大家好 我是玛莎莉米莎 Alright hi, my name is Shalini Misra
今天我来替斯多科教授讲课 I'll be filling in for Professor Stokols today
介绍一下我自己 我来自加州大学欧文分校 A little bit about myself, I am postdoctoral scholar in
是规划 政策和设计系博士后 the department of planning, policy and design
2年前我获得规划 政策和设计博士学位 here at UCI. I got my Ph.D. in planning, policy and
主修环境心理 design, specialising in environmental psychology,
从那时起我就专注于 about two years ago. And since then I've been working
团队科学的研究项目 on a project about the science of team science,
这你们也许从斯多科教授 which you probably would have heard of in some of the
以前的讲座中听到过 initial lectures that Professor Stokols gave
我的研究兴趣在于 My research interests lie in the area of
虚拟环境 具体来说是 virtual environments and specifically how
虚拟环境 英特网和手机如何 virtual environments and the Internet and cell phones
影响我们的社会行为和身体健康 affect our social behaviour and our physical health
但今天 我们要讨论的是 But today, we will be talking about this
解读环境这个广阔的领域 broad area of interpreting the environment
具体来说我们要讨论 So specifically we'll be talking about
环境认知 environmental cognition
你们手里都有拉塞尔 施韦卡特 So, you have this reading by Russell Schweickart,
关于太空时代和星系意识的这篇文章 about the space age and planetary awareness.
这是一位20世纪60年代晚期 So this is an astronaut who participated in
参加阿波罗九号任务的一位宇航员 the Apollo Nine mission in the late nineteen sixties,
我想是1969年 I think nineteen sixty-nine.
他有机会参加了 And he had the opportunity to participate in
多次航空壮举 a number of astronautical feats. And what this
这10天的经历改变了 ten-day experience did for him was to change
他对于地球这个行星的认识 his perception of the Earth as a planet and
以及他与地球上生物的关系 his relationship to the living beings in the Earth. So,
他在那10天内环绕了地球151次 he went around the Earth a hundred and fifty-one times
每1个半小时环绕一圈 throughout those ten days, every one and a half hours.
他开始不再把地球看作一个 And what happened was that he began to see the Earth
充满细小事物 not as a big thing with all its details and
和边界 界线的巨大物体 all its borders and boundaries, but as
而是把它看当作浩瀚宇宙 外太空中的一点 a little thing in a vast universe, outer space.
于是他开始客观看待地球 So he began to objectify the Earth and
忽略边界和界线 see it without all its borders and boundaries.
我很喜欢文章中他所说的 他说 And I liked this quote a lot from the reading he says
"当你在1个半小时内绕地球一周 'when you go around the Earth in an hour and a half
你开始承认你的个性 you begin to recognise that your identity
在地球这个整体下是一致的 这是一个改变 is with that whole thing. That makes a change.
你从太空看向地球 你无法想象你跨越了 You look down and you can't imagine how many
多少边界和界线 borders and boundaries you cross.
成百上千的人因为虚构 甚至不知道到的线 Hundreds of people killing each other over some
而互相残杀 imaginary line that you are not even aware of.
你希望你可以握住彼此的手 说道 You wish you could take each by the hand and say
"从这个角度看 "Look at it from this perspective.
看看什么才是最重要的"" Look at what is important.'"
所以他能够把地球看作一个用大拇指就能盖住 So he was able to see this earth as a tiny little
的一个很小的客体 object which you could block out with your thumb.
当然 他是美国人 And, he was an American of course,
所以在开始他就寻找他成长 工作的 and in the beginning he started identifying with a city,
城市 你知道的 休斯顿 you know, the city that he was brought up in, Houston,
但是随着时间流逝 他开始 that he worked in. But, as time went by he began
寻找其它城市 美国 identifying with other cities and the whole country and
以及其它国家 所以 环境感官 then other countries. So, environmental perception,
这就要讲环境认知和 this is where environmental cognition and
环境感官了 environmental perception come in.
你看一个客体或一个环境采取哪种角度 The perspective with which you take to look at
对于你的想法和行为有很大影响 an object or an environment makes a big difference
对于你处的环境而言 in guiding your thoughts actions and behaviour,
所以我们得研究 regarding that environment. So this brings us to the
客体与环境的关系 differences between objects and environments.
有客体就要有主体 相比之下 So objects require subjects and in contrast one cannot
人不是环境中的主体 只是参与者 be a subject of an environment, only a participant.
所以第一个观点讲的是 So what this first point is talking about is the
人与环境的关系 Relationship that people have with their environments,
无论是个体还是群体 people who are individuals and groups are participants
人只是环境中的参与者而非主体 in their environments rather than being subjects
这意味着 in their environments. What that means is that
人与环境有着动态的联系 there is a dynamic relationship between
你影响环境 people and environments, what you do affects
反过来环境也会影响 the environment and the environment in turn affects
你的身体健康 你的行为和你的感情 your physical health, your behaviour, your emotions.
而主体则不是这样 And that is not true in the case of subjects.
想想这个例子 Let's think of the example of looking at the Earth
你从几十万英里以外看地球 from hundreds and thousands of miles away.
你不是那个环境的参与者 You are not a participant in that environment,
环境并没有围绕你 the environment does not surround you,
客体也没有围绕你 the object doesn't surround you.
但环境是围绕着个体的 Environments do surround the individual.
