大家好 Hi everybody,
今天我们要从一个课堂练习开始 so today we are going to start with an in class
我想你们会喜欢这个练习的 little exercise that I think you're going to enjoy.
我们希望你们认识7个新朋友 What we'd like you to do is meet seven new people
我们会给你们一点时间 so we're going to give you a little time to
来相互了解 7个人 get to know each other. So seven people,
在一张纸上写下你们认识的人 write down on a piece of paper who you've met,
至少7个 我们会让你们交上来 at east seven, and then we'll ask you to hand that
在纸的最上面写上你们的名字和学号 in with your name and student number at the top.
好的 你们情况怎么样啦 Okay how you guys doing?
你们认识了7个人了吗 You guys meet your seven people?
现在 你们注意这个练习 Now what did you guys notice about that exercise,
你们有什么想法或印象 any thoughts or impressions of
这是什么吗 what was happening there?
记得我第一天给你们 So remember the first day
关上灯来展示的 when I demonstrated turning down the lights
它如何降低了拥挤的程度 and how that reduces the sense of crowding?
你们可以把这当做一个休息厅 You can turn this into a lounge,
把这里当做是派对 you can turn it into a kind of party environment
通过加上些音乐 以及改变 by adding some music and changing the norms
教室的规则 所以 in the class room, so rather than
不要把这里当做是枯燥严肃的教室 this being a sterile classroom,
突然我们的讲堂就变得 suddenly our lecture hall becomes something
非常不一样了 这个练习的 quite different. Other impressions of the exercise
其他印象以及你们自己的感受 and your experience of it. Yeah.
观众: 我认为在这样的情况下 Audience: I think under the circumstance
当你说它是一个分享的活动 when you said that it would be a participation.
我认为我们必须要得到7个名字 I think we have to get seven names,
是有点匆忙的 so we were kind of rushed.
讲师:是有点匆忙的 Speaker: You were rushing a little bit.
观众:可能如果你没有告诉我们 Audience: Maybe if you didn't tell us that
我们本可以更进一步地了解 we could've maybe mingled a little bit more
并且和每一个人都花多一点的时间 and spend some more time with each person.
讲师:是的 是的 Speaker: Yeah, yeah.
我们不能整节课都那样开派对似的 Well we couldn't party for the whole class session
但是你们会有很多时间来认识别人 so but you'll have more opportunities to
所以 不要担心 我跟你们保证 that kind of thing don't worry, I promise you.
当你们知道要去认识别人 When you, when you're told to meet people
你们就进入了一个社交模型里 变得很友好 and go into a social mode, people get friendly,
也得到了放松 they get kind of relaxed.
那是环境心理学非常重要的一点 So that's kind of an important point of environmental
在你们参与的任何 psychology, the norms in any setting that
环境中的规范 you're participating in
还有其中的自然特点 and the physical characteristics,
不管是灯光还是音乐 whether it's the lighting or the music,
都对于人们如何与他们 make a huge difference in terms of
交流产生很大的影响 how people interact with each other
今天我们要讨论的是 and today we're going to be talking about
一些与你们刚刚的活动有关的 some research that bares directly on kind of
研究 总的来说 我们将会讨论 what you just did. So in general we're going to
环境行为的决定性理论 talk about deterministic theories of environment
那指的是在任何一个 behavior and that means an idea that any particular
特定的环境中 例如 part of the environment like living next
在宿舍里和别人做邻居 to somebody in your apartment complex,
就决定了你们的友谊 determines your friendship,
你们将会和他们相识并成为朋友 that you're going to meet them and become friends
还有一些关于环境行为的决定性观点 and there are some deterministic views of
那指的是 环境对人们 environment behavior that environments
有着直接的影响 have invariant direct affects on people
它们其实不是由 and they're not really moderated much
人们所处的环境来调解的 by the context of which they are experienced.
那就是决定性理论 So that's a deterministic theory.
生态范式就是对它的一种替代方式 The ecological paradigm is an alternative to that
因为它开始将环境行为置于 because it begins to put environment behavior in
一个更宽的语境下 其中包含很多不同层次的 a broad context where you have different layers
从你们的微观环境向外延伸到 from your micro settings on out to the global
全球环境 以及所有的那些因素是如何影响 environment and how all of those influences effect
你们的内在人际关系的 your inner personal relationships,
你们是否在某一环境中感到有压力 whether you feel stressed in an environment.
生态范式通常 So the ecological paradigm tends to
确定性较弱 同时更加注重特定的情况 be less deterministic and more situation specific
或者特定的文化 or culturally specific.
总体来说 当我们说要谈论理论的时候 So in general when we say we are talking about theory,
指的是一种对于任何已知现象的 what we mean is a proposed explanation for
被普罗大众接受认可的解释 any given phenomenon,
不管你是在学习人们如何在教室里 whether you're studying how people interact
互动或者在研究 in a classroom or you're studying
飞机的噪音对于飞行路线下去上学的儿童 whether noise has negative effects on children going
是否产生不良的影响 那就是 to school under a flight path. So that's what,
我们试着要去解释为什么 we're trying to explain why it is
儿童的血压可能会上升 that a child's blood pressure might go up
当他们在去上学的路上经过飞机线路时 when they're exposed to high intensity noise
接触高强度的噪音的时候 going to school under a flight path and it turns out
结果证实 噪音在所有文化中和不同环境下 that noise has a fairly deterministic effect on
对血压和心率有着决定性的影响 blood pressure and heart rate across all cultures
如果将人们置于 and different settings if you expose people to
非常高强度的噪音时 他们的生理 very high intensity noise they're physiological
激发往往就会上升 他们的血压 arousal tends to go up, their blood pressure,
他们的心率都会上升 their heart rate tends to go up.
有一个范式站在更加普遍的 A paradigm is more general, kind of,
角度上 它介绍了很多的分支理论 perspective that includes a lot of sub theories
和假设 都是关于观察这个世界的某种 and assumptions about a particular way of
方式 这个范式的概念 viewing the world and this idea of paradigm
是由托马斯·库恩创立的 was coined by Thomas Kuhn,
他写过一本非常重要的书籍 叫做 who wrote a very important book The Structure
科学革命的结构 of Scientific Revolutions,
因为他对科学进展很感兴趣 because he was interested in how does science progress,
它只是事实的累积还是 is it just an accumulation of facts or is there,
对拥有某一世界观的科学家的依附 kind of, adherence amongst scientist of a particular world
突然某些东西出现了 view and suddenly something comes along
提供了更好的解释 that provides a better explanation
于是他们就改变世界观了 and they shift world views.
所以原子物理认为质量永远是 So atomic physics argued that mass is
守恒以及存在绝对时间的物理 always conserved and there's such a thing
爱因斯坦物理出现了 as absolute time. Einsteinian physics came along
并且说"非也"质量可以转化成能量 and said no mass can be converted to
在某些条件下 energy under certain circumstances
还有时间是相对的 而不是绝对的 and time is relative, it's not absolute.
那是一个范式的转变 So that was a paradigm shift,
当我们谈论理论和范式的时候 so when we talk about theories and paradigms,
理论是要比某一个特定的理论更宽泛的 theories are broader than a particular theory.
所以决定论只是一种角度 So determinism would be a kind of perspective,
一个宽泛的范式的角度 a broad paradigmatic or broad paradigm perspective
关于我们是否在谈论一个物理的 that whether we're talking about a physical
环境或是社会的环境 environment or a social environment
它们对我们的行为发展健康 they exert direct and invariant influences
产生了直接和不变的影响 on our behavior development health and
正如丘吉尔曾说的 as Winston Churchill once said,
我们塑造建筑物 然后之后则是建筑物 we shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings
塑造我们 我们将会讨论关于 shape us. So we're going to talk about an example
一个决定性理论的例子 它与 of a deterministic theory and it relates
我们今天刚开始做的那个练习很有关系 very much to the exercise we started out with today
那就是在邻居之间的 and that's the idea that spatial proximity among
空间接近性促进友谊的形成 neighbors promotes friendship formation
这在迈克逊的第八章中 and this is discussed in the eighth chapter
有讨论 这本书在你们的阅读单上 of Michelson, which is in your readings file
但是如果你们想要学到不只是 but if you want to learn a bit more beyond
我在课堂上讨论过的内容 你们就可以读读它 what I'm talking about in the lecture you can read it
这是一个环境决定论的例子 and this is an example of an environmentally
研究者在MIT这个特殊的研究中 deterministic theory. So what the researchers did
做的是他们分析了 in this particular study at MIT is they looked at
住在MIT这两栋 graduate students living in these
宿舍楼里的研究生 two housing complexes at MIT,
这就是在二战后 this was right after world war two
当时人们从战争回来 when the people were coming back from the war
他们开始回到学校 and they were starting to go back to school
这就是其中一栋宿舍 and this was one of the complexes
当时宿舍大多都是单身宿舍 which were basically single rise apartments named
名叫韦斯特盖特 这是设计在MIT的 Westgate and then this is another design at MIT
韦斯特盖特 这是两层楼的 Westgate West, where it was a two story kind of thing.
这些都是他们做研究时的环境 So these were the environments
他们发现的是 where they did their research and what they found is
那些宿舍的前门直线距离对 that there was a very significant prediction of
对于谁会和谁变成朋友 who became friends with whom just in terms of
有一个很重要的影响 the straight line linear distance between front doors
住得近的人往往 of those apartments. So people that tended to
更容易变成朋友 live closer together became friends
他们拥有相似的政治态度 and they developed similar political attitudes
他们买一样的 and they bought kind of the same kind of
冰箱和电器 refrigerators and appliances,
还有基于那样友谊形成方式上的一致性 there was a conformity based on that friendship
所以你们会因为住得近而 formation. So you bump into people as a function
与某些人相遇 of living close to them
然后就很可能会变成朋友 and then you're likely to become friends with them.
