讲师: 史蒂芬 布朗 Lecturer: Steven Brown
舞蹈中的大脑活动 Topic: Tango & the Brain: The Neural Basis of Dance
感谢Joe在系里 Okay, so thanks to Joe for the invitation to speak at
组织这一系列讲座 this new series that you yourself have organized for
让我有幸在这里演讲 the department which is great.
在开始以前想问大家一个问题 Before I start my talk I just want to ask a question to the audience,
多少人娱乐性的跳舞 "How many of you do dance recreationally,
起码跳一点 at least in some time during your "
谢谢有很多 Oh good a lot wow, thanks a lot.
这样你可以把我今天讲的内容联系起来 So you're going to be able to relate to this talk I think,
没有跳过的 and those of you who don't I think
可以用其它方式联系 you'll still relate but in a different way.
关灯了 So I'm going to turn the lights down.
等一下 No, too much, too little, ok wait just a second.
我在这里讲过 I've taught in this room before so I used to
所以知道灯 know how the lights work.
这太暗了 That's definitely too much too little.
我们就用这个亮度 We're going to stick with this.
以前也是这样 You know that's pretty much what I got before.
现在就这样 We're going to stick with this for now.
我教过一门课叫大脑的艺术 So I teach a course here called the arts of the brain
我既谈到音乐也谈到舞蹈 in which I talk about not just music not just dance
这些艺术的集合及内在关系 but this collectivity of the arts, their inter-relationships.
被我称作神经的艺术 And my lab I call neural arts because
我研究音乐舞蹈的语言 I work on music and dance language,
明年可能还有视觉艺术 hopefully visual arts in the next year.
但我只想说 But I just want to talk about the fact that
我不仅仅将舞蹈看作舞蹈 I don't think about dance just as dance
而将它视作其它艺术形式的背景 but dance in the context of other art forms,
尤其是音乐语言这样的认知背景 other cognitive functions, especially music and language.
我今天不多讲语言 I won't talk so much about language today
但会谈到音乐 but that definitely shows with music
但音乐有时间有节奏 the fact that it's done in time, it's done in rhythm,
舞蹈演员需要和 and also the fact that the dancers have to synchronize with
其他人以及节拍一致 one another as well with synchronize with the musical beat,
而且音乐舞蹈中舞者 and also the fact that the dancers have to synchronize with
都需要同步 synchronization which is common to music and dance,
和着节拍跳舞 dance is generally done to the beat of music.
我们也许认为舞蹈不是很具备代表性 And then we don't think about dance so much as
但在多数文化中 being representational but in most cultures,
尤其是小型文化中 especially in most small scale cultures.
舞蹈有着特定含义 Dance is about something and the movements that
人们做的动作是一种手势 people make are gestural,
有着特定含义 they can base something about meaning.
一般人们根据角色 Often times people wear costumes whenever
穿戏服 they're portraying the roles of characters.
所以就像语言一样 So dance shares with language this notion about
舞蹈通过手势传达意思 representation especially through gesture.
到底什么是舞蹈 我们在这里 So what is dance? And so we can define dance for this talk,
给舞蹈下一个定义 我其实讲过这 and this actually is a lecture that I give in my courses,
如果你听过我的讲座会听过类似内容 if you take my course you'll hear something similar to this.
舞蹈是一种空间结构 Dance can be defined as a spatially pattern and
和着音乐 rhythmically timed form of body movement in which
有节奏的肢体运动 as musical beat generally serves as a time keeper.
这个定义隐含的意思是 So implicit in this definition is the fact that
有一种空间结构 there is a kind of spatial patterning,
我们不是随意移动 we're not just moving randomly,
有特定的方向模式 but particular patterns, directions, movement patterns,
通常要随着韵律以及音乐的节拍舞动 usually done in rhythm to the beat of a musical time keeper.
作为人类共有的舞蹈形式通常与仪式相联系 Dance is a human universal, often associated with ceremonial rituals.
几乎总是包含音乐 It almost always involves music.
从人类学中我们知道 As far as we know from anthropology there's no culture
每种文化都有 that doesn't have some kind of movement that
一定的舞蹈形式 we would think of as being dance is thought to be universal,
尤其是与仪式相关的 especially being associated with ceremonial rituals.
而且舞蹈几乎 And again, in almost all cases we know of,
总是与音乐相伴 dance is accompanied by music.
需要和着音乐 Dance is done to the beat of music.
它充分利用的人类的表现力 Dance takes full advantage of the human capacity for representation,
叙事做手势打哑语 narrativity, gesturing, mime, etc.
不仅是在我们的文化中 So again we don't think about this in terms of our culture but in many cultures,
在所有文化中舞蹈都是手势语言 dance is a kind of gesture language.
就像服装能展现性格 Like when people wear costumes,
动作可以展现 they portray characters and their movements
心理活动 are iconic to represent some activity.
所以舞蹈是一种手语 So dance is yet a kind of a gesture language.
舞蹈有许多分类方法 There are various ways to classify the dances of the world.
我会谈到几种 I'll talk about just a few different parameters that
常用划分因素 have been used to classify dances.
一种是跳舞的人数 也就是说你可以独舞 One is the number of dances so you can dance solo
就像迪斯科那样 as we often do in discotheques in our culture.
但在多数文化中人们一起跳舞 But in most cultures people dance together in some form
就像对舞 and so we have things like pair dances or
或者集体舞 larger groupings we can call group dances.
还有一种是舞蹈编排 We can also classify dances in terms of the configuration of the dancers.
我们的双人舞 So for example, a couple's dance in our culture
一般是面对面的 tends to be a face to face thing, but for example
但在瑞典则是 when I lived in Sweden, we had couple dances that
肩并肩 were done side by side.
即使是双人舞也有不同编排 So there are different configurations even for a pair dance.
可以站成一条也可以围成圈 You can dance in a line, you can dance in a circle.
如果圆圈通过手肩 If the circle becomes connected in a certain way
连在一起 through holding hands or using your shoulders,
就变成环舞 you can become a ring dance.
不一定要站着 可以坐着 You don't have to stand or have legs to dance, there are sitting dances.
我会给你们看个例子 I'll show an example at the end of a sitting dance.
多数舞蹈涉及腿部动作 So most dances do involve the legs and the movement of the legs
但不需要实际挪动 but you don't have to be moving.
顺便说一句 And by the way, I just saw you,
今天外面有狂欢 there was a pow-wow outdoors today,
我将要说的事情在此之前 so some of things I'll be talking about were happening right
就能在草坪上看到 on the lawn before the talk today,
很巧呀 so kind of a good coincidence with this pow-wow with my talk today.
我们还可以根据 We can also classify dances in terms of
身体最活跃的部分划分舞蹈 what are the most active body parts?
什么部位在动 What are the functional joints?
我们可以谈谈不同种类的动作 And so we can talk about different kinds of movements and dance;
线性曲线旋转 linear, curvilinear, rotation.