环境能带给你多种形式的感官感受 Environments engage multiple sense modalities.
你可以美观地进入你的环境 You can aesthetically move in your environment,
你可以感觉到它 你可以触摸到它 you can sense it, you can touch it,
你可以感受到它 你可以闻到它 you can feel it, you can smell.
但对于一个客体你无法当作所有这些 You can't do all of those things with an object.
目前来说 客体只能提供一种或两种感官形式 Objects by far may only engage one or two
环境提供 sense modalities. Environments offer
外围信息 意味着你可以 peripheral information, that means you can
理解你周围环境的事物 perceive things in your environment, you can see
你可以看到你周围的东西 但客体无法当作这些 what's around you. Objects do not do that.
环境感官始终包含行动 Environment perception always involves action.
所以你能够行动 当作出行为 So, you have the potential to act, behave,
行动就是指行为 一旦你理解了环境中的东西 action means behaviour, once you perceive something
你就有机会处理那些信息 in an environment and have the chance to process
环境传递出象征意义和信息 that information. Environments convey symbolic meanings
但是客体不一定行 and messages which objects may now.
举个例子 寺庙 教堂 城市和家乡 So for example, temples, churches, cities and
他们具有特殊意义 hometowns of people, they have special meanings,
对于人们他们具有特殊意义 they hold special meanings for people,
但是客体则不一定 and objects might not. Environments have
环境具有某种气氛或者氛围 an ambience or an atmosphere. So think of
想想你最喜欢的 常常去的咖啡店 your favourite coffee shop that you go to,
它具有特别的气氛 所以你想在那里待着 it has a special atmosphere that you like being in,
你想在那里当作事 that you like working in. Objects do not have
但客体不具有某种气氛或氛围 an ambience or an atmosphere. So this framework
所以这个体系是解释环境心理的 is one way of explaining the field of
一种途径 所有该学科的研究领域 environmental psychology. All of the research areas
都以这些形式和这些不同阶段的事务表示 in this discipline come under these forms and
你可以在这个2乘2的表中看到 phases of transaction. You can think of, you know,
事务的两种形式 two forms of transaction and two phases of
和两个阶段 transaction in this two by two table.
所以你可以看到认知阶段 So you have the cognitive phase and
和或者认知阶段 以及行为形式 or the cognitive form and the behavioural form,
活跃期和反应期 and the active phase and the reactive phase.
那么这代表什么意思呢? So what does that really mean?
认知的 有人知道认知的意思吗? Cognitive any knows what cognition means?
正确 包含思想和感情 Exactly, involving thoughts and emotions.
所以认知包含知识和感情 So cognition involves knowledge and emotions.
行为包含行动 And behavioural involves actions.
事务的阶段 活跃期 Phases of transaction, the active phase.
有人知道在这里活跃是什么意思吗 Any ideas of what active could mean in this sense?
正确 当你确实在 Exactly, when you're actually
环境在影响你的行为 the environment is guiding your behaviour and
而你为了在那个环境中有所行动 you bring thoughts and goals into that environment
把想法和目标带入那个环境 with the purpose of acting in that environment.
那反应的呢?有人知道反应的指什么? And reactive? Any ideas what reactive could mean?
正确 对于环境的被动反应 Exactly, passive responses to the environment,
你没有真正意识到发生了什么 where you're not truly aware of what is happening
但你在对环境当作出反应 but you are reacting to the environment without
即使你并不知道环境对你 your knowledge that the environment is
产生了影响 这可以是各种形式的影响 having an influence on you. So, this could be
身体的 感情的 行为上的 physical, emotional, behavioural, any different forms.
这四个格子有不同的名字 So and each of these dyads have different names;
解释的 操作的 评估的和响应的 interpretive, operative, evaluative and responsive.
你们不会讨论 你们在课堂中 You're not gonna talk about you're gonna talk about
会讨论所有的这些 但是今天我们 all of these throughout the class but we're gonna
只讨论解释的这一个 focus on this first dyad, interpretive, this week,
具体来说是讨论 and specifically on the cognitive representation
空间环境的认知表现 of the spatial environment. So, this brings us to
所以我们需要知道一个环境认知中的 an important concept in environmental cognition
一个重要概念 那就是认知图示 and that is of a cognitive schema.
你们认为图示是什么?为什么它很重要? What do you think a schema is and why is it important?
对的 就像一个意境地图 概念的体系 Yes, it's like a mental map, a conceptual framework
它能影响你如何评估 that guides how you evaluate and
和理解你的环境 understand your environment.
这不是很复杂 在身边我们有 It's not very complicated. We have schemas of
各种图示 我们不会 everything around our world and we do not
我们无法看见图示 你无法触碰图示 we can't see a schema, you can't touch a schema,
它只是一个去理解心理过程的体系 it's just a framework to understand mental processes.
就把它当作一个词语或者一个概念 Just think of it as a word or as a construct that
帮助我们理解这些心理过程 helps us understand these mental processes.
所以认知图示是我们身边事物的心理表现 So it's a mental representation of the world around us.
我们身边的事物可以是空间世界 And the world around us could be the spatial world or
社会关系 社会实体关系 social relationships, the combination of
或者文化关系 socio-physical relationships, cultural relationships.
图示提供了象征性的分类 And, a schema provides symbolic categories
帮助我们对环境做出预测 with which we can make predictions about
并且评估可选行为 the environment and evaluate alternative
我们会在后面几张中更多得讨论这个 plans of action. We'll talk about that a little more
那么 什么是认知地图? in the following slides. So what is a cognitive map?