在这样的一个特殊的情况下 In this particular situation here,
他们发现的不只是这7 8个人 what they found is not just that people seven
比这栋楼里的其他人 and eight would be more likely to friends
更容易成为朋友 than some other people in the building
还有住在离楼梯间近的人们 but rather the people that lived nearby the stairwells
我们都知道楼梯间会经常有人走来走去 where there was a lot of traffic,
人们从楼上下来 people coming down the stairs,
在楼下停留取信件 stopping under the stairs to get their mail,
如果信箱在楼梯间 if the mail boxes were in the stairwell,
那些人就很可能会 those people had much greater likelihood to
和这栋楼里的其他人认识 form friendships with others in the building.
所以这个研究的结果 So the findings of this study we referred to
正如物理距离会影响友谊的形成 as physical distance affecting friendship formation,
物理距离同时也证明 here what proved to be a stronger influence
也是功能距离 这就是 was functional distance, that is where activities,
个人活动如何在环境中形成的方式 how activities of individuals are organized in
所以 物理距离 that environment. So physical distance,
邻里前门的空间分离 the spatial separation in between front doors
功能距离 of neighbors, functional distance,
以及人们活动的模式 the patterning of people's movement.
现在环境的某些方面 Now there's certain aspects of the environment
能够影响人们之间的功能距离 that can affect functional distance,
如果我把一个篮球框放在中土宿舍的附近 so if I put a basketball hoop near the Middle Earth dorms
那还有一个篮球场 and there is a basketball court there,
我们知道那些可以举办活动的公共环境 we know that those kinds of public environments
可以促进人们认识别人 that draw activity become promoters of people meeting
他们减少功能距离 each other and they decrease functional distance
这就回到了我们在第一节课的时候 so this gets back to what we were talking about
讨论的内容 during the first class,
我们说 我们将会比较社会向心 we said that we were going to compare sociopetal
和社会离心环境 and sociofugal environments,
社会向心指的是那些专门设计来 sociopetal being those that are designed in way
让人们聚在一起 社会离心则是设计来 to bring people together, sociofugal are designed
减少人们的人际交流的 例如图书馆 to minimize inter personal contact such as libraries,
教堂里唱诗歌的座位 那些都是 carol church pews, so these are the examples
社会离心环境的例子 它们会增加功能距离 of sociofugal environments that increase functional
他们让人们保持距离 distance, they keep people apart either
因为像图书馆里边的布置 because the norms and the settings like in a library sort
就规定了人们不能大声地交流 of demand that you don't converse with people loudly,
不能自在的交往 you don't mingle very much,
反而 在这些不正式的空间 whereas in these informal spaces
例如有邮箱和篮球框的地方 where we have mail boxes or basketball hoops,
这样的地方往往就减少了人们的功能距离 they tend to reduce functional distance,
它们让人们能聚在一起 they bring people together that way.
你们也还可以想到其他的例子 So you can also think about other examples,
例如在休息室和宿舍之类的地方 lounges and dormitories and the like.
你们都清楚了社会向心和 So everybody clear on that distinction
社会离心的区别了吗 between sociopetal and sociofugal?
好了 现在我们知道了 Okay, now we know that the relationship
接近度和友谊形成方式的关系 between proximity and friendship formation is
不是决定性和不变的 not deterministic and invariant
因为我们知道接近度的物理事实 because you can take that physical fact of proximity
并假设它将会增加友谊形成的 and assume it's going to increase the likelihood
可能性 但是 of friendship formation but
当这些研究超出MIT的时候 when these researchers went beyond MIT
他们在波士顿的郊外研究这些现象 and they studied this phenomenon in the suburbs
在那里 不是所有人都一个 of Boston where not everybody living next to
挨一个的住着 同学和 each other were fellow students and
多元化的民族群体 there was a diversity of ethnic groups,
和种族群体住在同一个社区 of racial groups living in the same neighborhood.
接近度和友谊形成的 There this relationship between proximity
关系没有维持住 它是更弱的 and friendship formation didn't hold, it was weaker.
当很不同的人们 So when you have greater dissimilarity of people living
住在那样的环境中 接近度的影响是要偏下的 in that environment the influence of proximity is less
当然 如果人们 and of course when you have people
都收入更高 那么他们的流动性也更高 that have higher income so that they're more mobile,
他们会经常去旅行 they go on vacations more often,
他们在整个城市环绕 不会局限于 they move around the city they're not just locked into
自己的社区里 their own neighborhood or
他们和我们一样和网络连相接 they're connected to the internet as we are today,
我们友谊的形成 we are less dependent on proximity
对接近度的依赖程度要更低的 and spatial closeness for our friendship formation,
现在我们和很多很多和我们 so now we're virtually friends with many,
住的远的人成为朋友 并且 many people that are living quite remotely from us
有相同的认知 and perceived similarity.
当遇到与自己认知不同的人时 When you've got folks that perceive
即使他们住得近 that they're different even if they're living close
他们也往往不会跟 to each other they often tend not to try to meet
别人相遇和相识 and get to know each other.
你们在这间教室里看到 你们很多人 So you saw in this classroom that for many of you
都有一种呆在原地的倾向 there was a kind of inclination to stay put,
坐在你们椅子上观察 it was convenient to kind of stay in your chairs look
和自己坐得近的人并与他们认识是方便的 around who's seated near you and get to know them
至少写下他们名字就是 at least write down their names,
随着一周一周过去你们的了解会更多 you'll get to know them better as the weeks go on.
你们中有些人会开始流转和漫步 A few of you did kind of circulate and roam
但是通常来说 还是存在这样的倾向 but generally the inclination is toward,
当你们在一个像这样的环境中 when you're in a place based setting like this,
我们不是说虚拟的友谊 we're not talking about virtual friendships
和在网上认识别人 但是 and meeting people online but
当你们在这样一个环境中 习惯 when you're in a place there is a kind of inertia to
将物理接近作为你们与 use physical proximity as a reference point in terms
别人认识和接触的时候的一个参考 of who you meet and who you interact with.
我想 这个练习反映了一些事情 So, I think your, the exercise brought out some of
他们在MIT的那个研究中发现 the things that they saw in that particular study
这些是减少友谊形成中 at MIT and these are some of the factors that reduce
空间接近度的决定性影响的 the deterministic affect of spatial proximity
一些因素 on friendship formation.
当你们的邻居很多元化时 When you have diverse neighbors
他们不需要其他人来给与互相帮助 they don't need each other for mutual assistance,
在很多的公寓楼里 我们假设独户的家庭 in a lot of apartment buildings, lets say single family
其中 妈妈很努力地要照顾好自己的孩子 homes where a mum is trying to take care of her kids
而邻居也是一样的情况 and somebody next door has got the same situation
她就会请求别人来帮她照看小孩 and she'll ask someone to watch my kids
或者跟邻居借个鸡蛋 or can I borrow an egg,
当你们需要别人帮助的时候 when you have that need for mutual assistance
对于友谊形成的接近度的影响就会更大了 there's much greater affect of proximity on friendship
当人们不需要别人的帮助时 formation, when people don't need each other
影响就会变小 人口的流入和流动性往往会 it's less so. Affluence and mobility tend to reduce
降低决定性的关系 以及 that deterministic relationship and of course
和别人获得实际接触的机会 access to virtual contacts with other folks.
现在我将会从空间行为的话题 Now here I'm going to shift from talking about spatial
转移到另外一个领域 也就是我们 behavior to another realm that we're interested
在这门课里很感兴趣的 你们中有多少是 in this course. How many of you are public health
公共卫生的专业 好了 为了理解生物医学 majors in the class? Okay, so I'm going to talk here
模式中的卫生 我们现在 about different paradigms for understanding health
要讨论不同的范例 其中主要是 from the biomedical model, which looks primarily
要分析生理学和基因生物学 at how physiological and genetic biological
的进程如何影响人们的健康 processes influence peoples well-being.
然后你们有一个生物心理社会的模型 Then you have a bio-psycho-social model
那是发展于 在太平洋科学委员会的同事 that's developed more in the realm of, folks in PSB
在太平洋科学委员会有很多的卫生心理学家 we have a number of health psychologists in PSB
他们研究在健康方面 生物上 that study the interplay between biological,
心理上和社会上的因素之间的相互影响 psychological and social factors in health
在更广范围来说 你们还有社会 and then even more broadly you have the social
生态模型或范式可以让你们更加 ecological model or paradigm which gives a lot more
注意到健康方面的自然环境 attention to the physical environment in health
例如飞机的噪音 和其他的压力 such as airplane noise, other kind of stresses,
交通拥堵 当尝试获取太多的虚拟信息时 traffic congestion, information overload happening
造成的信息过载 to people because of trying to process too much
所以社会生态模型 virtual information. So the social ecological model
包括生物医学的因素和生物心理和社会的因素 includes biomedical factors and bio-psycho-social
但是它开始带来一个更加宽广的环境 but it begins to bring in an even broader scale of
范围 我们就正在看的 the environment where we're looking at,
不利的环境改变对人们的 you know, what's the effect of adverse climate change
健康和行为产生什么影响 on people's health and behavior?
不只是社会环境 It's not just the social environment
还有更宽泛的 but it's even much broader chunks of
自然环境 the physical environment.
这是一个特殊的健康问题 Here's a particular health question,
为什么人们会感冒 why do people catch colds?
为什么你们会感冒 Why do you guys catch colds?
为什么我会感冒 我们在每年的 Why do I catch a cold? Does this tend to happen
不同时候都可能会感冒 to us you know at different times of the year maybe
可能是这个季节结束的时候 那时我们已经 at the end of the quarter when we've finished up
考完试了 我想我们就开始春假了 our exams, we think we're going off on spring break
然后可能会突然生病 and then we get sick all of a sudden,
这些为什么会发生呢 对疾病有一个 why does that happen? So a deterministic explanation
决定性解释 产生于生物医学的范例 of illness that grew out of the biomedical paradigm
那就是微生物理论 你们中有多少人对 is the germ theory. How many of you are familiar
疾病微生物理论熟悉 with the germ theory of disease?
微生物理论指的是什么 So what does the germ theory say?
