谢谢你们来听我的讲座 Thanks everybody for coming to see the talk.
这儿有几个座位 There are a couple of seats in here
如果站在楼梯上的人想要进来的话 if people on the stairs want to filter in,
我不介意这些 it's ok with me.
你们也可以就呆在那儿 Or stay there if you like.
今天我将要向你们谈一下 So today I'm going to talk to you about,
性吸引力的进化演变 well, the evolution of sexual attraction,
特别是声音特征的性吸引力 and in particular sexual attraction to voice features.
当我们谈到什么事物的进化演变时 So when we talk about the evolution of anything,
人们喜欢从查尔斯达尔文谈起 everybody starts their talk off with Charles Darwin,
所以我想如果我不从这儿谈起就显得有些疏忽 so I thought I would be remiss if I didn't do the same.
查尔斯达尔文 So, Charles Darwin,
我想跟你们说的达尔文的一个故事 the story I want to tell you about Darwin is
我们总是认为达尔文 that we only think of Darwin as, you know,
就是那个想出自然选择理论的人 对吧 the person who thought of natural selection, right?
进化演变是一种自然选择的过程 So, evolution is a process of natural selection,
当进化倾向于一种特征或行为时 these are when evolution favors traits or behaviors
这种特征或行为使个体生存并能够 that enable an individual to survive to the age
再生产 where they can reproduce.
当他把 And when he was putting together
所有的他关于自然选择的材料聚在一起时 all of his materials on natural selection,
他遇到了这种动物 孔雀 he came across this animal, the peacock.
根本上来说 这只孔雀是达尔文的存在的祸害 And the peacock was basically the bane of Darwin's existence
直到他想到了雌雄淘汰的理论 until he thought of the theory of sexual selection.
达尔文不能解释这些华丽的孔雀尾巴为什么 Darwin couldn't explain why these beautiful, ornate peacock tails
通过自然选择进化了 had evolved via natural selection
因为这些尾巴真的使这些孔雀 because these tails really make it such that the peacock
也不能逃脱它的捕食者的猎杀 is not going to be able to get away from the predators as well.
它真的是一个大广告 It's a really big advertisement
像是在告诉掠食者它们在这儿 to the predators that they're here.
我是指如此巨大又美丽的裙裾很难不惹人注意 I mean this big, giant beautiful train is hardly conspicuous.
所以 它真的是 So it's really
想到为什么这种动物会形成这种精美的尾巴 in thinking of why the animal would evolve this elaborate trait
达尔文就提出了 that Darwin was able to
雌雄淘汰的理论 come up with the theory of sexual selection.
如果你们再翻看一下达尔文关于雌雄淘汰的书 And if you go back into Darwin's book on sexual selection,
你们就可能发现下面我将会读到的话 you might find this quote that I will read for you.
它是这样写的 "所有种类的动物 It says: "Although the sounds
所发出的各种声音都是有某种目的的 emitted by animals of all kinds serve many purposes,
但是也不能否定这样一个事实 a strong case can be made out,
发生器官被基本的使用 that the vocal organs were primarily used
并在物种的繁殖过程中不断完善" and perfected in relation to the propagation of the species".
所以达尔文在这儿所说的意思 So what Darwin is saying here
就是基本上来说在 动物王国的所有物种中 is basically that in many, many species
也包括人类 对于一些物种来说 across the animal kingdom, and amongst humans as well,
发声是一个很重要的 vocalizations are really an important part
寻找异性伴侣的部分 of finding a particular mate,
来发现谁将是吸引人的 finding out who's going to be attractive,
谁将是一个好的伴侣 who's going to be a good partner.
这就是我们今天将要谈论的话题 And that's where we're going to focus on today,
即我们怎样可以使用我们的声音来作为一个 is how we can use our voices as indicators
指标来衡量某个人是否是一个好的伴侣 of whether or not someone may or may not be a good partner,
以及我们是怎样进化发展的 男人和女人 and how we've evolved different men and women
是怎样进化发展成不同的声音的 have evolved different voices.
所以今天我们将要解决的真正的问题就是 So the main question that we're really going to ask today,
并且这是一个比喻性的问题 and this is a metaphorical question,
很明显 人类的声音就像孔雀的尾巴一样吗 obviously: is the human voice pitch a peacock's tail?
很明前答案是否定的 很难说是孔雀的尾巴 It's not, obviously, literally a peacock's tail.
但是我们可以问 But, nonetheless we can ask
就可继承性而言 它像孔雀的尾巴吗 is it like a peacock's tail in that is it inheritable?
声音是 Is voice pitch something
从一代到一代继承下来的吗 that is passed down from generation to generation?
它是某种昂贵的再生产品吗 Is it something that is costly to reproduce?
现在进化论倾向于支持这些 Now evolution tends to favor indicators
昂贵的生产的指标 that are costly to produce
而不是一些没有指示任何事 rather than things that sort of don't indicate anything
而只是为它们自己的选择 and just sort of are selected for themselves.
当我们做选择或面临决定时使用声音音高吗 Is voice pitch used when we make or meet choice decisions?
当我们在努力寻找我们的伴侣时 When we're trying to find our partners,
声音音高参与到这个过程中来吗 is voice pitch involved in this process at all?
另一个问题就是 The other question is,
这对进化演变来说真的是很重的 and this is really important for evolution,
这是某种很容易就能假装出来的东西吗 is is this something easy to fake?
如果你可以弄出一个假的指示机制 If you can fake an indicator mechanism,
那么它就不是一个真正好的 可靠地线索 then it's not really a good, reliable cue
来显示你的某种潜藏的性格 to sort of your underlying quality.
我会更具体的谈论这一点 Now I'll get into that in a little bit.
最终 当然 当我们谈到进化时 And finally, of course, when we talk about evolution,
我们需要明确 we need to know:
对这种特性的喜好 does preference for this trait
会增加你们的在生产的成功率吗 increase your reproductive success?
演变进化 Evolution is measured,
基本上是由后代及后代的后代的数量所衡量的 basically, in the number of offspring your offspring have had,
所以我们将会 and so that's what we'll we're going to
看一下一些人类的后代 look at a number of offspring people have had.
所以你们可以遗传的 奢华的再生产 So you have inheritability, costliness to produce,
使用这种配偶选择决定 use in mate-choice decisions,
这是很难弄虚作假的饿 that it's difficult to fake
它会提高再生育的成功率 and that it increases reproductive success.
这就是我们今天的主题 That's our theme of today,
我们将会努力回答所有的这些问题 we're going to try and address all of these questions.
我认为 首先 这是很重要的 So I think, first, it's really important
来复习基本的声乐解剖学知识 to go over the basic vocal anatomy
来是你们理解 so that you understand
我所说的事情 当我谈到语音音高时 what I'm talking about when I talk about voice pitch,
因为关于声音质量的不同 because there's a lot of different voice qualities
我们可以想到很多 we can think of.
我们可能想到嘎嘎作响的氦的声音 We can think of squeaky helium voices,
我们可能想到低沉浑厚的声音 we can think of low-pitched booming voices,
但是这些声音都是来自不同的发音器官 but really these things come from different vocal organs
或者我们的发音器的不同部分 or different parts of our vocal apparatus.
所以你们在这儿看到的 So what you're looking at here
基本上来说是一个横截面 is basically a cross section
从某个人的头颅的横截面 这儿 through the side of someone's skull, here.
你们所看到的大部分 And most of these parts that you're seeing
这是口腔 this is the oral cavity,
那是鼻腔 and there's also the nasal cavity as well
这就是人们所指的 and those are what people refer to
声道发声管道 as the supralaryngeal vocal tract,
简洁地说 人们就叫它声道 and for brevity people just call it the vocal tract.
