they don't mind that there are strangers
看着他们做这些因为这是一种友好的社交地区 watching them do that because a very kind of
你们可以设想一些 friendly sociable place. You can think of some
城市中的环境就不是这样 urban environments that aren't that way.
或者说整好相反 That are the opposite of that. Can any of you think of
你们能想到截然不同的城市环境吗 an urban environment that would be quite different
你们中有多少人去过这个广场 than Ghirardelli Square? How many of you have been
这个广场在旧金山 to Ghirardelli square in San Francisco?
那么与它整好相反的环境 So what might be a kinda opposite reaction
会是什么样呢 to another type of place? Where it wouldn't be
可能不适合社交不是这种氛围 so sociable the ambience would be different?
图书馆 这个例子不错 A library. OK No it's great, Amber is saying that
洛杉矶市中心因为有这些巨石 downtown LA because it's got these monolithic
高耸的建筑物 没有步行的空间 high rise buildings the scale for pedestrians is off,
不是很舒服 我们稍后会讲到 it's not very comfortable and later when we talk about
在这节课的第二部分是关于城市设计的 urban design in the second part of the class
我们会看到人类规模的概念 we'll see this concept of human scale.
你们如何设计一处让人觉得舒服的环境 How do you design an environment that's scaled to be
可以让人们从中间经过 comfortable for people walking through it,
不是快速的穿行 not just people speeding through it on an expressway
而是散步或者骑自行车通过 but actually walking or biking through it.
这是一些不同于 So those are some places that might have
Ghirardelli广场的地方 a different feel than Ghirardelli Square.
你们还可以想到一些其他类型的环境 And you know, you can think of some other kinds of
这里是一些不同的环境 identities of environments. There are some environments
有着强烈的音乐风景和特征 that have a very strong musical landscape or signature.
你们能否想到一些具有 Can you think of any cities that have a particular
特殊音乐特征的城市 Ayesha请回答 musical signature to them or identity? Yeah, Ayesha,
恩新奥尔良 美国南部的爵士 还有其他例子 yeah New Orleans. Dixie Land Jazz. Yeah other examples.
你叫什么 Jeff说有孟菲斯和纳什维尔 Yeah what's your name? Jeff. Ok Memphis, Nashville.
你觉得孟菲斯和纳什维尔怎么样 What would you say about Memphis and Nashville?
恩乡村摇滚 我是说纳什维尔的赖曼礼堂 Yeah country rock, I mean Nashville Ryman Hall.
我们要放一段Neil在赖曼礼堂的视频 We'll show a video of a Neil Young in Ryman Hall in
它充满了我们的记忆 Nashville and it's a very, it's drenched with memories
有着与众不同的氛围 and tradition so it has a distinctive atmosphere
或者是纳什维尔的氛围 or ambience to Nashville. Any other examples,
恩维也纳 你觉得维也纳怎么样 yeah Amber, Vienne, what about Vienne,
有古典音乐 在雅典有巴洛克式的作曲家 yeah classical music. Baroque composers were working
你们可以考虑一下这些不同的城市 in Vienne. So you can think of these different cities
可能会想到西雅图的摇滚场景 maybe you can think of ah, the rock scene in Seattle
Jimi Hendrix就是从那里启程的 when Jimi Hendrix was starting out there.
但是很多城市都拥有这种 But many of our cities have that strong,
强烈的音乐特性 very strong identity because of music.
这也正是我们在课堂上强调音乐的原因 And that's why we emphasis music a lot in this class,
因为这是我们建立对一个地方环境 because it's part of our environment that conveys
依赖性的一部分 我们对一个地方的感觉 our attachment to places, how we feel about places
以及我们的人格如何被那些地方塑造 and how our personalities are shaped by the places
当你们进来时听到的音乐 we grow up. That song or that tape that we played
是约翰列侬写的 as you were coming in, that John Lennon wrote,
在我的生命里 它的主题是什么 "In My Life." What's the song In My Life about?
有人知道吗 我觉得这首歌 Anybody know? I think that songs about, but also,
你的观点很好 但是我觉得 that's a good point, but also I think that song's
它讲述了人们过于被那些 saying the relationships you have are so colored by
有人存在的环境所影响 the places in which you know were involved with people.
这首歌是列侬在开着车的时候写下的 And so that song was written by Lennon as he drove,
他坐在穿过他家乡的巴士上 as he rode on a bus through his home town and
他回顾着过去的记忆 he thought about the memories he had about
关于他和那个地方的关系 relationships about the places that he was fond of
那个小镇上他喜欢的东西这是一首很细腻的歌 in that town. So it's very much a sentimental song
关于一个地方的记忆也是关系的记忆 about place memoires and also relationship memories.