人们因为从别人那感染 Audience: That people get sick from contracting
病菌从而生病 germs from each other.
好的 有些病原体 Speaker: Okay, so there are these pathogens
是可以在环境中流动的 that are floating around in our environment,
我们接触一个受污染的表面或其他东西 we touch a contaminated surface or whatever,
有人对我们脸上咳嗽 我们是主体 somebody coughs in our face and we're the host,
病原体就开始侵袭主体 the pathogen invades the host
然后我们就会出现某种疾病的症状 and then we break out with some kind of illness
这就是微生物理论 symptom. So this is this the germ theory
由Louis Pasteur 和Joseph Lister发展出来 as developed by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister
这是非常决定性的 不变的一个健康疾病模型 and it's a pretty deterministic, invariant model of health
就某种意义而言 病菌就存在在外边 and disease in the sense that germs are out there,
它们的目标就是我们 可能在某种程度来说 they're going to get us, maybe to some extent,
某些人受的影响要小 因为 less so for some people because
他们在基因上就有抵抗 they're genetically more resistant
但是它都是可以用生物学来解释的 but it's all explained in terms of biological factors.
现在有些有趣的研究 Now there's some interesting research that began
开始在社会行为科学中进行 to develop in the social behavioral sciences
它质疑 如果人们受到 that questioned well if people are under stress of
很多的压力 不管是关系的压力 various kinds, whether it's relationship stress
或者环境的压力 那是否会 or environmental stress, does that somehow
破坏他们的免疫系统 compromise their immune systems?
这是个非常有趣的问题 Very interesting question.
压力的问题开始受到人们的 So the issue of stress began to be brought
注意从而可以帮助了解人们的健康 in to understanding health.
压力源可以是任何环境的要求 A stressor is any environmental demand that taxes
或超过了个人的适应能力 or exceeds the individual's adaptive capacity,
如果你们到外边去 并且外边非常冷 you know if you go outside and it's freezing cold
而且你们没有穿够的话 那么不久 and you don't have a jacket on sooner or later
你们就会感到非常寒冷 you're going to feel pretty cold,
你们就会开始颤抖 如果在外边待的时间 you're going to start shivering and you may get sick
太长 你们就可能会生病 if you're out there long enough.
那就是压力的一种生理学模型 So that's kind of a physiological model of stress.
卡内基梅隆大学的研究者 Sheldon Cohen What these researchers did, Sheldon, Cohen,
Tyrrell 和Smith 是 Tyrrell and Smith at Carnegie Mellon is
他们决定要验证心理压力 they decided to test the notion that psychological
可能是人们对病原体 stress might be a moderator of peoples reactions
微生物反应的慢化剂 to microbes of pathogens.
他们做的就是招收几个大学生 So what they did is they recruited several college
进入一间宿舍 students to come to a dormitory
在夏天早期的时候 in the early part of the summer,
他们花了很多钱 they were paid a fair amount of money to
和好几个礼拜来研究那些宿舍 check into the dorm for a couple of weeks
并接触到病毒 感冒病毒 and get exposed to viruses, cold viruses
大多数人没有感冒 and most people don't, kind of like, to get a cold
但是这些人愿意 but these people were willing to,
为了科学而冒险 you know for the good of science, to take that chance.
他们分析了这个密闭的环境 So they checked into this closed environment
在他们进入之前 他们填写了Cohen的 and before they went in they filled out Cohen's
感知压力范围 它问人们 perceived stress scale and the perceived stress scale
他们的压力已经到了什么样的程度 asked people to what extent they're under excessive
在之前的4到6周里 demands for the preceding four to six weeks
以及他们是如何处理那些必须要做的事情 and how they're managing coping with everything
这是有10或 that have to do. So there are ten or
14份不同的材料来评估人们生活中的 fourteen different items that assess areas of stress
压力范围 研究者做的是 in their life and then what the researchers did is
分类 然后把样本分成 they divided the group, the sample into
2个群体 高压群 two different groups, the high stress groups,
他们的心理受到的压力更多 who psychologically said they are more stressed out
还有低压群 他们是在样本的后半部 and the lower stress group that were in the bottom
他们的压力比较小 half of the sample they had less stress and
他们发现当低压群 what they found is that when the low stress group
接触到鼻病毒时 他们并没有生病 was exposed to the rhinovirus they didn't
或者他们只有温和的症状 get sick necessarily or they got milder symptoms
所以这些表明心理压力 So the evidence here was that psychological stress
对微生物理论是有慢化效应的 was having a moderating effect on the germ theory,
病毒不会一直感染研究中的人 the germs were not invariantly infecting
但是它们往往 the individuals in that study but rather they tended
会感染那些来这个实验之前 to pick on those that came in with more stress
承受更大压力的人们 in their lives before they got to the experiment.
Cohen做的就是他将健康和疾病的理论 So what Cohen did is he expanded his theory of
扩展了 超越了生物医学模型 health and illness beyond the biomedical model
并包括了生物心理社会模型 to include the bio-psycho-social model,
就这个意义而言 他评估了心理和 in the sense that he assessed psychological
社会的压力源 心理压力 and social stressors in a scale and psychological stress
和生理压力是有点不同的 is a little different than physiological stress were
那是超过人体能力的要求去处理 it's any demand exceeding the bodies capacity to
心理上增加了感知的 cope and psychological adds the notion of perceived
环境要求 所以 你们中有一些 environmental demands. So some of you may
进入了期中考试 感到很有压力 go into a mid-term exam feeling pretty stressed
因为你们觉得自己还没准备好 about it because you don't feel like you're ready,
你们对此感到紧张 you're nervous about it,
其他人觉得你们已经学习过了 others feel like you've studied,
你们都听课了 就应该准备好了 you've gone to the lectures you're really prepared,
这就是环境要求的概念 so it's that perception of environmental demands
每个人自己的要求并不是不变的 and the demands themselves are not invariant
根据那个概念 每个人之间 to everybody, there are individual differences
也存在不同 depending on the perception and then
你们也可以感到你们是否 you can also perceive whether you have to
有能力处理那些要求 coping assets or capacity to deal with those demands
如果你们是自信的 如果你们感到 and if you're confident, if you're feeling like
自己可以处理好所有可能发生的事情 you're able to deal with any eventuality,
这样你们的心理压力的水平就会低 then you're going to have a low level psychological
压力的生物学和心理学上 stress. So the way stress is defined in biology
定义的方式是不同的 and in psychology quite different.
当我们开始上课的时候 我提过 So when we began the class I mentioned that
我们在环境心理学中学习的 much of what we study in environmental psychology
大部分是跨学科的 是包含了 is interdisciplinary, it's involving the combination
不同学科信息的结合 of different kinds of disciplinary information or
或者我们可以称为事实 所以一个学科 what we would call facts. So a discipline is
是专注于某个实质的领域的研究 a field of research focusing on particular substantive
例如生物学 心理学 社会学 物理学 areas biological, psychological, social, physical,
环境学的现象或 environmental phenomena or facts that
它们从对那些现象的研究得出的事实 come out of the research on those phenomena
特殊程度的分析是着重的 and particular levels of analysis are emphasized so
所以在分子生物学中 你们会得到一个 in molecular biology you may have a genetic cellular
基因细胞的分析 在社会心理学中 level of analysis, in social psychology
你们会获得更多人际水平的分析 you'll have more of an interpersonal level of analysis
你们可以获得更宏观的分析 and then you could go even more macro
如果你们观察社会学或者犯罪学 if you're looking at sociology or criminology.
所以一个学科有很多的重点 So a discipline has these substantive emphases,
这些分析水平和它们自己特殊的 these analytical levels and their own particular
概念和方法 所以 concepts and methods so the concept of
微生物理论的概念是一种特殊的范本 the germ theory was a particular exemplar associated
与生物学和医学有关联 with biology and medicine.
交叉学科的研究仅仅是一个过程 Cross disciplinary research is simply a process
当你们结合2个学科的角度 when you're combining two or disciplinary
或专业角度来 perspectives or professional perspectives to
获取对某个特殊现象更好的理解 achieve a greater understanding of a particular
所以那是我们在例子中做了很多的事情 phenomenon so that's what we are doing a lot
我们已经在这节课中谈到了 in the examples we'll be talking about in this class,
不管那是从建筑学 地理学 whether it's borrowing from architecture, geography,
心理学 社会学 犯罪学中借来的 psychology, sociology, criminology bringing
把这些聚在一起 Cohen those together and what Cohen did in his study
在他的心理压力和感冒的研究中 of psychological stress and colds is that
他创新性地结合了这两个不同种类的事实 he creatively combined these different kinds of facts,
生物学 心理学 社会学的 biological, psychological, social,
在那个特殊的研究中他并没有很多的 he didn't have a lot on the physical environment in
心理环境上的事实 但是他混合了 that particular study but he was mixing across
这些不同程度的分析和事实 these different levels of analysis and facts.
所以那就是我们指的跨学科的 So that's what we mean by interdisciplinary or
或者交叉学科的研究 cross disciplinary research.
好了我们已经谈过了理论上的 Okay so I've talked a little bit about theoretical
基础和范式 foundations and paradigm kind of foundations
我们这个领域的基础 这周就是 of our field and this week is really laying out
为了奠定下环境行为的通则的 some general principles of environment behavior,
下周四我们会讨论压力理论 next Thursday we're going to talk about stress theory
到那时 在接下来的那周 and then by the time we get into the following week
我们就开始看一看那个图表 we start to unpack that diagram
我给你们最后一次展示那四个不同 I showed you last time in terms of those four different
领域的研究 areas of research in the field starting with
从环境认识和个性的领域开始 environmental cognition and personality,
进入到环境评估 研究 moving into environmental assessments, research,
态度 然后上升到压力的研究 attitudes then going up to studies of stress.
我们研究那些领域中的每一个 So we'll work through each of those areas
但在我们获得那些领域中的每一个的 but before we get to the actual those actual findings
发现结果之前 我们想要 within each of those areas of our field we want to
列出这些生态 压力和系统分析的通则 lay out these general principles of ecology and stress
所以 那是 and systems analysis so that's
我们在今天和周四要做的 what we're doing today and on Thursday.