如果你听到某人吸入氦气 And if you've heard somebody inhale helium,
你就会知道它听起来是什么样的 you're hearing what it would sound like
如果把他们的声道缩减的 if you shrunk their vocal tract
很小很小很小 to be really, really, really small. Ok.
语音的音高 Now, pitch of voice
并不是来自这个共鸣腔的尺寸大小 doesn't come from the size of this resonating chamber,
它并不是源于你的声道的大小 it doesn't come the size of your vocal tract.
它来自长度 厚度 It comes from the length, the thickness
以及声带本身的密度和紧张程度 and the density and tension on the vocal cords themselves.
所以声带是位于喉咙里面的 So the vocal cords are positioned inside the larynx,
你们看就在这儿 which you see here,
这是一个喉咙的自上而下的视图 and this is a top-down view of the larynx.
根本上来说 更长的声带 And basically, longer vocal cords,
休息的时候更长的声带就和更低的音高相配合 when at rest, longer vocal cords code for lower pitched voices.
而当休息时 更短的声带 Shorter vocal cords, when at rest,
和更高的音高相一致 code for higher pitched voices.
更厚的声带暗示着更低的音高 And also, thicker vocal cords code for lower pitched voices
更薄的声带暗示着更高的音高 and thinner ones for higher pitched voices.
如果有人看过吉他 And if anybody's ever seen a guitar,
这基本上和吉他的工作原理一样 this is basically how guitars work.
较厚的弦发出的声音比较低 The thickest string produces the lowest note;
较细的弦发出的声音则比较高 the thinnest string produces the highest note.
当你拨动这些弦时 When you fret the strings,
你就在简短这些弦的长度 you're shortening the length of the string
而它会发出的声音更高 and that makes higher and higher pitches
当你拨动吉他颈部的弦时 as you fret it higher up on the neck of the guitar.
这就是我们的声带的是怎样工作的 So that's sort of how our vocal cords work.
它就像你拉橡皮筋似的 It works sort of like if you stretched a rubber band
如果你使劲拉它并且增强它的紧张度 if you stretch it out that increases the tension,
而这增强了的紧张度就是 and the increase of tension is
使使橡皮筋的音高增强的原因 what raises the pitch of the rubber band.
我们的声带也是这样 And the same thing can also happen to our vocal cords.
无论如何 这是一点关于声乐解剖学的知识 So anyways, that's just a little bit about vocal anatomy.
所以当我们谈到音高时 So when I talk about voice pitch,
注意到我们声音的音高是很重要的 it's important to note that the pitch of our voice,
因为它来自我们的喉咙 because it comes from the larynx,
而喉咙是软骨结构 which is all cartilaginous structures,
除了舌骨 except for the hyoid bone,
喉咙可以独立于身体的其它部分而生长 the larynx can grow independently of the rest of the body.
它是在青春期生长的 And it does at puberty.
因此没有任何真正意义 So there's no real relationship
在一个人的声音有多么浑厚 between how deep somebody's voice is,
他们的声音的音高有多么低 how low the pitch of their voice is,
和他们的个头的高低之间没有任何关系 and how tall they are,
尽管人们经常犯这个错误 even though people commonly make this misinterpretation
经常误以为它们之间有关联 and commonly think it does have to do with this.
所以在接下来的讲解中 你们一定要记住这一点 So just keep that in mind as we go along.
这是一个声谱图 我们就是这样分析声音的 So this is a spectrogram, this is how we analyze sounds.
如果你们看一下这个X轴 你们就会看到时间 If you look at the X-axis, you'll see time.
如果你们看Y轴 你们就会看到音频 If you look at the Y-axis, you'll see the frequency.
每个音频的高低通过 And how loud each frequency is represented
这些图上的阴影的黑度显示出来 by how dark the shading is on these plots.
所以事实上 音高真正的简洁的显示就是 So what's really neat about voice pitch is that, actually,
这些精确地分开的线 these lines are spaced exactly apart.
它们被分成的数量显示了声音的高低 The exact amount they're spaced apart is the pitch of the voice.
所以你们可以看到这种 So you can look that difference
这张图上的线的不同被进一步的分开了 between these lines on the plot are further apart,
所以你们就了解了这个声音 仅仅是通过观察 so you know that this voice, just by looking at it,
这个声音不那个声音的音高要高 this voice is higher in pitch than this voice.
我会给你们放一些声音的例子 So I'll play you a couple of samples of voices
你们就可以了解 so you can get an idea
音高听起来是怎么样的 of what voice pitch sounds like on its own.
这是一些有规律的 没有改变的声音 So that's just a regular voice, it's unaltered.
这是 And this is sort of
我们对这些实验所做的促进因素 how we make our stimuli for these experiments.
我将会这么说话 So what I'll do is take a voice like that
我会降低我的音高 and I'll lower pitch.
你们也可以升高音高 And you can also raise the voice pitch.
没什么可惊奇的 So no surprises there,
我们都知道音高是怎么样的 we kind of all have an idea of what pitch is like.
我之前已经告诉过你们声道 I was telling you about the vocal tract before.
大多数人来都很难理解这个概念 And this is sort of harder concept for most people to get,
但我会简要的给你们介绍一下 but I'll just mention it briefly.
这儿的这些频率 叫做共振峰的频率 These frequencies here, called formant frequencies,
是声道的共振频率 are resonant frequencies of the vocal tract.
较大的声道的共振频率较低 它们的行距空间 Bigger vocal tracts have lower formant frequencies
比较大的声道更密集地结合在一起 抱歉 that are spaced closer together than big vocal tracts sorry,
比更小的声道 than smaller vocal tracts.
所以较大的声道的共振频率较低 So bigger vocal tracts have lower frequencies,
较小的声道的共振频率则较高 smaller vocal tracts will have higher frequencies.
我将会向你们展示 And so I'll just give you
我在这儿所做的展示是有些微妙的 the manipulation I make here is a bit more subtle,
所以要注意这些声音的不同 so pay close attention to the differences between the voices.
这就是原始的声音 So this is just the original voice,
这是降低了的声音 声道扩大了 and here's with a lowered, an enlarged vocal tract.
更短的声道 And a shortened vocal tract.
所以第二个声音听起来就像 So the second one sounds like
是一个比第一个人更矮的人发出的声音 it's coming from a smaller person than the first one does.
根本上 这是由于共振频率的改变而造成的 And that's basically the effect of changing the frequencies
共振频率和声道的长度是相对应的 that correspond to the lengths of different vocal tracts.
这就是一些简单的介绍 So that's sort of just the introduction of, you know,
关于我们初步研究的声音品质的不同的介绍 the different voice qualities that we primarily investigate.
这个视频出现的太快了 This video came on too quickly.
我只是想让你们感受一下 So I just thought to give you a sense
音高是怎样改变的 of how voice pitch could change
从一个女性特征的声音到一个男性特征的声音 from feminine to masculine characters,
所以我就做了这么一个音频 so I made this fun video.
音频 这个音频目的在于展示 VIDEO: This video is intended to demonstrate
声音是怎样 how the voice changes
从女性特征声音变位有男性特征的声音的 from feminine characteristics to masculine characteristics.
演讲者 所以这只是我改变我的音高 SPEAKER: So that's just me changing the pitch of my voice.
但是 正如我之前所说的 But as I said before,
你们也可以改变某个人的声道的长度 对吧 you can also change the length of somebody's vocal tract, right?
如果你们想一下 And if you think about it,
小孩子比大人的音高要高 kids have higher pitched voices than grownups do,
而他们的个头则更矮一些 对吧 and they're a bit shorter, right?
所以他们的声道就更短一些 So their vocal tracts are shorter.
因此如果我们把这两个操作放在一起 So if we combine these two manipulations together,
我们就可以预测 它听来是什么样的 we can simulate what it would sound like
如果一个孩子在说话 或是一个成人在说话 if a child was speaking or an adult was speaking,
下面这个视频就展示了这一点 so that's what this next video does.