一些你们知道的舞蹈如萨尔萨和探戈 Some of the dances you might know for example say salsa vs. tango.
萨尔萨中经常扭动屁股 In salsa you move your hips a lot;
探戈就不用 in tango you don't tend to move your hips at all.
所以活动部位不同 And so there are different joints that are thought to be active and functional.
在印第安经典舞蹈中 例如沙塔克人 In Indian classical dancing like Chatak people,
眼睛是活动部位 the eyes become a functional joint.
你在舞蹈中需要学会 And so you learn how to move your eyes
怎么动眼睛 in certain directions as part of the dance.
舞蹈在消耗能量方面也不同 Dance is different in terms of their energy.
有快有慢 Some are fast, some are slow,
有些有恒量 some have a constant kind of energy and some have,
节奏上的大变动 起伏强烈 you know, big changes in tempo; they're a bit more jagged compared to smooth.
我想谈谈舞蹈中的神经心理学 Okay, so I want to think about the psychology of the neural sciences of dance.
这些特殊的认知源于心理学 So these concepts about special cognition come from psychology.
其间区别在于 This distinction between two different kinds of
非自我中心的和自我中心的 reference frames is called allocentric vs. egocentric.
我们可以从空间非自我为中心的角度 So we can describe things spatially, allocentrically,
描述事物间的关系 as one object compared to another object.
这个杯子和电脑包 So this cup in relation to the lap top case.
笛卡尔平面与空间 So two things kind of Cartesians plane; Cartesian space.
或者以自我为中心 Or I can do it in terms of, what is something in relation to me, egocentrically.
你在我的左或右 So you're to my left, you're to my right,
衡量你们之间的距离 you two sort of have an allocentric relationship if
就不以我为中心 you talk about how many meters you are apart allocentrically,
但如果以我为中心你在我的左或者右 but egocentrically you're to my left, you're to my right.
我在你的左边或者反之 I'm to your left, whatever it's just the reverse for that.
所以我们既能说物体间的关系也可以说物体对于自己的关系 So we can talk about things objects to objects or ego to objects;
世界相较于我 so, me compared to the world around me.
神经科学有相关研究 We know from a lot of work in neurosciences,
尤其是猴子的录像 especially singly in the recordings with monkeys
不止有一个中心参照 that there's not just a single unitary egocentric reference frames.
其实有针对身体不同部分的 There are multiple different reference frames in relation to
参照 different parts of the body.
它们有躯体为中心的神经核 So we have their neurons that are so called body centered neurons.
还有视网膜为中心的头部为中心的 We have eye centered retinal topic neurons, head centered,
手为中心的等等 hand centered, and the like.
这些不同的组合 And it's kind of like this combination of different reference frames
组成了我们的身体架构 that makes up what we call our body schema.
不只是一个东西一个地方 So it's not just one thing, one place,
而是不同空间指向的组合 it's a combination of different spatial reference frames;
身体眼睛手等等 body, eye, hand, whatever.
这种组合构成了身体架构 The combination makes up our sense of our body schema.
我们有不同感官模式 And again, we have different sensory modalities that
来负责空间认知 contribute to spatial cognition.
可以根据视觉 We can localize things based on sight,
听觉嗅觉定位 hearing something, the smells of
可以循着气味找餐馆 if you're looking for a restaurant you can follow the smell of something.
不同的感官模式 And so multiple different sensory modalities
构成了感官空间 contribute to our sense of space.
但我想说的是舞蹈 But I want to talk to you about dance, thing about dance,
是一种不太依赖视觉感官的 as being a so called kinesthetic or proprioceptive art form
动作形式 that the key sensory modality is not so much vision
直觉性很强 as we might think as being intuitive,
依赖本体 but more our joint sense, which is called proprioception.
肌肉中有本体触角 So in our muscles we have receptors called proprioceptors
告诉我们关节的长度和收缩度 that tell us about the length of the joints and the degree of contractions.
身体感官是动觉的或者本体的 And so that body sense is called either kinesthesis or proprioception.
对于跳舞的人 And so again, for those of you that dance,
你可以闭上眼睛 you know you can probably close your eyes and
闭着眼跳舞 do a lot of your dance steps without vision.
作为探戈领舞 Me as a tango dancer I have to lead so if I don't have my eyes open,
我不能闭着眼撞人 I'm going to bump into people.
不过我的舞伴经常闭眼 他们很有经验 But often times my partner s, if they're very experienced,
可以闭眼完成所有动作 they can close their eyes and do all the steps the tango dancer
因为他们能感觉到 has to do because they're just kind of feeling the energy
体内能量 coming from my body and she's doing stuff with
她用本体触觉 her body based on her sense of proprioception.
视觉可以防止撞到人 So visions' a very nice support sense if don't want to
但舞蹈很大程度在于直觉 knock into people but much about dance is this kind of joint sense,
这种本体动作感 this proprioception, kinesthetic sense.
舞蹈是关于肌肉动觉的艺术形式 So I would say that dance is a kinesthetic art form.
将这两个概念放到一起 And so to try to put these two concepts together,
如果以我们自身身体架构为中心 dance is a spatial art based on a kinesthetically-guided spatial cognition
舞蹈是空间艺术形式 in relation to an egocentric concept of our body schema.
几年前我在德州 Okay so several years ago, actually living in Texas,
做了至今为止 唯一一项 I conducted the first, and to this day,
舞蹈动作成像实验 the only imaging study of dance movement.
也有其他研究舞蹈的实验 There have been several other studies about dancers observing dance
但不是科学实验 but they're not motor studies,
而只是舞者观察其他舞者 they're just dancers watching other dancers.
这是迄今唯一 This is the only study so far that dancers are actually
扫描舞者跳舞时脑部的研究 moving their body in a brain scanner.
我想谈三方面 And so I want to talk about three aspects,
三个舞蹈神经研究的重要方面 the three critical aspects of the neuroscience of dance.
一是方向感:如何移动身体 One is this sense of navigation; how we move our bodies in space.
第二计量 数着一二三四 Second, the meter; the fact that we tend to
也就是我们跟随着固定节拍摆动自己的身体 move our bodies isochronously, one two three four,
有一个反复出现的节奏 this regular recurring beat that we call meter or isochrony in music.
这样就有了动作韵律感 And then beyond that how we do this kind of metric movement
但如何与节拍器同步呢 but how we synchronized some other time keeper,
或者直接说与音乐同步呢 in this case a musical beat,
我会举一些例子 and as I'll play some examples later on,
有时音乐节奏很复杂 sometimes the beats of musical dance songs are very complex,
我们从音乐中抽取了这些节拍 and we extract these kind of strong beats from the music.
方向距离夹带都有秩序 So navigation, meter, and entrainment all talk about the sequence.
这是我研究的对象 Okay so here were the subjects from my study.
