之前说过 我现在要回放 All right, so as I said I am just going to recap
一下上周的前四张幻灯片 a little bit the first four slides from last week.
我今晚上传的不包括这几张 These won't be the slides that I will upload tonight,
只是再提醒一下 but just so you are all reminded,
这里是课程的教职人员信息 this is our staff for the class.
可以放下一张了 And you can go to the next one.
我们课程的网站很重要 The web site for the class is really important.
所以你们应该多关注一下 So we want you to use this quite a bit.
网站上有课程指南 The study guides are up there;
你们要下载的第一个课后作业 the first assignment that you will download to
关于认知地图的作业这里也有 "take home", assignment of cognitive mapping is there.
网站上有很多有意思的链接 And there is a lot of interesting links up there.
还有很重要的一点 如果关于课程 And very important: when you have a question
有什么问题 可以发到这个gmail地址 about anything in the class go to this gmail address.
environmentalpsych@gmail.com It is called environmentalpsych@gmail.com.
我们每天都会查看邮箱 And we are monitoring that every day
尽快给你们回复 and we will get back to you quickly.
这是获得快速反馈的最好办法 And that is the best way to get a fast response.
我们也会把课程通知放到上面 And we will be sending out class announcements
所以这也是网站的一个用处 so it will serve that way as well.
你们还能在这里看到课程阅读材料的链接 And you got your link to course readings up there
课后我也会把课程的 PPT放上去 and to the lecture slides that I post after class.
阅读材料文件夹的网页是这样的 This is what the web files folder readings looks like.
希望你们都能连接上去 Hopefully all of you are getting to those ok
下载文件没有问题 and downloading the readings without any problem.
最后这里是我们的 And finally, our paperback text
纸质课本 if you want to buy them.
如果你们想买的话 书店里有 They are at the book store or they are on library
可以在图书馆预订 或者也可以到 reserve or also at Planning Policy and Design
政策规划和设计系办公室看看有没有 Department Office if you want to check them out there.
如果想要的话 兰斯顿图书馆有 Langston library if you want to get them there.
上节课我说到了环境心理学 So last time I was talking about how the field
领域在我们的社会生态学院 of environmental psychology is situated
中的位置 within our school of social ecology.
有几个假设是 And there are a number of common assumptions
学院的各个分支共有的 that all of our fields within the school share,
不管是犯罪学 规划 whether in criminology, planning,
心理学还是其他领域 psychology what have you.
社会生态学院的宏观目标 And the broad mission of school social ecology,
你在工作面试 if you're ever going to a job interview
或者研究生申请的时候可能被问到 or applying to grad school, they ask you
什么是社会生态学 你可以说 what is social ecology; you can say
学院的目标 是训练学生 it is a school that aims to train students to analyze
从宏观生态学角度 research and policy questions from
分析研究和政策问题 a broad ecological perspective, integrating multiple
综合多学科 将理论 调查 disciplines and linking theory and research
与社区问题的解决联系起来 with community problem solving.
这是社会生态学院 So those are shared by all of our different fields
各个领域的共同点 within the school of social ecology.
我们三个系 And the way we are structured
的结构是这样的 with our three departments is that.
我们经常鼓励学生关注 We often encourage students to look for the overlaps
各系重合交叉的部分 or the interface between our different departments.
如果你看一下中间这块黑色区域 So if you look at this middle dark area here,
你可能会有这样的问题 you might have a question like this,
如果我设计一个失当的环境 "if I design a dysfunctional environment,
比如把学校放在机场航线下 like a school under an airport runway
或者把公寓楼建在高速公路边 or an apartment building over an expressway,
这会对人的行为 what kind of factors, what kind of influence
对学生在教室里的学习 is that gonna have on people's behavior,
产生怎样的影响 their learning in classrooms; what kind of effect
这会对人的血压和健康产生怎样的影响 is it gonna have on blood pressure and health;
以及这会为犯罪 and finally what kind of opportunities
创造怎样的机会? does it create for crime?
因为我们很多物理环境 Because a lot of our physical environments
都比所谓的"可防卫空间" actually are conducive to more victimization
环境更容易产生 and crime than environments
侵害和犯罪 that we call defensible space environments.
我们待会儿会说一说可防卫空间 So we are gonna talk about defensible space a bit later
但是你们可以看到我们学院各系 but you can see how the different departments
的联系在哪里 or areas of our school come together that way.
今天我要讲罗歇 Today I will be talking about the Rochet
和格罗斯曼关于肥胖的文章 and Grossman article on obesity.
我们会把肥胖当做一个 We will talk about obesity as a social community
和环境心理学密切相关 problem that has a lot of environmental
的社会问题来讨论 psychological aspects to it.
当我们说从宏观社会生态学角度 And when we talk about looking at health problems
看待健康问题 from a broad social ecological perspective,
我们就是假定会从 we are immediately assuming we are coming at it
不同的角度看待该问题 from different perspectives;
使用多层次的方法 we are bringing a multilevel approach.
发展心理学家可能会从家庭环境和父母影响 So developmental psychologist might look at a child's
的角度看待一个儿童的成长 development within a home environment with parents,
但是生态发展心理学家会关注 but an ecological development psychologist would
学校会如何 look at, how does school influences,
对家庭环境产生影响 impinge on home environment;
政治动荡或社区中的种族歧视 or how does political turmoil or environmental racism
如何影响儿童在家庭中的发展 in a community affect that child's development
所以这是多层次的 in the home. So it's multilevel.
研究对象是处于 And what you have is a child embedded
多层背景下的儿童 in many contextual layers.
我们要看的是这些背景 So we are looking at how does different contexts
如何一起作用于我们的研究对象 jointly affect what are we studying,
不管是犯罪 成长还是其他现象 whether it's crime, development, any other phenomenon.
我们讲过系统理论 We talked about system theory;
关于这点我下周还要深入讲 I'll go into that more next week.
这个理论基本上是 And basically it's looking at how people
关于环境中的人或生物如何达到平衡 or organisms in environment come to equilibrium.
当你搬进一个寝室的时候 So when you move into a dormitory
你希望寝室能提供的 you want to feel that there is a good fit between your
符合你的需求 needs and what that dormitory has to offer;
你想要达到一种和谐或平衡 you want to reach harmony or equilibrium.
但有时候有些系统 And sometimes we have systems that
会进入分化扩大的情况 go into deviation amplification.
就像富人更富 That would be things like, the rich get richer,
穷人更穷 数字鸿沟不断扩大 poor gets poorer, digital divide that keeps growing.
情况对处于鸿沟一侧的人 So people on the wrong side of the digital divide
越来越不利 get more and more disadvantage.
这就称为分化扩大 That is called deviation amplification.
并非所有的体系都能打到平衡 So not all systems go to equilibrium,
记住这点很重要 and that is important to remember.
我们还会讲到反馈环路 But we will be talking about feedback loops and how
系统不同因素如何相互依赖 these different system elements are inter-dependent,
以及我们在社区中 and what happens when we go to
进行介入后会怎样 do a community intervention.
我们真的会把事情弄得一团糟 And we really mess things up because
原因是我们以为我们的理论很好 we thought we had a good theory
但其实会引起各种意外的副作用 but we cause all kinds of unintended side effects.
有时候就需要系统性的方法 And sometimes you need a system approach
来阻止这种情况发生 to anticipate that.
如果没有宏观概念模型 If you don't have a broad conceptual model,
你可能会忽略这些意外的副作用 you might miss those potential unintended side effects,
我们举几个例子 so we will talk about how that happens
来讲解这种情况 with several examples.
最后要讲的是 在社区问题解决 And finally that application to community
和公共政策上的应用 problem solving, public policy;
我们把这称为行动调研观 we call that an action research perspective.
我们是为了采取行动而进行调研 We are doing research in service of action;
改善社会中某些方面 getting some things improved in society,
把理论和调研发现 translating the theory and research findings
应用于社区干涉 into community interventions.
大家都听明白了吗? Is everybody clear on that? Ok.
我们现在来讲肥胖的生态学 Now we will be talking about the ecology of obesity.
如何从生态学的角度看待肥胖 How can this be viewed from an ecological perspective
这个话题如何跟 and what's the environmental psychology
环境心理学相关? involved in this topic?
在讲之前 我要先给你们看几张 Before we do that we are gonna show you
动态地图 关于肥胖在过去几年 some animated maps of how obesity has become
是怎样变成了这个国家的一种危机的 a crisis in this country in the last several years.
你们有人可能已经在教学大纲页面 And some of you have may looked at these maps
就是第一周的页面上看到过这些地图了 on the syllabus page, the week one page,
但是它真的很形象地把这个问题表达了出来 but it puts the problem in graphic relief.
有多少人看过这些图? how many of you had a chance to look at those?
我们要讲讲你们看到的 So we are gonna talk about some of the implications
这几页东西有什么涵义 of what you see in those slides.
会很有意思 It's pretty interesting.
对 我们要看完 Yeah we can go through them.
只要点击播放 我觉得是在顶端 Just hit play. I think at the top.
这是1998 99年的情况 Ok here we go, so 1998, 99.
你们可以看到 随着各州颜色的变化 And what you see is as the colors of the states change,
我们的肥胖率在增长 we are going up to obesity.
从最开始的无数据或者浅蓝色 So as we go from no data or light blue,
美国人口的肥胖率不到百分之十 less than 10% of the population in states is obese.
而你们现在看到的是 第一个蓝色的州 What you are seeing now, that first blue state,
表示有15%-19%的人肥胖 到2010年 you got 15-19% obesity. And then by 2010 you've got
有这么多红色的州 肥胖率超过30% all these red states that are over 30% obesity.
现如今在美国 And it turns out in the US today,
整个国家有36%的人是肥胖的 36% of our population as a whole are obese.
肥胖率相当高 Ok that is a pretty high percent;
超过了人口的十分之三 it's over 30% of our population.
还有一点也很有意思 And what you see here is interesting too.
在东南地区 That in the southeast,
有聚集在一起很多州 you have a kind of cluster of states there,
这里是各种健康问题并发的地方 where there are a lot of health problems
不单是肥胖 that come together, not just obesity.
这些州的宫颈癌发生率更高 They have higher cervical cancer rates in those states.
肺癌的比率也更高 They have higher smoking cancer rates.
很多州种植烟草 做烟草生意 A lot of states grow tobacco and sell tobacco.
从环境生态学的角度 So it's interesting when you look at them
看待这个问题是很有意思的 in environmental ecological perspective.
你开始看到健康问题的分布 You start to see how these health problems
具有地域性 are actually distributed geographically.