视频 你们好 我叫大卫费因伯格 VIDEO: "Hi, my name's David Feinberg.
我正在感知实验室做实验 I'm doing work in the perception lab,
主要是改变说话者的年龄 it's changing the apparent age of the speaker
并把它们整合到视频中" and integrating that with video."
演讲者 模仿这个谢顶的博士 SPEAKER: So it also simulates hair-loss over a PhD as well.
我们可以看一下这些声音频率 So we can look at these vocal frequencies
在个体发育过程中我们的声音是怎样改变的 as how our voices develop through ontogeny,
从儿时到成年 from childhood to adulthood,
但是它们也分类了这些主要的不同 but they also categorize the main differences
在男人和女人的声音之间 between men and women's voices.
所以如果你们从右到左看一下这些图片 So if you look at these pictures right-to-left,
它们就会和我接下来将要播放的音频相呼应 they will correspond with the voices I'll play.
音频 进化 进化 进化 SOUND CLIP: Evolution, evolution, evolution,
进化 进化 进化 evolution, evolution, evolution.
演讲者 因此 基本上来说 SPEAKER: So basically,
知识改变这两个声音品质 it's just changing these two vocal qualities
就可以把一个男性的声音变为一个女性的声音 that can change a man's voice into a woman's voice,
或一个女性的声音变位一个男性的声音 a woman's voice into a man's voice.
很明显 还有其他的因素 Now, obviously, there are other factors
影响男人和女人的声音的不同 that are different between men and women's voices:
我们说话的方式 我们的声音有多么小 the way we speak, how whispery our speech is,
有多么粗壮 how rough it is.
但这是两个最突出的品质 But these are the two most salient qualities
我们所知道的 that we sort of know are different
男人和女人声音的不同 抱歉 between men and women's voices. Sorry.
所以当我们看这些音高时 So when we look at voice pitch,
并没有真正的明显的原因 对吧 there's no real obviously reason, right,
我们再回到达尔文的理论 we take this back to Darwin,
没有真正明显的原因来解释为什么男人和女人 there's no real obvious reason why men and women
会有不同的音高 would have different pitched voices,
并不能帮助我们生存 对吧 no reason to help us survive, right?
男人的音高叫低 但是这并不能 Men having lower pitched voices
帮助我们比那些有更高音高的人更好地生存 doesn't help us survive better than having higher pitched voices,
事实上 从女人的声音的角度更容易理解 in fact, it's easier to understand speech from women's voices
比从男人的角度更容易 than it is men's voices,
那么为什么男人会有这种深沉的声音呢 so why do men have these deep voices?
我认为原因是它会影响这些事 And I think the answer is because it affects these things
我已经写在黑板上了 that I've got up on the board now.
它影响着 它影响着我们的生育的成功 It affects, well it affects our reproductive success,
它会影响我们寻求一个伴侣的可能性 it affects our likelihood of requiring a mate,
这就是我将会和你们谈论的事 and that's what I'll talk to you about.
我们将会逐个的谈论一下这上面列举的 So we're just going to go through this list
并且对所有的这些问题做出回答 and answer each of these questions.
所以 音高是可以继承的吗 So, is voice pitch inheritable?
简短的答案是 是的 And the short answer is yes.
睾丸素使得男性的声音在青春期时变低沉 Testosterone causes men's voices to drop at puberty.
如果在任何一个时间管制他的睾丸素 If you administer somebody testosterone at any point in life,
他们的声音就也会变低 their voice will also drop.
如果你限制某个人的雌性激素 If you administer somebody estrogen,
她们的声音音高就会升高 it will not raise the pitch of their voice.
一旦声带长成 它们已经长成了 Once vocal cords are fully-grown, they're fully-grown.
没有手术他们就不会缩小 They don't shrink without surgery.
随着人们年龄的增大它们可能会流失一些物质 They may shed some of their material as people age,
但是对声带的长度而言 一旦它们完全长成 but the length of the cords, once they are fully grown;
它们就会保持成熟的状态 they're fully grown,
除非你通过控制睾丸素使它们变长 unless you make them longer by administering testosterone.
所以睾丸素是可以继承的 So, testosterone is inheritable,
我们知道可以从同性的父母那里继承50% and we know it's about 50% inheritable from same-sex parents,
因此音高是可以继承的 so, therefore voice pitch is inheritable.
这些研究显示了 The studies showing similarities
父亲和儿子的音高的相似性 between father and son's voice pitch
以及母亲和女儿的音高的相似性 and mother and daughter's voice pitch,
也有一些很简洁的研究 and there are some other really neat studies
注重于单体受精卵和双受精卵 looking at mono-zygotic and dizygotic twins,
这是异卵双胞胎和同卵双胞胎 so this is fraternal twins and identical twins.
同卵双胞胎更容易有相似的声音 And identical twins tend to have more similar voices
和相同性别的异卵双胞胎比起来 that fraternal twins of the same sex.
这是一些很好的证据 So this is some pretty good evidence
证明了音高是可以继承的 that voice pitch is inheritable.
低音高会有什么代价吗 Are there costs associated with a low voice pitch?
最重要的一个事情之一 So one of the fundamental things
在性别选择的进化中 就是 in the evolution of sexual preferences is
让步原理 what's called the handicap principle.
让步原理基本上是指 其他一切都是平等的 The handicap principle basically says, all else equal,
如果某个人的生存承担了某种特定的成本 if someone's surviving incurring a particular cost,
例如 如果我有一个克隆体 而我的克隆体 say, if I have a clone and my clone walks
整天都带着一袋砖 around all day carrying a sack of bricks,
他可以做所有我可以做的事 and he can do everything that I can do
与此同时他一直带着一袋砖 while he's carrying around a sack of bricks,
这会使他看起来更迷人 that would make him more attractive
因为他在说明 because he's demonstrating
他可以在任何地方都带着这一袋砖 that he can carry around that sack of bricks,
而我则只是四处闲逛 where I'm just walking around that sack of bricks.
这基本上可以算是一个让步原则的概括 So that's basically the handicap principle in a nutshell.
当我们谈到音高的进化喜好选择 When we talk about the evolution of preferences
以及它的发展时 for voice pitch and the development of voice pitch,
我们把睾丸素作为一种自我妨碍的激素 we think of testosterone as the handicapping hormone.
睾丸素是一种很险恶的化学物质 Testosterone is a pretty nasty chemical;
它可以攻克我们的免疫系统 it can suppress our immune system.
在攻克我们的免疫系统之上 On top of suppressing our immune systems,
它也和冒险的行为相联系 it's also associated with risky behavior.
所以有更高睾丸素的男性 So men with higher testosterone
更倾向于做一些愚蠢的事 are more likely to do foolish things
而往往导致他们的死亡 that will end up getting them killed
而这些睾丸素较低的男性则很少这样 than those with lower testosterone.
所以如果你的音高很低 So if you have a low-pitched voice,
你就在某种程度上说明 you're sort of demonstrating
你的免疫系统足够强 that your immune system was strong enough
使你可以抵挡 to begin with that you could withstand
这种睾丸素的某种毒害 these sort of deleterious defects of testosterone
并且你可以从这些冒险的行为中幸存 and you can also sort of survive the risky behavior
这些冒险的行为往往都和高睾丸素联系在一起 associated with high testosterone as well.
这就是低音高所要承担的负担 So those are the costs associated with having a low voice pitch.
音高在某种程度上就是在告诉我们 So really voice pitch sort of is telling us
个体的暗含的品质 about the underlying qualities of the individual.
它在告诉我们这个人的激素水平 It's telling us about the hormonal profile of the person,
不管他们的睾丸素是低还是高 whether they have high or low testosterone.