这些是业余探戈舞者 These were amateur tango dancers,
今天看到一些汉密尔顿探戈舞蹈演员 I see some of the Hamilton tango dancers have shown up today,
这些人也一样 and so these are people like that;
白天工作夜晚跳舞 people who work day jobs and came in the evening to dance.
他们不是专业舞蹈演员 These were not professional dancers by any means;
他们是年龄21到51岁的业余舞蹈演员 they were amateur recreational dancers 21 to 51 years old.
心理学讲这是平均年龄 If you know from psychology, this is a very old mean [33.8 years old]
一般心理学研究平均年龄是21岁 because most psychology studies like your 21 is the average,
这个是33岁 here is a 33 year old mean is very old group of people
我研究的这个人群较老 that I scanned for this study.
他们平均跳了两年半的阿根廷探戈 They had an average of 2.5 years of dance experience in Argentine tango
和8年舞龄 and about 8 years of total dance experience.
我主要讲阿根廷探戈 So this is the Argentine dance tango that I'll be talking about.
而且他们不太懂音乐 And for the most part, these were not musicians,
没什么音乐经验 they had minimal musical experience.
所以我要将大脑扫描 Okay so I'm going to talk about brain scans, actually I do need to,
会放几张幻灯片 let's see this one will be for this, I'll have a few of these [slides]
要关灯 where I'll have to turn the lights down.
不过一般你们看到 But in general when you see a brain scan like this,
我今天放的幻灯片 like the kinds I'm showing today,
实际上看到的是2部分 you're actually seeing two separate scans that are superimposed.
一种是分为黑白的 And so one of them is this kind of grey scale thing that you see in black and white,
解剖扫描 and that's the so called anatomical scan.
告诉你大脑结构 That gives you information about the structure of brain.
用的技术叫 And for that we use a technique called
解剖型磁共振成像 anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging; anatomical MRI.
就是你在背景看到的黑白图 So that's this kind of black and white thing you're seeing in the background.
此外有个额外的扫描 Then superimposed upon that, you'd have a separate scan where
让受试者做某件事 you have people actually do something,
观察大脑功能 look at the function of the brain,
看哪个部分活跃 which parts of the brain are active when you're actually doing something.
在磁共振成像中人们出于睡眠状态 During this [anatomical MRI] people tend to just go to sleep.
他们不需要活动 They don't have to do anything to have their anatomy be shown.
在功能性实验中人们需要醒着 But for this [functional MRI] people have to be awake and alert,
做你规定的事情 and they have to do something which you've told them to do.
功能成像有两个技巧 And there are actually two techniques that are used to get functional images.
一个叫功能性磁共振成像 是磁共振技术的另一种应用 One is called functional MRI, another version of the MRI technique,
另一种是我在德州用的PET the other one, the one that I used in Texas is called PET
正电子放射层扫描术 or Positron Emission Tomography
你看到的这个人造色 不是血迹之类的 And as you're seeing this artificial color, it's not blood or anything,
是电脑做出来的 this is just artificial color from computer,
这个颜色是为了在黑白解剖实验基础上 but this color stuff is the functional scan being superimposed upon
添加的功能性扫描 the anatomy which is shown in black and white.
这两项技术都只能间接测量 And I want to point out that both of these techniques,
大脑活动 MRI and PET, these are indirect measurements of brain activity.
他们不能测量代表潜力的 They don't measure anything about the electrical activity
脑电波 about action potentials,
你们在心理课中学到的那些 things you're learning about in your psych courses.
这些主要测量血液流动情况 These measure things related to blood flow.
所以磁共振测量了 And so MRI measures something about
脑部含氧量 the oxygenation of blood in your brain and
PET测量血液流动速度 PET measures something about what is the rate of blood flow.
做一件事牵动的大脑部分 So if you do something, that part of the brain that is important for
会加快局部血液流动 it will have a local increase in blood flow, so if I move my hand,
动一下手控制手的大脑部位血液流动就会加快 the part of my brain that controls the hand has a local increase in blood flow
所以磁共振成像和PET技术 and so techniques like PET and MRI can measure
能测量活动引起的 these changes in the blood parameters associated with
血液变化 performing some kind of activity.
所以这项PET实验观察了 So again this particular study is a PET study looking at local changes
活动引起的局部血液流动变化 in brain blood flow associated with the activity.
关于大脑成像很重要的一点是 So another important point about brain imaging is that
如果要人们做一件事 if I just have people do anything, just one thing,
整个大脑区域会亮 you're going to see the whole brain light up so we have to
我们就需要抽取技巧 use what is called subtractive approaches;
去掉背景干扰 get rid of all the background activity in order to
看到执行功能的主要区域 see key brain areas for particular functions.
比如说给你们看一张扫描图 So for example, here I'm showing a brain scan,
两项活动一个人在讲话 two different activities, one the person was speaking and
另一个只是躺着 the other one they were just, okay just lie there;
休息 don't do anything, just rest.
我们把休息和 And so we take all the brain activity from rest,
讲话的活动区域分开 subtract it away from that of speaking,
就能看到讲话活动 and then you start to see specific activity associated with speech.
如果只是给你看讲话 If I just showed you speaking by itself,
就会成为一大片红色 the whole thing would be like a big red blob,
有许多大脑区域与所有活动都相关 so a lot of your brain is involved with just about anything you do.
要观察特定活动 To see these kinds of specific activities,
需要去掉一些基础条件 you have to get rid of some kind of base line condition
摆脱干扰 to get rid of all the other stuff.
说话减去说话 Let's say I did speaking minus speaking.
按理说我去掉了与说话相关的 So I did speaking, now I got rid of all the brain activity due to speaking,
大脑活动就应该什么都不剩了 well as you expect, there should be nothing left.
这是一样的 It's the same kind of thing.
在这种情况下 How about in this condition,
一次我要求讲话一次要求唱歌 I have one situation where I say speak, another where I say sing.
说话和唱歌很接近但有区别 Okay speaking and singing are close but they're different.
现在我有两小块 So what you see is that here you have these two blobs,
休息是基础线 when I have rest as the base line.
现在有了唱歌 But now when I have singing,
唱歌和说话有重合区域 singing kind of washes out some of the activity
所以说话去掉唱歌 which is shared with speech so I see less
剩下的区域较多 in the speaking minus singing subtraction.
一般来说控制实验越接近实验目标 As a general rule, the more the control task resembles your task of interest,
抵消的共享活动区域越多 the more is subtracts out brain activity common to both tasks
看到的就越少 hence the less you will see.
我还会给你们看一些控制抵消实验 I'm going to be showing pretty much minus rest tasks in this talk,
就是为了说明 but just to know that the more that
控制越接近实验目标 your control task resembles your task of interest,
越能抵消共享活动区域 the more it tends to wash out activity which is common.
在这一例中高潮是两者共享的 In this case, this peak was common to both
就会抵消 and tends to subtract it out.