如果你做一个地域信息系统分析 And if you do geographic information systems analysis,
就可以开始把这些州叠加起来 you can start to layer over those states and see
看看造成问题集聚 what factors might be accounting for
的因素可能有哪些 that cluster of problems.
你们看到的这几张幻灯片 So there is a lot of interesting implications
有很多有趣的涵义 of those slides as you look at them.
现在我们回到肥胖生态学那张 Now, let's go back to the ecology of obesity slide.
如果已经读过 If you have had a chance to read
第一周第一节课那篇 the Rochet and Grossman article
罗歇和格罗斯曼的文章 in the first week, the first class session,
它给出了一个看待肥胖的宏观生态学角度 that is taking a very broad ecological approach
因为这篇文章讲了 to obesity, because what it's saying is that
造成个人及整个人口肥胖 there is many different factors that can contribute
的多种因素 to obesity of individual or the population.
还有没有人记得可以共同作用引发肥胖的因素 Anybody recalls some of those factors
都有哪些? that come together to predict obesity?
请讲 什么? Yeah, pardon me?
女性参与工作 ok, women going to the work force.
很有趣的是 这一点 Interesting enough, that accounts for
造成了儿童肥胖的大幅上升 a large increase in children's obesity,
因为当父母都在工作的时候 because the food that kids are eating on the fly,
孩子们在匆忙中吃的食物 while their parents are working, isn't necessarily
不如父母都在家 as nutritious as what they are getting
或一方在家时那么有营养 when both parents or one parent is home.
那篇文章中提到的其他因素呢? Other factors that come up in that article?
没错 科技进步 Yeah, advances in technology,
那么包括那些呢? so what kinds of things?
很好 你叫什么? Good, what is your name?
阿曼达 我会一直问你们的名字 Amanda. I'm going to keep asking you guys' name,
所以现在就开始记住你们的名字 so we start to learn names.
大卫 谢谢 Ok David. Thank you.
有很多因素 从文章中 So there are a lot of things. What we know
我们知道 1960到1980年 from that article is between 1960-1980,
美国人口的肥胖率约为14% the obesity rate of the US population was about 14%;
从1980到2000年 激增到了约30% and then from 1980 to 2000 it has jumped to about 30%.
有很多调查试图找出肥胖率为什么会突然上升 So there was a lot of research looking at why
是哪些原因导致了1980到2000年间 did it jump, and what accounts for 2/3 of increase
美国肥胖率将近2/3的增长 in the US obesity rate between 1980 an 2000.
谁还记得?导致我们国家肥胖率 Anybody remember? 2/3 of that increase
上升了2/3的原因? in obesity in our country?
请讲 Yes?
有很多因素共同作用 A lot of those factors are working together,
但是其中有一个尤其显著 but there is one that stands out, really prominently.
那就是人们越来越依赖 It's people relying more and more on fast food
快餐及全服务餐馆 and even full service restaurants.
1980年以后美国人 So America started to go out for dinner,
开始出去吃饭 go out for food outside the home a lot more frequently
更频繁地不在家吃 from 1980 on, and that accounts for
这导致了肥胖率的大幅上升 a big jump in the obesity rate.
这也就是说 So what that's saying is, there is something going on
吸烟和过量饮食有关 between smoking and overeating.
有可能是当人不再吸烟的时候 And maybe people are compensating when
他们通过吃得更多来弥补 they are not smoking and they want to eat more,
来改善心情 to raise their mood.
有很多有趣的因素 So there are a lot of interesting factors there.
如何制定公共政策才能 How do you design public policies that get people
让人不吸烟 同时不引起肥胖? not to smoke, but also help to prevent obesity?
在解决一个问题的时候 So you don't have policies that are exaggerating
不能加重另一个问题 one problem and solving another.
那篇文章给我们呈现了对待社会问题 So that article presents a very broad multilevel
的一个高度宏观 多层次的生态学角度 ecological perspective on a social problem.
食品价格当然也是一个原因 在1980 Certainly the price of food, during the time
到2000年肥胖率增长的这些年里 that the obesity went up from 1980 to 2000,
食品价格下降 the price of food dropped and the supply of food
食物更加丰裕 was much more plentiful.
餐馆在加大分量 So you had restaurants sort of supersizing you,
还有电影院 and movie theaters.
我们来看几张相关的幻灯片 And we are gonna see a few slides about that.
这里是巨无霸汉堡 So there we have, the monster thick burger
含有1420卡路里 that has 1,420 calories.
可以看到卡尔星 You can see the Carl's Junior
双层六美元汉堡含1420卡路里热量 Double 6 dollar burger has 1420.
这比任何人在一顿饭中 It is way more than anybody would need
需要的热量都多得多 to eat in a particular meal. And the stuff
这种三明治的配料 that goes into that sandwich is not necessarily
也没什么营养 the most nutritious for you.
餐馆在提供大分量的食物 So restaurants are putting out big sizes.
不一定有营养但是量很足 Not the best food but it is plentiful;
能让人吃饱 大家喜欢这些安慰食品 it fills people up. They like it; it is comfort food.
这个人 摩根·斯普尔洛克制作了 And this guy, Morgan Spurlock did a documentary
名为《超码的我》的纪录片 called Super Size Me.
你们谁看过《超码的我》? How many have seen Super Size Me?
很多人都看过 A lot of you.
这人持续一个月只吃 So you know that for a whole month he went on
麦当劳的食物 早餐 午餐 晚餐 a McDonald's diet, for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
这人差点 我不知道他是不是差点死掉 And the guy almost, I don't know if he almost died,
反正他病得很厉害 but he got pretty sick. His liver enzymes
他变得肝酶异常 他女朋友求他 got messed up; his girlfriend was pleading with him,
"别再这么吃了 你会死的" "please go off this diet, you are gonna kill yourself."
"不行 我必须坚持 "No, no. I must go on.
我要制作记录片" I am doing this documentary."
他给我们展示的 But basically what he showed is that
基本上就是如果你这样吃一个月 if you stay on that type of diet for a month,
会对自己的身体系统造成严重的伤害 you do real damage to a lot of your body systems.
这是这部电影的一些宣传 So this is a little promotion for his movie.
在他进行试验的这一个月 And over the course of his experiment for a month
他会定期由医生检查身体 he got checked out pretty routinely by physicians.
他们给他测血压 And they monitored his blood pressure,
以及其他很多基本生理指数 and a lot of other basic physiological indicis.
他的身体状况下降很快 And he was going downhill pretty fast.
一开始的时候他觉得很恶心 When he first started this he was quite nauseous.
吃不下这些快餐 He really couldn't eat all that fast food.
后来他渐渐习惯了 And then as he went further he kind of got used to it.
但是他的身体开始出现各种症状 But his body started to show all the effects.
这不过是麦当劳的食品而已 It was just a MacDonald's diet,
但是情况越来越艰难 but he was getting more and more stressed
因为除了很难受 because in addition to how he felt,
他女朋友也在劝他别再这么吃了 his girlfriend was saying get off this diet,
为此还吵架了 so they had a little thing going on.
不 他不觉得自己能受得了 No, he didn't feel up to it.
我记得电影里他精力很差 As I remember the movie, he was fatigued
还有各种症状 he just showed a lot of signs.
这是个很有意思的例子 So it is kind of interesting example what happens
如果你吃那么多快餐会怎样 when you consume that much of food.
你们有人说到科技进步 Now, some of you mentioned technological changes.
当我们有了微波炉 就不用 When we have microwaves, we don't have to
在炉子边上忙活很久做一餐好吃的了 linger over the oven and cook a good meal.
我们就可以随便放点东西进去 We can toss something in, and get it done quickly
很快做好然后匆匆吃下去 and eat it fast on the fly.
很多时候这些食物 And that is not necessarily the best food
都对我们没有好处 for us in a lot of cases.
另一点就是随着计算机时代的到来 Another thing is that with the rise of computer age,
我们静坐的时候更多了 we become more sedentary.
当然之前我们也有电视 We had TV's before for sure, but now we are
但是现在我们很多工作都在电脑上完成 doing so much of our work on the computer,
不管是写邮件 文本还是写论文 whether it's email or texting or writing papers.
这就造成了久坐的生活方式 And so this has created a more sedentary lifestyle.
这些是造成 So these are some of the technological changes
我们之前提到的健康问题 that have created those health consequences
的技术变化 that we've been talking about.
坐在4号或5号高速公路 Sitting on the 4 or 5 freeway or
或者其他拥堵路线上的车里 some other congested route.
在像洛杉矶这样存在蔓延的城市 In sprawling cities like Los Angeles,
工作地点和 where you have jobs and housing
住处距离很远 spread way out from each other,
这时人口的肥胖率更高 the obesity rates in those populations are higher.
城市地理学家把蔓延城市和非蔓延城市 And the urban geographers attribute those differences
存在的这些差别归结为 in sprawl non-sprawl cities to the fact that
人们在路上开车的时候一直静坐不动 people are more sedentary in their cars commuting.
与乡村或非蔓延地区相比 They spend a lot more time commuting than people
人们会花大量时间再路上 in more rural or less sprawling neighborhood.
有一个例子 And this is an example.
弗拉姆金 弗兰克和杰克逊出了一本 Frumkin, Frank and Jackson did a book
关于城市环境对健康的影响的书 on the effects of urban environments on health.
他们发现 And what they found is
这些研究人员找到了能证明 These are the researchers that found that data about
城市蔓延度与人口肥胖率之间 the linkage between rates of sprawl in different cities
存在联系的数据 and the obesity of the population.
我们需要回到前面 等一下 We want to go back, just a minute.
引发这些现象的因素是什么? What are the things that cause for all?
土地利用格局是一点 One thing is land use pattern. If you
如果存在分散 搞城市研究的人会知道 have a separation, people in urban studies will know,
如果工作地点和住宿地点存在不平衡 if you have jobs housing imbalance,
大量住房分布在 where you have most of your housing in one part
社区一侧 而人们要 of the community, and people have to commute
坐很远的车上班 long distances to get to their jobs.
这样的社区融合不足 就会产生蔓延 It's not an integrated community; that creates sprawl.
另一个产生蔓延的因素 Another factor that creates sprawl
是交通构造 is transportation configuration.
如果街与街连接不畅 So if you have streets that aren't connected well,
人们不能很容易走过去 and people can't walk easily.
就必须坐车从一点到另一点 They have to take a freeway to get from point A to B,
因为没有充足的地面街道 because there aren't a lot of surface streets
让他们方便地走过去 that connect conveniently.