基本上来说 会给我们带来性的战争 Which brings us to basically the battle of the sexes.
这部分谈论的是 This part of the talk is
我们会谈一下我们的喜好的进化演变 where we're going to talk about the evolution of our preferences
以及是否男人和女人喜欢相同的事物 and whether or not men prefer the same things as women
女人和男人的喜好是否相同 and women prefer the same things as men.
我把它叫做性别的战争的原因是 And the reason why I call this the battle of the sexes
因为总体上来说男人和女人都在寻找 is really because men and women are looking, in general,
在寻找配偶时看重的方面是不同的 are looking for different things in relationship partners.
男人倾向于寻找更多的配偶 Men tend to be looking for more partners,
而女人则比男人倾向于寻找能承诺的配偶 and women tend to be looking for more commitment than men are.
我猜 我想给你们讲一个故事 And, I guess, I wanted to tell you a story
这个故事正好说明了这一点 that highlights this sort of thing.
这是一个很有名的关于进化演变的故事 This is one of the more famous stories of evolution.
叫做 "库立奇效应" It's called "The Coolidge Effect".
故事是这样的 And the story goes that
这个美国前总统 these former presidents of the United States
美国前总统 the former president of the United States,
卡尔文库立奇 和他的妻子到了一个农场里 Calvin Coolidge, and his wife were down at a farm.
他们在和农夫讲话 And they're talking to the farmer,
他们在看一些小鸡和公鸡 and they're watching the chickens and the roosters
基本上每天这些鸡群都在这里闲逛 basically go at it all day long.
库立奇夫人对这个农夫说 And Mrs. Coolidge says to the farmer:
"公鸡每天都会有很多次性行为吗" "is that rooster having sex multiple times a day?"
这个农夫说 And the farmer goes:
"哦 是的 是的 是这样的 "Oh yeah, yep, definitely,
公鸡每天都会发生好几次性行为" that rooster's having sex multiple times per day."
她说 "你能把这件事告诉库立奇先生吗" She goes: "Can you tell that to Mr. Coolidge, please?"
所以这个农夫说 "好的 我想我会告诉他的 So the farmer say, "Ok, I guess I'll tell him,
他是总统 但是 好的我会说的" he's the president, but ok."
所以他走到库立奇总统前说 So he goes over to Mr. Coolidge and goes:
"哦 我真不知道该怎样跟您说 "Um, I'm not sure how to tell you this,
但是您的妻子要我告诉您 but your wife asked me to tell you
这个公鸡每天都会有很多次的性行为" that this rooster's having sex multiple times per day."
库立奇总统是一个很聪明的人他这样对农夫说 So Mr. Coolidge, he's a sharp guy, he goes to the farmer:
"公鸡每次都是和同一个母鸡发生性行为吗" "Is the rooster having sex with the same chicken each time?"
对爸爸 这种回答 Right? And this sort of speaks
正好解释了男人和女人在 to the difference in mating strategies
约会策略上的不同 that men and women have.
所以对男人来说 为了 So in order for men
尽可能的增长他们的生育成功率 to increase their reproductive success as best they can,
最好是尽可能多的和女性交配 it's best to mate with as many females as possible
因为精子很容易很便宜地就能生产出来 because sperm are cheap and easy to produce,
你可以一天产出上百万的精子和受精卵 you can produce millions of sperm per day and inseminate,
例如一天和上千的女人交配如果你想这样的话 let's say, hundreds of women a day if you should so desire.
另一方面 女人 Women, on the other hand,
生产下一代的能力则是受限制的 对吧 are limited in the number of offspring they can reproduce, right?
大约是一年一个 It's about one per year.
在古代社会 And in traditional societies,
大概是三到四年一个 it's closer to one every three or four years.
在传统社会 基本上来说 In traditional societies, basically,
人们花费在母乳哺育上的时间 the amount of time people spend breastfeeding
可比现在要长很多 is quite a lot longer than here.
所以我们认为当我们在进化时 And so we think that while we're evolving,
很可能我们 每三到四年 it's likely that we were having offspring
才能生出一个后代 every three or four years also.
所以我们想一下这些不同 So we think about the differences
对雌鹅和雄鹅 in what's best for the goose or the gander
就增长它们再生产的而成功率来说 in terms of increasing their reproductive success,
男人似乎并没有女人那么爱挑剔 men sort of don't have to be as choosy as women
因为女人的蛋是很珍贵的 because women's eggs are quite precious
她们可不能浪费在不好的配偶上 and they can't waste them on bad mating opportunities.
我们将会看一下 And so we're going to look at
这是怎样反映在人的声音的喜好上来的 how that's reflected in people's preferences for voices.
我们会做一个典型的实验 So a typical experiment we'll do
会使用相同类型的声音 will take the same types of voices
这些声音我在开始的时候给你们放过 开始了 that I played you in the beginning, that were saying,
"AEIOU" 我们也会用句子来做这个实验 "A, E, I, O, U", we've also done this using sentences,
我们已经做了一些向后的演讲 we've done backwards speech,
我们已经做了无数的不同类型的演讲 we've done tons of different types of speech.
但是所有的这些实验的主要的特点 But the key feature in all of these experiments
就是我们只是在操纵某一个人的音高 is that we're manipulating only the pitch of someone's voice
我们 这个声音的其它所有的方面都是恒定的 and we leave everything else in the voice is constant.
所以我们使振幅保持恒定 So we leave the amplitude constant,
并且还保持声音时间的恒定 we leave how the length of time is constant.
我们所做的唯一的一件事就是比较相同的声音 And the only thing we're doing is comparing the same voice.
所有的和自身的声音都是相同的 Everything's the same with itself,
然后问人们认为哪一个声音是最有吸引力的 and just asking people to say which they find more attractive.
我所做的第一个实验就是这个 And so the first experiment I did with this
基本上说我们所做的就是播放这一系列的声音 basically, what we did was play those series of voices for,
我觉得大概问了70位女士 I think, about 70 women.
这是我们总结的结论 And these are some of the results summed up right here.
基本上来说 平均来说 Basically, on average,
女人更容易被这些低音所吸引 women were more attracted to the voices we lowered
而不是被这些高音所吸引 than to the voices we raised in pitch.
结果也证明 It turns out that, also,
女人发现这些听起来更男性化的声音 women find these voices more masculine sounding,
更主导性的声音 他们听起来个字更高 对吧 more dominant sounding, they sound larger, right?
但是它们并不一定是来自于个子高的人 But they don't necessarily come from larger people,
就像我刚刚说得一样 like I was saying.
他们听起来更老 他们听起来更健康 They sound older and they sound healthier.
所以 整体上来说 我们发现 So, in general, what we find
女人更喜欢低沉的声音 is that women prefer men with lower pitched voices
而男人更喜欢高昂的声音 than men with higher pitched voices.
这些结果已经被反复地 These results have been replicated
至少有五到六次被证明 at least five or six different times
使用一些相关的方法以及我们的操纵 with correlation methodologies as well as with our manipulations.
所以它们是十分有说服力的 So they're quite robust.
事实上 我已经同10000个人做了这个实验 Actually, I've done this now with a sample of 10,000 people.
到最后再提问吧 行吗 Just save your questions for the end, please.
谢谢 这就是我们 Thanks. Yeah, so that's our work
就女人对男人的声音的喜好所做的研究 on women's preferences for men's voices.
现在我们来看一下男人对女人的声音的喜好 Now, when we look at men's preferences for women's voices
这个表格和刚刚的那张有一些不同 this graph is slightly different from the last graph.
在最后一张图上 我们基本上是 On the last graph, we basically just had
高音高和低音高相比较 或者低音和高音相比较 high pitch versus low pitch or low pitch versus high pitch.
这基本上来说把它们揉进了一个条形图中 This has, basically, collapsed that into one bar.