我会不停展示抵消实验的 So I'm going to be showing subtractions all throughout this talk.
所以我要人们做什么了呢 Okay so what do I have these people do?
要知道我们是业余探戈舞蹈演员 So again we're amateur tango dancers and
在真正的阿根廷探戈里 so in the real Argentine tango,
会一直前进 you keep on moving forward and forward and forward,
所以人们会逐渐迈出房间 so these people just keep dancing their way out of the room and
所以我做了个小阶梯盒子 so I had to do something else and so I made kind of a little box step
可以往上登一二三四五六 that was just so you went one two three four five six.
虽然只是盒子做的 Okay so it's just a box step but
但是基于一种探戈的舞步 it was based on the basic step in tango called Salida, Salida Basica.
我做了个变形 So I just made kind of a variation of that,
做成了方格 that happened to be a box but
他们不需要走出房间 they didn't actually have to walk outside of the room.
六步 So six steps and then we're done like this.
所以这项研究的重要性在于 And so what's really important about this study is
这套舞步是在PET扫描前 that this step was taught several weeks, a week or two,
好几周教的 before the PET scan.
他们不是现学的 而是早就学会了 There was no learning going on, they knew the stuff cold,
所以这不是学习实验 而是运动试验 so this wasn't a learning study, this was just a motor study.
他们参与时就很清楚 They knew this task very well when they came in.
整个过程他们的眼睛都是闭着的 Their eyes were closed throughout the whole thing
所以没有视觉刺激因素 so there's no visual component to the activations,
只有身体动觉 it's simply all their body's' sense; the kinesthesis.
没有学习和视觉 So no learning and no vision in this study.
我想谈谈整个实验 So I want to talk about the overall design,
和人们做的事情 in general what people did in this study
有好几个情况 because there were a number of conditions.
我给你们看两种情况 And I'm going to show you videos for
看他们在做什么 two of the conditions so you can kind of see what they were doing.
其中一个叫韵律舞 One of them, the highest level is called metric dance
就是随着耳机里的探戈音乐 and was simply this basic step [box step] done
跳一步 to the beat of tango music that was played in through headphones.
这是最靠近探戈的事情 That will kind of be my most tango like thing; I'll call that metric dance.
也有非韵律的舞种 They also have another condition which we're calling non metric dance.
我们把探戈音乐编成 And so we took tango music and went to the wave file and
音频文件加快或放慢速度 we introduced artificially, quickenings and slowings of the beat,
让它听起来不规则 to make it sound very irregular.
变成了这种一二三四 And now instead of being one two three four, it's like one two three four;
很不规律的节奏 very unpredictable rhythm.
没有韵律 So we called that the non metric condition.
比较两项活动引起的大脑活动 And by comparing these two, the brain activities for these two,
我们能感觉到哪一大脑部位和 we can get a sense of what brain areas are important for this function of meter;
舞蹈韵律感有关 of isochrony in dance.
还有一种情况只要人们做收缩 Another condition had people simply do isometric contractions.
这意味什么 What does that mean?
当你挥动肌肉 So this kind of a thing when you simply flex your muscle
但关节保持不动 but there's no movement of the joint.
我只是在收缩肱二头肌 Okay so here I'm just isometrically contracting the biceps
现在我收缩肌肉却没有动作 but now there's no movement if I just flex.
现在让人们只是收缩而不移动 So we have people just contract the same muscles they would use to move.
大腿肌肉 So thigh muscles, gluteal muscles,
不移动腿 but there was no movement of their legs.
只根据探戈节奏收缩 They simply went one two, left right, left right, to the beat of tango,
不移动 but there was no movement.
通过对比 So by comparing these conditions [non metric dance] with this [isometric contractions],
我们知道了那些大脑区域对动作重要 we get a sense of what brain areas are important for movement,
哪些负责方向感 因为这和力量有关 for navigation, because this one was matched for
和方向无关 the force aspect but had no navigation.
这个对比让我们看到了 So this kind of comparison allows us to see brain areas
负责动作方向感的大脑区域 involved in patterning navigation of movement.
在最后一种情况 Then finally we had this condition where
没有音乐还是同样的收缩 people did the same pattern but now there was no music.
虽然还是一样的收缩 So now they did the same pattern but
却不需要和音乐同步 now there was no synchronization to a beat.
这让我们确定什么大脑区域 And so this allowed us to determine brain areas that
对连带行为起作用 are important for this aspect of entrainment,
以及动作与节拍的同步 synchronization of your movement to a musical beat.
在控制条件下只是被动地听 As control conditions we had simply passive listening where
不动身体只听音乐 they didn't move anything with their body, they just listened to music,
我们称作休息 and then this kind of thing we call rest;
清空大脑放松啥也不做 just clear your head, just relax, don't do anything.
这是一个 Okay and so here's [woman on slide] a person
非受试对象 who is not one of our subjects,
她是个模特 she's a model that we hired because we hired a photographer
我们请了摄影师和模特做报道 and a model to do this for a paper and
她不是四条腿只有两条 so she doesn't really have four legs, she only has two legs.
我们想说明受试对象在做什么 We want to give a sense of what our subjects were doing
就拍了这张有趣图片 so we had this kind of fancy photography here.
受试者的脚在斜面上 And so our subjects' feet were placed on this inclined surface
所以可以测量他们的动作 so that we could measure their movements,
这是PET摄像机 and so this is the PET camera right there [MRI machine].
另一个展示了我们的真实受试对象 The next one actually shows one of our real subjects and
他的头部没有显示我们要保护他的隐私 so his head is cut off here because we have to protect his identity
不能告诉大家他是谁 so we can't show you who he is and so here's the PET camera right there,
这是他的躯干腿脚 this is his body, those are his legs and feet.
他的脚在斜面上 And you see that his feet are on this inclined surface,
大概倾斜45度 inclined about 45 degrees.
数码照相机对着他的脚 We have this digital camera looking down at his feet,
向下看就是格子上的脚 and if you look down, what you'll see are his feet like this on this grid
所以可以测量他的动作 that we can kind of measure his movement.
我给你们看两种情况的视频 So I'm going to show you two of the conditions now as videos.
第一个是韵律舞 So the first one is the metric dance conditions,
根据探戈音乐有韵律的节奏 so there's movement done in a regular beat to tango music and
看起来像这样 it looks something like this [video in presentation].
他在表演之前给你们看的舞步 Okay so he's performing that step that I showed you a few slides back;
配合探戈音乐跳的舞步 that basic box step to the beat of metric tango music.
然后是这种非韵律情况 Then we have this non metric condition again where
情况变了但平均时间未变 we artificially alter; the average time was still the same,
平均律长还是一样 so the average rhythm was exactly the same but
虽然韵律本身有局部变化 there were local changes in the rhythm and it looks and
听起来像这样 sounds something like this [video in presentation].