因此街道畅通度 So that street connectivity is another fact
是另一个造成蔓延的因素 that contributes to sprawl.
总结一下罗歇和格罗斯曼的文章 So summarizing over the Rochet and Grossman article,
他们发现这些因素 these are the factors that they identified
共同造成了1980到2000年间 as jointly contributing to the rise in obesity
美国肥胖率的上升 in the US between 1980 and 2000.
但是我们知道 问题到这里还没完 因为 But as we know, the problem is not over because we
从2000年到现在肥胖率从30%升到了36% went from 30% obesity in 2000 to about 36% now.
所以这仍旧是个大问题 So it is continuing to be a major problem.
所有这些因素 食品供应和价格 But everything from the supply and price of food,
餐馆的增加 快餐业的发展 the growth of the restaurant, fast food industry,
像微波炉和城市蔓延这样的新变化 new technologies, like microwave or urban sprawl,
运动的减少 香烟和烟草产品 less physical activity, greater taxes on cigarettes
更高的税率 虽然这对于 or tobacco products which are very effective
减少吸烟很有效 in getting people not to smoke,
却很奇怪地加重了肥胖 but they have this odd consequences for obesity.
还有妇女参加工作 And then even participation of women in labor force,
没有人会说这不好 可能有一些人会说 nobody would say it is bad, maybe some would.
但是很多人会说更多妇女 A lot of people would say it is good that
参加到工作中来很好 more women are participating in labour forces,
可以促进男女平等 greater parity between genders and labour force.
但是我们要考虑到 But we have to somehow come to grips with
从健康角度来讲 what that might be co-related with
这会造成什么相应的结果 in terms of some of these health issues,
以及在保持工作场所平等的条件下 and how do we tone down the health issues
如何减轻健康上的影响 while maintaining that parity in the workplace.
这会在公共政策中体现出来 That gets into round of public policies.
现在 对于不同的环境 Now environmental psychology comes in to the picture
如何使人更活跃 in terms of different environments
也涉及到了环境心理学 that invite people to be active.
这里是几张欧文的图 So these are some slides from Irvine.
我们看过了 And we saw that little parody,
关于住在欧文的嘲讽作品 about living in Irvine, the bubble.
这是伍德布里奇 欧文的一个住宿区 But this is Woodbridge, a community residential area
这里有人工湖 in Irvine, where you have got human made lake
还有优美的山峰 and you got a nice mountains that you can see them
你可以透过雾霭或在没有雾霭的时候看到 through smog or without the smog.
这是欧文的另一个地方 This is another neighborhood in Irvine called the
叫做大学园 这里有大片绿化带 University Park, which provides extensive green belts.
在课程的后半部分 And when we get to the second half of the course,
我们会讲到 we will talk about planning strategies
提升环境的规划策略 for enhancing environments.
你们会看到这些策略有些来自英国 You will see that some of these strategies come out of
十九世纪和二十世纪早期的城市规划 English urban planning in the 1800 and early 1900.
埃比尼泽·霍华德写了一本书《田园城市》 Ebenezer Howard wrote a book called The Garden City.
在埃比尼泽·霍华德看来 And according to Ebenezer Howard, the greatest good
一个社区的最大益处就是让人亲近自然 in a community was to expose people to nature.
他想要让人们从拥挤的伦敦各区走出来 He wanted to get people out of crowded areas of London
到英国的乡村去 and pull them into rural areas in England,
到那些居民不超过45000人的地方去 or areas that had no more than about 45,000 residents,
因为这些地方拥有高质量 because those would be high quality,
安全且滋润的环境 safe, nurturing environments. So you see
这一点也被美国的社区规划所吸收 that carried over in plan communities in the US.
许多规划人 比如欧文公司 A lot of planners, of the Irvine companies,
采纳了这些田园城市的想法 for example, took those Garden City ideas and put them
把它们用于欧文 加上凯文·林奇 right into Irvine, along with Kevin Lynch's ideas
关于城市意象性的想法 也就是如何 about urban "imageability", how do you create cities
建造出有强烈身份特征的城市之类的 that have strong identity and that type of thing.
好吧 有人可能会说这在欧文并没有实现 Well, some would say it didn't work in Irvine,
但是我们要讲讲凯文·林奇 but we will talk more about Kevin Lynch.
这是你们会做的第一个 That's the first exercise that you will do
关于他认知地图概念的练习 on his notion of cognitive mapping.
有没有哪座城市 Are there any cities that have been
是按照这本书的构想来建造的? modeled after the book?
有几座城市是根据凯文·林奇的书 There are a number of cities that have been modeled
《城市意象》来建造的 after Kevin Lynch's book, Images of the City.
我觉得欧文就是其中之一 And I would say that Irvine is one of them,
因为欧文公司的总裁 because the first president of Irvine Company,
雷·沃森 从伯克利获得了 Ray Watson, got his degree at Berkley
他的城市地区规划学位 读过凯文·林奇 in Urban regional planning, read Kevin Lynch,
来到欧文公司 雇用了 came to Irvine and hired urban designers to
城市设计者来实现他的想法 implement his principles.
随着课程进行我们还会举更多的例子 So we will see some examples as we go.
可步行性的意思是在一个城市里 The notion of walkability means how likely or easy
步行的可能性和难易度 is for someone to be a pedestrian in a city.
在欧文 社区采取了一项举措 And so here in Irvine one of the things that community
在隔离带种了很多树木 has done, they put in this median strip a lot of
以减缓学校附近的交通 planting to slow down the traffic near schoolyards,
而且人行道上也种了许多树 and they put a lot of trees along the sidewalks
这样人们就更愿意出门 so people like to be outdoors,
愿意在这个环境中步行 like to be walking in that environment.
当这种单一的 When you have this monolithic
你们有多少人到过洛杉矶市中心 how many of you have been near the Bonaventure Hotel
朋纳凡丘大酒店附近? in downtown LA?
那就是一种单一的水泥环境 You know, that is a kind of monolithic concrete
虽然从天空往下看感觉不错 environment, that looks good from the sky.
并且酒店和周围的高速路相辉映 And it relates well to the freeways,
但是如果你想在那里步行 非常困难 but if you are pedestrian there, it's really tough.
那不是一个适合散步的地方 It's not the most inviting place to walk.
所以这是一个不友好建筑的例子 So that would be an example of hard architecture,
至少酒店的外面是这样的 at least the outside of that hotel.
但是可以采取一些举措 But these are some of the things that you can do
把环境变得更适宜步行 to make the environment more walkable.
与罗歇和格罗斯曼的文章相关的 Now, related to the Rochet and Grossman article,
我们还要说说克里斯塔克斯和福勒的一项调查 we talk about this study done by Christakis and Fowler
他们是网络理论家 网络科学家 who are network theorists, network scientist.
他们把参与弗兰明汉心脏研究 What they did is they took over 12,000 people
的12000人找来 从1971到2003年 in the Framingham Heart study and they studied them
对他们进行了研究 持续了大约三十多年 from 1971 to 2003, so about 30 years, over 30 years.
他们要看当处于这个网络中 And they looked what happened in their networks
的某些人的朋友变胖了 where somebody was in the network and their friend
在网络中的这些人会怎样 他们发现 became heavier, and what they find is over time,
这个朋友的朋友会渐渐变胖 the friend of the friend became heavier.
如果你的朋友在某一段时间内增重了 And 50% greater chance to become overweight,
你超重的机会增加50% if your friend got heavier in a particular period of time.
而如果你的伴侣变胖 你超重的机会增加37% 37% greater chance if your spouse got heavier.
在这点上朋友的影响很大 Friends were the most influential, even more than
甚至比兄弟姐妹和伴侣的影响还要大 请说 siblings and more influential than spouses. Yeah?
我们说的情况 No. It's not regression to the mean
并不是向平均靠拢 that they are talking.
他们把这称为一种传染因素 What they are calling is kind of contagious factor
即人们会模仿朋友的行为 where people model what their friends are like.
如果你的交往圈里的朋友 If friend comes into your network and they start
体重开始增加 很有可能 getting heavier, it is more likely
这个圈子中的朋友也会增加体重 that friends in that network will also get heavier,
想想就觉得很有趣 因为 which is kind of interesting to think because
我们之前在说像欧文的绿化带 we have been talking about physical environmental
之类的物理环境 influences on obesity like nice green belts in Irvine,
对肥胖的作用 and things like that.
而他们在说社交网络 But they are saying is that social networks can
也会引发肥胖或减少肥胖 be engine for greater obesity or less obesity.
社交网络也会影响幸福感的传播 They can also influence spread of happiness,
所以如果你加入某个网络 而你的一个朋友 so if you join a network and one of your friends
变得很抑郁 你有可能 gets more depressed, you are more likely
也会染上这种心情 to follow that mood.
这是书中的发现之一 That is one of the things they found in the book.
他们也有关于脸谱如何 They also have some interesting examples
产生影响的有趣例子 比如脸谱上的朋友 of Facebook influence, how, friends on Facebook
怎么相互影响对方在音乐 电影方面的喜好 affect each other's preferences for music, for movies,
我们会有几张幻灯片讲到这些 and we will show some slides of that.
你叫什么名字? 安柏 What's your name? Amber.
谢谢你 安柏 Thank you, Amber.
他的问题是 So the question was:
为什么他们不规划欧文市中心? why didn't they plan it downtown in Irvine?
我们之后的课程中要讲到 And we are gonna talk later in the course
有的设计者支持聚集而有的反对聚集 about pro-density and anti-density designers.
像托马斯·杰弗逊这样想要住到 People like Thomas Jefferson who wanted to
弗吉尼亚一座山顶上去的人讨厌拥挤 live on a mountain top in Virginia hated density;
对他来说最可怕的就是住在拥堵的城市里 the worst thing for him was living in a crowded city.
然而另外一些规划者 设计者 And yet the other planners and designers
比如法国的勒·柯布西耶 like Le Courbusier in France,
是上百万人城市的设计者 designing cities for millions of people,
他们认为聚集才产生文化 they felt that density was where culture happens;
城市是人们聚集的地方 that's where people get together.
但是在欧文 更多的努力 But in Irvine there was more influence
是想要避免市中心的拥堵 on trying to avoid this downtown conglomerates.
所以才有这样分散的效果 And so you have the spread out field.
有些人可能会觉得这有蔓延之嫌 And some would say a little bit of sprawl,
但这还是 but that is one of the things
有待商榷的 that went into the reasoning. Yeah...
我并不是说欧文超级适合步行 I am not saying Irvine is super walkable.