正如Dr. Misra提到的社会形象性 Social Imageability as Dr. Misra mentioned is a little
这和Kevin Lynches提出的 different than Kevin Lynches physical Imageability
物质形象性是不同的 它指的是你从环境中 which is how strong of a physical image do you
获得的物质形象有多强烈 因为有明显标志 get from an environment because it has landmarks or
有清晰的路线系统 it has a very clear path system. Social Imageability
Walter Fiery认为社会形象 has more to do with what Walter Fiery was talking about
在他的社会文化学派中的人文生态学中 in his Social Cultural School of Human Ecology remember
他实现了人文生态学的巨大突破 he made a big break with the Human Ecology School
在芝加哥 他认为 in Chicago and said you know environments are
环境不仅包括经济领域 not just about their economic dimensions,
还包括人类的生态分类 and they're the biological analogy of people being
一定物质环境中的全体居民在一定地理环境中 a population in a physical environment a geographical
它还具有社会文化含义 environment. But they also have social-cultural meanings.
于是社会形象是关于 So social Imageability is all about the kinds of cultural and
文化的象征意义 建立在特定地方 symbolic meanings that build up in certain places and
我们依附于那些地方 we get attached to those places or they have meaning
他们因为那些强烈的象征对我们很有意义 for us because of those strong symbols.
这是华盛顿的越南纪念碑 So this is the Vietnam Memorial in Washington DC
对于一个纪念碑来说它的设计很简单 and it's a very simple design for a memorial but
但是当人们走近它时会有很受感染 it evokes extremely strong kind of reactions
他们会很安静 when people go there. They get very quiet they get
会沉思 环境就是这样 very contemplative and so environments like that
有这种强烈的意义 with those types of strong meanings can bring out
可以引发人们的某些行为 certain behaviors in people. You wouldn't go there
你不可能到那去玩飞盘 to play Frisbee for example or you wouldn't set up
也不可能在那弹吉他 也不会有人在那杂耍 your guitar there or a juggler would set up there cause
因为那有很强的规范力 the norms would be too strong to not to that in that
在那种环境下不能这样做 environment. So social norms can really kind of
社会规范就是建立在这种形象上的 dictate behavior based on how strong those images are.
现在我们要讨论的另外一个方向 Now another pathway that we talked about
环境可以反映人格 so environments can reveal personality, they
它们能够影响的是人格 地点也有人格 influence are personality, places have personalities
人格和健康之间有着强烈的联系 of their own, and there's a strong link between
已经出现了很多研究 personality and health. You know there's a lot of
都是关于人格心理健康的 research that has been done at sort of the healthy
为什么快乐和长寿有关 personality why happiness is associated with longevity.
也有很多研究表明乐观 There's a lot of research with optimism and
快乐预示着长寿 happiness predicting longevity. So what is it about
那么这些能让我们长寿的心理特质 these personality traits that enable us to stay healthy
或者说比别人更健康的特质是什么 or stay healthy longer as compared to other
我们要讨论一下 personality traits? So we're going to talk about some
这些不同的领域 of those different dimensions. And in this list you see
在这个列表中大家可以看到不同的人格概念 several different personality concepts uh sensation
感知探索 和协调性 seeking, sense of coherence,
一个人是否具有协调连贯性 whether people have a coherent sense of their life and
会发生什么 精神的顽强性 what's happening in it, psychological hardiness,
这是Sal Maddi 提出的 which is concept developed by Sal Maddi here and UCI,
Maddi教授就职于PSB Professor Maddi in PSB uh who by the way I had
我听过他的课 还是在芝加哥大学的时候 a course with when I was at the University of Chicago
那时我读本科 他在那里执教 as an undergraduate. He was teaching there after
他在研究生院我第一次就是在那见到他 he got out of grad school so I first met him there and then
后来他申请了这里的工作 had the fun of hiring him when he applied for a job here.
未来时间的展望 Uh future time perspective, whether people see things
人们会思考未来的事情 as they extend into the future of if they're really
如果他们只关注现在或者 present oriented and they're just worrying about
只担心以后该怎么办 明天或者下一个小时 how to get though the next day the next hour as
相比于为大学做打算或者为自己做打算 opposed to planning for college or planning for your,
对于未来的阶段 you know, future life stage and people with
那些目光更长远的人也更健康 more extended time perspectives tend to be healthier
因为他们通常更乐观 they tend to have a more optimistic sense of where
知道他们的方向 内部或外部的核心 they're lives are going. Internal of External Locus
不论是人们对于 of control whether people feel like events
外部发生的事情 happen to them externally, external things just
还是内部的自身事务都能控制 happen to them or internally they are in control of
他们能够影响将要发生的事 their lives they can affect what happens to them,
这是内部的 冠心病行为方式 that's the internals. Coronary-Prone behavior pattern,
有人听说过或者知道这是什么吗 anybody hear about that or what that is,
有人知道这是什么吗 anybody have a notion about what that is?