我们现在想要进入到 So what I'd like to do now is move into
我们指的生态范例中 what do we mean by the ecological paradigm
它是从哪里来的 当你们 where did that come from? So when you go out
毕业之后去人才市场的时候 on the job market after you graduate or
或者你们申请学校的时候 你们尝试 you apply to grad school and you're trying to
解释什么是社会生态 explain what is social ecology,
希望这些通则到时 hopefully some of these principles are things that
你们可以用得上 在提供你们 you would refer to in terms of the grounding or
在UCI毕业的背景和基础方面 the foundations of your education at UCI
在我们的学校 这些内容是 within our school and these are really talked about
很详细的 在迈克逊的第一章 in detail in Michelson's first chapter,
也在阅读书单中 which is also in the readings folder.
我们从几个主要的假设 So we're going to start with some major assumptions
和生态研究的特点开始说起 and features of ecological research.
分析的单元是系统本身 The units of analysis are systems in themselves,
生态系统在最宽泛的程度来说是非常宏观的 so the ecosystem at the broadest level is very macro
在一些情况下 你们可以采取地球生态的 and in some cases you can take a global view of
全球观 地球作为一个宽广的生态系统 the earths eco, the earth as a broad ecosystem.
一个生物群系也是很大的地理的组合 A biome is also a big chunk of geography
它基本上指的是植物 and it basically refers to where plant
和动物共同生存的地方 我们与其他的存在 and animal species coexist and our reaching
产生了某种均衡的状态 some kind of equilibrium with each other so
所以它们可以在那个区域里生存下来 they can survive in that particular area.
在生物群系中的生境是一种特定的生态位 A habitat within a biome is a particular niche,
一个生态位中有特定的植物种类 an ecological niche where a given species of plant
或者是动物种类 所以生境指的是 or animal lives, so a habitat refers to
一种特殊的居住 居住地点 a particular residence, residential address
由特定的物种组成的生物群系 within the biome of a particular species.
我们也可以在更宏观的水平讨论行为的设定 We can also talk at a more macro level about behavior
这节课 这个演讲厅就是一种行为设定 settings, so this class, this lecture hall is a behavior
它是一种行为设定 setting and it's a behavior setting
因为它在发生时间 because it's predictable in terms of when it occurs,
内容上是可预知的 行为项目有一种 what goes on here, the behavioral program has
规则性 我们也可以 a kind of regularity to it and then we're also
在这个自然环境的中间 in the midst of this physical milieu,
这间教室 this room that has it's own characteristics
它的楼层高度 灯光 from ceiling height, lighting,
是否有音乐 都有自己的特点 whether there's music on or not
所以行为设定也是一个系统 so behavior settings are also a system,
你们都和其他人交流过了 all of you are kind of interacting with each other
在这样的环境中 and with the environment here, kind of,
是正在进行的方式 就是一个系统 in an ongoing way as a system.
所有生态分析的单元 So all units of ecological analysis have
都有系统质量 人们尝试去适应自己的环境 that systems quality. People try to adapt to their
即使在生物学中 有种概念就是 environments, even in biology there's the idea
生命网 生存斗争 the web of life, this struggle for existence,
自然选择 适者生存 natural selection, survival of the fittest.
在地理学和经济学中 有种概念就是 In geography and economics there's the idea that
对于土地有最高和最佳使用 there's the highest and best use of land
其中某些公司 由于它们的创新 where certain companies because of their creativity,
它们的经济实力能够要求 their economic prowess are able to lay claim to
一个城市中最好的地理区域 the best geographic areas within a city
并拥有它们 使用它们 and own those parcels and use them
不管他们如何希望 有种 however they want and then there's the idea
体内平衡或均衡的概念 就是说 of homeostasis or equilibrium, that people
在环境中 人们努力和周遭的环境 in environments, people try to achieve a kind
达到某种均衡 of equilibrium with their surroundings and
当那没有发生的时候 你们就陷入了失调中 when that doesn't happen you go into disequilibrium,
也就是当压力出现的时候 that's when stress occurs, when there's that lack of
当在你们自身和你们对环境的所求 fit between yourself and what you need
无法适应时 就会出现 in your environment and there are also
除了这些概念或方法 指标之外 in addition to these conceptual ideas or methods
社会生物学家往往会使用 and metrics that social ecologists tend to use
或者任何领域的生物学家 or ecologists of any stripe for that matter.
通常来说 对于总体或者 Generally there's an emphasis on aggregates
人数来说 宏观水平的分析 or populations and the macro level of analysis
那是针对人类生态的领域的 and that's particularly for the areas of human ecology
迈克逊讨论了 that Michelson talks about and that's
那就是社会生态学的大部分内容 so much for social ecology as it's evolved here
它在UCI演变了 也包括了心理学 at UCI, which is much more inclusive of psychology
和宏观环境 and micro environments as well as macro
但是生态学从生物学家对于环境的 but ecology started from a very macro view
宏观角度出发 他们外出 of environments from the biologists that went out
分析了生物群落 直到芝加哥城在 and looked at biomes to the sociologists
20世纪20年代的社会学家 in the city of Chicago in the 1920's
他们当时在申请这些生物学领域 that were applying these biological areas to
和人类社会 他们认为他们是 human communities with the idea that those
在城市中和城市适应得最好的 in the city that were best adapted to the city were
他们是最适应的 并会繁荣发展 the fittest and they would prosper in the city
那些适应得不好的就会产生压力 and those that were not well adapted would be stressed
就会生病 他们会显示出各种各样的 they'd get sick, they'd exhibit all kinds of behavioral
行为失常 那就是这个世界应该的样子 disorders and that's the way the world was supposed
因为在生物学中 你们不需要担心 to be because in biology you don't have worries
环境公正或者担心种族主义之类的东西 about environmental justice or worries about racism
它仅仅是为了生存斗争 or anything like that it's simply a struggle for
适者生存 existence and survival of the fittest.
那是对芝加哥学派的其中一个担忧 So that's one of the concerns actually about the Chicago
它留下了很多对于规则 法律 伦理的担忧 school, it left out a lot of those concerns about regulation,
认为人类生态体系认为是 law, ethics and viewed the human ecosystem as basically
一个有人存在其中的大生物群系 a big biome with people in it.
这些是一些研究方法 So these are some of the methodological approaches,
在研究领域中是非常宏观的 very macro in the areas that were studied,
在持续期间 在他们自然居住地 unobtrusive observation of species in their natural
对物种的默默观察 所以你们还要做 habitat over extended periods so you do naturalistic
自然观察 你们会进入到真实世界的设定 observation, you go out into real world settings
你们观察发生的事情 and you observe what's happening rather than
而不是将所有的东西都放到人为的实验室里 bringing all that into a contrived laboratory situation
很多生态学家将客观的和主观的 and then many ecologists combine both objective
数据结合起来 包括人们如何 and subjective data in terms of how people
感知他们的环境 还有 are perceiving their environment as well as
他们如何反应的 how they're actually reacting to it so
当迈克逊讨论精神 when Michelson talks about mental
和经验上的一致性 他讨论的是 and experiential congruence what he's talking about is
环境是否真的适合个人的需要 whether the environment actually fits the individuals
以及他们的生活方式 或者人们 needs and their lifestyle or whether the person
觉得它是否适合 perceives that it fits or doesn't fit.
在那有一个很大的区别 So there's a big difference there and
那是生态学中的一个很重要的区别 that's an important kind of distinction for ecology.
我提到过很多这些概念 As I mentioned a lot of these ideas started
从生物学的领域开始 in the biological fields in terms of looking
观察这些生物群系 一个植物和动物的 at these biomes, combinations of a plant
结合 还有对自然环境的 and animal species and very much an emphasis
强调 而人们的参与并没有太多 on natural environments and not so much with
而是说观察非人类的物种 people involved but rather looking at non-human
在早期的生态生物研究中 species in much of the early ecological biology research
我们知道人们对他们的自然环境 and we know that people create a lot of impacts
制造出了很多的影响 on their natural environments and some of
有些例子是来自中国 在那 these examples are from China where the Yangtze River
出于好些原因 长江已经筑起了三峡大坝 has been dammed for a variety of reasons,
一个是为了开发水力发电 one to create hydroelectric power,
另一个是要控制洪水 another to control flooding, another to provide more
还有一个是提供更多的定期和可预测的 regular and predictable shipping lanes
船运航线 但是同时长江的 but at the same time that damming of the Yangtze River
建坝已经导致了一些不好的 has lead to certain kind of negative,
无法预料的后果 unintended consequences.
你们有人对那些东西熟悉吗 Anybody familiar with what some of those have been?
江豚已经灭绝了 Audience: The river dolphin is extinct.