我想如果想要从校园到伍德布里奇 I think if you want to get from campus down to
你可能还是要乘公车 Woodbridge, you probably have to jump on a bus,
有自行车道 there are bike lanes, but it's very spread out
但是从南侧到北侧很远 from the southern side to the northern side,
并不适宜步行 dimensions are not easily walkable.
绝对不适合步行 It is definitely not walkable.
马克会放一段此社交网络的动画 So Mark is gonna run an animation of this network,
让你们看一下 just to show you what happened
当有朋友变胖的时候 as people in this network experienced,
这个网络中的人会怎样 friends of theirs getting heavier.
而且网络中不同人之间线条的颜色 Also there are the color of the lines between
表明他们的关系 the different people in the network show
红色的线表示他们是朋友 their relationships, so the red lines are friends
家人之间的线是另外的颜色 and then you got relationship with family members.
弗兰明汉心脏研究 Dynamic graphic representation of a portion of
社交网络部分动态图 the Framingham Heart study of social network.
每个圈或节点代表此数据库中的一个人 Each circle or node represents one person
带红色边框的是女性 in the data set, those with red borders are women
蓝色边框的是男性 and those with blue borders are men.
面积与此人的身体重量指数成正比 The stock is proportional to each person's
用BMI表示 也就是体重的千克数 body mass index, or BMI, which is the weight in kg
除以身高米数的平方 divided by the square of height in meters.
黄色节点代表一个超重个体 The yellow node represents an obese person
即BMI大于30 with BMI greater than 30,
绿色节点代表非超重个体 and the green node represents a non-obese person.
两个节点之间的连线代表 A line between two nodes represents
两人之间的社会关系 social connection between two people.
紫色线连接两个有紧密血缘关系的人 Purple line connects nodes with close genetic ties,
比如父母与子女 或兄弟姐妹 for example parents, children and siblings.
灰色线表示非血缘关系 Grey lines are for non-genetic relations,
比如朋友或夫妻 such as friends and spouses.
肥胖是存在多个中心的疾病 Obesity is multi centric epidemic,
许多人相互影响 with many people influencing one another
形成复杂的联系 and forming ties in complex ways.
随着更多的连接出现 The network gets more compact
这个社会网络更加紧密 and dense as more ties appear.
网络的整体体重在增加 And the entire network is heavier over time.
量化分析显示 肥胖者 Quantitative analysis demonstrate tendencies for obese
和非肥胖者在网络中有扎堆的倾向 and non-obese people that form clusters
以至于研究结束时 within the network, so that by the end of the study,
扎堆现象很明显 this clustering can be discerned,
就像这些紧密相连的肥胖人群 as in the densely inter-connected clusters of obese
这里 这里 非肥胖人群在这里 persons here and here and non obese persons here,
与中心相比 the prevalence of obesity occurs lower at periphery
网络边缘肥胖较不普遍 of the network as compared with the center.
这是1971到2003年的情况 So, remember this is happening between 1971 to 2003.
我们把这些图表 And these sketches that we showed you
就称为多层网络 也就是说 are what we call multiplex networks , which is to say,
这其中还有多个不同的分网络 there are many different sub-networks represented,
有朋友网络 夫妻网络 so you got friendship networks, spousal networks,
性伙伴网络 还有其他 sexual partner networks, you got other second,
像表亲网络都包括在其中 and third cousin networks all mold together.
当你把这些分开的时候 你仍旧 And when you disaggregate those you see the same kind
可以看到相互影响 让周围的人 of patterns where people are influencing themselves,
增重或减重的模式 in either heavier or lighter weight direction,
但这对于朋友网络尤其明显 but especially is prominent for friendship networks,
总之在体重上 somehow peers and friends
朋友之间的影响是最大的 have the greatest influence on weight factor.
这个问题问得很好 这是不是由于自主选择 That is a good question, is it self-selection,
人们选择其他胖人做朋友 where people are looking for other heavy people
这样自己就不用垫底觉得很安全 so they don't stand out as much, or they feel sort of
所以研究人员控制了这个因素 validated and they control for that.
们发现 即便排除自我掌控 And what they found that even controlling for self
长时间相互影响 selection, it was the influence over time in a causal
也会引起体重增加 way that accounted for that increase in weight.
很有趣的问题 Interesting question.
这是克里斯塔克斯和福勒2009年出的 This is a book that Christakis and Fowler did in 2009,
一本书《联系》 他们对于社会网络如何 Connected. And they were very interested in
影响健康很感兴趣 looking at how social network affects health.
先说一下基本术语 Just some basic terminology.
一个社交网络包括一个或几个群体内 A social network consists of all connections and ties
所有联系和关系的集合 within a group or collection of groups.
一个群体是指具有某一共同特征 And a group is collection of individuals
的个体的集合 defined by a common attribute.
这些圈都是相互联系的个体 Each of these little circles are individuals
有些情况下 and are tied together. In some cases,
个体处于网络边缘 individuals will be out in the periphery
不一定和其他个体具有联系 not necessarily linked to others.
这就是他们所说的社交网络 That is what they mean by a social network.
网络中的一个节点就是一个人 A node in that network is one person and
一个人的融入度是指这个人 embeddedness of the person is the degree to which
和网络相联系的程度 they are connected within the network.
所以这里是融入度高的中心人物 So, this is more embedded central person
和其他许多节点相联系 that is connected to a lot of others;
而这一点是这个网络中融入度低的 this would be a less embedded peripheral person
边缘人物 美国这个社会网络 in that network. What's happened for this country
作为一个整体来说 超重率 as a whole is that our social network in the US
从2002年的30%增加到了现在的36% has become heavier from 30 % in 2002 to 36 % now.
这些线代表两个人之间 And this lines represent links or relationships
的关联 between two people.
最简单的网络是三个人或两个人的网络 The simplest network is a dyad or pair of people.
这些人再共同组成一些更大的 And they get together to form larger interconnected
相互关联的关系网 现在我们要讲讲 webs of relationships. Now we are gonna talk about
关于脸谱用户所做的一些调查 some of the research on Facebook users.
平均每个脸谱用户有110个友邻 So the average Facebook user has a 110 friends,
我知道你们中很多人有几千个友邻 I am sure many of you have thousands,
但用户的平均友邻是110个 but nonetheless, the average is 110,
尽管亲密朋友平均只有6.6个 although approximately 6.6 are close friends.
在这项脸谱社会网络的调查中 In the Facebook study of online social networks,
克里斯塔克斯和福勒将加标签的照片作为标准 Christakis and Fowler used the tagged photos,
你在照片中添加标签的人就是 people that you tag in pictures as a definition
你的亲密朋友 因为某种意义上 of who is a close friend, because in a sense
你和他们在现实中有关系 they have real world connections.
出现在一张照片中 They were in a picture together
这就是他们采用的决定因素或标准 so that is determinant or criteria they used.
这些网上社交网络既反映了 So, these online social networks are reflecting both
你的现实世界 线下的交流 your real world, offline interactions
也反映了新的虚拟空间联系 as well as these new virtual connections.
他们发现 就像在 Now what they found is that when they looked at how,
弗兰明汉心脏研究中的那样 just as they did in Framingham Heart study ,
人们影响对方的体重 people are influencing each other by getting heavier
如果你的网络中有人变轻了 or lighter, if someone in your network gets lighter
你也会变轻 他们想 you tend to get lighter. but they said ok,
在脸谱上人们是怎么相互影响的 how about people influence each other on Facebook,
如果你标注了你喜欢披头士 so if you put up that you liked the Beatles
或者喜欢杀手乐队 会不会有人 or group called The Killers, is somebody else
受到影响也开始喜欢这些人? gonna pick up on that and then like it themselves?
那么你们觉得他们的发现是什么 And what do you think they found for all Facebook
在脸谱上的友邻之间 不管是不是亲密朋友 friends, whether they were close friends
这些影响是不是还存在 or not close friends? You think they found
他们的研究结果是什么? these relationships or what did they find?
如果你要找在一个社交网络中 If you are looking for influence among different people
不同人之间对他们朋友 in a social network on their friend's
在音乐 书籍 电影喜好上的影响 taste on different music, books, movies,
你觉得他们的发现 在脸谱 you think they found that for everybody in their
这个朋友网络中的每个人或者某个朋友圈 friendship network on Facebook or subset
你觉得他们的发现是什么? of that friends, what do you think they found?
谁对谁的影响最大? Who influenced whom the most?
那些加标签标记照片的朋友 The people who were the tagged photos friends,
那些你在照片中把自己或他们标注出来的朋友 that you tag yourself or them in photos,
在这些人之间 among those people there were profound
存在长时间深刻的影响 sort of over time influences.
所以如果这个网络中的某个人说 So one friend in that network says
自己喜欢某个乐队 that they like a particular musical group,
然后他的朋友 他的"亲密朋友"也会跟进 then their friends, their close friends follow suit,
就像我们在肥胖网络中看到的那样 just like we saw in the obesity network.
披头士是很大众的乐队 And The Beatles are pretty popular group,
所以分散在这个网络中 so they are more diffusely liked
的很多人喜欢他们 by a lot of people in that network;
但是杀手乐队就是小众喜好了 whereas The Killers are more of a choir taste,
所以这个乐队的粉丝会 so they call for a tight cluster of music fans
扎堆到一起 for that group.
这是一个关于 Now that is kind of
脸谱上社交网络如何影响人 an interesting example of what happens on Facebook
的有趣例子 in terms of social network influence.
脸谱上的另一个现象 Another thing that happens on Facebook and
你们知道我们课程关心的 as you know we are interested in this class,
不只是像这间教室这样的普通空间环境 not just in plain space environments like this
而且包括虚拟环境 classroom but also virtual environments, which
比如远程教育 聊天室 might be distance education, chat room for example.
所以我们开始把虚拟环境 So we are starting to layer our virtual environments
和真实环境重叠起来 on top of our plain space real environments.
但有一个问题就是 But one of the questions that comes up
当人们放出自己资料的时候 is when people put up their profiles, are they trying
他们是否在营造一个理想化的假相? to misrepresent themselves as ideal?
当你发布一张照片或兴趣描述的时候 So do you put up a picture or description of your
是否试图让自己看起来更理想化? interest that makes you look better, more ideal?
还是你只是把自己真实的性格 Or do you kind of sort of play out your regular
和生活放到脸谱网页上? personality and real life on your Facebook page?
这个小组 这篇文章是我们今天的任务 And this group, it is an article assigned for today,
做了一项调查 让一些人对自己的性格 did a study where they had people first rate their own
按照标准性格量表来打分 personality on a set of standard personality scales,
受试者是来自美国和德国的236个人 about 236 subjects in the US and Germany.