Kevin指出有很多医学研究表明 Kevin is pointing that there's a lot of medical research
当你比较那些精力旺盛 showing that when you compare people who this hard
或者有些不友善的人 急性子的人 driving, somewhat hostile, time urgent personality,
他们更容易得心脏病 they are much more prone to get heart attacks and
或者心血管疾病 cardiovascular disease than people who have
相比于B类的人格 他们比较沉稳 the Type B personality which is more laid back
在Alice is Chill这首歌中 somebody said in the song Alice is Chill you don't get
太在意时间的压力 so worried about time pressures you just
你就会被它碾碎 这是A型人格 let it roll off you. So that's the Type A personality and
还有一些关于C型人格的研究 there's some research that's done on the type-C
是易患癌症的人格 personality the cancer prone personality,
尽管有关它的证据并不确凿 although the evidence for that is less strong than is
不像关于A型人格易患心血管病那样 on the cardiovascular side with Type-A.
我们都知道焦虑和敌意 We all know that anxiety, hostility are all associated
更容易引起疾病的侵害 with greater proneness for disease on the hand
而乐观的人更倾向于 optimism people who are optimistic tend to
保持长久的健康 remain healthier for longer.
我们首先来讨论一下刺激寻求 So we're going to talk first about sensation seeking
这是个有趣的概念 and it's a very interesting concept. Describing people's
它描述了人们对于多样刺激经历的渴望 need for very strong diverse sensations and experiences
希望冒险 willingness to take risk and you know just to have
只为了有这样的经历 that experience not worrying so much about what's
不考虑这样做的后果 going to happen once you take the risk.
我来读几段刺激寻求的例子 So I'm going to read some examples of the sensation
这样大家就能明白 seeking scale. Just so you get a flavor for what
他们想追求什么 人们都有双重选择 they're trying to get at. So people have paired choices.
可以选A或者B And you can pick A or B. So A would be
比如A选无拘束的派对 B选安静的派对 I like wild uninhibited parties, B I prefer quiet parties
只是为了聊聊天 with good conversation. I often wish I could be
我总想去爬山 我不能理解 a mountain climber, I can't understand people who
为什么人们会冒着摔断脖子的危险去爬山 risk their necks climbing mountains, I dislike
我讨厌体味 我喜欢有泥土气息的体味 all body odors I like some of the earthy body smells,
这就是B型的回答 so that's response B. I get bored seeing the same
我厌倦了总看到相同的人 old faces verses I like the comfortable familiarity of
我喜欢看到亲切的朋友的面孔 everyday friends. I dislike people who do or say things
我不喜欢那些危言耸听的人 just to shock or upset others versus when you can
你可以想到他们会怎么做 predict almost everything a person will do and
他们一定是很无聊 say he or she must be a bore. And there's another pair
还有关于生活中最糟糕的事情 that says the worst thing in life is to be rude verses
最糟糕的事就是无聊 the worst things in life is to be a bore.
你们应该明白大意了 So you see you kinda get the drift. You're discriminating
你能够识别出那些爱冒险喜欢刺激的人 between people who are really high risk high sensation
和那些正好相反的人 versus those that aren't. And the turns out that
事实证明这些内容是可预言的 this scale has a lot of predictability for various kinds of
跟健康和其他行为有关系 outcomes related to health and other behaviors.
这是一些人的行为样本 Yeah this is some sample behaviors of somebody with
他们都喜欢追求刺激 a high sensation seeking profile would engage in.
在悬崖上骑自行车 You know riding bikes on the edge of these cliffs here
或者从山上穿着飞行翼跳下来 or jumping off mountains in these wing suits.
我们一起来看一个例子 We're actually going to see an example of that
Mark要为我们放一段录像 in a video that Mark's going to play.
你们见过翼装侠吗 Have any of you ever seen Wing Suit Jumpers?
我是说你们可能见过跳伞运动员 I mean you've seen sky divers but
好的你们看到过 我们来看视频吧 So you've seen them ok. So we'll take a look at that.
如果你想当一名宇航员 Or if you choose to be an astronaut, that would be
就需要是那种 the sort of pull for people who need high need
能够承受强烈刺激的人 for stimulation and sensation.
那些不能承受刺激的人很难进入 Somebody who is a low sensation seeker would not
专业领域 你们愿意尝试吗 be in that profession. Do you want to play
在播放之前问一句 they uh, before we go to that.
我们在挪威 "So we came here to Norway to jump off some of
要从世界上最高的悬崖上跳下去 the biggest cliffs in the world. And in the past
我们总是从高处跳下然后开始滑雪 we've always done ski based jumps and kept our skis on
可以有一个停滞的阶段 and done really short delays. And what I've always
但是我最想做的就是从一个悬崖顶端跳下 wanted to do is go off a terminal cliff.
顶端是指要达到极限速度 Terminal meaning you reach terminal velocity.
从悬崖上跳下来跳跃几下 So go off the cliff do some flips or something rip
然后穿着飞行翼滑翔 your skis off and then fly away in a wing suit.