好的 所以有些物种要灭绝了 Speaker: Okay, so certain species are becoming extinct
因为长江的筑坝 because of the damming of the river,
土崩已经发生了 mud slides have occurred which have impacted
这对于河流附近的定居点有影响 settlements near the river,
超过100万的人必须要重新安置 more than a million people have had to be relocated
进入到新兴起的城镇里 into basically new high-rise towns higher up
因为当河岸筑起坝 because as the river bank becomes dammed people
人们就必须搬到高处 所以这个干扰会 have to move upwards. So there have been a number
影响本来积极的目的 of consequences to how this intervention bore a lot
产生很多的后果 of positive purposes, you know,
发电和控制洪水已经导致了 to generate energy and to control flooding has led to
某些不良的后果 certain negative consequences
这是长江上的一个煤驳 and this is a coal barge on the Yangtze River,
在煤炭能源上投入了很多 there's a lot of emphasis on coal energy
在美国我们对污染和非环保 and we have our own concerns here in the US
能源消费有自己的担心 with pollution and non-green consumption of power
这不是在针对其他某个国家 so this is not to point the finger at any other country,
在美国我们也有很多要改进的地方 we've got a lot to fix here in the US as well
但是全球变暖导致了冰山的融化 but the global warming leading to the melting of
人类生态开始越来越关注 the glaciers. So human ecology starts to look more
人类对这些自然系统 and more at the human impact on these natural systems,
自然环境的影响 我第一次提到的时候 these natural environments and I mentioned
我给你们展示过这张幻灯片 the first time, I showed you this slide,
在不同领域的生态 从生物生态 that there has been a progression in terms of different
到人类生态 areas of ecology from bio-ecology to human ecology,
迈克逊谈到过的芝加哥学派还有其他学派 the Chicago school and some of the other schools
到社会生态 都出现了进步 that Michelson talks about to social ecology
最广的角度来说包括对人类 环境 关系 which is really the broadest in terms of including social,
生态上 那些 社会学上的 psychological, institutional,
心理学的 制度上的文化上的影响 cultural influences on people, environment, relations,
大多数都是关于生物学的 bio-ecology was pretty much all about biological
适应过程 人类生态学派 adaptation processes, the human ecology school,
人类 特别是芝加哥学派 the human, the Chicago school in particular was
都是很注重经济理论的 为什么 very much about economic theory and why it was
有些城市变得很有优势 that some cities grew in dominance,
从而其他的城市衰弱并变成 whereas other cities dwindled and became more
次级的 在人类生态学家研究 subordinate. So Chicago during the time that
芝加哥的时候 the human ecologists were studying Chicago
芝加哥突飞猛进地进步 it was growing by leaps and bounds,
人们都从其他地方移民而来 但是 people were migrating in but there were a lot of
在中西部和南部也还有很多其他的城镇 other towns in the mid west and the south
的人口会减少 因为人们 that were loosing population because people
为了工业工作都蜂拥涌进芝加哥 were flowing to Chicago for the industrial jobs
所以人类生态芝加哥学派是非常 so the human ecology Chicago school were very much
注重经济学的 他们开始 focused on economics and this is some of the data
注意这些数据 that they began to look at.
这是芝加哥城的同心区模型 They had this concentric zone
他们发现 model of the city of Chicago and what they found is
当你们离开了这个圈 that as you go out from this loop,
这是由高架列车环绕成了一个圈 which is where the elevated train forms a loop
在芝加哥的市中心 你们如果 in the downtown Chicago and you go out towards
去到郊外 就会发现犯罪率越来越低 the suburbs you get lower and lower rates of crime,
行为失调和健康问题出现得也越来越少 behavioral disorder and health problems.
所以那是人类生态的重要开始点 So that was kind of a major starting point for human
它是由芝加哥学派研究的 ecology as it was studied by the Chicago school of
为了增加从生物学到人类生态学的 folks and just to sort of expand on the variety
生态方法的多样性 of ecological approaches from biological to
那些主要是由社会学家和犯罪学家 human ecology which was driven largely
驱动到社会生态学的 by sociologists and criminologists to social ecology
它被Miller Alihan在1938年定义得更宽泛了 as it began to be defined as something broader
随后的这些书籍 by Miller Alihan in 1938 and some of these subsequent
都扩展了社会生态的概念 books that expanded on the idea of social ecology.
我们也有生态心理学这样的领域 We also have the field of ecological psychology
我们这周就会讨论它 that we're going to talk about this week,
行为设定理论 最后这个项目 behavior setting theory and finally the program
还有UCI的社会生态学院 and later the school of social ecology at UCI
它演变成了一种融合了 which evolved as kind of a development that
之前动态的发展 integrated those earlier trends.
现在迈克逊能在他第一章中 Now Michelson in his first chapter,
我们将会讨论人类生态 we're just going to talk about human ecology here,
我们不是在讨论社会生态 迈克逊 we're not talking about social ecology and Michelson
认定出4种不同的人类生态 identified four different varieties of human ecology
芝加哥学派就是第一种 with Chicago school being the first one,
那是非常占统治地位的 very economically dominated.
新正统学派 它认为 The Neo-Orthodox school, which argued that
芝加哥学派不够生物学的 the Chicago school wasn't biological enough,
它是过于经济学的从而导致它忽视了 it was too economic that it had left out
达尔文自然选择和适者生存的理论 Darwinian notions of natural selection and survival
新正统的生态学家尝试 of the fittest, so the Neo-Orthodox ecologists tried to
更注重生物学的概念 put even more emphasis on biological concepts.
社会领域的分析是人类生态的领域 Social area analysis was an area of human ecology
其中 社会学家开始关联上 where sociologists began to correlate for census tracks
城市的人口普查 人口因素 areas of the city, the relationships
例如社会经济地位 教育 between demographic factors like socioeconomic status,
和健康问题和行为问题的关系 education and health problems and behavioral problems.
这个学派更注重 So this school put a lot more emphasis on
那些人口学的社会驱动或者（听不清） those demographic social drivers or INAUDIBLE
健康疾病问题 还有 of disease and health problems and then the socio-
社会文化学派是一个非常有趣的 cultural school is a very interesting variant of
人类生态的变化 它认为其他的学派 human ecology, which argued that these other schools
忽视了标志性的地方的含义 had ignored symbolic place meanings,
人们会对某些地方产生心理上的感情 that people get psychologically attached to places
他们会经常保卫一个有历史意义的地方 and often they'll defend a historic neighborhood
即使那和他们的经济利益相悖 even though it's against their economic interests,
即使开发商给他们提供工作 even though developers are offering to bring in jobs
并会在那个地方建高楼大厦 and high-rises and build up there neighborhood,
人们也还是会反抗它 因为他们觉得 people will resist that because they feel
那会改变那个地区的质量和自然环境 that's going to change the quality and the nature of
我今天本节课主要讨论 their neighborhood. So the two schools that
的两个学派是 I'm going to focus on most today and in the course
一个是芝加哥学派 are really the Chicago school,
它是开始的时候 which was the beginning and
还有这个社会文化学派 then this socio-cultural school because it ties
因为它联系上一些我们 in a lot with some of the things
在这个课程中会讨论到的东西 we're talking about in this course.
这是芝加哥学派生态学家 This is the concentric zone model that the
提出的同心区模型 Chicago school ecologists came up with.
他们说这个区接近城市中心 They called this zone close to the city center the zone
是个过渡阶段的区域 有很多上班人士的住所 in transition and then the on of working man's homes
和居民区 也是通勤带 and the residential zone and then the commuter zone
很接近郊外的 where more of the affluent suburbs were
这个同心区模型能够驱动他们 and this concentric zone model sort of drove everything
做的所有事情 他们如何组织自己的研究 they did, how they organized their research
还有他们在寻找什么 and what they looked for.
当他们对知道 So when they were interested in knowing,
住在市中心对于人们 you know, what's the effects of living in the center
生病或者患上行为失调的 of the city on your likelihood of getting sick or
影响感兴趣 having a behavioral disorder?
他们使用这种分区的方法 They took this kind of zonal approach
分析这些例子 and some examples of that is here,
他们对1922年到1931年间芝加哥 their analysis of schizophrenia rates,
每10万个成年人口中精神分裂症 mental illness in Chicago between 1922
和精神病出现率的分析 and 1931 per 100,000 adult population
你们可以看到市中心的这区域的颜色 and you can see the darker the areas here hear
要深点 那表示精神分裂症的出现 the center of the city the greater the prevalence
就越多 所以那是他们分析的一个例子 of schizophrenia. So that was one example of
其他的例子是 what they analysis, another example was
芝加哥那些年间的过期还款比率 delinquency rates in Chicago during these years,
他们发现 如果离开那个区域 where again they found this decreasing rate
这个比率就会下降 of delinquency as you went outside the loop,
市中心和这个区域四周 the center of the city and this zone around it
他们觉得这些负面影响的一个原因 and one of the reasons that they felt that these negative
是因为很多的移民者 effects were happening is because many of the migrants
在当时从农村 into Chicago at the time were coming in
进入芝加哥 from rural areas
在农村他们几乎没有 where they had very little capacity, coping capacity
应对城市生活的压力的能力 to deal with the stresses of urban life.
所以他们习惯了耕地的生活方式 So they were used to an agrarian lifestyle
他们进入到城市中 and they're coming into a city
就会被期待要获得一份工厂里的工作 where they're being expected to take industrial jobs,
在装配线上工作 并且熟悉整个 work on assembly lines and get used to a whole urban
他们之前并不熟悉的城市基础设施 infrastructure that they weren't used to
那些人要比城市中的其他人更脆弱的 and so those folks were more vulnerable than other
其他人都前往 in the city that had managed to work their way out to
郊区 释放压力 the suburbs and had pulled themselves up, you know,
在他们移民几年之后 some years after they migrated but
但是当你们作为移民者首先进入城市中 when you first come into a city as an immigrant your
你们就会更加脆弱 所以他们推断 much more vulnerable, so they reasoned that
那些进入城市的人都 those individuals coming into the city that had
只有有限的经济资源来支付居住 limited economic resources wound up living
在质量不是很好的破旧公寓的开支 in dilapidated apartments that weren't very good quality,
他们因为重新安置并且 they were under a lot of stress from relocation having
要适应新的经济方式而受到压力 to get used to a new type of economy.
那就是为什么 他们解释 在市中心 So that's why, they explain, you had more disorder
会有更多的失调 因为市中心对进来的人们 in the center of the city because that was a magnet
是个磁石 有吸引力 他们需要低租金 for people coming in that needed low rents,
他们需要接近市中心 they needed to be close to the center of the city
但是他们是最不能够 but they were the least able to, kind of,
进入芝加哥富裕地区的 make their way into more affluent parts of Chicago.
所以 这些假设对芝加哥学派 So these assumptions here are really central to
提出的理论很重要 what the Chicago school was arguing.