认知地图指一种具体与空间环境有关的 A cognitive map is a type of schema that
一种图示 specifically pertains to the spatial environment.
我们如何外化认知地图? And how are cognitive maps externalised?
我们无法看见认知地图 We can't see a cognitive map but one way
但是外化认知地图的一种方法是 of externalising cognitive maps that people have
让人们把特定的环境 is by asking people to draw sketch maps
粗略地画出来 of their particular environments.
你们有林奇的文章 Can you tell me what you understood about
有谁能告诉我从林奇的文章中 cognitive maps from the Lynch reading,
你理解的认知地图是什么? you had the Lynch chapters.
你认为认知地图是什么? What do you think a cognitive map is and
它与其它地图的区别是什么? how is it different from other maps?
太棒了 解释得很好 Excellent. Excellent explanation.
认知地图不是绘图地图 So cognitive maps are not cartographical maps,
对于每个人它是不同的 cognitive maps are different for every person,
认知地图不是对于环境的客观反映 it's not an objective representation of the environment
而是主观的 but it's a subjective, kind of, representation of
展现我们如何看待环境 how we think of the environment.
我们带着自己的价值观 想法 We bring our own values, our thoughts,
经历 过去的经验 our experiences, our past experiences, in the way
去理解我们的环境 we understand our environments,
理解我们的空间环境 our spatial environments, and that's what these
这些都是认知地图可以反映的 cognitive maps could reflect.
这是一种非直接方法来 It's an indirect way of getting at our experiences and
获取我们的经历 价值观 感情 values and emotions and perhaps
还有过去的经验 our past experiences as well.
让我们来讨论认知作图 Let's talk about cognitive mapping, okay.
认知作图简单得说就是获得环境中 So cognitive mapping simply is the process of
信息的过程 acquiring information about the environment.
这很简单 It's pretty simple.
我们在做 我们在认知作图 We're making...we're cognitive mapping
想想当你进入一个新的环境 you can think of that when you enter
即使你一直都没有意识到 a new environment you're mapping the environment
你也在对这个环境进行作图 all the time without your knowledge about it.
所以我们一直参与在 So, we're engaging in this process of negotiating
穿过和理解我们环境的过程中 and understanding our environment and
并且对我们的空间世界作出图示 making schemas about our spatial world.
这就是作图的过程 And that's just the process of making
对于空间环境中 a process of acquiring information about
信息的获得过程 the spatial environment.
在我们讲认知地图的要素前 So before we go into elements of cognitive maps,
我想给你们看看 为什么认知地图很重要? I want to show you why are cognitive maps important?
你好 Hello.
你有一个对方付费电话 来自 You have a collect call from
嘿兄弟 千万别拒绝 Hey buddy don't say no.
我接受 I accept.
我在玛德琳这边 I'm down at Madeline's.
我告诉她你得搬走 否则咱就结束了 I told her 'you gotta move or it's over.'
那怎么了? Well what happened?
悲剧了 我们大吵了一架 她把我赶出来了 I think it's over. We had a big fight, she threw me out
我走啊走 现在我在市区迷路了! I started walkin', and now I'm lost downtown!
我身上没钱 我一个人也不认识 I don't have any money. I don't recognize anybody.
我想家 但我甚至不知道怎么回去 I miss home, and I don't even know how to get there.
你周围有什么? What's around you?
我能看见雷氏披萨店 你知道那里吗? I'm lookin' at Ray's Pizza. You know where that is?
是很有名那个雷氏吗? Is it famous Ray's?
不是 就一般的雷氏 No. It's Original Ray's.
著名的 原始的雷氏? Famous Original Ray's?
只是原始的 杰瑞 It's just Original, Jerry!
好吧 你在哪条街? Well, what street are you on?
嘿 我在一号街第一号??? Hey, I'm on first and first.
同一条街怎么跟自己交叉了? How can the same street intersect with itself?
我一定是到了宇宙的交接处了 I must be at the nexus of the universe.
就在那等着 我去接你 Just wait there. I'll pick you up, and
克雷默 无论发生什么你都别死 Kramer, stay alive no matter what occurs,
我会找到你的! I will find you!
啊! Aah!
好吧 这有点戏剧化 Alright, that was a little bit dramatic
但是这说明了什么? but what's the point?
认知地图为什么重要? Why are cognitive maps important?
在环境认知中 为什么这个值得研究? Why is it worth studying this in environmental cognition?
当你走进一个新的环境中 How do you feel when you go into a new environment
而你不知道该怎么穿过它 你有什么感觉? that you're not able to negotiate?
假如你在旅行 打个比方 Suppose when you're travelling, for example,
而你没有带地图并且迷路了 without a map and you get lost,
你对这个环境并没有一个清晰的认知地图 where you don't have a clear cognitive map
是的 很紧张 of the environment. Yes. Stressful, exactly.
你需要认知地图使你的环境更有条理 You need cognitive maps to organise your environment,
让你对这个环境有一个体系认识 to have some framework of the environment.
那么你认为 你知道的 So what do you think about, you know,
认知地图为什么重要? why cognitive maps are important?
太棒了 Excellent, excellent.
对环境做出决定 To make decisions about the environment.