这是平均动作速率 Okay so again, on average, it's the same average rate of movement
不过受试者之后告诉我们很不可预测 but now this is very unpredictable and so the subjects told us afterwards
难以跟上 this was very hard to follow.
很难做到同步 It was difficult for them to synchronize to this
因为它不是一般的韵律节奏 because it was not this regular metric beat.
这一个呢 Okay so, which one do I have, this one, okay so let me just,
我不知道你们一般背景如何 I don't know what your neural background is,
所以我用幻灯片讲一下 not one of my classes so I just want to just overview some of the brain area
大脑的概况 I'm going to talk about in my slides.
第一个 So the first one I'll talk about,
这一区域叫第一脑皮层 one of the areas is this so called primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus,
它能自主控制身体活动 which is very important for the voluntary control of body movements.
我会讲讲这个脑皮层 And so I'll talk about this motor cortex here.
这是额叶这是顶叶 So here we have the frontal lobe and here is the parietal lobe.
还有顶上小叶 I'll talk also about this superior, superior means upper,
它主要在大脑后部 superior parietal lobule here, more in the back of the brain.
还有大脑内部的两个结构 And I'll talk about two structures that are sort of deep inside the brain.
一个是核集合 So one of them is called, a collection of nuclei,
叫基底核 called the basal ganglia shown here,
还有这个大的结构叫小脑 and then this large structure in the back of the brain called the cerebellum.
这些是我讲的主要内容 Those are kind of the main areas I'll talk about in my slides.
再说说结果 So let's talk about the results and
和不同的对比 these different contrasts that I've looked at.
首先看这些动作的特殊组合 So the first one is to look at this special patterning of movement;
如何找空间方向感 how we navigate in space.
接受大脑刺激 And again our way of looking at that is to take the brain activation
在第一个视频放的韵律操 for this metric dance that I showed in the first video and
减去单纯收缩肌肉引起的脑部活动 subtract out all the brain activity for simply contracting these muscles,
而不移动 but not moving them.
去掉所有力量因素留下空间 So just getting rid of all the force and leave all the spatial stuff behind.
这个是收缩加腿部运动 So this one has contractions plus leg movement.
这个只有收缩没有运动 This one only has the contractions but there's no movement,
没有方向和模式 so there's no navigation; no patterning.
剩下的应该是脑部反应 So whatever's left over should be sort of a reflection of brain areas
对动作空间感很重要 important for spatial patterning of movement.
首先要讲的是 So the first thing I want to point out is that
单纯收缩 simply doing this kind of isometric contraction
不动身体 where you don't move your body is
是对脑皮层的刺激 a very effective stimulus for this motor cortex.
我总认为脑皮层只和移动有关 I always thought the motor cortex was involved only in movement
这个实验以后单纯的收缩 until I did this study and I saw that just doing this contraction
也是刺激 of the muscles but no movement is actually a very good stimulus.
这是收缩减去休息的对脑皮层的 So this is contractions minus rest and we see a very strong activation
强大刺激 of this primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus.
那么当我们开始跳舞 But now what happens when we start to do this more dance like activity,
做韵律操时会发生什么呢 the metric minus rest.
还有一点 Okay, one more thing, just to point out,
脑皮层在这一 this motor cortex is organized in this kind of topographic,
大脑特定区域 你看到的类似地图 what we call somatotopic manner. So you see kind of a map.
我们看到了大脑 它的剖面图 So here we have the brain, we've taken a slice,
就像一片面包 like a loaf of bread, open it up,
我们看到了肌肉图 and we see kind of a map of the bodies muscles and
在三个区域脸部最低 so kind of three domains we have the facial region here being lowest.
这一大片区域负责手部 Then we have this large area for the fine control of the hands;
然后有最低限 the digits and all that. And then you have the lower extremity,
靠近中线的腿部 the legs, occurring toward the mid line here.
很像我之前放的那张图片 That's kind of what I'm showing in the previous slide,
在脑部中线我们看到了这条腿 is the mid line of the brain, and we're seeing kind of this leg.
人们移动腿时 The leg area of this map, here, is being activated
腿部区域被激活 when people have to move their legs.
这显示了只收缩不移动 Okay so this is what will show what happens when
的情况 you have just the contraction of the muscles but no movement.
如果人们跳舞 But now if people do this kind of dance like activity that
就既有收缩又有移动 includes contraction but also movement,
中线附近激活的区域更广泛 we see a much more extensive activation of the mid line.
剪掉收缩部分 And now if we subtract out contractions from meter,
余下的部分就可以反映出这种模式 what's left over should reflect this kind of patterning.
剩余活动主要在顶上小叶 The residual activity is mainly found here in this superior parietal lobule.
所以我们制作了收缩 So again we have this for just contractions,
抽取了不需要的 this for the dance kind of movement, subtract it out,
然后是剩余的 and what's left over, what's residual,
在顶叶 is the parietal lobe for patterning.
如果学过心理学 And the parietal lobe, if you've taken psychology you know,
就知道顶叶对空间认知的重要作用 is really an essential area for spatial cognition.
如果顶叶受损 People who have lesions, damage, to their parietal lobe,
对空间认知有障碍 have a lot of problems recognizing things in one hemifield,
或者不能辨别方向 or navigating their hand in a slot in the appropriate orientation and all that.
它们在人脑两大区域 So there's thought to be sort of in the human brain two basic domains.
这里有顶上小叶和顶叶 You have this inferior parietal lobule here and the superior there.
有共同点也有区别 And they have some similarities and some differences.
顶上小叶对 The inferior parietal lobule is thought to be the most important
移动的视觉指导有重要作用 for visual guidance of movement.
它从外界的 So it gets its major input from extra striate,
枕骨脑叶视觉区域获取信息 visual areas, the occipital lobe,
然后投射到前叶上 and projects to motor planning areas in the frontal lobe.
所以介于视觉和活动之间 So it's kind of just this in between spot between vision and motor activity.
这一区域对活动视觉指导很重要 So this area is thought to be very important for visual guidance of motor activity,
抓瓶子就需要视觉指导 so grasping a bottle, whatever you do that's visual guided.
顶上小叶有个视觉元件 The superior parietal lobule also has a visual component
此外还有体觉接受元件 but in addition it has this kind of somatosensory reproprioceptive component.
在神经元中不仅是视觉 So it's not just vision, but also the sense of touch and proprioception,
还包括触觉动觉 is found in the neurons there.
这是方向感方面很重要的区域 And so this seems to be a good area in terms of dance navigation that you have,
不仅在于视觉还在于来自中央后回的 not just the vision but also this somatosensory input coming here
动觉信息输入 from the postcentral gyrus.
我不想过于详细 And so, I won't make this too detailed or too clinical,
但这就代表了 but for us, this area kind of represents
以自我为中心的身体图 a body map of egocentric space based on,
包括体觉线索 not just visual keys, but these proprioceptive/kinesthetic cues.