去年我们做的就是飞行翼滑雪 What we were doing last winter was the wing suit ski
表演一些特技 但是在夏季 based kinda stunt but now we're here in the summer time
有正常的飞行翼 可以用来 with regular wing suits to jump off some of the biggest
从世界上最高的悬崖上跳下来 cliffs in the world. We came over here specifically
我们来到这里就是为了使用我们的飞行翼 to fly our wing suits off of cliffs and learn how to
接近飞行 然后向挪威人学习 proximity fly and just learn as much we can from
并且向Luic学习 these Norwegians and as much as can from Luic.
在跳跃基础上进行飞行 At the beginning of wing suit base jumping we were
我们要尽可能远离石壁 trying to get as far from the wall as possible going
不要接触到其他东西 basically clearing out the whole thing,
有点无聊所以我们娱乐一下 now it's getting boring so we play around.
我永远都不会忘记这些 不会忘记看到他们 I'll never forget that. I'll never forget seeing these guys
我之前在低空跳伞的电影里看到过 that I've been watching in the base jumping movies
会发出兹兹的声音 doing it in person just buzzing the walls like scrapping
就像摩擦他们的指甲 速度可以达到 their finger nails just about on ledges at about 100 miles
100英里每小时 你离公路能有多近 an hour. How close to the road do you think you'll get?
大约在这吧 如果顺利的话 Ahhh, about here. Ha, hopefully.
用飞行翼滑翔就是你想象中的飞行 Flying a wing suit is kinda just how you would imagine
如果你梦想过飞行 flying you know if you've ever dreamt about flying
你就可以像做梦一样飞翔 you just kinda flying a dream soaring around and
你可以飞到你能看到的地方 只需要张开双臂 kinda go where ever you look and keep your arms out
大胆地去做 最让人印象深刻的就是 and just do it. Probably one of the most impressive
能够看到Espen飞得 things on the trip was just seeing Espen flying
离公路那么近 that close to the ground buzzing the road."
你们中有多少人愿意尝试 So how many of you would like to do that?
有人举手了 好的 Ah some of you are raising your hands, alright. So
这是一个能够很好的说明追求刺激行为的方法 that's a pretty good behavioral view of what sensation
我们接下来要讲的是 seeking is all about. And we're going to talk about
关于追求刺激的一些研究 a couple of studies where sensation seeking was
能够调节压力和过度刺激 found to mediate the effects of stress or exposure
对人们健康的影响 to high levels of stimulation on people's health.
这是华盛顿大学的Sarason和Ron This is one of those examples by Sarason, Ron Smith
还有Johnson给出的其中一个例子 and Johnson and Irwin Sarason at the University
有75名大学学生 of Washington. So there were 75 college students,
有男生也有女生他们进行了一组测试 males and females and they took a battery of
其中一个测试就是关于他们追求刺激的动机 different tests. So one test was on their sensation
将他们分成追求高刺激的群组 seeking drive and they split them into high and
和追求低级刺激的群组 low sensation seekers and then the other test
其他测试是生活中不同压力等级的事件 they gave them was the stressful life events scale.
大约提出了有四十个项目 So there's about forty items that they came up with
你们可以下载 for this ah stressful life scale and you can download
从这个网站上 these by the way from the website,
我们有感知压力程度 we've got the perceived stress scale,
也有追求刺激的等级 the sensation seeking scale, I don't think that
但是生活中有压力的时间好像没有等级 we have the stressful life events scale.
我来给大家读几条他们排列出的 But let me read you some the items so they range
最高100分最低11分 from 100 points for the max and 11 points at the bottom
如果你得了300分以上 and if you score above 300 points you're really going
你就很有可能生病 大致就是这样 to be prone to getting sick. So there're things like:
配偶死亡100分 离婚73分 death of a spouse 100 points, divorce 73 points,
分居65分 监禁63分 maritial separation 65 points, imprisonment 63 points,
直系血亲死亡63分 结婚50分 death of a close family member 63, marriage 50,
尽管像结婚这样高兴的事 so even a happy event being married it's a it puts
也会让人有紧迫感 需要准备 demand on people, you know there's a lot of preparation
会有焦虑 这是怎样产生的呢 there's a lot of anxiety, how's this going to go?
大家可以看到这里有很多不同的事件 And so you can see there are a lot of different events
根据这个等级有些是比较轻的压力 and some are less stressful according to this scale are
比如转学和改变居住环境只有20分 things like change in schools, change in residence 20
小额抵押或贷款只有17分 taking out a minor mortgage or loan 17 points a
度假13分 因为你毕竟要准备 vacation 13 points cuz that after all you got to get
这也会让人有点压力 ready for that vacation it's a little stressful when
回来的时候有很多邮件要处理 you come back you're loaded a lot of email to catch up
轻型的违法行为 比如罚单是11分 on, minor violation of the law you get a traffic ticket
如果你把这些填好了 总共四十项 11 points. So you fill this out, forty items and then
研究人员会算出你的生命值 the researchers sum up your total life points.