如果我们对我们的环境一无所知 Now, how can we guide our behaviour if
如果我们还有没理顺它 we don't know anything about our environment,
那我们怎么去指导我们的行为? 说的好 if we haven't organised it? Excellent point.
还有其它例子吗?对 有意思 Other examples? Yes. Yeah, interesting, yeah exactly.
对环境的不熟悉可能会导致 Unfamiliarity with an environment can lead to
我们无法探索环境 a lack of exploration, for example, of the environment.
说得好 That's good, good point.
个性会影响行为 真棒 And personalities guide that behaviour, great.
其它的想法呢?是的? Other, other thoughts? Yes.
我认为它可以告诉我们 I think it can tell us about how people are connected to
人是如何与环境联系的 因为如果他们有 their environment because if they have a
一个非常详细的地图 他们也许 very detailed map then they might be connected to
去过更多的地方 他们也许跟他们的环境 more places and they might be interacting with
联系得更加彻底 their environment a little more thoroughly,
但是如果他们只有一个非常模糊的或者不完整 but if they have a vague or incomplete map
的地图 那么也许能说明他们在他们的环境中 then maybe it says how committed they feel or
有多融入 扮演的是什么样的角色 how a part of it they feel to their environment.
真棒 这是 你们在米尔格拉姆和若德莱 Wonderful, exactly, that's and you have a reading
的文章中有一个关于这个事实的阅读 about this fact in the Milgram and Jodelet article
是关于巴黎的心理地图 about the psychological maps of Paris,
讲的正是你的这些观点 很棒 which is exactly about these points. Excellent point.
你已经是一个环境心理学家了 You're already an environmental psychologist.
所以凯文 林奇这个著名的城市规划家 So this urban planner, famous urban planner
对于认知地图很感兴趣 Kevin Lynch was very interested in cognitive maps
他带着这个概念尝试看看人们是 and he took this concept and tried to see
如何体验他们的城市 how people experience their cities and
他们是如何与城市互动的 how they interact with them, with the aim of
从而设计出更好的环境 更好的城市 designing better environments, better cities.
从他的研究中他发现 无论在波士顿 And what he found in his research of Boston,
洛杉矶 纽约或者其它很多城市 Los Angeles, New York, many different cities, is that
人们的认知地图中总是有 invariably these cognitive maps of people
五个这些要素 have these five elements.
第一个要素是道路 So one of the elements are paths.
有人能告诉我道路是什么吗? Any one can tell me what a path is, in terms of
在凯文 林奇这个概念体系下 Kevin Lynch's conceptual framework?
对对 Yes. Yes, exactly.
它是人和车辆可以通过的渠道 It's a channel through which people and vehicles
它是一个通道 can move through and it's a passageway,
跟它在英语语言中的意思一模一样 exactly what it means in the English language,
这跟许多科学概念不同 你知道的 as opposed to a lot of scientific concepts which, you know,
表面上是一个意思 实际表示另一个意思 say something and mean something else.
道路的意思没变 Path is exactly that.
那么在加州大学欧文分校有关于道路的例子吗 So what's an example of a path in UC Irvine? Yes?
环路 Ring road.
是的 环形路 Yeah ring road, ring road exactly.
是的?你的回答是?哦 不好意思 Yes, was that your answer? Oh, I'm sorry.
还有其他道路的例子吗?波士顿后湾 很好 Any other examples of paths? Back bay, yes excellent.
让我们来看看道路的定义 So let's look at the definition of a path.
观察者向前移动的渠道 A channel along which an observer moves,
可以是街道 人行道 公交运输线 maybe streets, walkways, transit lines,
运河或者铁路 好的 让我们来看看边缘 canals or railroads. Alright, let's look at edges.
根据凯文 林奇 什么是边缘? So what's an edge according to Kevin Lynch?
边缘不是道路 你不能向前移动 It's not considered a path, you can't move along it
正如你想说的 but it's kind of a separation element between two areas
它是分开两个区域之间的元素 正确 as what you're trying to say, that's right.
在加州大学欧文分校或者欧文社区 Any example of an edge within our community Irvine
有边缘的例子吗? or UCI?
从更大的环境范围来看这个 Look at it in terms of a larger scale environment.
是的 桥可以是道路 也可以是边缘 Yes. Yes, bridges could be a path, it could be an edge as well.
不一定 比如沃森桥隔开了 It depends, like the Watson Bridge separates
大学中心和主要校区 University Centre from the main campus, for example.
很好的例子 是的? Yes that's a good example. Other yes.
大山和沙漠 Mountains and deserts.
很好的例子 Yes, that's a very good example.
或者我们的海岸线 Or the shoreline that we have, you know,
太平洋海岸也是一个边缘的例子 the Pacific Coast. That's an example of an edge.
不作为道路但是 A thing that is not really used as a path but
实际上把这片区域 这个城市 that physically separates this area,
从其它要素中分开 很棒 the city, from another element. Excellent.
好的 让我们来看看定义 Alright, let's look at the definition.
它是一个线性元素 这里 所以它必须是 It's a linear element, that's here, so it has to be a
直线或者差不多是一条直线 straight line or almost a straight line, not used or
观察者不把它当作道路 considered paths by observers, shores, railroad cuts,
海岸 铁路路堑 ??? 墙壁等等 edges of development, walls et cetera.
每个人都明白边缘的概念了吧? Is everyone clear with the concept of edges?
我发现学生一般 是的? I find that usually students have yes.