这些从猴子实验得到证明 And this gets a lot of support from work on the monkey,
这个顶上前叶 which I won't go into here, but this superior parietal lobule
不仅对视觉指导很重要 is thought to be very important for not just visual guidance,
而且对动觉也很重要 but kinesthetic guidance of motor activity.
它因为动觉因素 And so for us it seems to be a good area for being an area of navigation;
成为方向感的重要区域 a navigational area for dance movement because of this kinesthetic component.
我不会详谈 So I won't go into much more detail for this lecture.
要说的一点是 One thing I just want to point out too is that of all,
你们也许听过斜角带 I think most of you heard about Broca's Area,
这是个非常重要的语言区域 病变就产生在这里 this very important speech area which when lesion gives rise to
引起失语 speech production areas;
在所有动作条件下 deficits. And so we found in all the motor conditions,
收缩 但不只是听 so motor, contractions, whatever, but not listening alone,
我们没有看到左半脑斜角带受到刺激 we see activation not in Broca's Area which is in your left hemisphere,
而在右半脑看到 but in the right hemisphere homologue of Broca's Area,
所以叫右斜角带 so it's called right Broca's area or the right homologue.
所有动作条件都显示了 And so all these conditions that had movement showed
右斜角带的刺激 activation in the right homologue of Broca's Area.
长期以来斜角带都不被认为 And so it was thought for a long time that Broca's Area
专门准备说话 was simply just a speech area and that was thought not to be speech specific,
而主要针对排序 but much more about sequencing.
舞蹈是很讲秩序的动作 And so dance is also a very sequence motor behavior,
和讲话不同 it's not the same thing as speech but involves
很适合讲秩序 this kind of complex string of sequences so this kind of fits.
舞蹈及获得类似于斜角带的等同物 So the fact that dance activates the right homologue of Broca's Area,
和现有斜角带的概念相吻合 fits in with the current concept of Broca's Area is
它不太和讲话相关更和动作相关 less of a speech area and more a complex organizer of motor sequences.
这是空间方向层面 So that's the spatial navigation aspect
所以斜角带顶叶 so Broca's Area, right homologue, superior parietal.
我们来谈谈舞蹈的韵律时间控制方面 Let's talk about the rhythmic, or the timing aspect of dance,
它很重要 and so here it's important and I talk about this in my classes
我在很多班和许多学生讲过 quite a bit for my students,
要区分节奏和引导 to distinguish on the one hand meter vs. entrainment.
前者较有规律 So meter is any kind of regular, equal time pattern of movement,
一二三四是等节奏的 so one two three four, just equal durations between beats or pulses.
但后者在于 This is the same thing [entrainment] but
动作和节拍 corresponding with your ability to synchronize your movements
同步功能 to that kind of time keeper.
给大家举步行与齐步走的例子 I'll give you an example of walking vs. marching.
如果走一二一二 If you're walking going one two one two,
如果要齐步走的话 but it's just very self paced. But now if you have to march,
必须要和左右同步 you have to synchronize that same left right,
和外部节奏 to some kind of external time keeper. You have to entrain.
而节拍是自己控制的节奏 This is more like self paced kind of thing [meter],
引导是跟上 this you have to actually synchronize those movements
节拍器的节奏 to a time keeper [entrainment].
我们看到动物的动作就能感觉到 What we know from the sight of animals is that
动物移动内在的节奏 meter is kind of the normal when it comes to animal locomotion.
如果你是鱼或者鸟 So if you're a fish, if you're a bird, you tend to
会有左右边的交换 have alternation of the left and right sides of your bodies.
但这很少见 But this kind of entrainment phenomenon is extremely rare
只在人和少量其他物种存在 and found in humans and few other animal species.
所以你需要的只是 So for this we know you only need nothing more than
能够生成中心模式的脊髓 a spinal cord sufficient to have these so called central pattern generators
脊髓才能产生这种左右变换 in the spinal cord to generate this kind of left right alternation,
这需要大脑更高层次的协调 but this seems to require higher senses of the brain for entrainment.
如果我们想观察节拍的配合 So for us if we wanted to examine meter and entrainment;
节拍给你们放两段韵律音乐 so for meter I showed you the two videos of metric music,
或者非韵律 or metric dance and non metric,
我们想做这个比较 we want to do this comparison between this condition that
一个是稳定节奏 has regular predictable pulses, and this condition that
一个节奏不规则 has these irregular and unpredictable, but on average the same tempo,
但总体上有相同的速率 观察其中差别 the same rate pulses and see what's different between the two.
发现的主要区别是 And so the main difference we found in this contrast is
韵律激活了大脑中的基底神经节 that the metric condition activated a part of the brain called the basal ganglia,
和硬膜 而非韵律无法激活它 a component called the putamen, and the non metric didn't activate it.
基底神经节硬膜活动程度较小 We saw much less activity in the basal ganglia,
比起韵律情况下 the putamen for non metric compared to metric movement.
这是较复杂的替代品 And this is actually a very complex surrogate,
学过心理学就知道 so the basal ganglia, if you've taken psychology
皮下沟回 you've learned about this subcortical circuit,
是很难理解的一个结构 a very complex circuit that students sort of have to
需要知道基底神经节的各个路径 suffer through learning about all the different pathways of
但最起码要知道 the basal ganglia but kind of the bottom line of the basal ganglia circuit
这是对规律节奏最敏感的部分 is that it's most active for regular predictable movements.
我常举的例子是帕金森病人如果这个部分受到损害 So the example I always give is if patients who have Parkinson's disease
就很难移动 have a lesion of this pathway and so they're very bad at initiating movement
一旦得到修复 or making changes, but once they get, okay you say I want you to walk,
即使开始困难也会慢慢好起来 they have a lot of trouble starting but then they finally get going,
要他们转身 then you say now I want you to turn around,
他们做改变很困难 and so they have problems making these changes.
但事情变得可预测 When things are very predictable and regular that's when they're okay,
就需要改变 when they have to initiate or make changes,
就意味着问题 that's where they have problems.
所以这个沟回在动作规则时活跃 So this circuit is thought to be really most active when motor control
不规则时活性降低 is regular predictable and less active when things are unpredictable.
在韵律条件下看硬膜活动 So in our case seeing this putamen activity in the metric condition
而不是非韵律活动 and not in the non metric condition,
和现有研究成果很相符 fits in very well with the literature,
尤其是关于动物基底神经节的研究 especially animal literature on how the basal ganglia operates.
这是主动控制 So that's something about this voluntary control of meter.
探戈的节奏 I also want to point out that the example of tango was
比较简单 probably maybe one of the simpler kinds of rhythms but in world dance,
但在周五夜晚 actually some of you may know, but on Friday nights
西方教堂 one of these churches in West, I don't know what they're called,
会有某种我叫不上名字国际舞蹈 they have international folk dancing,
有很复杂的节奏 and you have much more complex rhythms,
应该叫马其顿舞 so here's I think Macedonian, I forget.