这是一个很好的依据来预测 And that's a pretty good basis for predicting people's
人们得病的可能性 后续的一些研究 tendency to get sick. Now subsequent studies found
表明人们是消极地对待这些事件 that it matters a lot how whether these events are
还是积极地对待也很重要 perceived negatively by people or positively because
这里是一些积极和消极混合的事件 we have a mixture of positive and negative events here.
如果你处于一种关系中是很有压力的 And If you're in a relationship that's really stressful
对你来说从中解脱出来 for you then getting out of it might actually be
可能是解脱不是压力回到Lazarus a relief and not a stressor. So getting back to Lazarus's
关于心理压力的想法 notion of psychological stress, really what's stressful
压力在于一个人对事件的看法 for people is their perception of the event if
是否是有威胁的 他们在研究中所做的就是 it's threatening. What they did in that study is
把事件分成负面的生活压力 they divided people into the negative life stress and
和积极的生活事件 more positive life events. And anybody remember
有没有人记得他们发现了追求刺激的人 what they found for the sensation seekers and
是如何适应负面的压力事件的 the negative life events condition?
谁更容易陷入悲伤 Who were the ones more prone to express distress
或者是其他负面的综合征 on scales of negative symptoms and that type of thing?
对 Susan说在负面的生活压力中 Yes. So Susan saying that in the negative life stress
人们面对那些严重的负面事件 condition people that were really high on negative
低级的刺激追求者 life stress the low sensation seekers were
和高级的刺激追求者是不同的 quite different than the high sensation seekers.
低级的刺激追求者会难受 The low sensation seekers got sick or they expressed
忍受严重的综合症相比于高级刺激追求者 more negative symptoms than the high sensation seekers.
那么积极的生活事件呢 What about for the positive life events is there
在不同等级的刺激追求者之间是否有差异 any difference between sensation seekers? Well
基本上不论是高级还是低级的刺激追求者 basically the sensation seekers in the low and high
在积极的生活事件上的反应是相似的 were the same for the positive life events but
但是只有从负面的事件中能看到区别 it was the negative ones that you saw the separation
在高级和低级刺激追求者之间是有区别的 between the high and low sensation seekers.
这是一个例子关于人格特质 So it's an example of how this personality trait can
如何处于环境和结果之间 really get in the middle between the environment
并且决定了一个人如何 and the outcomes and determine how somebody
做出身体和健康上的回应 is going to respond in terms of their physical health
也包括他们的情感健康 and also their emotional health. And this is some
这是我给你们读过的一些项目 从配偶死亡 of the items I read to you from death of a spouse
到轻微地违反法律法规 to a minor violation of the law and we won't go
我们就不重复了 你们可以自己看一下 through them all you can look at those
我会把幻灯片留给你们 when you get the slides. Now the other interesting
另外一个感知压力等级是由 scale is this Perceived Stress Scale that Shel Cohen
Shel Cohen开发出来的 at Carnegie Mellon developed and he's the guy that
他研究了患感冒的脆弱程度 did the colds, susceptibility to colds as a function
在你走进宿舍的时候对压力大小有影响 of high or low stress when you go into the dorm
你在被鼻子中的伤寒细胞感染之前 before you get shot up with that cold virus in your nose,
他让人们写出自己是否 he had people fill out his scale whether they were
在过去四周内压力很大 stressed in their life for past four weeks or not.
他在测算过去一个月的事情 And so he was measuring things like in the last month
你多久感到不安一次 how often have you been upset because something
由于意外的事情或者觉得自己无力控制 happened unexpectedly or you felt you were unable
生活中的一些重要的事 这让你紧张 to control important things in your life you felt nervous
或者你是否对自己的能力感到很自信 or stressed have you felt confident about your ability
能够应付自己的事物 to handle personal items well he mixed in some
混合了积极的因素和消极因素 positive items as well as negative ones.
你是否经常觉得事情在朝着你预期方向发展 How often have you felt that things were going
还是你难以应付自己所做的事 your way or that you could not cope with the things
你多久觉得自己了不起一次 that you had to do, how often did you feel like you
你是否会发怒 were on top of things, or things you were angry
当你觉得事情超出了你的控制 because things were outside of your control,
困难重重以至于你不能战胜 difficulties were piling up so high that you could
这些就是典型的项目 not overcome them. So these are the kinds of items
包含在感知压力等级中 that go into that Perceived Stress Scale,
是心理压力的特征 the physiological stress feature.
你如何看待这些 And what you see with that when you have people
有些人真实地感受到 that are really feeling it, you know, cognitively and
认知和感觉到生活中的压力是有害的 perceiving the stressor in their life to be bad
这样他们更容易得病 that's when they're more likely to get sick when
就像他们暴露在伤寒病毒中一样 they get exposed to a cold virus.
每个人每时每刻都暴露在病菌中 So all of you are getting exposed to bugs all the time
但是是什么损伤了你的免疫力 but what compromises your immunity?