然后让观察者给 And then they had observers for the US individuals,
美国的调查对象性格打分 they had observer rate their personalities,
即包括真实性格 也包括 both in terms of their actual personality and
他们是否在试着把自己理想化 whether they were trying to idealize themselves.
这些发布自己资料的个体也要 Individuals who put up the profiles also rated
给理想中的自己打分 what they would like ideally to be like,
这样你就可以比较 so you can compare their actual ratings,
他们的真实性格 "I'm like this", actually versus
和想要成为的性格 "I would really like to be that way".
对此他们有两个理论 一个是 They had these two hypothesis; the idealized virtual
理想化虚拟人格理论 认为 identity hypothesis says that profile owner
发布信息者展现的是并不符合他们 display idealized characteristics that do not
真实性格的理想个性 也就是说 reflect their actual personalities. So there is
涉及了很多虚假失实的内容 a lot of fibbing and misrepresentation going on.
这就像你在相亲网站上看到的 And that's like you see this dating sites saying,
你不知道对方到底是什么样的 you don't know what you are getting, because
因为这些人放上去的照片都很好看 people are putting pictures that are just awesome,
但是你在线下见他们的时候 and then when you meet people offline,
根本不是这样 they are not as awesome as the photos.
另一个是真实生活延伸理论 And this other hypothesis, extended real-life
即人们使用在线社交网络 hypothesis says people use online social networks
来表达他们的真实性格 to communicate their real personality.
他们此项研究的发现是什么? And what did they find in that study?
在看性格评估表的时候 When you look at certain personality scales,
有些特征旁观者 there are certain attributes that are easier
很容易看出来 for observers to pick up on.
你看一些人的页面 Like you look at somebody's page
或者到他们寝室里去的时候 or you go into their dorm room,
你可以判断他是不是性格外向 you can tell if they are extroverted,
直爽 还是比较内向 they are outgoing, or you might be able to tell
不爱表达 if they are introverted, less outgoing.
你可以知道他们是不是爱干净 非常爱干净 You can tell if they are neat, obsessively neat.
还是大大咧咧 不拘小节 Or anything goes, anything is quite all over.
但是要看一个人是不是神经质 But to pick up on things like neuroticism,
是过度敏感还是有点迟钝 is somebody neurotic or a little bit off,
这就很难判断 you know that is pretty hard to pick up on.
十大性格因素中有五项 Some of the big five in big ten personality factors
人们比较容易达成一致 on these scales were easier for people to agree on,
但是在所有这些项中 but across all of them, the greater support when
当你控制脸谱上的理想化形象 you control for idealized Facebook images,
或者控制在脸谱上 人们想要 or Facebook aspirations where people
在某方面变得理想化的渴望 want to be ideal in some way.
当你控制这些理想化的表现 You control for those ideal representations
或人格量表上的结果 or reports on a personality scale,
你就能看到他们的脸谱页面就会 you see that their Facebook pages actually show more
更符合别人对他们的看法 on how others perceive them to be actually
和他们对自己的看法 and how they perceive themselves to be actually.
真是一个关于人们如何 Interesting study in terms how people
使用社交网络的有趣调查 are using these social networks.
当然这就是为什么老板们 That is one of the reasons of course that employers
想要员工的脸谱密码 这样他们 want your password to Facebook so they can really
就能对即将雇用的人做个调查 do some ethnographic studies of perspective employees.
关于老板应不应该有员工的密码 And there is a lot of battle going on right now
目前正在激烈争斗 whether employers should really be able to get
因为他们把这些当成 those passwords. Because they take them as pretty
是一个人的真实反映 good representations of what people are like.
关于网络理论 Now another factor that I want to talk about
我要讲的另一个因素是所谓的 in terms of network theory is something called
"无标度网络"和"随机网络" scale-free networks versus random networks.
在随机网络中 So random network is where you have the nodes
节点是平均分布的 distributed kind of evenly.
所以如果你看一下网络中的节点 So if you were looking at the nodes in the network
和每个节点的连接 and how many links are in each node,
典型的节点会有许多连接 typical node would have a lot of links
但边缘上的节点连接更少 but then on the outside edges they would have fewer.
这就像是如果美国的机场 Whereas in the power law kind of distribution,
随机平均分布 and this would be like if airports in the US
而在幂定律分布中 were evenly distributed, randomly.
这就像是枢纽系统 有芝加哥 This is like the hub system, so you have got Chicago,
达拉斯 洛杉矶 西雅图这些城市 you've got Dallas, LA, Seattle.
这是一个无标度网络 因为 That is a scale free network in the sense that
这些网络不停地加进新航线 these networks continue to add more and more flights,
新连接 所以就会形成中心枢纽 more and more connections, so they get to be mega hubs
这些枢纽影响很大 and they are particularly influential much more so if
如果具有同等影响力的枢纽 you have random distribution
随机分布 就更是这样 of equally influential hubs.
我们把这称为节点的幂定律分布 This is called power law distribution of node links.
网络中节点的数量 The number of nodes in the network,
只有少数节点 very few of them are these hubs
有大量连接 that have a huge number of links,
就是这个意思 so that is what this is saying.
相比而言左边 Whereas here each node would have about the same
每个节点的连接数量相差不大 number of links and they would be
在弧线中正常分布 distributed normally in that curve.
互联网是个很好的例子 So the internet is a pretty good example.
有像谷歌和脸谱这样的门户网站 When you have web portals like Google and Facebook,
它们是中心节点 是无标度网络 they are mega nodes; they are scale free networks.
它们的连接越来越多 Say continuously they get more and more connected;
没有限制 there is no limit to them.
在这个意义上 它们是无标度网络 And in that sense they are scale free.
另一个可以看到这些网络 Another area where you can see these tendencies
和枢纽发展倾向的领域 in network growth and hub growth
是科学研究 is in science and research,
这一领域正在朝团队科学 where there has been a kind of evolution toward
和大型研究网络进化 team science and large research networks.
在天才独自进行创造的年代 So in the days of a single creative genius,
像牛顿 达尔文 爱因斯坦 贝多芬 like Darwin, or Einstein or Beethoven,
这些人差不多是独立工作的 you had folks kind of working on their own.
几个知识分子 有影响力的思想家 A few intellectuals, few influential thinkers,
像伽利略 牛顿 达尔文 爱因斯坦 Galileo, Newton, Darwin, Einstein.
而随着时代的变化 And what has happened over time is,
逐渐朝着网络科学发展 there is this growth toward network science
到现在我们说的团队科学 to where now we talk about team science,
跨学科团队科学 interdisciplinary team science, where people have been
人们组成跨学科团队 coasted into interdisciplinary teams, because
因为知识越来越分化 knowledge is getting so specialized that people,
如果你是一个心理学家 你就不怎么 if you are a psychologist, you don't know enough
了解神经科学 或者社会学 about neuron-science, or about sociology
所以不能独立工作 必须要跟别人合作 to work on your own. You've got to partner
来弥补这些知识空缺 with other people to fill in all these gaps.
所以如今才有沃森与克里克这样的合作 So nowadays we have the Watson and Crick collaboration.
这是朝着大型研究网络 That was kind of on a way toward large
迈出的一步 是两人的合作 research network where you had a dyad.
沃森与克里克发现了DNA的结构 Watson and Crick discover the structure of DNA,
但现在我们有大型研究中心 but nowadays we have these mega research centers
在这里人们在大型网络中 where people are reinforced
的工作得到了加强 to work in a very large network.
当你想要解决一些重大问题 So when you are trying to address huge issues,
比如DNA的结构 登月 like the structure of DNA, or getting to the moon,
原子能或者空间飞行 or atomic energy or space flight,
除了团队合作 形成网络 there is no way to get there without a team approach,
别无他法 a network approach.
所以团队科学也受到了很多关注 So there is a lot of interest of network science.
很多研究机构在往 And many of these research agencies are pouring money
建立跨学科研究中心投钱 into setting up trans-disciplinary research centers.
所以我们说社会生态学院 So when we say that School of Social Ecology
往跨学科研究中投入和大量经费 puts a big premium on inter-disciplinary.
从社会生态学院毕业 One of good things for you coming out of School of
学一些相关知识的一个好处 social ecology and getting some of that exposure
就是你就能理解这些 is that you will have some appreciation of what
因为越来越多的领域 that means, because more and more fields
越来越多的企业 and more and more businesses are requiring
需要团队合作 team collaboration.
国家健康研究所 麦克阿瑟基金会 So National institution of health, McArthur foundation
这是个私人研究组织 which is a private research foundation,
罗伯特-伍德-詹森基金会 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,
国家科学院基金会 National Academy of Sciences foundation,
都在往建立科学团队 they are all putting huge amounts of money
投入大量资金 into creating scientific teams.
有的时候他们进展顺利 Sometimes they work well and sometimes
有的时候不那么顺利 这些人聚到一起 they don't work so well. People get together;
就像在巴别塔发生的那样 it's like a tower of Babel.
他们不能互相理解 They can't understand each other.
他们互相看不顺眼 They don't like each other because
因为他们的世界观不同 they have different world views.
这不一定总行得通 但是这是发展方向 Those don't always work, but this is the trend.
我们一开始设立社会生态学院的时候 When we started school social ecology,
在70年代开设社会生态项目的时候 the program of social ecology in the 70's,
学校的很多行政人员 a lot of the administrators on this campus
觉得这很蠢 thought it was a dumb idea,
因为它够广却不够深 because it would be broad but it would not be deep,
会有一堆人自说自话 you would have a lot of people speaking different
不能相互沟通 languages and they could not really connect.
现在研究中心和学校各系 Nowadays research centers and departments of school
争先恐后地想显示 are falling over each other trying to show
自己是多么跨学科 how inter-disciplinary they are,
所以形成了一种从众效应 so it has become more bandwagon effect,
就像这是香饽饽一样似的 you know, motherhood apple pie kind of thing.
但是有的时候这是行不通的 But it doesn't always work and
我们要讲讲这类情况 we are gonna talk about the ways it doesn't.
这是烟草科学网络的例子 This is an example of the tobacco science network
鼓励大家形成 where people were encouraged to form
烟草使用预防中心 these tobacco use prevention centers.
你们可以看到这七个中心 And you can see how the networks evolved
形成的网络是如何变化的 across the seven centers here;
而这边是独立的国立卫生研究院拨款 whereas these are individual NIH grants,
网络规模相对更小 where you have much smaller networks.