很复杂的节奏 So a more complex rhythm to entrain to.
人类音乐有很多节奏 So I mean human music's have a lot of diversity of the rhythms
我在瑞典的时候 that are found. Actually when I lived in Sweden,
主要舞蹈形式是波兰舞 the major folk dance is this polska, and the polska,
但实际上却是 which is not the polka because it's called the polska is
四三拍的华尔兹 actually in three four, so like a waltz, one two three, one...two three.
看看你能不能找到这个节奏 See if you can find the three four in this, of a polska.
我曾经在瑞典做这个 Anyways, again this is a dance, I used to do this in Sweden,
我不能跳因为这个太难了 I can't do it now because it was too difficult, but you dance
但你和舞伴靠边站 你迈上前 side by side with your partner, then you go in front and
然后旋转 you have to turn like this [spinning] as a pair.
很难 And it's really difficult but to find the beat was
但找到节拍是最难的 kind of the first big challenge of that music;
然后就可以开始旋转 find the beat, then I can start doing these turns.
这个关于夹带 Okay, so this issue about entrainment.
现在我们配上节拍了吗 How do we entrain to an external beat?
我们比较了两种情况 And so again here we compare this condition where people had to,
韵律情况人们需要和着探戈音乐 the metric condition, where they had to entrain to the beat of tango music.
要自我掌控 And then again doing the self paced;
没有额外指示 there's no entrainment signal, it's just at your own pace.
节奏一样 The tempos were made to be the same people,
其他事情要配合节奏 things at the same tempo.
剩下的动作 What's left over, so again motorically
就和走路行进一样 it's almost just like walking and marching, almost identical,
恰好有一个节奏 just one happens to have a pulsing, do it at this tempo.
所以大脑中大部分类似的区域就不看了 And so most of the brain areas where we're similar were subtracted out.
剩下的是小脑沟回 What was left over was activity in this other subcortical area called cerebellum,
尤其是中线的蚓部 especially in this midline region called the vermis.
这是韵律减掉移动的行为 so this is metric minus motor, guess all the brain activity
剩下小脑的主要活动 leaves principally activity in the midline of the cerebellum.
有很多关于小脑的争论 And so, there's been a lot of debate about what the cerebellum
可以作为大脑的节拍器 could sort of be the metronome, time keeper, of the brain.
这是化成卡通的小脑 And so here's how the structure in cartoon form of the cerebellum.
它从许多感官系统接收信息 So the cerebellum receives input from most of the sensory systems;
所以前部系统如视觉 so the vestibular system, auditory, visual, sematosensory,
还有这些身体图 and then has these sematotopic maps,
在整个小脑都能看到身体图 you see body maps all throughout the cerebellum.
所以是节拍器的好人选 And so it's kind of a good candidate for being a metronome.
我们对大脑节拍器 What would we want in terms of,
有哪些期待呢 what would be the candidate features of a metronome of the brain?
起码有三个要求 At least three features would be expected of a neural metronome.
一个是活动和节奏相适应的脑部活动 One is activity, it's neural activity varies with tempo.
很明显节奏加快 And that's been shown very clearly that the cerebellar activity
脑部活动也会增多 that it's activity will increase with a faster tempo,
比如在敲手指实验中 say in a finger tapping study.
人类的连带功能最重要的在于 What's important for human entrainment is that we can do it to,
我们不只在音乐节拍才这样 not just musical beats,
可以随着光线在你的皮肤上轻弹 we can do it to flashes of light or taps on your skin,
不只在声音方面 so it's not just about sound.
可以应用于所有感官 We can entrain to all different sensory modalities, so vision,
视觉触觉听觉 touch, sound. And so does the cerebellum have
小脑有左右感官样式 all these different sensory modalities and
它从不同感官系统接收信息 it definitely does get input from all these different sensory systems.
如果你观察人们的连带行为 And finally if you look at the way people can
比如说弹你的时候 entrain any part of their body, to a beat you see some people tapping,
有些人会轻轻拍你 some people are doing this,
不同身体部位会参与 I mean every different part of the body kind of
这一连动行为 gets recruited for entrainment.
大脑有许多的 And so again, the cerebellum has
身体图 all these different symatotopic maps;
而且是完整的 we have full body maps in the cerebellum.
所以证明了 So at least for right now it's kind of our best guess of
小脑是脑部的节拍韵律器 what is the metronome of the brain is the cerebellum.
虽有争议但我还是这么假设 Again it's still controversial but it's kind of my work hypothesis
暂且在这一领域内 for right now at this point in the field.
我讲一下另一个韵律和移动 So I want to talk about another subtraction between
抵消引起的后果 metric and motor yielded one other unexpected result
人们不自觉地移动身体 and released the fact that people unconsciously move their bodies.
坐在酒吧里听着音乐 So if you're sitting in the club and you hear music,
开始做某件事 you're going to start doing something or
就会不自觉地开始移动 you're going to start moving unconsciously in many occasions.
我们都能解释这种无意识行为 And so we kind of had some insight into this unconscious entrainment
在这一抵消活动中我们看到了 and so in this subtraction [meter minus motor] we saw this activity
丘脑中的活动 in a part of the brain called the thalamus,
一个叫内侧膝状体核的部位 a nucleus called the medial geniculate nucleus,
处于耳朵与大脑之间 in the auditory pathway going from the ear to the brain.
它传递了 This is one of the relays in that circuitry going
耳蜗到听觉皮层的信息 from your cochlea to your auditory cortex,
这是进入听觉皮层前的 this is kind of the next to last relay before going to,
最后一关 here's the auditory cortex shown on this side.
但这是你的皮下听神经核 But this is your subcortical auditory nucleus.
所以我们看到活动的原因在于 And so the reason why we're seeing this activity
有韵律音乐 in this subcortical relay is because this one has music [metric],
移动反映了 this one doesn't [motor], so it just reflects the fact that
两种情况都有音乐 there's a presence of music in one condition or the other.
因为有听力条件所以可以施加控制 We can control for that because we also had listening condition.
有一组受试对象只听音乐 So we have people simply listen to music,
然后剪掉所有听 then we subtract out all the brain activity for
耗费的脑力活动 listening from that, it stays there.
虽然有音乐 So it's not really a function of the fact that there's music there,
但它的确有连带功能 but it really is a function of entrainment.
听觉系统是一部分 This is a part the auditory system,
不仅在有声音的时候活跃 which is active not only in the presence of sound,
而且有连带 but in a situation in which there's entrainment going on.
这就是我们的低路假设 And so we've proposed our "low road" hypothesis,
所以不用去皇家学院 and that's the idea that you don't have to go to Royal Conservatory
学舞步 to learn how to tap your foot to the beat.
很基础 There's something very fundamental, very low level,
不用学和弦琴键 you don't have to learn about harmony and keys and
关于琴键的一切 all that kind of stuff to know where the beat is in music.