那么开放空间呢? What about where there's open space
那些不是作为私人用地或者 where it's really not used very much like private land
政府用地或者 or government land or something that
你无法进入的地方 you don't have access to.
是的 就想无人区 很棒 Yeah, like a no-man's-land. Excellent, yeah that's excellent.
可以被认为是边缘 That could be an edge because suppose
想想两个国家之间的边界 think of the borders between countries, you know,
两个国家质检一般都有一定的空间 there's always a space between two countries
它不被认为属于哪一国 which is not really considered anyone's space,
是一种过渡空间 that's kind of a transition space,
可以被看作是边缘 and that could be considered an edge.
如果地图上的边界不是虚构的 If that border is not just an imaginary border on a map
而是存在实体元素 but it's defined by some physical element,
比如一面墙或者群山或者 suppose it has a wall or a group of hills or
海岸线或则铁路 a shoreline or a railroad, then that border
边界就可以被认为是边缘 would be considered an edge.
它不是虚构的线或者边界 It's not an imaginary line or a border.
来看看其它的要素 Let's look at the other elements.
分区 就欧文城整体而言 Districts.The UCI campus is a district itself in terms
加州大学欧文分校校园就是一个分区 of the Irvine city as a whole.
有校园内分区的例子吗? Any examples of districts within the campus?
社会科学院 这附近 The social sciences quad, around here,
也许是一个分区 其它例子呢?是的? maybe that's a district. Other examples? Yes.
像不同的房屋 比如梅萨和中土世界??? Like, the different housings, like Mesa and Middle Earth.
很好 这是分区很好的例子 Good, yeah. That's a great example of a district. Yes.
学生中心 The student centre.
是的 分区很好的例子 Yes, very good example of a district. Exactly.
其它例子呢?这里有很多小的分区 Another example? There are lots of little districts.
我觉得我们校园就是按分区建造的 I think our campus is kind of organised that way.
分区的定义是什么? What's a definition of a district?
你们已经提到了 分区是城市中 You already said that so,it's a medium to large section
中到大型的平面区域 of a city having a two-dimensional extent.
所以它是一个平坦的平面区域 So it's a plane, a two-dimensional extent,
观察者可以精神进入 which the observer mentally enters inside of.
也可以世纪进入 It could be physically enters inside of as well.
纽约 曼哈顿的中央公园就是一个例子 So, that's an example of central park in New York City
还有其它例子 时代广场 or Manhattan. These are examples of Times Square,
也是分区的一个例子 下一个要素 that's an example of a district. Okay, next.
节点 什么是节点?节点的例子有哪些? Nodes, what are nodes? And, examples of nodes.
是的 很多的人 街道相互交叉 Exactly, lots of people, streets, you know, intersect
很好的定义 with each other, excellent definition.
节点的例子呢? What's am example of a node?
学生中心 正确 很好的节点 Student centre, exactly, student centre, a great node,
就像我们的公共广场 其它例子呢? that's like our public square. Other examples?
奥德里奇公园可以算是节点 它很大 Aldrich Park could be a node, it's pretty big
但是像 一个地方 它是环形的 but it's like it's a place, it's not it's circular so
所以它稍微有点不像一个节点 that kind of makes it hard for it to be a node
但是它们之间有通道 but there are passageways in between,
所以一定程度上你可以说它是一个节点 so you could in a sense consider it a node because
因为它们相互连接 通道把 it connects, you know, the passageways connect
社会科学院和生物科学园连接起来 the social sciences to the biological sciences,
所以一定程度上你可以说它是节点 so in a way you could but it's more of a district,
但奥德里奇公园更像一个分区 I would say, Aldrich Park.
好了 城市里的节点例子呢? Alright, examples of nodes in the city,
欧文城有节点吗? does Irvine have a node?
欧文城不是一个传统的城市来寻找节点 Irvine is not a traditional city to think of for nodes
但是它可能有 but maybe it could be. So nodes, it's a strategic point
节点是城市里观察者可以进入的策略点 in a city which the observer can enter,
主要有交汇点 十字路口 广场 primarily junctions, crossing of paths, a square,
街角聚集点 a street-corner hangout.
举个例子 时代广场可以是个节点 So for example, that's Times Square, that could be a node.
纽约的中央车站 The Grand Central Station in New York City,
也可以算是节点的例子 that's an example of a node.
想想人们见面的地点 Just think of it as a place where many people meet,
很多道路交汇 是一个汇合点 many paths cross and it's an interaction point.
加州大学欧文分校的旗杆是一个例子 So, the flagpoles for example in UCI, that's an example,
它是一个很好的例子因为 a good example of a node because that's where, you know
人和车在那里会合 people come in, the buses stop there and
这就是节点的例子 that's an example of node.
地标 地标的例子呢? Landmarks, examples of landmarks?
自由女神像 很棒的例子 Statue of Liberty, excellent example.
这是令人印象深刻的建筑作品 So it's a memorable piece of architecture,
可以是雕塑 可以是令人思考的房屋??? could be a sculpture, could be a building that provokes,
你知道的 让地方能引起意象 you know, that makes the place imageable.
这就是地标的例子 So that's an example of a landmark.
我认为欧文城没有地标 是的? I think Irvine has a lack of landmarks. Yes.
我本来想说飞机库的 I was going to say the airplane hangers.