和节点相连接的人数并不多 The nodes are not connected to as many people.
有人可能会说左边的更好 And some would say this is better;
形成的网络连接越多越好 the more networking you are going on, the better.
这并不意味着左侧的节点 It doesn't necessarily mean that these nodes
一定在做些什么 are doing anything productive.
他们只是有关联而已 They are just connected in some way.
可能他们通过电话 They might have a telephone conversation;
也可能他们一起发表了一篇论文 they might publish a paper together.
但没有数据证明 But data are still out as to whether this kind of
一边的科学网络模式比另一边更好 networking pattern in science
或者相反 is not as good as this or vice versa.
这是另一个国立卫生研究所 This is another National Institute of Health Center for
针对国家人口卫生和健康差异的项目 National Population Health and Health Disparities.
最开始是这些不同大学的研究中心 It started out with this different university based
俄亥俄州立大学 塔夫斯大学 宾夕法尼亚 centers, Ohio state, Tufts, University of Pennsylvania,
大学 用不同颜色表示 and there are different colors.
这一举措开始的第一年 And this is how they looked like in the beginning
情况是这样的 of their first year of that initiative.
随着他们合作更多 And as they worked together
联系更加密切 they got a lot more inter-connected,
所以他们去申请再次拨款 and so they went to apply for refunding,
他们说 你们看 我们真的形成了联系 they said look, we are really networked;
我们做了该做的 结果很好 we did our job it is great.
但就像我之前说的 But as I said there are a lot more research going on
相比独立工作来说 to sort of calibrate what is the value of science
这种网络的科学成果到底有什么价值 coming out of a network like this,
很多针对这一点的调查正在进行 versus one where people are working more individually.
有人可能会说 如果你把更多的资金 Some would say you get less group think
拨给更少的人 就不会有那么多群体思维 when you give more grants to fewer people,
因为他们可以从不同角度 because they come at it from a lot of different angles
研究问题 and they don't start developing
并且他们的思维不会趋同 this conformity of thought.
这里有一项很有意思的研究 发表在《自然》 This is an interesting study, published in Nature
杂志上 一本非常有影响力的刊物 which is a very prestigious journal.
叫做瑞典性关系网研究 It's called the Swedish Sex Web Study.
基本上就是看 And basically they were looking at
在瑞典人口中是不是存在 if there is a power law distribution
性关系节点的幂定律分布 of sexual nodes in the population of Sweden.
他们找了4781名瑞典人 年龄18到 So they had 4781 Swedes, aged 18 to 74,
74岁 回应率是59% 59% response rate.
这里是连接即性伴侣数量 And here you have the number of linkages,
边缘这里有一些 sexual partners, where over here on the edge
有10的三次方个性伙伴的节点 you have got some power nodes 10 tot 3 partners,
这里是10个性伙伴的节点 here you have got 10 tot1, ten partners,
这边是100个的节点 here you have got ten tot, a hundred.
他们发现确实存在幂定律分布 What they find is that there is power law distribution,
大多数人不在网络的边缘上 where most people are not off on the edge
很不检点 of the network, totally promiscuous.
但是这项研究的重要性在哪里 But why is this important,
还是只是一项莫名其妙 is just some strange thing that researchers decided
就进行且发表了的研究 to do when they got it published,
这有什么意义 what are the implications of this,
在现实中有没有价值? does it have any real world value?
还是只是一项无聊的调查 Is it just some jaded study that was done,
你们怎么认为? what do you think?
你会如何利用调查结果? How would you apply these results?
用在公共卫生研究上 很好 For public health research, good.
你叫什么? 苏珊 So what's your name? Susan.
如果你是个公共卫生研究人员 Susan is saying, if you are public health researcher
正在想法阻止性疾病的传播 and you are trying to decide how can we prevent STD's.
那么也许相比打散弹的办法 Well maybe rather than doing scattered shot,
向人群中的每个人传播信息 shot gun approach giving information out to everybody
或者对每个人进行预防 in the population or preventive measures to everybody,
也许你可以通过这些网络调查 maybe you can try to identify through the networking
如果人们愿意告诉你 studies, to the extent that people will tell you
关于他们生活的这些事 these things about their life styles, if you can
你就能锁定那些性活动极为活跃的人 identify the people that are extremely sexually active,
很可能他们就是传播性疾病的枢纽 they are very likely to be hubs for spreading STD's.
所以如果你能把这些人找出来 So if you can get to them and lower their profile
降低他们的感染度之类的 in terms of infection rates and things like that,
这样的公共卫生策略就更有效 then it is much more effective, more targeted,
更有的放矢 更节约成本 more cost effective public health strategy.
这也吸取了 But again it picks up on the idea that
无标度网络的想法 you've got a scale free network.
一些人似乎和他人存在着 You have got some people that seem to have limitless
无限的联系 而另一些人 contact with others, and then you have got people
则属于一般范围 that are more in the usual range.
这就是你有的放矢的机会 And they are saying this is your targeted opportunity
如果在预防的时候你能找到这些人 here, if you can identify those people in terms of
这才是你应该做的 prevention, and that is where you want to go.
好的 回到正题 Ok let's go back.
马克会给我们放一段史蒂芬·科尔伯特 Mark is gonna play interesting interview
做的有趣访谈 采访《联系》这本书 by Steven Colbert, one of the authors
的作者之一詹姆士·福勒 of this book Connected, James Fowler,
那么我们就放一下这段视频然后休息一下 so we are just play this and then take a break.
今天的嘉宾写了一本关于社交网络 My guest has written a book about the power of social
影响力的书 我在采访中 networks. And my interview will consist of
会有400次玩《黑帮战争》这个游戏的邀请 400 invitations to play mafia wars.
欢迎詹姆士·福勒 Please welcome James Fowler.
谢谢 先生 Thank you, sir.
该叫先生还是博士 是要叫博士吗 Mr. or doctor, is it doctor?
叫詹姆士就好 James.
詹姆士 詹姆童鞋 我要问你个问题 James. Jimmy Jam, let me ask you something.
你的书名字叫《连接: The name of your book is Connected,
社交网络的神奇力量 the surprising power of our social networks
和如何改变我们的生活》 and how they shape our lives.
社交网络怎么影响我们的生活呢? How does a social network shape our lives?
而且如果社交网络如此重要 And if social networks are so important
那你为什么要写书 why did you write a book instead of releasing it
而不是在推特上每次发布140字呢? 140 characters a time over twitter?
人们听到社交网络 People hear social network and they think of
就想起脸谱 推特和聚友网 Facebook, Twitter or MySpace...
当然 Absolutely.
我们生活在社交网络中 We live in social network.
没有人会再想起聚友网了 Nobody thinks of MySpace anymore.
没错 That's right.
但其实我们已经在社交网络中 But really social networks are something
生活了几千年 we lived in for tens, hundreds of thousands of years,
我们一直都有家人 有朋友 we always had family members we always had friends
一直都生活在相互联系的 and we have always lived in interconnected webs
关系网中 我们不仅直接影响 of relationships where we influence not just people
跟我们有关系的人 而且也会对朋友的朋友 directly that we are connected to but also our friends'
产生影响 甚至是朋友的朋友的朋友 friends, our friend's friend's friends in some cases.
你的意思是说 So what are you saying, let's say,
我最好的朋友有个朋友 my best friend has a friend,
当这个朋友做了一件事情 and that friend does something;
其实会对我造成影响 I am influenced by that?
对 如果你朋友的朋友的朋友变胖了 Absolutely! If your friend's friend's friend gains
我就有理由 weight, I can do better than chance in predicting
认为你会变胖 whether you will gain weight...
好吧 我是变胖了 Ok, I have gained some weight.
你直说你觉得我很肥就好了 Just come out and say you think I am fat.
因此我想减肥的话 So this is the guy I have to kill
就要先把那人杀掉 before I can lose weight,
因为我确实想减肥 because I am willing to.
你知道的 当人们听到这种说法就会觉得 You know people hear that and they think that wow,
哇 这样就不是我自己的责任了 it means I don't have to take any responsibilities
对啊 听起来就是这样的 Exactly, that is how it sounds to me...
不好意思 我把你的那份鸡吃掉了 Sorry, but I ate your portion of a chicken,
但是我的社交网络让我这样做的 my social networking made me do it.
但是在书中我们颠覆了这种看法 But we turn this on its head in the book,
因为不只是你朋友 because it is not just a case when
的朋友的朋友在影响你 your friend's friend's friend influences you,
你也在影响他们 but you influence them as well.
实际上我在我的生活中做了一项积极的改变 I have actually made a positive change in my own life.
我减了五磅而且没有反弹因为 I actually lost 5 pounds and kept it off because...
等等 这是一个宗教吗? Wait a second is this a cult?
不 不是宗教 No, it is not a cult.
我在我的生活中做了一项积极的改变 I have made a positive change in my own life;
我想推荐你一些读物 I have got some literature I want you to read.
你们没有窝点吧 有没有? You don't have a compound, do you?
不 不 不 No, no, no.
我们想要科学地对待这个问题 This is what we try to approach scientifically,
我们有很好的建议 we have great information.
那么你是怎么减掉五磅的? So how did you lose the five pounds?
怎么改变你的生活的?你影响了别人? How did you change your life? You influenced others?
我改变了自己的生活因为我意识到 I changed my life because I realized that
我的行动不仅关系到自己 还影响我儿子 I don't just affect myself; I affect my son
还影响我儿子的好朋友 and possibly my son's best friend,
甚至是我儿子的朋友的妈妈 and even my son's best friend's mother.
而且这不只是关于减肥 And it's not just about loosing weight
继续说你跟你儿子的朋友的妈妈的事 Go on about you and your son's best friend's mom.
你怎么影响她的 How are you affecting her?
我知道这会儿把这件事讲出来很奇怪 I know this is a strange time for this to come out.
你是说 So are you talking about,
必须要做自己的决定 like you have to make choices of your own,
积极思维的力量 like power of positive thinking
向周围散发一点光和热? and spread a bit of sunshine?
这本书想要说的就是 Really the message of the book is that
你一个人做不到 如果你想要做出 you can't do it alone. What you really need to be able
积极的改变 你需要做的是 to do if you really want to make a positive change,
让你的朋友和家人参与进来 is to get your friends and family involved,
因为他们会对你产生很大的影响 because they are gonna have a strong influence on you.
如果你一个人想减肥 If you are trying to lose weight on your own,
而周围的人没有在减肥 and they are not trying to lose weight as well,
对你来说坚持这个目标 then it is gonna be very hard for you
就很困难 因为这些人 to maintain those goals, because we are
会对你产生强烈的影响 strongly influenced by these other people.