可能有很多种东西 可能是睡眠不足 and it could be a lot of things. It could be lack of sleep,
饮食不健康 也可能是压力 it could be poor diet but it could also be stress and
这项Sheldon Cohen的研究 this study, or the study by Sheldon Cohen,
他实验性地把人暴露在病毒中 where he experimentally exposed people to the viruses
表明压力大的人 showed that people in the high stress condition
更容易得感冒并且有严重的并发症 were more likely to get the cold and more
现在来看另一个例子 severe symptoms. Now one more example and then
然后我们来休息一下就结束了 we're going to take a little break and finish up.
Misra博士和我做了一项研究 Um, Dr. Misra and I did a study and in fact a lot of
实际上是基于她的专题论文进行的 this is based on her dissertation research,
她在博士论文中尝试着寻找 for her dissertation she was looking at ways in which
人们利用网络和数字技术 people use internet and digital technology and
我们进行了一系列区分 we wound up doing a kinda of distinction between
在网络上信息的刺激 cyber based sources of stimulation, like you
你可能收到很多邮件很多信息很多传真 getting a lot of emails a lot of texts a lot of faxes
你在尝试完成多重任务 you're you know you're trying to multi-task and
这和信息交流的交易有关 these have to do with information and communication
都是由技术完成的 transactions that are mediated by technologies
比如互联网手机智能机和笔记本电脑 like the internet, cell phones, smart phones, laptops,
出于同样的原因 你也可以讨论 PDAs. By the same token you can talk about place
基于地点的压力来源 based sources of stress. So these are the kinds of
这些都是你可能遇到的问题 things you encounter in actually settings they are
实际上背景是不能通过技术解决的 not mediated through technology.
你进入这种嘈杂的环境 You go into this very crowded environment or
比如交通拥挤的环境 traffic congested environment.
这是在芝加哥肯尼迪高速上 That was on the Kennedy Expressway today in Chicago
要去赶飞机 一早就会起飞 trying to get to my plane which was leaving early
我今天必须要去上课 in the morning so I could get to class today and
但是路上堵得水泄不通 it was like wall to wall traffic and then we're about
我马上就要登机了 发现飞机出故障了 to board and I find out that they've got a mechanical
不能确定是否可以起飞 problem and they didn't know if they were going
我差点就给Mark打电话了 to take off. So I was almost ready to call Mark and
Misra博士说哦天哪 Dr. Misra and say uh oh. But these are place based
但是这些都是基于位置的压力来源 kinds of sources of stimulation and stress you know
因为在这个地方堵得水泄不通 being so tightly jammed together in this work place
在这里很难保证隐私 here you don't have lot of privacy you have
很容易感到心烦意乱 a lot of distraction. So these are stimulations
这些无法由电子设备调解 that are not mediated by electronic devices and
它们来自社交活动 they originate in sources such as social interaction
身份和物质背景 and roles and physical settings. So one of the things
但是有趣的是 that were interesting in knowing is
要知道这些不同种类来源的压力 how those different types of sources of overload
会影响到人们日常生活 effect people in their day to day lives,
他们的健康和压力 their health their stress because when Stanley Milgan
Stanley Milgan曾写过 wrote his article on living in New York City
在纽约的生活 并没有太多关注网络 there was not very much attention to cyber based
带来的压力 现在我们尝试着 sources of overload. Now we are all trying to handle
处理这些信息和交流 all this information and communication coming
每天它们通过不同的途径来到我们身边 over to us daily over several different channels and
这项研究的发现在于 devices. So what the study found and this is based
对于刺激的追求 on her dissertation, is that sensation seeking
可以中和来自网络的压力 moderated the relationship between both cyber
和报道中的压力 based sources of overload and reported stress
以及基于位置和身份的压力 as well as place based sources of overload and stress
最后如果你把这两个分类放在一起 and finally when you put those two categories together
展示给别人 并且综合 and you give somebody and combined score for
他们有多少来自网络的压力和来自位置的压力 how much cyber and place based stimulation
他们追求的刺激越高级 they have the higher their sensation seeking level
他们表现出的压力越小 the lower their reported stress. So if you're managing
如果你要处理很多邮件和短信 a lot of email and your managing a lot of texting and
或者其他数字交易 digital transaction if you are a high sensation seeker,
如果是高级刺激追求者就能有更好的开始 your able to, you have a higher threshold for that
更能承受这些压力 of a higher tolerance for that and people who
然而忍耐力差的人就会感到 have a lower tolerance tend to give in to more stress
不能忍受超负荷的压力 or tend to feel more overloaded by it.
这是以色列的移民露营幸存者 it's done in Israel on concentration camp survivors
他们从欧洲到以色列 that had moved from Europe to Israel,
Phroshansky主要是对 and basically what Phroshansky was interested in
这些移民的经历感兴趣 was why does some of those immigrants that
他们经历了艰苦的环境 have gone through really tough experiences
在二战期间 他们为什么一到了目的地 during World War Two, why did some of them strive
就努力奋斗开始新的生活 once they got there and they developed new lives and
几乎是白手起家重新振作起来 sort of picked up the pieces and went on,
然而另外一些人因为疾病过早的去世了 whereas others got sick and died sort of prematurely.