首先 行为是被定义为正式的 First that behavior is defined as normal
当它与一个人在社会当中的 when it's consistent with the norms associated
角色保持一致的时候 with a person's roles in society,
如果你们习惯做一个农民 so if you're used to being a farmer or
或者你们喜欢居住在小城镇里 you're used to being in a small town
那里的人们都互相认识 where everybody knows each other and
然后你进入一个大城市 then you come into a big city and
然后像在小城市中那样和人们交谈 you try to talk to people like you were in a small city
他们会认为你们很奇怪 they're going to think you're odd or weird
因为你们没有适应 because you haven't adapted to the sort of
大城市的冷漠 impersonality of the big city.
所以人们会产生压力 因为他们 So people are under stress because they,
他们对于适应新环境有些困难 they're sort of having a hard time sort of adjusting to
压力是反应在他们无法 that new environment, the stress is reflected in failure
获得均衡上 to be able to reach equilibrium and
当城市改变他们的经济基础 when cities change their economic base,
例如芝加哥迅速地工业化 such as Chicago becoming rapidly industrialized,
带来大量的移民 what that does is it brings in a huge amount of
因为人们进来后 migrants migration and because people are coming in
就会变得很拥挤 他们 there's crowding they're not so well suited in
没有很好地适应城市的转变 coping with that transition very well,
他们更容易产生压力 they're more vulnerable to stress.
健康行为失调的最高率 So highest rates of health and behavioral disorders
出现在那个接近市中心的区域 are found in that zone in transition near the center
如果你们和这个城市离得越远 of the city and the rates increase
这个比率就会上升 as you go out further away from the city.
那些是芝加哥学派人类 So those are the major assumptions of the Chicago
生态范例的最主要的假设 school human ecology paradigm.
现在 我们知道了特殊的模型并不 Now we know that particular model doesn't work
适合很多城市 如果你们 very well for many cities, if you look at
观察洛杉矶的情况 how Los Angeles is organized there is not
在洛杉矶并没有一个中心城区 one central downtown in Los Angeles,
你们会在洛杉矶看到 rather you have a multi-notal city with a number
很多不同的中心区 of different downtown areas in Los Angeles,so that's
那就是芝加哥学派模型的限制之一 just one limitation of the Chicago school model.
芝加哥学派人类生态的假设 The assumptions of the Chicago school of
一部分是要证明 human ecology, partly to make the point that
在他们观察 there are a number of limitations in their deterministic
人类和环境之间的关系的决定性方式 way of viewing peoples relationships with
是有很多限制的 我在接下来几张幻灯片中 their environments, so what I'm going to do
将要做的就是分析 in the next few slides is unpack, you know,
这个特殊的范例或者世界观 how that particular paradigm or world view
是如何有限的以及如何得出 was limited and lead to some conclusions
那些不是很确定的结论的 that weren't necessarily warranted.
我们谈谈迈克逊认为 So lets talk a little bit about what Michelson viewed
是芝加哥学派的限制是什么 as limitations of the Chicago school.
首先 他觉得他们分析 First of all he felt that the way they viewed
环境的方式是不完整的 the environment was very incomplete,
他们注重人口普查跟踪和 they focused on census tracks and
城市的这些区域 但是他们没有 these zones of the city but they didn't really look
观察那些区域的 very much at what was in those zones
建筑的质量 in terms of the quality of the architecture,
还有人们对那些地方的感情 peoples attachment to those places,
你们知道有些种族的社区 you know there's some ethnic neighborhoods
人们并没有太多感情 that aren't very affluent that people get attached to
也并不满意 事实上 如果你们 and very satisfied with and in fact if you try to
尝试让他们搬出那些地方 move them out of those neighborhoods into
进入到所谓更好的环境 a so-called nicer environment
他们就不会感到压力 they don't like that they get stressed.
所以 他们分析环境的方式是不完整的 So they viewed the environment in incomplete terms,
他们更注重经济学和地理 very much focusing on economics and geography
而不是环境的特点 rather than other features of the environment.
他们往往会进行总水平的分析 They tended to take an aggregate level of analysis,
他们不想知道 they didn't really want to know very much about
人们认知 例如他们 peoples perceptions for example they wouldn't
不会考虑采访芝加哥的居民 have thought to interview residents of Chicago
当他们进入城市时的压力水平 as they moved into the city about their stress levels,
例如Sheldon Cohen在卡内基梅隆研究感冒时 like Sheldon Cohen did in the Carnegie Mellon study
做的 所以他们一点也不想要 of colds, so they were not at all willing to
分析心理和主观的因素 look at psychological and subjective factors,
只有主观的自然环境 it was only the objective physical environment
他们是感兴趣的 他们有这些精确的 they were interested in. They had these rigid
学科界限 事实上 我 disciplinary boundaries, in fact I took a course
和阿莫斯霍利上的课 他是 with Amos Hawley, who was a proponent of
新正统学派支持者 the Neo-Orthodox school
当我在研究院的时候 他的观点是 when I was in graduate school and his view was
态度 情绪和心理概念 that attitudes and sentiments and psychological notions
完全是在人类生态的范围之外的 were completely outside the bounds of human ecology,
它是一个总人口水平的领域 it was an aggregate population level field
那就是它的样子 你们没有尝试结合 and that's the way it was, you didn't try to combine
那些水平 他们非常关注 those levels. Also they were very much focused
这个同心区的疾病理论 on theorizing about this concentric zone theory
但是他们从来没有使用它 of disease but they never got around to applying it
并尝试减少疾病或者减少行为上的问题 in a way to try and reduce disease or reduce behavioral
所以这些就是迈克逊在他的 problems. So these were the kinds of limitations
关于芝加哥学派的书中集中说明的 that Michelson zeroed in on in his chapter about
他的观点是 the Chicago school and his view was
更重要的是要去分析 that it's more important to look at
人们是否觉得他们适应周遭的环境 whether people feel that they fit their environments,
环境是否提供他们所需要的 whether the environment provides what they need.
所以 为了一致他讨论了这个 So he talked about this as congruence,
他们是否是名人 他们的社会道德 whether they're personality, their social morays,
他们的心理环境与他们所需要的是 their physical environment were matched to
对应的 所以他实际上更是一个 what they needed. So he was much more
社会学家 迈克逊对了解那些 as a sociologist, Michelson was much more interested
主观因素更加感兴趣 in knowing those kind of subjective factors
事实上 迈克逊在UCI教了2年 and in fact Michelson taught here for two years
在80年代的时候 at UCI back in the eighties,
他现在是在多伦多大学 he's now at the University of Toronto.
可以证明芝加哥学派的一个好例子就是 A good example of this limitation of the Chicago school
Walter Fiery的的人类生态学 is Walter Fiery's socio-cultural school
的社会文化学派 of human ecology,
强调人们对地方的 which emphasis symbolic and sentimental attachments
符号的情绪的依赖 而不只是空间的 that people have to places rather than just economic
经济功能 所以发生的是 functions of space. So what happened is
在波士顿的这个舒适古雅的区域 that in this cozy, quaint neighborhood in Boston
你们可以看到很多殖民时期风格的建筑 where you have a lot of colonial style architecture
还有很多历史的意义 and a lot of historical meanings you know
从殖民时期开始 from the colonial period on,
那里的居民被侵略 the residents there were offended
开发商进入并建造了很多的 when a developer came in an wanted to put in high rise
高楼大厦和零售店中心 apartments and retail shopping centers
因为他们觉得这会改变这个区域的 because they felt it would change the character of
特点 你们社区的特点 their neighborhood, character of your neighborhood
是一个心理学的主观的东西 is really a psychological subjective thing,
它不是社区的经济价值 it's not the economic value of the neighborhood
甚至人们都不这么觉得 so much as how people feel about it.
他也给出了波士顿公园的例子 He also gave the example of the Boston Common
你们可以看到这些房地产的黄金地段 where you have this prime parcel of real estate
它们从来没有因为经济原因而被开发过 which has never been developed for financial reasons
它们被当作开放空间一样保护 instead it's been preserved as a kind of open space
包含了它的殖民地时期的意义和历史意义 with all of it's colonial meanings and historical meanings
它是波士顿很珍贵的地区 and it's a very treasured part of the city of Boston.
在灯塔山的居民和开发商产生了 So in Beacon Hill the residents actually militated
冲突 他们组织了灯塔山的 against the developers, they organized the Beacon Hill
社区联合会 他们和经济发展战斗 Community Association and they fought the economic
并且把它排除在外 development and kept it out,
Fiery的观点是 这些心理上的和 so Fiery's point is that often these psychological
文化上的经济利益 and cultural issues trump economic interests
它们可以比人们的财政利益更加 they can be more influential than peoples financial
有影响 也就是说 interests, which was something
芝加哥学派不能想象的 that the Chicago school would not have envisioned
因为对他们而言 经济驱使了 because to them economics drove
这个城市和波士顿的北部地区所发生的事情 what happened in the city and the north end of Boston,
也就是意大利的围地 which is an Italian enclave is also
也是一种环境 你们可以看到 a kind of environment where you'd look at it
你们会说那并不是什么美妙的地方 and you'd say well that's not a very fancy place,
街道很狭窄 人们住在商店的上面 the streets are narrow, people live above their shops
所以会有些土地是混合使用的 so you have a lot of mixed use lands, land use there
如果你们尝试将那些少数族裔的居民 and yet if you tried to move those ethnic residents
搬出波士顿的北部 搬到波士顿的 out of the north end of Boston into the suburbs
郊外 他们就会生恨 of Boston they would hate it,
你给了他们一块土地 you give them a whole acre,
一个独立的公寓 a single unattached dwelling,
他们不会喜欢那样 他们更喜欢这个 they wouldn't like that, they prefer this close proximity
近距离互动的区域 因为他们的文化 of interaction because their culture
和他们的个性 and their personalities
更加适合近距离的人际空间 are more tuned to that sort of close personal space
混合的活动就是他们生活方式的一部分 and mixing activities is part of their lifestyle.
所以他们适合 So they are fitted,
他们更加适合那样的环境 they are very fitted to that environment,
他们有高度的一致性 they have a high level of congruence
然后如果你把他们置于郊外 他们就会觉得 whereas if you put them in a suburb they feel out
出于同样的原因 如果你们 of sorts, by the same token if you took affluent
分析大量的郊区居民 你们把他们搬到 suburbanites and you moved them into the north end
北部去 他们就不会那么喜欢了 they might not like that so much
因为他们之前习惯了不同的东西 because they're use to something quite different.