想象一群水牛 Think about a herd of buffalo...
等一下 我明白了 Hold on...got it.
你不会在牛群奔跑的时候 You wouldn't tap one of the buffalo on the shoulder
拍拍一个水牛的肩膀问它 in the middle of a stampede and say,
"你为什么要向左拐?" "why are you trying to get to the left?"
水牛看看你 说 The buffalo look at you and say,
我向左拐因为 "Well, I am turning to the left because
所有的牛都在向左拐 everyone is turning to the left."
这和我们人很像 Human beings are actually like this as well.
我们认为自己是在独立地做决定 We think we are making these independent decisions,
但是因为我们和邻居 but because we are connected to our neighbors
朋友 朋友的朋友连系在一起 and our friends, and our friends' friends,
我们存在于同步中 存在于一种超大有机体中 we exist in this synchrony, in the super organism.
你的意思是说我们会跟动物一样从众吗? Are you saying we flock like animals?
我们像动物一样? Are you saying that we are just like animals?
我们不是拥有灵魂的人吗? Not humans with our own spirit?
能够自己做决定? Making our own decisions?
我不是说我们像动物一样 I wouldn't say just like animals,
但这绝对是被个人中心理论 but this is certainly the part of the story that this
所忽略掉的部分内容 individually centered science is really neglecting.
这样说我跟节目的每个观众 So I have a very close relationship with everyone
都有密切的联系 他们就像 who watches this show, so they are like,
我的子女一样 they are like my children,
我也在影响他们吗 am I influencing them,
我们也存在同样的联系吗? am I connected in the same way?
不 不是同样的联系 No not in the same way,
我们也调查了在线社交网络 we researched online social network as well,
看一个人是不是会影响 and when you just see whether a person influences
他在脸谱上的朋友 不会 a Facebook friend. They don't.
他们的音乐喜好 电影喜好 是不是 So their music taste, their movie taste, whether or not
会放带着微笑的头像照片 they have a smile on their profile picture.
但是如果只限于那些上传照片 But if you are restricted to people who upload
且会在照片中标注朋友的人 the pictures and tag their picture friends,
我们发现了同样的关系 then we find the same kind of relationships there,
和在现实世界的社交网络中一样 that we would find in the real world social networks.
那么要想影响这些人 So actually to influence these people I would actually
我得和他们一起出现在 have to appear on the picture with them
脸谱页面的照片上? on their Facebook page?
我觉得我可能拍不出那么多照片 I don't think I can vomit that many photos.
福勒博士 非常感谢你来到这里 Dr Fowler thank you very much for joining us.
这是詹姆士·福勒博士 他的书是《联系》! Dr James Fowler and the book is Connected!
这很好地再现了 Ok. So that is a pretty good translation
我之前讲的东西 of what I was saying earlier.
我要转移一下话题 I am gonna switch gears here a little bit,
提起说说下周 and prelude to next week where we are gonna be talking
我们会讲讲环境心理学的准则 a bit more about principles of environmental psychology.
有几篇需要读的文章 And there are a couple of articles assigned.
一篇是巴伦和鲍曼的文章 One by Baron and Bauman;
介绍什么是环境心理学 that is on environmental psychology and what it is,
为什么要研究环境心理学之类的 why are we studying it and things like that.
另一篇文章是我几年前写的 And there is another article that I wrote some years
它给我们在这门课上要讲的 ago actually, but it offers conceptual frame for
各种环境行为研究 organizing what are we covering in this class in terms
提供了概念框架 of different types of environment behavior research.
今天我想讲讲基本框架 So I wanted to go over that basic framework today,
让你们开始有个大致的认识 so you will have sort of a cognitive map going forward.
首先要说基本概念 So first of all in the terms of basic principles
什么是环境心理学 of what is environmental psychology.
我们知道这包括各种环境 We know that includes different types of
我们有建筑环境 environments. We have got built environments,
自然环境 人类设计的 和完全天然的 natural environments, human design, completely natural;
我们有虚拟和网络环境 we have got virtual and cyber based
以及物理空间环境 as well as place based.
现在我们要研究这些环境有什么关系 We have got to look at how these interrelate now,
在七八十年代我们不用这样做 we never had to do that in the 70's and 80's
但是现在不同了 but now we do. We are talking about
我们说的是互动关系 what we call transactional relationships,
即一种双向交换关系 which is a kind of give and take, two way relationship.
环境影响你 你反过来 The environment influences you, you work
作用于环境影响环境 back and try to influence the environment.
这是一种相互的 So it is a reciprocal kind of thing
环形关系 that goes on in cycles.
我们会关注人与环境之间 And there are psychological behavioral processes
的相互关系 that we will focus on as sort of inherent
所固有的 in these transactional relationships
心理行为过程 between people and their surroundings.
环境心理学从本质上来说 Environmental psychology is inherently
是跨学科的 我们已经说过 interdisciplinary. We talked already about
会引入地理 建筑 how we are gonna bring in geography, architecture,
城市规划 发展心理学 urban planning, developmental psychology,
自然资源管理 各个不同领域 natural resources managing, a lot of different areas,
公共政策 以便理解 public policy, to be able to both capture the research
环境心理领域进行的研究 that's done in environmental psychology as well as
以及社区问题的解决 community problem solving orientation.
所以如果我们有如何设计 So if we have principals about
可防御空间的原理 how do we design defensible space,
我们如何在设计公寓楼的时候体现出来? how do we do that in an apartment building?
或者我们怎样才能让欧文城拥有自己的意象 Or how do we make city of Irvine more imaginable
更容易找到路? or easier to find your way around?
我们希望把这些原理应用于 So we want to apply those principals in actual
实际环境中 这门课的后半部分 environments. The second half of this course
期中考之后 会关注 after the mid-term exam, really focuses on
如何把前半学期学到的 translating on what we are covering n the first half
应用到现实环境中 of the course into these real world environments,
不管是学校 办公室 whether it's schools, offices,
还是医疗机构等等 health care settings and the like.
当我说互动关系的时候 Now when I talk about transactional relationships,
这里有一些曲线 these are some curly curved figures here,
它们想要说的是 that basically what they are saying is
这是一种最佳情况 this is an optimal situation where you are
你生活的不是一个糟糕的环境 not living in a dysfunctional environment;
你生活的环境 you are living in environment that helps you
帮助你改变它 work back on it and change it.
就像你搬进一个寝室里 So you move into a dorm and your room mates
室友们都很好相处 are pretty easy to get along with and
你们合理分配屋子的空间 you work out how to share the room and space,
你住进来 环境影响你 so you come in and environment affects you
你也开始对环境做些改变 and you start to do things to the environment.
比如贴些图片 或者形成 You put up some pictures or you come up with
某些分配空间的习惯 some norms that affect your future behavior
这会影响你将来的行为 in terms of how to share space.
这是一种持续优化的过程 It's an ongoing cycle of optimization processes
你不断使自己 where you are trying to increase that harmony
与环境之间更融洽 between yourself and your surroundings.
如果你住在一幢不适宜居住的建筑里 If you are living in a hard architecture
一个恶劣的环境里 or dysfunctional environment place
或者贫穷地区 or a poverty-stricken neighborhood,
那么你所在的环境 then what you've got is an environment,
在时间点一就是僵化的环境 a rigid environment at time one,
基本上在时间点一就决定了你的行为 basically dictating your behavior at time one.
你想要反过来改变它 You try to work back and change it
但是做不到 你束手无策 but you can't; you are blocked.
在时间点二它仍旧限定了你的行动 And then at time two it's dictating your behavior
在时间点三 每次你想要反过来改变它 and the time three, every time you try to work back
都做不到 你没有办法 and change it you can't, you are blocked,
或者因为没有足够的资金 either because you don't have financial resources
或者因为这是一个住在满是噪声 or because you are a kid living in a building
和污染的建筑中的儿童 that has so much noise and pollution.
你们知道我们一直在说促进健康 You know we are talking about health promotion,
让儿童到户外锻炼 getting kids outside and exercise.
但是如果因为他们住在高速公路 But if they are constantly breathing this stuff by
边上 一直呼吸着建筑旁边的污浊空气 their building because they are right next to
他们就很无望了 a freeway, the cards are pretty stacked against them.
这些障碍 These barriers, these blocks prevent this kind of
阻碍着相互改变 reciprocal transactional give and take.
所以我们在设计环境的时候想要达到的 So what are we striving for in environmental design,
在把原理应用于现实环境中的时候 in applying these principles to actual real world
就是要提升优化 environments is to increase optimization.
优化是一个很高的标准 And optimization is a very high bar;
你不能总是达到最佳效果 you can't always have your optimal,
即完全符合自己意愿的环境 exactly what you want in your environment,
但这是我们想要为之努力的目标 but it is a kind of inspiration, it's a tone
持续优化环境 we strive toward, to make it continually better.
通常我们不得不接受 Often we have to satisfy, the best we can get
不能获得最佳的环境 in our environment rather than optimal.
但是在这种情况下 But here you can't even do that,
你甚至不能优化环境 you can't work toward more satisfactory situation
因为环境太过僵化 because environment is so rigid,
不允许你做出改变 it just doesn't let you do that.
这样每个人都清楚这两种过程了吧 So everybody clear on these two processes,
有没有什么问题 any questions about that?
上次我讲到了失当的环境 So last time I talked about dysfunctional environments.
我举了几个例子 一所洛杉矶学校 I gave you some examples on Los Angeles school
建在飞行航道下面 孩子们 that is located under LAS flight pass where kids are
一天要听350架飞机飞过 listening to over 350 flights a day over their school.
我也让你们看了那些正在 I also showed you the (unclear) buildings that were
被拆除的建筑 因为这些建筑很糟糕 knocked down because they were dysfunctional,
人们就是不愿意住在里面 people just wouldn't live there,
犯罪频发 蓄意破坏 lots of crime, vandalism.
最终这些都要被毁掉拆除 So eventually all thing had to be erased and torn down.
这是纽约的另一个例子 This is another example of New York City.
这些是纽约跨曼哈顿高速公路边 These are the Washington bridge apartments
的华盛顿桥公寓 built directly over the Trans-Manhattan
可以看到 expressway in New York, so you can see
这些车水马龙的高速路 this heavily travelled expressway going right under
直接从这四幢建筑 四座高塔下穿过 these four buildings, four high rise towers.