他发现研究表明那些 And he found that as studied the people that were
能够更好应对压力的人 able to cope better with all those stresses that
能够赋予发生的一切事物以特殊意义的人 they were able to put meaning on what had happened
在他们生命的初期 n early parts of their lives and connect that to
跟他们初期的生活有关 the more recent phases of their lives so there was
他称之为连续性或者一致性 continuity or coherence he called it.
然而那些认定这些是骚乱 And people who just perceived it be just chaotic
是噩运的人不会发现其中的意义 random terrible stuff and couldn't make that meaning
要发现意义也是一件有挑战性的事 out of it, and it was pretty challenging to make meaning
那些易受影响的人 out of severe events, those people were much more
会生病然后很快死去 susceptible to getting sick and dying prematurely.
于是这种连贯性 So the sense of coherence really does relate to
和你对于情况的评价有关 your kind of appraisal of the situation what's going on
你是否把他看做一次挑战 whether you see it as a challenge to learn from
从糟糕的经历中有所收获 something terrible and improve and get better
并且在未来提高 in the future or whether its become so overwhelming
或是你被打击得一蹶不振 彻底屈服 for you that you sort of give in to it and
我们不总能控制自己 we don't always have a lot of control whether
我们可以这样做 也有别的选择 we can do one or the others, but sometimes we're
但是有时候我们有些奇怪 wired a little differently that way. So that kind of
这就是我们试着衡量的人格特质 the personality trait that he was trying to measure.
另外一点就是这个心理概念 Now one other one is this notion of psychological
这是由Sal Maddi开发的 hardiness and this is developed by Sal Maddi
他是UCI的教授 它通常用来判断 here at UCI, and it has been used to predict a lot of
一些健康状况 实际上Maddi health outcomes and in fact Maddi has developed
已经开发出一种训练项目 a kind of training program to make people or
让人们变得更坚强 encourage them to become hardier.
有这三个领域的顽强性 And he has these three dimensions of hardiness.
有没有人能告诉我 Can anybody sort of tell me a little bit about
各个领域代表什么 what each of those dimensions means?
高度履行自己的职责是什么意思 What does it mean to have high commitment
承诺也就是要让事物有趣 in his model? So commitment you can make things
而不是不知所措 interesting so rather than getting overwhelmed
让它们变得无聊 by boredom you kind of make them,
你们看到其中的利益价值 you see interest value in it so that there's a reason
这也正是你这样做的原因 your dong this stuff and you're not just doing stuff
你不会做没有价值的事 控制也很明显 that seems not valuable. Control is fairly obvious.
就是人们是否有效率意识 It's whether people have a sense of efficacy that
他们可以改变世界上发生的事 they can change what's going on in the world
他们也许没有能力这样做 or whether they are powerless to do that.
那么挑战呢 什么是挑战 And challenge, what is challenge?
我们才看到一些严酷的挑战 And we just saw some pretty hefty challenges
Phroshansky研究的屠杀幸存者中 in Phroshansky study of Holocaust survivors.
这些指的是什么 So what would that refer to? Yeah,
你是否能把一件负面的事件 can you take a negative event and see it as
看做一个挑战并且战胜它 a challenge to overcome and that you can learn
从困难中学习 from something difficult or do you see it as something
还是认定自己应付不来 so difficult you can't possibly cope with it.
你弱它就强 这就是他所说的挑战 It's going to do you in and so that's what he means
他尝试在耐力训练中实现的就是 by challenge. So what he tries to do in his hardiness
让人们在芝加哥的一个大公司中工作 training is to take people working at a large utility
那是他就住在那 company in Chicago when he was living there and
人们要经受很多工作压力 these people were going through a lot of work stress
他建议组织一些减压的小组 and he advertised that he was going to form some stress
邀请人们参加 reduction training group and he invited people to
大概有54个人 sign up and he basically had about 54 people
在这个样本中把他们分成几组 in this sample and he had them divided up into groups
按不同情况每组六人 of about six people in these different conditions.
其中一个情况就是训练人们 One condition was training people to develop
更有责任意识 more of a sense of commitment, control and challenge
挑战并且控制未来的十个星期的活动 and he actually had over the ten week sessions,
每个小节大约是一个半小时 each session was about an hour and a half over
在十个星期会有不同的小节 ten weeks and in the different sessions they learned
如何重建他们的生活 how to reconstruct what was going on in their lives
让他们更乐观敢于挑战 to frame it more positively or more of a challenge
然后对于那些看似难以克服的困难 then as a setback that really couldn't be overcome
他鼓励他们看到其中的意义 and he encouraged ways to see meaning and
看到生活中发生的事情的价值 interest value in things that were going on in their
他积极地训练人们这样做 lives so he actively un trained people to do that.