是的 可以算是 它很大 Yes, that could be, that could be yeah that's huge
可以算是一个地标 and it could pass as a landmark
因为它是可见的并且令人难忘 because it's something visible and, you know, memorable
所以地标是一种参考点 So landmarks are a type of point of reference.
当你想例子的时候 You have to think of it, when you are thinking of
你得想参考点? examples you have to think is this a point of reference
但是观察者不进入它们 But the observer does not enter within them.
也许是一栋楼 一个标志或者一个商店 Maybe a building, a sign or a store.
好了 凯文 林奇以及米尔格拉姆和若德莱 Alright, so one of the concepts that Kevin Lynch and
研究的其中一个概念是形象性 Milgram and Jodelet studied was imageability,
或者实体或环境 or the qualities of the physical object or environment
极高引起观察者产生强烈画面感或记忆 that give it a high probability of evoking a strong image
的能力 or memory in the observer.
举个例子 巴黎 巴黎是一个很能引起意象的城市 So for example Paris, Paris is a very imageable city,
伦敦是一个很能引起意象的城市 London, a very imageable city,
纽约也是一个很能引起意象的城市 New York City, a very imageable city.
在你的经历中 Any examples of, in your experience,
有能引起意象的城市 小镇或者大范围环境 about imageable cities, small towns or
的例子吗? large-scale environments?
你考虑引起意象性的 是的? What would you consider an imageable yes.
(听不见) (inaudible)
是的 可以算是 Yes, could be.
虽然它不是从哪里都能看到 Although it's not really visible from everywhere
但是你知道的 它可以算是一个地标 是的? but, you know, it could be, maybe that's a mark. Yes.
地标一定要是人工的吗? Does it have to be man made?
有意思的提问 在语境中 That's an interesting question. In this context
我认为凯文 林奇认为是人工的 I think Kevin Lynch thought of it as being something
但是 特别是在城市环境中 man made but especially in urban environments
因为它没有想 一些类似于 because he was not thinking something like
总统山这些东西 总统山很能引起意象 Mount Rushmore for example, that's very imageable
但它不处于城市环境中 but that's not an urban environment.
所以就城市环境而言 So in the sense of an urban environment
我认为地标必须是人工的 I think it would have to be a manmade
那种建筑 是的? kind of structure. Yes.
湖尖塔??? Point tower.
什么塔? The what tower?
湖尖塔??? Point tower.
是的 很好的例子 Yes, that's a good example. Yes.
巴尔博亚岛渡口 The Balboa Island Ferry.
是啊 巴尔博亚岛渡口 Yeah, the Balboa Island Ferry.
这个可以算是使欧文城引起意象的元素 That could be an element that makes Irvine imageable.
是的 大峡谷也是很能引起意象的 Yes. Yeah, the Grand Canyon, very imageable.
虽然它不是城市元素 It's not although it's not an urban element.
就城市环境而言 Where talking in terms of urban environments so
想想你知道的建筑 think of structures that you know think of it is
大峡谷算是参考点吗? the Grand Canyon a point of reference?
它不是就城市环境而言的 Not in the sense of an urban environment for example,
它不在城市环境中 it's not within an urban environment.
是的 有其它问题或者例子吗? Yes, other questions or other examples.
地标必须是个体的 Landmarks need to be individual things or
或者个体的建筑 但是形象性考虑 individual structures but imageability considers the
建筑和元素整个范围 a gamut of structures and elements, so different shapes
所以不同形状不同类型的楼房 老建筑 of buildings and types of buildings, old structures,
美丽的建筑 他们都增加了 beautiful architecture, they all add to theimageability
环境的形象性 城市环境的形象性 of the environment, of the urban environment.
有其它的问题 例子 想法吗?什么都行 Others questions, examples, thoughts, anything?
是的 国家广场 Yes. Yes, the DC Mall, yes exactly.
我正要说 很对 I'm going there so, yeah that's right,
这是形象性和地标 that's a really great example of imageability
很好的例子 and also landmarks.
是的 斯台普斯中心 不好意思不太熟悉 Yes, the STAPLES Centre, sorry not familiar,
马克 你知道斯台普斯中心吗? Mark, do you know anything about the STAPLES Centre?
就引起意象而言吗? In terms of it being imageable?
是的 Yeah.
那就要看你是不是湖人队的球迷了 It depends if you're a Lakers fan or not?
易辨性是凯文 林奇提出的另一个概念 So legibility, another concept that Kevin Lynch
这是就描述城市环境 came up with was, in terms of describing
以及描述城市环境质量而言 urban environments and the qualities of
从而更容易地 urban environments, was the ease with which
识别城市的不同部分 the parts of an environment can be recognised or
或者使城市布局更一致 organised into a coherent patter.
他发现一些城市更加可辨 So some cities are more legible, he found, than others.
举个例子 跟欧文城比起来 For example, New York City with its grid structure
纽约因其网格的结构 was found to be more legible to people in
在人们认知地图中被认为更好辩 their cognitive maps as compared to Irvine for example,
而欧文城则没有纽约那样直观的布局 which is not organised in that kind of intuitive fashion.
你们觉得呢? What do you think about that?
还有关于可辨和不太可辨城市的例子吗? Any examples of legible cities versus not very
你们觉得穿过加州大学欧文分院 legible cities? Do you think it's easy to negotiate UCI
很容易吗? as an environment?
构造它容易吗?是的 Easy to structure it? Yes it is actually, you know,
因为 至少对于我而言 because it's all it seems to me at least, you know...