Michelson的观点是 这些主观的因素 So Michelson's point was that these subjective factors
人们想要什么 in terms of what people want,
不管他们认为自己承受了压力 whether they perceive they're stressed or
还是他们认为自己是否适应 whether they perceive there is a fit between
自己对环境的需要 what they need from the environment or not those
那些对理解人们 are what really matter in terms of understanding
的健康和环境方面是重要的 people's health and their behavior.So
我们把它称为社会文化学派的人类生态 we call this a socio-cultural school of human ecology
是由 Walter Firey开始的 which was begun by Walter Firey
当迈克逊讨论系统间的一致性 and when Michelson talks about intersystem
和经济决定论的时候 他指的是 congruence vs. economic determinism he means
经济系统只是 that the economic system is only one part of
人类生态体系或者人类城市的一部分 the human ecosystem or the human city.
还有文化系统 There's the cultural system,
那是行为系统 there's the behavioral system,
还有心理系统或者人们本身拥有的 there's the psychological system or personality
个性 所有那些都要 that people carry with them and all those have to
互相适应或者达到和谐 be kind of fitted together or in harmony
否则你们就会有压力或者失调 otherwise you get stress and disorder
这是灯塔山本来可能的样子 and this is what Beacon Hill might have looked like
如果开发商进入 他们得到 if the developers had come in and they had been
允许打造他们心中的灯塔山 permitted to build up Beacon Hill they wanted to.
你们会得到很多的高楼大厦 You would have had this sort of atmosphere
那些在波士顿的西部已经有的 of high rises, which you have in the west end
那就是接近灯塔山地区开发的 of Boston that's what developed adjacent to
但是那是在灯塔山外边的 Beacon Hill but it was kept out of Beacon Hill.
那的居民能够预先阻止 So the residents were able to forestall that
并保持历史的殖民特点 and keep the kind of historical colonial character
并且避免那些 of their neighborhood without the intrusion of
新的经济发展的侵蚀 those new economic developments,
而经济发展会带来很多的就业机会 which would have brought a lot of jobs,
会给这个区域带来很多收入 it would have brought a lot of income to
但是它会破坏那些人们对于 the neighborhood but it would have damaged those
这个区域所拥有的意义 meanings that people had about the neighborhood.
所以为了总结这个 So just to summarize and this builds on
这是基于迈克逊认为芝加哥学派的限制之上的 what Michelson viewed as limitations of the Chicago
他们过度地强调了经济 school, they really over emphasized economic
和生物上对人们健康的行为的决定性 and biological determinants of wellbeing
影响 它常常会忽视掉心理上的 and behavior and tended to ignore psychological
和文化上的影响 还有 and cultural influences as well as law
法律和道德上的因素 也会忽略掉 and ethical concerns and the neglected symbolic
象征的地点含义 例如人们和他们的地方 place meanings like how attached people feel
的感情 还有这些感情 to their places and how important those attachments
对他们是多重要的 那些有时是比 are to them and those are sometimes more powerful
经济或财政利益更有力的 than economic or financial interests and the Chicago
芝加哥学派也没有提出 school also failed to address
什么是经济生产的具体开支 what were termed externalized costs of economic
那表示 当你们有一个工厂并拥有 production and that means when you have a factory
某一块区域的时候 that lays claim to a particular area
它会排除工业废气 居住在工厂 and it's spewing smoke and the people living near
附近的人们 这点和住在芝加哥中心的 that factory as was often the case in the central part
人们一样 住在工厂附近的人们 of Chicago, people living near the factory are
会生病 没人能够指望公共健康的开支 getting sick, nobodies accounting for those public health
这个公司赚了很多钱 costs. The companies making a lot of money
但是社会却掩埋了治疗那些疾病所花的开支 but the society is burying the cost of all that illness
由于污染 because of the contamination and
还有你们今天看到的 这些 you could look today and say well this is sort of
就是在中国发生的 苹果公司就是这样 like what's happening in China with the production
因为在那里有好些工厂 of Apple products because you've got some factories
人们在非常极端的条件下工作 over there where people are working under very
现在还有很多的抗议 severe conditions and there's a lot of protest now
说苹果正在克服那些 that Apple's trying to grapple with in terms of
使得工人的花费内在消化掉 how do you internalize some of the cost of the workers,
你们如何改善工作条件 how do you improve their working conditions
从而他们就不会工作得那么紧张 so that they're not under so much strain
即使那个公司是世界上最成功的公司 even though the company itself is the most successful
是最赚钱的公司 company in the world, it's the most profitable
并且仍然在继续上升的 company and shows no signs of letting up
所以这些生产的外在成本 so what about these issues of externalized costs
还有环境不公的问题怎么样了 of production and issues of environmental injustice?
当我们说芝加哥学派忽视了地方的 When we say that the Chicago school ignored symbolic
象征含义的时候 这些就是例子 能证明有影响 meanings of places these are just some examples of
的地方对我们每天生活的意义是什么 how influential place meanings are in our everyday lives.
这是印度的庙宇或者是耶路撒冷的 So you've got this Hindu temple or the western wall
庙宇的西墙 犹太人用来祈祷的 of the temple in Jerusalem with Jewish people praying
那是世界上 at the western wall it's one of the most contested
最有争议的房地产地区 parcels of real estate in the world
因为有3个主要的宗教 because you have three major religions that
都和耶路撒冷有历史的渊源 have historical meaning associated with Jerusalem
但是你们看到有很多信徒到麦加去朝圣 but you've got the INAUDIBLE pilgrimage to Mecca,
这些西雅图东西部的图腾 these north western totems in Seattle,
所有这些都展示出了非常大的力量 all of these are showing the tremendous power
价值 都是地方对人们的意义 and value that place meanings have for people,
不只是环境的经济方面 it's not just the economic aspects of the environment,
而是环境从文化上和符号上表达的 it's what the environment conveys culturally
当你们去越南纪念馆 and symbolically. When you go to the Vietnam
那有一种人们适应的行为 memorial there's a certain kind of behavior that
非常虔诚 触摸那些石头 people adopt there, very reverent, touching the stones
它不是像是我们在这节课开始时那样的环境 it's not an environment like we have the beginning
人们都在交谈 of class were people are conversing and sort of
你们会了解别人 you know getting to know each other,
一起笑 那是非常沉闷的环境 laughing it's a very somber environment
因为那个纪念馆的符号上的力量 because of that symbolic, enormative power of
美国总统办公室的力量 that memorial. The Oval Office conveys power
和权威 它就是这样设计的 and authority just the way it's structured and
所有那些办公室里的符号的力量 all the symbols of power in that office.
你们还看到澳大利亚足球场 Here you've got an Australian soccer field
这个禁止吸烟的符号 where this no smoking emblem is being
被用来给人们传递信息 used as a message to people in the stands to
用来阻止他们吸烟的行为 try to discourage their smoking behavior,
他们使用了足球场的自然环境 so they're using the physical environment of
并且发出一些符号性的信息 that field to send out some symbolic messages
用来宣传健康信息 to promote healthfulness.
我们谈论过这个垃圾桶 We talked about this trashcan that
因为那是用图像的 它的样子 because it's image-able and it's decorated seems to
看起来像是吸垃圾的磁铁 它比垃圾桶吸引的 serve as a magnet for trash, it attracts a lot more
垃圾还要多 trash deposits than trashcans that haven't been
那并不是在相似的地方的 decorated in similar locations.
有栏杆的墙上 Walls that have bars on them, windows that
和窗子不只是 have bars that is not just a physical feature to
阻止人们进来的自然特点 它也是 keep people out it's a symbolic cue that
人们担心犯罪危险和受害的符号标志 people are concerned about danger of crime,
有时候 这些符号 victimization and sometimes those symbols
可以让这个社区更加危险 can make the neighborhood even more dangerous
因为四周逛的人们往往会更加担心 because people tend to go around more worried,
他们不和别人交谈 they don't talk to each other,
他们不会产生友谊 they don't form friendships.
装饰的宿舍房间里 你们每个人 The decorated dorm room where each of you
把东西挂到墙上 in your rooms, you're putting things up on the wall
并且表达出你们对什么 to try to send some messages about
感兴趣 在那样一个空间里 what your interests are, who you are as a person
你们是怎样的一个人 living in that space.
装饰的会议室里 The decorated conference room
你们看到在这工作的人的标志 where you have these symbols of who works there
他们曾经取得什么样的成就 and what there achievements have been and
认为这些小隔间的工作环境是非常枯燥的 these cubicle work environments as very sterile
并且很难在里边工作 但是老板 and difficult to work in but the employees do
会尽其所能地让它们人性化 everything they can to try to personalize those to
尝试让它们充满意义 try to make them symbolically meaningful by you know,
通过带来他们的照片 他们的气球 brining their own pictures, their own balloons,
他们的生日庆祝活动 their birthday celebrations, what have you.