我们已经完成的就是我们把女人的声音记下来 And what we've done is we've taken women's voices
这些是从高开始的 这些是从平均开始的 that start out high, those that start out average,
这些是从低开始的 and those that start out low,
并衡量音高的提升在多大程度上 and measured how much raising the voice pitch
提高了吸引力的频率 contributes to the attractiveness ratings.
结果表明 声音开始时的音量越低 And it turns out that the lower the voice is starting out,
它的提高就越显著 对吧 the more making it higher matters. Right?
如果它一直是高地 如果它早就已经很高了 If it's always high, if it's already high,
再增高它的音量你的反应就不会那么强烈 making it even higher brings you diminished returns.
这就是这张图表所反映的信息 So that's what this graph is showing.
但是很重要的一点我要提一下 But what's really important to note here
在最底部这条线是50% is that this line is 50% at the very bottom.
所有的这些喜好只是一种喜好 All of these preferences are preferences
男人更喜欢高音调的女人的声音 men are preferring higher-pitched women's voices
在所有的这些不同的案例中都显示的是这样 in all of these different cases.
我们也发现男人和女人都认为 And we also find that men and women both think
他们听起来很女性化 that they sound more feminine,
他们听起来很年轻 they sound younger
他们听起来很健康 这些低音调的声音 and they sound healthier that the lower pitched voices.
通常来说谈到这儿的时候 It's usually at this point of the talk
或在谈话结束的时候就会有一位观众 or at the end of the talk that an audience member,
通常是女性 就会举起手说 usually female, will raise their hand and say,
"我不喜欢高音调的女性的声音" "I don't like high-pitched women's voices,"
所以我就此做了一张幻灯片来先入为主 and so I've got a slide about that just to sort of preempt it.
我们也衡量了女性 We also measure women's preferences
对女性声音的喜好 for women's voices,
这些是异性恋的女人 and these are heterosexual women,
观众中就会有人问这些问题 and people in the audience who ask these questions
通常是正确的 are generally correct:
女人并不喜欢很高音高的女人的声音 women don't prefer really, really high-pitched women's voices,
但是男人喜欢 but men do.
这是我们这个晚上第一个性别的不同 And so that's our first sex difference of the evening
这个下午 of the afternoon.
一些女人更喜欢高音高的女人 Women who are preferring higher
而不是平常的男人的声音 女人的声音 than average men's voices women's voices,
但是她们并不喜欢女人的声音 but they're not preferring women's voices
太高并叽叽喳喳的 that are really, really high and squeaky.
所以我希望它能和个问题有相关的联系 So hopefully that will address that issue.
这就引出了我们下一个问题 对吧 So this comes to our next sort of question, right?
我们都可以假装我们的声音 对吧 We can all fake our voice pitch, right?
这并不是什么复杂的事 This isn't rocket science;
我们之前都听过人们唱歌 we've all heard people sing before.
这就是有意识的模仿某个人的音高 And that is conscious modulation of someone's voice pitch.
对吧 所以正如我在开始时所说的 Right? So like I was saying in the beginning,
如果音高应该显示 if voice pitch is supposed to indicate
某个人的睾丸素的水平 how much testosterone somebody has,
而我们可以改变我们的音高 and we can change our voice pitch,
进化论又怎样解释这一问题呢 how does evolution deal with this problem?
并不是所有的我们说话的时间 That not all the time we're talking,
我们都在展示一个真正的 we're demonstrating a real link
我们的音高和它暗含的睾丸素水平的关系 between our voice pitch and our underlying testosterone levels.
就这一问题 There's a couple answers
我们可以给出几个解释 that we can sort of try to give for this.
我对这件事的第一个解释 And the first explanation I have for this
借鉴了这个叫鲍勃马力的家伙 I stole from this guy, Bob Marley,
他则是借鉴了菲尼尔斯泰勒巴纳姆的理论 who actually stole this from P.T. Barnum.
他基本上是说 And he basically says:
"你可以一时愚弄一些人 "You can fool some people sometimes,
但是你不能一直愚弄所有人" but you can't fool all the people all the time."
我说这是什么意思呢 And what do I mean by this?
如果我正努力用一种低音来吸引某个异性 If I was trying to attract a mate using a lower pitched voice
我正常说话的语音并不是这样的 than I normally speak with,
我就得一直是这样说话 I would have to go around talking like this all of the time.
我就得去酒吧和女人用这种声音说话 I would have to go to the bar and talk to women like this,
然后离开酒吧后 and then after leaving the bar
我回到家 I would have to go home
再努力用这种声音引诱一个女人 and try to seduce a woman with this voice.
所以 你们了解了为什么假冒根本不会起作用 So you see why faking it doesn't necessarily work.
我是指 我们知道我们可以假装 I mean, we know we can fake it,
但是它听起来真的很荒谬 but it just sounds ridiculous.
那时我们正在做研究 And we are actually doing studies at the moment
在一个模拟现状实验室里努力发现出 to try to find out in a laboratory situation
到何种程度这种现象会发生 about the extent to which this really happens.
但是也有其它的一些限制和制衡 But there are other checks and balances
进化所给予我们的来组成这样一个事实 that evolution has given us to sort of make up for the fact
我们可以稍微的假装一下我们的声音 that we can sort of fake our voices a little bit.
但是它可能听起来很可笑 Because it's it might sound ridiculous
当我这样降低我的声音的时候 when I lower my voice this way,
但是如果女人稍微提高她们的声音 but if women are raising their voices a little bit
就可能听起来不是那么可笑 it might not sound as ridiculous.
所以我们已经做了一些研究来努力调节它 So we've done some studies to try to adjust this.
第一个就是衡量 The first one was measuring
我们正在看的 这儿我们所看到的是 we're looking at what we're looking at here is,
是一张脸 面部的男子气也和 well, it's a face, and facial masculinity is also related to
人们在青春期的睾丸素水平相联系 how much testosterone people have at puberty,
所以如果人们在青春期的睾丸素很多 so if people have a lot of testosterone at puberty,
他们的脸就会看起来更男性化 it's going to make their faces more masculine.
所以就可以推论出 So it stands to reason
可能在一个人的长相的男性化程度和 that there might be some sort of correlation
他们的声音的男性化程度 between how masculine someone's face looks
或者说他们的音高有多低 and how masculine their voice sounds
之间有某种联系 or how low their voice pitch is.
因此进化论典型地 将会 选择将会选择 So evolution typically will, well, selection will select, well,
是的 有相同的暗含的品质的多个性状 yes, multiple traits that have the same underlying qualities
将会经常被选出 will often be selected for.
所以进化将会导致很多不同的特点 So evolution will favor many difference traits
这些特点显示饿了睾丸素 that indicate testosterone
以免你对这些特点中的一个弄虚作假 just in case you can fake one of these traits.
所以有时我们可以假装我们的声音 So we can sometimes fake our voices,
但是我们能够一直假装我们的声音和相貌 but can we fake our voices and our faces
我们的气味 我们的体型吗 and our smells and our body shapes all the time?
很可能不能 Probably not.
很难做到这样 It's quite difficult to do.
所以我们关于这点的第一个调查 And so our first investigation into this
就是观察 was looking at a correlation
脸部和声音的男性化的联系 between facial and vocal masculinity.
所以脸上的这些点我们大致可以合并 So these points on the face we can sort of amalgamate,
我们可以衡量一个人的眉毛的高度 we can measure the sort of eyebrow height somebody has,
他们的眉脊有多厚 so how thick the brow ridges are.
我们可以衡量他们的下颌有多宽 We can measure how square their jaws are,
他们的颧骨有多高 how high their cheekbones are.