我对找路不大在行 and I'm not very good at negotiating environments,
这里是围绕奥德里奇公园建造的 so it's organised around this Aldrich Park and you know
加州大学欧文分院的规划者和设计者 and actually the planners and designers of UC Irvine
对于凯文 林奇设计加州大学欧文分院 very much used Kevin Lynch's concepts in
的概念很熟悉 力保它的可辨性和统一性 designing UC Irvine to make it legible and coherent.
所以认知地图是一种帮助理解人们 So cognitive maps are one way of understanding
对于他们环境看法的方法之一 people's perceptions of their environments.
当然还有其它方法 There are other ways of doing this.
举个例子 你是如何衡量 So for example, how do you measure
一个环境中的形象性的? imageability in an environment?
这里是两个高形象性和低形象性环境 So these are two examples of high imageability
的例子 and low imageability environments.
高形象性的地方有很多人行道 High imageability places have a lot of pedestrians,
很强的地标 所以纽约的时代广场 strong landmarks. So, Times Square in New York City,
是一个很能引起意象的地方 for example, is a very imageable place compared to
相比之下这个毫无特点的地方可以是任何地方 this nondescript kind of place, which could be anywhere,
毫无特色和特点 nothing unique, it doesn't have any character,
没有人行道 没有特征 没有在外就餐的地方??? no pedestrians, few features, no outdoor dining,
没有地标 没有有趣的建筑 for example, no landmarks, no interesting architecture.
这就是为什么它的形象性很低 That's why it is low in imageability.
衡量形象性的另一个例子是 Another example of measuring imageability is
记录房子的形状 recording the shape of buildings.
矩形的 你知道的 So, for example, rectangular shapes, you know,
直线和曲线对比 straight lines versus curved shapes,
不同型号 不同大小的房子 different sizes and dimensions of buildings for example,
高宽比 从车看那里看过去怎样? aspect ratios from the car, how does it look
从对面街道看过去又怎样? from the car as opposed to walking across the street?
这些都是衡量城市环境中 These are all aspects of measuring the
形象性的方面 imageability of an urban environment.
接下来 社会形象性 So, social imageability.
让我们来看看社会形象性这个概念 This brings us to the concept of social imageability.
我们讨论了认知地图 And we've been talking about how cognitive maps
因人而异 你知道的 每个人 are very individual and, you know, each one has
都有他自己的认知地图 他们受他们自己的 his own or her own and they're guided by our own
经历 想法 环境的价值观 experiences and thoughts and values of the environment
以及社会地位影响 and also our social status.
但是米尔格拉姆和若德莱研究 But, Milgram and Jodelet, when they studied
巴黎的心理地图是发现 the psychological maps of Paris actually found that,
每个人可以有独一无二的认知地图 you know, you could have unique cognitive maps
但是人们心中认为重要的和明显的部分 but what you find important and what is salient
以及环境中突出的部分 in your mind and what is highlighted within
都是受社区中认为重要的所影响的 an environment by you is very much guided by
也是社区突出的部分 what is important and highlighted by the community.
所以他们发现城市或者对城市的认识 So they found out that cities or the perception of a city
是一个社会事实 is a social fact and as such needs to be studied
需要从群体和个人的角度来研究 as a collective as well as an individual aspect.
在一个人的心中 It is not only what exists but what's highlighted
突显的不仅仅是社区存在的东西 by the community that acquires salience
还有社区强调的东西 in the mind of the person.
那么他们是怎么发现这些的呢? So how did they really figure this out?So
我们来讨论一些他们的研究和实验 we'll talk about some of their studies and experiments.
他们进行了 很多的实验 So they, they did out of a number of studies on the
针对巴黎 巴黎学生和巴黎人 city of Paris and Parisian students and residents,
不同类型的居民 处于不同的社会经济地位 residents of different types,different socioeconomic
不同的教育水平 不同的职业 status, different education levels, occupations.
他们研究的一个方法就是最后一次行走 And one of their studies was this last walk technique.
他们要求参与者画一张地图 So, they asked their sample to draw a map and
他们告诉参与者他们即将被逐出巴黎 they said you are going to be exiled from Paris and
你们只有最后一次机会行走于巴黎 you have only one last chance to take a walk across the city.
参与者每人有一份没有标记的城市地图 And they gave them an unmarked map of the city
他们得画出他们最后一次行走的 and asked them to trace a route that
路线图 they would take on their last walk, and that's why
这就是为什么叫最后一次行走技巧 they called it the last walk technique.
他们得到的结果是 What they found was that invariably,
巴黎有3500条街 there are three thousand five hundred streets in Paris
如果认知地图这么得因人而异 and if cognitive maps were so idiosyncratic
那么根据人们不同的想法 价值观 then we would see all of these different types of routes
我们总会得到不同的路线图 and places depending on people's thoughts and values
但是他们发现很多人 but, what was found was that a large number of people
在他们的地图上都突出了这一块 highlighted this area, which is this dark highlighted
这一块深色的区域 area on the map, in their maps.
香榭里大道和莱茵河周围 The route around the Champs-élysées, the River Seine, Paris which are very important to the community.
???巴黎这些著名的地方 the ?le de la Cité, you know, these famous places in What they found out and what they concluded was
对于这个社区来说是很重要的 that our perceptions of our city are guided by
他们得出的结论是 what is socially and culturally and historically important.