只是很低级的信息 It's kind of low level information.
节奏信息 And so we're proposing that beat information is
仅仅在皮层处理 processed say more subcortically,
在意识以外 more outside of the realm of awareness, than in a more cortical fashion.
也就是我们的低路径假设 And so we're calling this more a low road hypothesis;
只需要皮层区域 all you need is kind of your subcortical area,
丘脑小脑 your thalamus, going through cerebellum,
就能处理潜意识 that should be sufficient for having all of this unconscious entrainment
弹着音乐都意识不到在干什么 when you just tap your finger to music you're not even aware of what's going on.
这是我们06年成像实验 So that's kind of a summary of our imaging study that
的总结 was published on cerebral cortex in 2006.
我想用一些关于舞蹈起源 I want to conclude with some speculations
的猜想作结 I have about the origins of dance.
很合适因为我们有一些印地舞者 And it's very fitting that we have the pow wow dancers
这正是我要说的 because it's exactly what I'm going to talk about.
首先这是一个身体敲击假设 And so the first one I call this a body percussion hypothesis
首先是舞蹈 and that's that dance evolved, first and foremost,
作为一个声音现象 as a sounding phenomenon.
如果你看这些舞者 And so if you look at these pow wow dancers who were here,
她们穿着演出服 they had their regalia and especially the way they had
尤其是衣服上的金片 all these metallic pieces attached to their costume that
每个动作 every step they took, every movement they made,
都能听到响声 you heard clank, clank, clank.
所以它们也变成某种打击乐器 So essentially they became percussion instruments.
每一舞步 So every step they took as dancers,
都一定程度上变成音乐家 they became musicians in the percussion sense.
根据这一假设 So according to this hypothesis, there's no real distinction
舞者和音乐家在打击乐方面没有太大差别 between a dancer and a musician at least as a percussionist,
舞蹈和韵律音乐相互交融 and so the dance and rhythmic music co-evolved.
给你们看第二段 So I'm going to show you in a second a video of
身体打击乐视频 this kind of body percussion.
不只是演出服而是 So it's not just regalia but all this kind of stuff [clapping,
很多人发出的响声 foot tapping] which you see in many world dances people,
身体打击乐 this kind of stuff, there's a lot of body percussion.
但关键是人们系上 But what's very common is that people attach things,
脚铃或其他东西 for example leggings or things to their costume that as dancers,
发出声音 they make a lot of noise and so I propose that dance evolved from
所以我认为舞蹈的起源来源于响声 its origins as something not silent, but something which is sounding
是某种程度上的打击乐 and that you become sort of a percussionist in the process.
在整个身体打击乐世界都能找到这种现象 You find this throughout the entire world this kind of body percussion,
不限于一个区域 so it's not specific to one region or another.
其次人们认为舞蹈只是炫技 And then secondly, people think that dance is simply showing off,
这么多人 energy, all this kind of stuff, you know being the big man,
但舞蹈其实是手语 whatever, but dance is very much a gesture language.
在小型文化中观察舞蹈 And if you look at dance in small scale cultures,
舞蹈不仅仅为了舞蹈本身 it's not just dance for its own sake, okay I want to show off,
其实有叙事功能 it's really a narrative function; it's something about telling stories,
人们穿上衣服讲述历史故事 again people put on costumes, they tell about the history of their culture.
讲他们的祖先 神明之类的 So they portray their ancestors, their gods whatever,
通过角色动作 and through their movements they portray those characters
所有动作 and so all these movements, again in small scale cultures,
舞蹈具有叙事性 they tend to be iconic, and so dance is narrative,
是手语 it's kind of a gesture language.
不知道还有多少时间 So I didn't know how much time I was going to have,
举一个例子 I just brought one example today, but it's from Samoa,
萨摩亚舞蹈 and it shows dancers, you're going to see a combination of
可以看到这种身体打击乐 this kind of body percussion,
虽然我不知道是什么故事 and again I don't know exactly what the narrative is here,
但他们的动作的确是在讲故事 but everything that they're doing with their hands,
动作很形象 they're telling a story, so everything is iconic in their movements.
这是萨摩亚的几段舞蹈 So this is several dances taken from Samoa.
等一会儿 I need to just set up the video for a second.
是一种手语 So it's kind of a gesture language with the hand movements here.
你看到了这些人穿的袜子 A sitting dance too. So you see these leggings that the guys are wearing.
我们有多于一种代表系统 So I talked about how we have more than one representational system.
我们听到了歌词 So here we actually heard words, they were singing words,
看到语言和动作的混合 so we saw this combination of language but also body gesture.
两者一起传达意义 These two things that are working parallel to convey meanings.
我们听到音乐看到身体敲击 We heard music; we saw body percussion, and the whole thing.
所以关于舞蹈起源的猜想 So again just some speculations about the origins of dance.
不仅仅是表演 It's not just about "okay look at me", that could be part of it,
但比这要多 it is part of it, but there's a lot more than that.
但在传播过程中 So I propose that there are sort of two parallel channels that
有两个平行结构 we have in communication.
我们有声音中的歌曲路径 We have this song/speech route that involves the voice.
也有打击乐/舞蹈路径 And then we have this percussion/dance route that
它包括了声音以外的部分 involves the rest of the body aside from the voice.
更强调音高 This one focuses more on the pitch,
唱歌讲话的音调部分 melodic aspect of music and speech [song/speech].
打击更强调长度强度韵律 This one focuses more on duration, intensity, and rhythm [percussion/dance].
和我们称为语言的 This one gets associated with one particular representational system that
代表性系统相连 we call language [song/speech].
打击和手势性 This one more with another representational system that
代表系统更相连 we think of as gesture [percussion/dance].
这两者总是相连 And these two things get combined all the time and
我们有舞蹈和音乐 we have dance and music.
只能看到歌词音乐和手势 We just saw words and music, body gesture,
身体打击乐 body percussion, and the like.
在结束我的科学性讲解之前 So that's my talk, and before I finish, I mean that's my scientific talk,
我要做一点社区性服务 I also want to do a bit of community service,
因为我是一个舞蹈社区的成员 because I'm part of a particular dance community here,
这是探戈老师Zubair so this is Zubair, he's a tango teacher in town and
我也是成员 I'm part of this group here,
如果你想跳阿根廷探戈 if you'd like to learn how to dance Argentine tango,
Zubair有个网站 Zubair has a website called gtatango.com.
他是个很好的老师 He's a great teacher, a great guy always looking for students;
我们周一三跳舞 we dance Monday nights in Hamilton and Wednesday in Dundas.
你可以在Hamilton Dundas里任选 Okay so if you're either in Hamilton or Dundas,
他会教给你阿根廷探戈 want to learn Argentine tango Zubair is the man for you
可以之后问他 and so seek him out after the talk if you'd like to learn about lessons.
这是我的服务 现在可以提问了 That's my community service for today. Now I'll take questions.