还有人记得另外两组对比情况吗 Anybody remember what the other two comparison
他尝试着控制 conditions he was trying to sort of control for
或者比较其他的方式 Amber请回答 or compare other approaches? Yeah, Amber,
除了耐力训练以外 in addition to hardiness training one of the
还有休息和调节 approaches was relaxation, meditation,
肌肉的休息和抽象地思考 muscle relaxation and transcendental meditation,
是非宗教的冥想形式 non-religious meditation forms, so people were
人们通过训练指导如何进行 trained up on how to do that. Today we have these
现在我们也有这样的意志课程 你可以选修 mindfulness classes here at UCI you can sign up for them
通过Susan Samueli学院 through the Susan Samueli Institute,
就可以学到这种技术 and learn that technique. But that kinda what
这种就是他试着做的 he was trying to do there. And the third condition
第三种就是被动地倾听 was passive listening, people would come to the group,
他们会分享自己遇到的困难 they would share their troubles with each other
然后互相帮助解决 and they would sort of coach each other and kind of
给出自己的想法和建议 give each other ideas and suggestions about
他们如何处理相应的情景 how they might deal with the situation in somebody
这里还受到社会支持 else's life. So there was social support there and
起到了安慰的作用 there was also a sort of placebo effect that
他告诉最开始的那些小组 he told that group at the outset there that each of
每一种方法 包括被动的聆听 these approaches, the passive listening and
冥想都能帮助他们 meditation conditions were going to help them
他有证据可以证明这是有效的 that there was evidence that they would help them
能够战胜压力 overcome the stress. So they had a positive
所以他们有积极的期望去参加 expectation going in. And then he tested them before
在参加之前和之后都有压力等级的测试 and after this training course on their levels of stress,
应变能力和工作的满意程度 levels of strain, job satisfaction and also
还有忍耐力 on their hardiness levels so there's this scale that
他和员工称它为Paul Barron he and this guy named Paul Barron,
用来测算心理忍耐能力 developed to measure psychological hardiness.
他首先发现的关于忍耐力的情况就是 So what he found is first of all that the hardiness
在测量的时候其实是在变化的 condition here when he measured their actual changes
在训练之前和之后 in hardiness over the pre and post there was
会有很大的收获 即便是在那些 a greater gain here even those these groups were
高起点的组也会有75到77分的改变 starting out higher there was less of a gain 75 or 77,
70到72 但是这也算是一个巨大的飞跃 70 or 72 but here you have this bigger jump or
至少从统计结果上看是的 at least statistically significant uh,
在治疗之后忍耐能力增强 gain in post treatment hardiness and he made
他还进行了观察 有时候 the observation that sometimes when you compose
在组织一个小组的时候需要有选择差异 these groups you're going to get selection differences
实际上开始的时候 where you might actually start out with people
从那些面对这种局面忍耐力强的人开始 being hardier with this condition or with another
他依赖于不同的分数 condition so he was relying on different scores,
在训练之前和之后 you know, between pre and post to see
但是总体的变化是 what the overall change was, and that's where
他有证据表明耐力训练 he had the evidence that hardiness training actually
实际上更多的是让人们变得顽强而不松懈 increased hardiness more than relaxation,
不是为了冥想和倾听 mediation or passive listening. So that was one of
这是他进行的众多试验中的一个 the tests he did another he looked at another
另外一点就是过度劳累 outcome was strain, people's symptoms of strain
这和Sheldon Maddi很相似 and this is analogous to Sheldon Maddi perceived
但是Maddi利用了不同的等级 stress scale but Maddi using a slightly different scale
来测量这些 他发现 to measure that and here again he found that
耐力训练更加有效 hardiness training was more effective at reducing
比别的方式更容易减缓过度劳累 strain than were these other approaches, relaxation,
相比于冥想和被动的倾听 meditation and passive listening and you could see
大家可以看到这些减缓的因素 that kind of reduction factor here uh,
稍微高一些 39到37 32到29 being a little greater, 39 to 37, 32, 29 but
但是能有这样的改变已经很好了 that's a pretty good change there,
但是这些情况确实改变人们 but each of these conditions did change people in the
直接减缓了过度劳累 directed in the favorable direction for less strain,
但是当他们进行数据测试 but when they did the statistical test there was
就发现了有下降的趋势 more shifted downward with the hardiness training
相比于其他控制组 than the other control groups. And finally
他观察了工作满意度 这里他发现 he looked at job satisfactory and here again he found that
忍耐力训练和工作满意度的上升有关 hardiness training was associated with larger increases
相比于另外两种情况 of job satisfaction more than the other two conditions
大家可以看到增长是148比146 and you can see that up here in terms of these gains 148
121比116 于是我们可以得出结论 versus 146 121 to 116 you can say that those aren't
这些区别并不大 他进行的这些 very big difference so what he's going on over there is
具有数据上的意义 这些都是总体的变化 statistical significance so there are the general changes.