这些是男人和女人不同的面部特点 And these are facial traits that vary between men and women,
我们大致可以作一下合并 and we can sort of make an amalgamation
对这些不同的衡量 of these different measurements
然后得出一个男性气质的指标 and give it an index of masculinity.
结果是这和两种不同的人群 And it turns out this correlates strongly
在相同时间长度的音高 with voice pitch in two different populations
之间有着很大的相关性 at about the same strength.
所以那些有着男性化嗓音的人 So people with masculine voices
就比较倾向于有男性化的面相 tend to have masculine faces,
所以如果你在假装你的声音 so if you're faking your voice,
你就也得假装你的面容 对吧 you've got to fake your face as well. Right?
它变得越来越复杂 It gets more and more complicated
这些特点越多的相互关联 就像这样 the more traits are intercorrelated like this.
在这一点上我想向你们每个人做一下解释 At this point I want to explain to everyone a little bit
关于我们怎样改变我们的脸 about how we morph faces
因为我对面容也有一些研究 because I also work on faces a lot.
我们可以对我们的脸做的一件事 And one of the things we can do with faces
就是把不同组的脸平均在一起 is average different groups of faces together,
当你把不同群体的脸平均在一起时 and when you average different groups of faces together,
可能发生的就是你某种程度上 what tends to happen is you sort of
强调了组内的共同的品质 highlight the common qualities within that group
某种程度上忽略了 and you sort of washes away the differences
这些小组中的脸的不同 in the faces in those groups.
所以当我们平均化相貌时 So when we average faces,
我们会给脸做一个大概的轮廓 we make an outline of the face,
我们区分了面容上的大概200处不同 we demarcate something around 200 points in the face
然后我们用它们做一个三角形的曲面细分山图 and we use these to create Sa map of a triangular tessellations
我们可以把脸变成不同的形状 that we can morph faces into different shapes.
所以我们要做的第一件事就是区别这些脸 So the first thing we do is we demarcate the faces,
然后我们做一个平均的形状 then we create an average shape
从这些不同的轮廓点里得到一个平均的形状 from those different delineation points.
从那儿 我们所要做的 From there, what we do
就是把人的脸扭曲成这种形状 is we warp the people's faces into that shape.
所以我们只是基本上扭曲每个人的脸 So we just basically we scrunch everybody's face
来变成平均的形状 into that average shape,
然后我们就可以平均这些颜色 and then we can average the color
以及不同像素的肌理 and the texture of each different pixel
或者不同像素的位置来做出一个平均的脸 or different pixel locations to create an average face.
如果我们做出了一个人的 So what would happen
平均的面容 会发生什么呢 if we made a face average of people
这些人有着低音高的声音或高音高的声音 with low-pitched voices and people with high-pitched voices?
所以我给观众们留的问题 So my question to the audience,
我总是喜欢和观众做一下互动 and I always like to do a little audience participation
这些就是两种不同的人群 顶端的和底部的 these are two different populations, the top and the bottom.
我们不会把顶端的和末端的做一个比较 So we're not going to do a comparison of top to bottom,
我马上就可以告诉你们 它就是加拿大对英国 I'll tell you right away, it's Canada versus the U.K.,
所以你们可以为加拿大感到高兴 so you can feel happy about Canada.
真正的比较 我想要你们举手表决一下 The real comparison, I want a show of hands,
谁认为左边的脸比右边的脸 who thinks that the faces on the left are more attractive
更有吸引力 than the faces on the right?
我们在试验中调查的成千上万 So do the thousands of other people
的其他人也是这样认为 we tested in our experiment.
左边的这些是普通的 The faces on the left are averages of women
有着高音高声音的女人 with high-pitched voices.
你们右边的这些 And the faces on your right
是一些有着低音高的普通女性的脸 are averages of faces of women who have high low-pitched voices.
所以你们可以看到她们的颧骨不同 So you can see that there's differences in the cheekbones,
嘴唇的尺寸不同 眼镜的大小不同 in the lip size, in the eye size
在这些有着高音调和低音调的女人之间 between women who have high and low-pitched voices.
这些在不同的人群中都是恒定的 And these are consistent across different populations.
我们用自然人的脸多次重复验证了这个实验 We've replicated this experiment using natural faces
这些人的脸我们没有做任何的合并改变 that we haven't morphed together,
我们发现了相同的结果 and we find the same exact result.
所以现在我们在两个不同的国家 So now we're in two different countries,
不同的方法 two different methods,
得出了相同的结论 finding the same thing,
人们发现高音调的女人 that people find that people with high-pitched voices
的面容更有吸引力 have more attractive faces
比低音调的女人更有吸引力 than women with low-pitched voices do.
所以很难想像 So it's quite difficult to imagine
我们怎样生活 how we could walk around
一直假装所有的这些不同的特点 faking all of these different traits all of the time.
对吧 我们可以假装出其中的一些 Right? We can fake some of them,
但不是所有 而且所有的时间 but not all of them all of the time.
所以当我们观察女人对男人的喜好时 So when we look at women's preferences for men,
就会发生不同的事 different things tend to happen
而当我们观察男人对女人的喜好时则很少这样 than when we look at men's preferences for women.
关于当男人看女人 或听女人的声音时 Now there's more agreement on what's attractive
什么对他们来说是有吸引力的 when men are looking at women
这一点他们很容易就打成共识 or listening to women's voices,
男人更容易达成共识而女人则不是 men agree more than women agree about men.
我会再具体的谈一下这一点 And I'm going to talk about that in a little bit.
但是因为我们并不总是发现 But because we don't always find
女人并不是总是喜欢男性化 that women don't always like masculine
或女性化的面容 or feminine faces,
一些研究表明 男性化 some studies say masculine,
一些研究表明 女性化 一些则支持平均化 some studies say feminine, some say average.
这真的要取决于你所观察的人群 It really depends on the population you're looking at.
我们想到了一个不同的看待实验的方法 We thought of going about these experiments a different way.
我们想到的观察这些实验的方法就是 And the way we thought to look at these experiments is:
那些喜欢男性化男人的脸的人 do people who like masculine men's faces
也喜欢男性化的声音吗 also like masculine men's voices?
因为在绝对的喜好层面上是不同的 Because there's variation in absolute preference level.
我们可以以一种浮动计算的方法看待这个问题 We can look at this on a sort of sliding scale, right?
结果显示 那些 And it turns out that women
更喜欢男性化声音的女人 who prefer masculine men's voices
也会喜欢男性化的面容 also prefer masculine men's faces.
当你删除这一小点 也是成立的 It also works when you delete that tiny point
在左边的底部 检查一下 别担心 at the bottom left, check that out, don't worry.
结果证明 那些 It turns out that women
更喜欢男性化面容的女人 who prefer masculine faces
也更喜欢男性外激素 also prefer masculine male pheromones.
我们在猪身上也做了相同的研究 We were doing some research on pigs.
我们研究了养猪的人是怎样 We were reading about how pig farmers
给猪配种的 will get their pigs to mate,
根本上来说 他们做了什么 and basically what they do,
他们有这种外激素 they have this pheromone.
根本上来说它是一种雄烷衍生物 It's an androstinine derivative basically.
如果是人用的我们叫做假定的外激素 In humans we call it a putative pheromone
因为人们喜欢争论 because people like to argue
它是否是一种真正的外激素 whether it's a real pheromone or not.
我并不想做任何的争论 I don't really want to argue
所以我称它为假定的外激素 so I call it a putative pheromone.
结果表明这种化学物质 Turns out that this chemical
人类所产生的 这种雄烷外激素 that humans produce, this androstinine pheromone,
和养猪的人所用的是同一种东西 is the same thing that pig farmers will use
他们用它来使雄性猪和雌性猪交配 to try to get the male big to mount the female pig.
他们把它洒在雌性诸的身上 它们就会兴奋起来 They spray it on the female pig, everybody gets excited,
然后就交配 and the pigs mate.