我们对于一个城市的认识是受 And that's why a city is a social fact.
社会 文化和历史重要性影响的 And this is just another example of how
这就是为什么一个城市是一个社会存在 they organized their data.
这只是他们整理数据的 So, the places in people's maps that were highlighted
另一个例子 the most are in a larger font, so the River Seine,
那么人们在地图上突出的地方 these were places that came out to be most prominent
都已经放大了 in the cognitive maps of Parisians.
莱茵河 艾弗尔铁塔 星辰广场 香榭里大道 the Eiffel Tower, Etoile, Champs-élysées, What do you think is the difference between or
这些都是巴黎人的认知地图中 the relationship between social imageability
明显标出的地方 and imageability?
你认为社会形象性和形象性 Although the social imageability brings out physical elements
有什么不同? in people's maps but it is guided by
有什么联系? these social,cultural,historical values and experiences
虽然社会形象性在人们的地图中 whereas imageability focuses more on the
显出了实物元素 physical elements of a city.
但它是受社会 文化 历史观念和经历影响的 Excellent. But they are related to each other.
而形象性则更多注重于 Usually
一个城市的实物元素 imageable places are also very socially imageable
很好 但是他们之间是相互联系的 So there's another study, which you don't have
通常来说 as a reading but, you know, I'll introduce it to you,
能引起意象的地方也是很社会形象性的 by Orleans in the early seventies.
这里还有一个研究 And he was very interested in the relationship
你们没有这个阅读材料 但我可以给你们介绍 between people's socioeconomic status and
是奥尔林在70年代早期进行的 the cognitive maps that they drew.
他对于人们的社会经济地位 And this example is closer to home.
与他们画的认知地图 He did this study in Los Angeles where he had
之间的关系很感兴趣 a sample of twenty-five residents from
这个例子离我们很近 different neighborhoods in Los Angeles.
他在洛杉矶进行的实验 So he took an African American community in Avalon
他请了25个来自洛杉矶 and he had a Spanish speaking community in Boyle Heights
不同社区的居民参与实验 and then he had the Westwood community,
他选了阿瓦隆的非裔美国人社区 which is predominantly Caucasian.
博伊尔高地的西班牙语社区 And he asked them to draw these cognitive maps.
以及韦斯特伍德社区 And this is what he found, this is the Westwood area
其居住的主要是白人 which is upper middle class and that's Spanish-speaking
他让他们画认知地图 area, that's an example of a map. And this is the city,
这是他得到的结果 这是中上层阶级的 Los Angeles city as perceived by residents in Avalon.
韦斯特伍德区域 这是西班牙语区域 So what do you see upfront in these maps and
这是地图的一个例子 the differences between these categories of people?
这是阿瓦隆居民眼中的洛杉矶 Why are these maps of people in the so-called lower
在这些地图中你能发现什么? socioeconomic status in the Avalon area and
这些不同类别的人所画的有什么不同? the Boyle Heights area, why are they so
在那些所谓的处于下层社会经济地位的 diminished and restricted?
阿瓦隆居民和博伊尔高地居民 Access to public transportation, the time and the
所画的地图中 leisure time to be able to explore one's environment.
为什么如此的小和局限? So, especially in a city like Los Angeles, you can't get
使用公共交通的机会 去探索 very far without a car so your, you know,
环境的时间 空闲时间 the people of lower socioeconomic status, their lives
特别像在洛杉矶这样的城市 没有车 might be restricted to their neighborhoods
你无法走得很有 and their workplaces.
所以出于下层社会经济地位的人们 And they just don't have access to these environments
他们的生活被局限于社区 and the chance to explore.
以及他们工作的地方 So this is a provocative example of the effect of the
他们没有机会去这些环境 socioeconomic status on people's cognitive maps.
他们没有机会去探索 Okay, so we're almost to the end of the class.
那么这是一个社会经济地位作用于 We'll do a class participation exercise.
人们的认知地图的一个例子 So I just wanted to bring you back to
好了 我们基本上到课堂的尾声了 this conceptual framework.
我们来做一个课堂练习 We'll be talking I won't be but Professor Stokols
我只是想让你们回到 will talk about personality and the
这个概念体系中来 environment in the next class,
我们会讨论 我不会但是斯多教授会 that's another part of the active cognitive dyad,
在下一节课讨论 of this conceptual framework.
个性与环境 And we'll be talking about the Gosling article
这是这个概念体系表中的 in which rooms, people's bedrooms and living spaces
积极认知部分 reflect their personalities, how physical environments
我们会讨论戈斯林的文章 reflect individuals' personalities.
讲到房间 人们的卧室和生活空间 And as a segue into that topic we'll do a class participation
反映他们的个性 exercise about a different kind of environment,
实体环境是如何反映个体的个性的 your aural environments, your music selection choices.
作为这个话题的延续 我们来做一个 So I want you all to take out a piece of paper and
不一样的环境的课堂练习 list your five all time favorite songs.
你的听觉环境 你的音乐选择 Alright, now I want you to exchange your paper,
你们拿出一张纸来 your five songs with the person sitting on your left.
列出你一直都最喜欢的5首歌来 Be a psychologist, an environmental psychologist and
好的 现在交换你们的纸 make an assessment of the personality of this person
你写的5首歌现在在你左边同学的手中 based on his or her song selection.
把自己当成一个心理学家 一个环境心理学家
根据他写的歌曲
对他的个性做一个评价