所有这些都是例子 能证明自然环境 All of these are examples of how the physical
如何与心理和文化含义 environment is layered with psychological
分层的 那些含义 and cultural meanings and those meanings
有时候要比经济因素和 sometimes have even more impact on us
物质因素更加有影响力 than the financial aspects or the material observable
现在 生产的具体花费的概念 aspects. Now what is this notion of externalized costs
我们已经说了一点 of production and we already said a little bit about
它的含义 但是这是个更正式的定义 what that means but this a more sort of
就是当生产的花费 formal definition, it's when the costs of production
不是直接由产品的 are not paid directly
生产者承担的 by the producer of the product,
那样他们除掉了生产者 so in that sense they have shifted away
和具体的 或者 from the producer and externalized or borne
整个社会成员的负荷 by members of society as a whole such as
当住在受污染的工厂周边的居民 when people are getting sick living next to
生病了 所以这些人们 a contaminated factory. So these are the folks
承担了公共健康的花费 that bare the brunt of the public health costs
由生产的副产品引起的 caused by the by-products of production,
污染的空气 水和土壤 contaminated air, water and soil and
事实上在前20年间 there's actually been a fair amount of research
有很多的研究是关于环境的不公 in the last twenty years on environmental injustice
并尝试解释这些生产花费 and trying to internalize and account for these costs
这是南部的城镇 of production. So here's a southern town
在那里 公寓就在排出 where the apartments are right next to a facility
有毒烟雾的设施的旁边 here that's spewing out this toxic smoke
这些居民用在烟雾上的花费 and the cost of that smoke on these residents
在很多情况下都是具体的 is externalized in most cases
它们没有制成表和列入 they aren't being tabulated and factored
公司的花费 它们应该转化成 into the companies cost, they should be shifted back
公司的 因为是公司 to the company because the company is
引起了这些问题 那就是 causing these problems. So that's what's meant
具体化生产花费的意义 by externalizing the costs of production.
芝加哥学派没有注意到那些 The Chicago school gave no attention to those issues
人类生态的问题 in terms of the human ecology.
环境公平指的 不论人们的种族 Environmental justice refers to the fair treatment
肤色 国籍 收入 and meaningful involvement of all people regardless
他们的公平对待和有意义的参与 of race, color, national origin or income
至于环境法律 法规 with respect to the development,
和政策的发展 implementation and enforcement of environmental laws,
执行和实施 regulations and policies.
这本 Bullard Johnson的书是最早之一 This book by Bullard Johnson was one of the first,
这篇文章是在2000年 this is actually an article in 2000
但是他的书 在美国南部各州倾销 but his book Dumping in Dixie,
分析亚特兰大的非裔美国人社区 which looked at the African American neighborhoods
和白人社区 and white neighborhoods in Atlanta
比较它们的污染有多严重 and compared them in terms of how much contamination
是如何影响那两个不同的 was being exposed, was being foisted on the residents
社区的居民的 in those two different neighborhoods
他发现在少数种族的社区 and he found that in the minority neighborhoods
产生的环境压力和污染 it was much greater exposure and experience
要更为严重 of environmental stressors and toxins.
所以这是他的第一本书 在美国南部各州倾销 So this is his first book Dumping in Dixie,
种族阶级 环境质量 race class and environmental quality,
这些都是Bullard在他的研究中 these are some of the states in which Bullard
所做的大部分内容 has done much of his research.
他驻扎在克拉克亚特兰大大学 He's based in Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta,
这些是他写的其他书籍 关于环境 Georgia and these are some of the other books
公平 交通 种族主义 that he's written about environmental justice,
和高速公路上的抢劫 transportation, racism and highway robbery
还有这些高速公路的发展是如何影响 and how these developments of highways impact
城市的少数民族群的 minority members of the city much more
要比对富人的影响还要巨大 dramatically and negatively than people
也更加负面 现在环境种族主义 who are better off. Now environmental racism is
是环境不公的特殊种类 a particular type of environmental injustice
因为它是关注种族的问题 because it's focused on the issue of race.
任何环境政策 惯例和指示 Any environmental policy, practice or directive
那些都有不同的影响和劣势 that differentially affect or disadvantages,
不管是有意的还是无意的 个人的 whether intended or unintended, individuals,
或者是由种族和肤色区别的群体或社区 groups or communities based on race or color;
环境种族主义是环境不公的一种形式 environmental racism is a from of environmental
所以你们可以看到在性别方面也有 injustice. So you can have environmental injustice
环境不公 如果女性被要求 around gender if women were required to
住在工厂周边 那些也不是很健康的 live in facilities that are not as healthful or
或者你们可以在宗教或种族的划分看到 you could have it based on religion or ethnicity not
在这个例子中 我们谈论的是 just race but in this case we're talking
种族划分的环境不公 about environmental injustice based on race
如果Bullard的研究导致的是 and one if the things that Bullard's research has led
他关于环境种族主义的概念 to is the infusion of his ideas about environmental
灌输到环境法规中去 racism into environmental regulations.
我们现在有了环境保护机构 So we now have the environmental protection
那要求在城市地区的任何发展 agency that requires any development in an urban area
从而减少由环境种族主义引起的潜在的花费 to mitigate potential costs due to environmental racism.
所以他在很多年前开始的 So something that he started with many years ago
对很多人来说 讨论环境 and which to many people sounded like
种族主义听起来过于夸大 an exaggeration or hyperbole to talk about
现在在我们的文化和法规中 environmental racism, it's now been accepted
它已经得到了接受 in the culture and into our regulations,
社会公平运动已经包含了 where the social justice movement has been combined
环境保护机构运动 with the environmental protection agency movement
现在 为了环保 在我们的法律中 and we have much more reflection about these ideas
我们对这些和环境公平有关的概念 on environmental justice in our regulations now
有更多的反映 这是 for environmental protection and this is
正在进行的示威 它反对环境种族主义 a demonstration going on to protest environmental
记得我给你们展示过这个特殊的 racism. You remember I showed you this particular
例子 我们研究了噪音对 example where we studied the effects of noise
在飞机跑道下去上学的儿童的影响 on children going to school under the flight path
在之前的幻灯片中 没有这个标题 and the earlier slide didn't have this byline but here
但是这里我们列了出来 它是环境不公的 we're sort of tabbing it as a potential reflection
一种反应或者例子 or example of environmental injustice.
那是可能有助于解释 So that's a factor that might help account
机场噪音的空间分布 for the spatial distribution of airport noise
还有城市地区的孩子血压 and children's blood pressure in urban areas.
你们没有发现在这样的情况下 洛杉矶的 So you don't find this situation in most affluent areas
大多富裕地区 事实上 当奥兰治县的 in LA and in fact when the Orange County
管理者想要建造一个新的国际机场 supervisors wanted to build a new international airport
在旧的海军机场上 5号 at the old marine airport where the 5
和405高速公路连接进这个社区 and the 405 highways come together this community,
因为那比洛杉矶南部中心要更富 because it was more affluent than south central LA
它能阻止和灯塔山一样的 was able to block that development just like in
发展 灯塔山是个更富的社区 Beacon Hill which was a more affluent neighborhood,
社区委员会已经阻止了他们不想要的发展 the community association blocked the developments
在这个县里 居民们起来反抗 they didn't want. So in the county the residents rose up
他们不想要什么国际机场 and instead of an international airport
只想要一个好的公园 奥兰治县的公园 we have a great park, the Orange County Great Park
但是稍微穷的社区并不能 but the fact that less affluent neighborhoods aren't
阻止那些 不可取的土地使用 able to block those undesirable land uses is
是环境不公的反映 a reflection of environmental injustice.
那就是Bullard讨论的 So that's what Bullard is talking about
芝加哥学派的人类生态学家 and that's something else that the Chicago school
还忽略了一些东西 human ecologists totally ignored.
这是 Bullard研究的另一个例子 This is another example of Bullard's research
他进入休斯顿 并将 where he went into Houston and he tabulated garbage
垃圾焚化炉和垃圾填埋场制成表 incinerators and municipal landfills
并发现那些都是有位置的 and the found out were those are located
绝大多数的不可取的土地使用 and the vast majority of those undesirable land uses
都是坐落于这些少数人的社区里的 are located in these minority neighborhoods.
这里还有一个白人社区 There's one here where you have a white neighborhood,
你们在这看到少数民族居民 what you see here is the disproportionate exposure
在不可取的土地使用上的不成比例的分布 of minority residents to these undesirable land uses.
他也完成了那些研究 展示了 He also did research that showed that in the,
在密西西比河 当它流进新奥兰多的时候 along the Mississippi River as it flows to New Orleans
流进海湾 他们把这个叫做癌症路 and into the Gulf, they call this cancer alley
因为当污染出现在密西西比河的时候 because as the pollutants build up in the Mississippi
它流往南部 住在这些少数种族 River as it flows south, the people that live in
城镇的人们都从事 these small largely minority towns are engaged
航运或者与河流有关的活动 in shipping and river related activities
他们经常受到高强度的 and they're exposed to a very high concentration
致癌物的污染 所以住在 of carcinogens and so the people
河流附近的人们 living close to the river,
在这些地方工作的人们患癌症 working in those occupations have a much higher rates
和其他疾病的机率要更高 of cancer and other health problems
因为他们必须要居住在这里 because of their having to live in areas
他们才能找到工作 但是他们是受到污染的 where they can get jobs but they're contaminated
所以Bullard将这点作为另一个重要的环境 so Bullard refers to this as another important aspect
不公的方面 最后 of environmental injustice and finally just to return
回到我们开始的那个问题 to an issue that we started with
当我们讨论学科时 when we talked about disciplines
你们如何将学科间的事实结合从而 and how you combine disciplinary facts to get broader,
获得更多跨学科的理论 multidisciplinary theories.
Bullard的理论表明了 What Bullard's theory did is it showed,
我们知道自然致癌物 you know we knew that exposure to physical
例如空气 水的污染物的暴露 carcinogens like air and water pollution
会提高癌症的出现率 can elevate cancer rates.
我们从公共健康就知道了 但是 We know that from public health but
他的研究 他把这个放到了更加宽泛的 what his research did, is he put this in broader social
社会背景下 他增加了社会的事实 还有 contexts he added a social fact along with the physical,
自然环境 生物医学的事实 所以 environmental, biomedical fact so that knowing
了解环境种族主义 它是否存在于 about environmental racism whether it exists in
一个社区或者社会中能帮助解释 a community or society or not can help explain
和定位这些过程在哪里 and target, locate where these processes are
发生会更加有效和可靠 happening much more efficiently and reliably.
通过增加环境种族主义 So by adding environmental racism
你们会对整个现象有更广的理解 you get a broad understanding of that
所以 就那样而言 whole phenomenon so in that sense
这是公共健康研究的跨学科扩展 it was a kind of interdisciplinary expansion of
包括这个环境 public health research by including this concept
种族主义的概念 of environmental racism