但是在人类这里就行不通 我试过了 It doesn't work that way in humans. I've tried it.
这种药物化学药物若用于人类 The way this works in humans
就是这些化学物质有一种男人的衣柜间的气味 is these chemicals tend to have the odor of a men's locker room.
他们闻起来基本上和厕所的味道差不多 They smell like a toilet basically.
所以你们经常会看到一些古龙香水之类的广告 So you'll often see advertisements for colognes and things
它们其中就掺有外激素 that have pheromones in it.
别买 没用的 说是有用 但其实没用的 Stay away, they don't actually do it, they say they do.
但结果是 But it turns out that, well,
仔细观察就会发现大多数人不喜欢它的气味 if you look most people dislike the smell of these things, right?
但是你们在这里所看到的 But what you're looking at here
是一些基本的喜好 is the sort of basic preference
对男性化面容的喜好和 for facial masculinity is linked to
她们对男性外激素的喜好的联系 how much they like these masculine male pheromones.
所以那些不喜欢外激素的人 So people who dislike these pheromones
也更不喜欢男性化的相貌 less like masculine faces more.
所以我们可以了解一些关于声音和面容的事 So we see the same sort of thing
我们也可以了解一些关于面貌和外激素的事 with voices and faces as we do with faces and pheromones.
这真的很重要 So this is really important
因为如果我们可以假装我们的声音音高 because if we can fake our voice pitch,
我们不能假装我们面容的男性化程度 we can't fake our facial masculinity
以及我们的外激素等所有相关的事 你们了解的 and our pheromones and this and that, you know,
所以就是这个故事我们不能一直假装所有的事 so that's the story, we can't fake everything all of the time,
即使我们可以一时假装一些事 even if we can fake something sometimes.
我像是在说 不是所有的女人 So like I was saying,
都更喜欢这些男性化的男人的声音 not all women are preferring these masculine men's voices, right?
问题是 为什么呢 So the question is: why?
为什么女人不喜欢所有的这些男性化的声音呢 Why don't women like all these masculine men's voices
如果它们显示了睾丸素 if they indicate testosterone
并告诉我们这个个体将会很健康 and that tells us this individual's going to be healthy
他们将会有很多后代 and that they're going to breed offspring,
他们能够幸存于再生产 they can survive to reproduce,
为什么还会喜欢女性化的男人呢 why prefer feminine men?
还记得我说过女人比男人 And remember I was saying that women
事实上在寻找更能给与承诺的伴侣 are typically looking for more commitment than are men.
结果是男性化的男人 Well it turns out that masculine men,
当他们担负着这种高睾丸素的负担时 while they have this high testosterone load
这表明他们有较好的免疫系统 that shows that they have these good immune systems
并且他们可能会有主导的后代 and they might have dominant offspring
因为他们的生育能力很强 who could survive to reproduce,
他们并不能长久的维持一段感情 they don't stick around in relationships.
他们更有可能会离开他们的伴侣 They're more likely to leave their partners,
他们比较不会对他们的后代进行 they're less likely to invest monetarily
财政上的和时间上的投入 and invest with their time in the offspring.
所以事实就是或许有某种可能 So it turns out that there might be situations
女人会更喜欢有承诺的人 where women would prefer commitment to these genes
而不是他们的自信和主导 for immuno-competence and dominance.
也有可能她们会更喜欢男性的主导性和 There might be times where they might prefer dominance
自信而不是承诺 and immuno-competence to commitment;
所以基本上来说 它或多或少是一种权衡取舍 so basically, it's more or less a trade-off.
它并不是一个二元体系 不是非此即彼 It's not a binary system, it's not one or the other always.
但是在某种浮动计算下这也可能会起作用 But on a sort of sliding scale this tends to work out.
所以基本上来说 我们所了解的就是 So basically what we have is,
女人认为有这些特点的人 women think that people with these traits
这些显示了高睾丸素的特点 不会是一个好父亲 that indicate high testosterone are worse fathers,
她们认为他们并不诚实 they think that they're dishonest,
她们认为他们并不可信 they think they're less trustworthy,
她们认为他们情感上是冷淡的 无情的 they think they're emotionally cold and cut off.
事实是 And it turns out,
有一些跨文化的研究 there've been a number of studies cross culturally
这些研究关注了男性的睾丸素水平 that look at men's testosterone levels,
男性的睾丸素水平和 and men's testosterone levels negatively correlate
他们对一段感情和后代的投入数量是成反比的 with the amount that they invest in relationships and offspring.
所以女人应该怎么办 So, what's a woman to do?
基本上来说 我们得权衡取舍一下 Basically, we have a trade-off here,
在一些情况下 and in some situations,
当女人在寻找一段长期的伴侣时 when looking for a long-term partner,
当寻找一种承诺时 when looking for commitment,
当寻找某个人来全身心的投入时 when looking for someone to invest,
找大卫修蒙这种人就很好 it's good to go for the sort of David Schwimmer,
有些女性化的男性 对吧 sort of more feminine male, right?
这种男人更有可能会展示一种亲社会的行为 The men who are more like to exhibit pro-social behavior,
他们更喜欢投入 who are more likely to invest
到他们的情感关系和后代中 in their relationships and offspring.
其他的情况下你们可能比较喜欢这个统治者 And at other times you might prefer the Governator,
他有可能会回来 who has likelihood of being back,
但是并不一定会抚养孩子 but not necessarily to raise the children,
他可能会被送回来结束他们 he might be sent back in time to eliminate them.
所以 基本上当女人更喜欢这些暗示着更健康 So, basically, when women are preferring cues to healthier
更主导性的后代的特点时 and more dominant offspring,
她们可能会更倾向于这些男子汉气概的人 they might prefer these masculine features
而当承诺可能会变得更重要时 and at times where commitment might be more important,
她们会更倾向于女性化的男性 they'll prefer more feminine features.
我在我的研究中所作的工作 And sort of what I've done in my research
就是努力调查这些具体情况是什么 is try to investigate what are these times,
什么时候这种事会发生 and when do these things sort of happen?
另一个更有名的例子 One of the more famous examples
关于什么时候女人可能更喜欢 of when women might prefer
更女性化的面容和声音 more feminine faces and voices
就是在女性的月经高潮周期阶段 is at the least fertile menstrual cycle phases.
根本上来说 它被认为是在排卵期一种加强了的 And originally it was thought it was an enhanced preference
对男性化的喜好 for masculinity at around ovulation,
这种排卵期对男性化的加强了的喜好 and this enhanced preference for masculinity at ovulation
会使得有配偶的女性 was such that partnered women
会找一个更男性化的伴侣而不是她们所拥有的 could go find a more masculine partner than they were with.
所以她们会去得到他们的基因 So they could go get his genes
并且使她们女性化的丈夫的这种基因增长 and get them raised by their feminine husband.
我已经努力使这个故事更好的进行下去 I've tried to put a nicer spin on this story
通过说 这些是被加强了的对女性化的喜好 by saying that these are enhanced preferences for femininity
此时怀孕是不太可能的 at the time when conception is least likely
因为当怀孕的几率很小时 because at the time when conception is least likely
就是在月经周期内 is at the luteal menstrual cycle phase,
就好像是孕酮中的一根长钉 which is characterized by a spike in progesterone.
结果显示孕酮在怀孕早期也是有牵连的 It turns out progesterone is also implicated in early pregnancy
以及避孕药的使用 and hormonal contraceptive use.
所以身体就会认为这时它已经"怀孕"了 And so the body thinks it's "pregnant" at these times,
所以这些现实某人可能会更有责任的指标 so indicators that someone might be more committed
可能会在这时更被青睐 might be preferred at these times
当承诺变得更重要的时候 when commitment's more important.