有些建筑师觉得这是一个很好的设计 And some of the architects thought it was a
即让人们靠近交通路线居住 neat design, you know, put people near roadways
但是这也将此处的居民 and all that, but it creates tremendous exposure
暴露于噪声和污染中 of the residents here to the noise and pollution.
从健康后果和居民行为这一角度来讲 And in that respect it's dysfunctional in terms of
这是一个失当的环境 their health outcomes and in terms of their behavior;
你很难到户外去 很难找到一个适宜行走 it's very hard to get out there and get to a walkable
的环境 因为周围全是高速公路 environment, because you are surrounded by freeways.
有的时候我们不会想到 So sometimes we don't really think about
我们的成长环境 how the environments we grow up in
和居住环境会影响我们的发展 and where we are living affect our development,
影响我们的健康 我们的心情 affect our well-being, our mood,
但其实这些东西对我们有着深刻的影响 but they have a profound impact on us,
甚至包括四周的环境 比如从医院的 even the ambient environment, like looking out
窗口望出去看到公园和树木 hospital window at a park and trees versus
相比于看到医院另一幢楼的墙 looking out at the wall of another hospital building
是完全不一样的 根据我们上次讲过的调研 makes a big difference, according to the study we
病人恢复速度 talked about last time, in terms of rate of recovery,
需要多少止痛药品都会受到影响 how much pain medication people take.
所以这是一个恰当和失当环境的对比 So this issue of functional dysfunctional environments
一个允许你进行优化的环境 and environments that allows you to optimize
和一个会毁掉你的环境 versus grind you into the ground because
完全不允许你做出改变 they won't let you do anything to them.
你们又多少人经历过这样严峻的环境 How many of you ever been in a hard environment
它不允许你做出任何改善 that doesn't let you work back on it or improve it,
有没有例子 any examples of that, in terms of
有人想主动发言吗?举个例子? Anyone want to volunteer? An example?
一个适当的严峻建筑环境是怎样的? What is a really dysfunctional hard architecture place?
或者说说因为太过压抑 Or something that really had a big impact on you
曾对你造成巨大影响的环境? 麦克 because it was so constraining? Mike.
现在也还是很狭小 开放式办公室运动 It's still pretty tight. The open plan office movement
在美国工作场所产生了海量的小隔间 created a sea of cubicles for the American work force.
实际上这是借用了德国一家公司 They were actually imported from a company in Germany
的开放空间想法 that came up with this open space idea.
人们已经开始讨厌这些隔间 And people started to really dislike it
因为总是有那么多干扰 because there was so much distraction
又毫无个人特色 and there was so much anonymity;
让你完全没有个体身份感 you couldn't get a sense of personal identity in them.
现在我们不怎么强调开放空间了 Now we have much less emphasis on just open plan
更多的是强调综合环境 and more on combine environment
既有能工作的私人空间 where you have private spaces where people can work,
团队空间 思考空间 娱乐空间 以及日托 team spaces, meditation spaces, recreational, day care.
现在更多的是多功能的工作环境 You got much more multifunctional workplace.
有时候会有人抱怨欧文太单一了 Sometimes people complain that Irvine is so uniform;
所有地方看起来都一样 也是一种不友好的 it all looks the same and it's kind of a hard
环境 因为很难找到路 environment because it's hard for way finding.
你会完全没有个体感 You don't get a sense of individual identity.
如果你到拉古纳海滩去 You go to a place like Laguna beach
那里的人有不同的生活方式 很多样化 and people have a different lifestyle, very diverse.
有些环境可以单调到 Some environments could be so uniform
让人觉得压抑 that people find them constraining.
是否合适也很重要 如果是中上层富裕家庭 A lot depends on fit. If you are upper middle class
想要让孩子在安全的环境中 affluent family that wants to raise kids in a very safe
上很好的学校 environment with great schools,
可能欧文就很有吸引力了 maybe Irvine is a ticket.
但如果你是在找更多娱乐机会 But if you are someone looking for more diverse
夜间活动 recreational opportunities, night time activities,
整晚音乐之类 music opened all night,
在欧文就找不到了 you are not gonna find it in Irvine.
教堂设计通常都很像纪念碑 Well church design tends to be very monumental,
因为它是以上帝的名义建造的 because it is an edifice in the glory of God.
所以会建这些很高的结构 So you are building very tall structures, you are
在这些教堂建筑里人们 building church environments where people
教堂不是社交场所 they are not sociopital(?),
教堂不是让人们说很多话的地方 they are not supposed to talk a lot in church.
你只要看前面牧师 布道人 You just look ahead what the minister, preacher
在说什么就行了 is saying, so there is a lot of reasons why
所以教堂的冷峻是有很多原因的 you get that hardness to church environments
还有图书馆 or even library environments.
虽然不是所有的图书馆都给人坚硬的感觉 Although not all libraries are like that,
如果你到亨廷顿海滩图书馆去 if you go to Huntington Beach Library,
会发现它建的像一个公园一样 所有的都是 which is build like a park, it has all glass windows
玻璃窗 建筑内部还加上了水的元素 and has water elements brought to the interior
是一个公园式图书馆 it is a very park like library.
再有几张我就讲完了 A couple of other slides and I will close.
我说过我写的那章中列出的框架 I talked about this framework laid out in the chapter
是我们这门课 that I wrote, which is a pretty good road map
要讲的各领域 of the different areas that
一个很好的导航图 we will be talking about in this class.
它讲的是人与环境的 And what it says, we call it modes or styles of
互动模式或互动方式 human-environment transaction.
当你处于活跃状态 你在积极认识 And when you are active, you are active cognitively
周围的事物 理解你的环境 you are trying to interpret your environment,
你来到加州大学欧文分校 你正试图 you come to Irvine UC, you are trying to make sense
弄明白各种东西都在哪个位置 你喜不喜欢 out of where everything is located, do you like it,
这个地方 它是不是跟你的个性相符 does it fit your personality or not,
所以你正在弄清楚这个地方适不适合你 so you are trying to interpret if it's a good fit here.
4月17号我们讲认知地图 When we are talking about cognitive mapping
研究的时候 research on April 17th, we are starting with
是以人们与环境之间 the interpretive mode of how people
的理解模式开始的 relate to their environments.
然后这边就是评价模式 Then we come here to evaluative mode;
这就属于一种反应了 我们通过形成一种态度 that is reactive where we are reacting to something
或评估一个环境 对某事物做出反应 that we develop an attitude about it or we assess
比如一座教室好不好 an environment like a classroom whether it is good
好或不好在什么地方 or bad, in what ways, and we assess people's
我们会评估各种不同的环境 attitude towards all range of different environments.
这就叫做评估模式 That we call the evaluative mode,
因为人们在通过认知 because people are reacting but they are doing it
或情感做出反应 cognitively or emotionally.
再到这边 积极行动 Over here, active behavioral is where you are
是当你开始对环境采取行动的时候 operating on environment in some way,
如果有人在电梯里挤到你身边 if somebody crowds you in an elevator
一个陌生人 然后你觉得很别扭 and you feel uncomfortable, a stranger,
你可能会后退来增加自己的个人空间 you might move back to increase your personal space,
这样你通过掌控自己的空间 so you are taking a charge of space to make yourself
消除不安 这就是一种积极举措 more comfortable, that is behavioral operative
主动行动类的行为 and active behavioral thing to do.
我们会讲人类空间行为 So we will talk about human spatial behavior,
会讲环境相关行为 we will talk about environmentally relevant behavior,
人们是不是会用太阳能 whether people go solar or they use green,
或者环保燃料之类 fuels or things like that.
最后是应对模式 And the finally responsive mode,
是一种反应行为 is reactive and is behavioral,
如果你接触到的物理环境中存在污染 so you can react to a physical environment,
你可能会生病 by getting sick, if you are exposed to some of
你的健康会出现问题 those environments with a lot of pollution,
这就是一种对外在环境的反应 you may get certain health problems.
以可能会决定离开某个环境 You may decide to leave an environment,
退出因为你不喜欢它 drop out or walk out because you don't like it,
这就是行为反应 that is behavioral response.
我们要把这些模式 理解模式 So we are going to move across these modes of
评价模式 行动模式和反应模式讲一遍 interpretive, evaluative, operative and responsive,
每个领域都有一个相应研究 and each of the areas that we cover has a research,
分析人们如何评价环境 sort of unpacking how people are evaluating
理解环境 采取行动 environments, interpret them, operate on them
做出反应 最后这张 and respond to them. So as an example,
是一个例子 this last slide, an example of that would be,
拿理解模式来说 if you take the interpretive mode, music,
我问你喜欢什么样的音乐 and I ask you what kind of music do you like,
你按照你对于音乐的看法 you interpret what you like based on your perception
和喜好决定自己喜欢什么或者做出评估 and your preferences, or you evaluate it,
讨厌某个乐队但是喜欢另一个乐队 you hate that group but you really like this group.
或者对环境采取行动 放音乐 Or you operate on environment by playing that music
来放松心情或营造气氛 to relax or create a certain mood,
比如你要开派对 所以放某种音乐 so if you have a party you put a certain music on,
但如果想放松心情或者学习 你会放别的音乐 if you want to relax or study you have something else,
这就是对环境采取行动 that is operating on the environment.
你掌控局面选择音乐 You take charge and you decide the music.
反应模式是音乐影响你的行为 And finally responsive is where music affects your
你的社会交往或者身体状况 behavior, your social interaction or your physiology,
有些音乐能让你振奋起来 心跳加速 some music can pump you up, raise your heart rate,
有些音乐能在一些空间里制造出更多的互动 some music can create much more interaction in spaces,
很多餐馆都利用了这一条 a lot of restaurants used this principle,
如果餐馆想然人让出位置 if they want to turnover in their restaurant,
在快餐店 他们就放很多快节奏 活泼 fast food restaurant, they put a lot of fast, active
的音乐 或者放些让人觉得很烦的音乐 music on or things that annoy people
以免人们会坐的太久 if they sit there too long,
相比那些更昂贵的餐馆 whereas some of more expensive restaurants
会放一些低沉舒缓的音乐 will have very low key, mellow music going,
吸引人们留下来 so it kind of invites people to stay.
这是一些要点 如果你看一下 Those are some of the key points, if you look at
今天的学习指南 the study guide of today, for week one,
你应该可以看到所有我们讲的这些要点 you should see pretty much all those points covered
在课程学习指南上面都有 that are on the study guide in thess lectures.
我今晚可能会把这些PPT传上去 I will put up the lecture slides probably this evening,
那我们就下周二再见了 and then we will come back next Tuesday,
祝大家周末愉快 so have a great weekend.