所以在一个月经周期阶段 So at one menstrual cycle phase,
就会更喜欢这些更男性化的声音 对吧 sort of prefer these more masculine sort of voices, right?
然后在另一个月经周期阶段 And then at other menstrual cycle phases,
当月经并不是很多时 when people are less fertile,
她们可能会更喜欢一些更女性化的声音 they might prefer some of the more feminine voices
我觉得声音至少是更女性化 well voices that I think are a bit more feminine at least.
所以这是月经周期 对吧 So there's menstrual cycle, right?
事实是母乳哺育也是与此相关的 It turns out the breastfeeding also is implicated
在这些更倾向于男性化的人之中 in the amount of masculinity people prefer.
记住 我们是在谈论时间 Remember, we're talking about times
当人们可能需要一些额外的资源时 when people might need a little extra resources,
而母乳哺育就是这些时间中的一个 and breastfeeding is one of these times.
我的一个拍档 科琳娜阿帕奇拉 A collaborator of mine, Corinne Apachella,
去坦桑尼亚研究海兹部落 went out to Tanzania to study the Hadze.
这个海兹部落是最后仅存的狩猎部落之一 The Hadze are one of the last hunter-gatherer tribes alive.
人很少 There are very few people
人们只是打猎和采集来以他们的方式生存 who just hunt and gather for their means of subsistence,
这个部落不和外界交流 独自生活 and the Hadze are a group of people who are among them.
这就意味着 And what this means
他们不能接触现代医学保健 is they have no access to modern medical care,
他们没有控制生育的措施 they have no access to birth control,
他们没有医疗设备 they have no access to hospital facilities
或者是怀孕测试或任何类似的东西 or pregnancy tests or anything like that.
所以没有婴幼儿配方奶粉 So there's no baby formula.
每个有孩子的女性都是母乳喂养 Every woman who has a baby is breastfeeding
或有奶妈喂养 但是通常是她们自己喂养 or has a wet-nurse doing it, but it's usually their own.
因此我们所做的就是 So what we did
我们向这些海兹部落的人做了 was we took our voice preference test
我们的声音喜好的测试 out to the Hadze
和我们在这儿给人们做的测试是一样的 and it's the same one we give people here at McMaster's,
和我们给 it's same one we've given
苏格兰的圣安德鲁和哈佛大学所做的测试一样 at Saint Andrew's in Scotland and Harvard University.
基本上我们问他们 你更喜欢哪一个 And basically we ask them, what do you prefer,
高音高的还是低音高的 they high pitch or the low-pitch version?
我们也使用了他们自己的声音 We had them use their own voices
我们也让他们听了苏格兰人的声音 and we had them listen to Scottish voices as well
在他们的喜好中并没有发现什么不同之处 and didn't find any differences in their preferences.
基本上 总体来说 女人没有 Basically, in general, women had no preference
对男性高或低音调声音的喜好 for high or low-pitched men's voices.
那些处于哺乳期的女人更喜欢女性化的声音 Women who were breastfeeding preferred feminine voices,
那些不是在哺乳期的女人更喜欢男性化的声音 and women who weren't breastfeeding preferred masculine,
低音调的声音 low-pitched voices.
我们并不知道 Now, we don't know
是否是哺乳本身 if it's the breastfeeding itself
造成了这种行为上的改变 that's causing these changes in behavior.
可能是因为刚生过小孩 It could be the recentness of just having had a child,
可能是因为心理上的原因 it could be sort of the psychological, you know,
"我知道我现在有了这个孩子 "I know that I'm carrying around this child,
那么我知道我需要一些额外的资源 then I know I need extra resources,
所以我就可以得到帮助" so I could use a hand."
可能是很多的这些不同的事情 It might be a lot of these different things.
我们不可能再回去 It's unlikely that we're going to be able to go back
测试这些事了 因为坦斯马尼亚政府 and test these things because the Tanzanian government
正宣称海兹所在的那片土地属于坦斯马尼亚 is in a process of claiming that land from the Hadze.
所以很幸运我们能够做这些研究 So, we're very fortunate to have been able to do these studies,
似乎这是最后的研究 and it seems like these might be some of the last studies
关于这些狩猎部落人的最后的研究 on these hunter-gatherer populations.
所以在最后 我们会更多的谈论一下海兹部落 So, we'll talk a bit more about he Hadze at the very end.
这个故事的接下来的部分是激素避孕药的使用 The next part of the story is hormonal contraceptive use.
正如我之前所说的 孕酮 Now, like I was saying before, progesterone
在大多数的激素避孕药中都是主要的成分 is a major component in most hormonal contraceptives.
那儿有一些只含有雌性激素的药丸 There are some estrogen-only pills out there.
也有一些其他的激素类避孕药 There are some other hormonal contraceptives
是不含孕酮的 但是我认为这些数字 that lack progesterone, but I think the figures
即差不多90%的避孕药 are in the 90-something-percents of birth control pills
都含有高度的孕酮 contain high amounts of progesterone.
孕酮所起的作用就是 And what the progesterone does
告诉身体你基本上来说已经化学上怀孕了 is tells the body that you're basically chemically pregnant.
当怀孕时 你就会需要一些额外的资源 And when pregnant, you might need some extra resources.
有一些不同的因素导致了这些 There's a number of different factors that go into this.
但是基本上 你的身体里在生长着一个小孩 But basically, you're growing a child inside of you,
所以你需要额外的营养来喂养这个孩子 so you need extra nutrition to feed that child.
当然 在现代社会 Now, of course, in modern society,
人们做了很棒的工作 people are doing wonderful jobs
能够没有父母就能喂养孩子 raising children without partners,
但是它总是需要一个人在身边 but it always helps to have someone around
帮助解决一些问题 who can help out.
所以当女人服用了激素避孕药时 And so, at times when women are on hormonal contraceptives,
她们就更喜欢这些有女性化声音 they tend to prefer these more feminine-voiced men
女性化面容的男性比其它时间 and feminine-faced men than at other times
当女性没有使用这种激素避孕药时更强烈 when women are not using hormonal contraceptives.
所以这就是这个故事 So that's the story there.
我们有更多的因素 We have one more major factor
来解释个体的不同和喜好选择 contributing to individual differences and preferences,
这就是吸引人的女性是怎样想的 and this is how attractive women think they are.
现在我已经跟你们说过男性化的男人 Now I was telling you masculine men
并不对情感关系以及 don't commit to the relationships
他们的后代做出承诺而女性化的男人则会 and their offspring and feminine men do.
有一定的时间 There are certain times
当男性化的男人将会对他们的后代 when masculine men will invest in their offspring
和他们的情感进行投入 and invest in their relationships,
这就可能要取决于 and these tend to be characterized
他们的伴侣有多吸引人了 by how attractive their partners are.
所以那些有着很吸引人的伴侣的男人 So men with highly attractive partners
更有可能会有固定的伴侣并做出承诺 are more likely to stick around and invest,
因为 想一下 because, think about it,
通往逃亡的道路就会是低等的 the path for desertion is a lot lower
如果你将要约会的女性伴侣 if the females you are going to mate with
并没有你早已在交往的伴侣那么吸引人 aren't as of high quality as the one you're already with.
对吧 所以基本上这些事情就是这样进行的 Right? So that's basically how this sort of thing works,
那些认为她们比较吸引人的女人 is that women who think they're more attractive
更倾向于喜欢男性化的男人声音 tend to prefer masculine men's voices more
而那些不认为她们很有魅力的女人则不是这样 than women who think they're less attractive.
所以这就大概解释了一些不同 So that sort of explains a lot of the differences
关于我们在女人对男性声音喜好的发现的不同 we find in women's preferences for men's voices.
我今天不会给你们看任何的数据 I'm not going to show you any data today
关于喜好不同的数据 on variation in preference,
男人对女人声音的喜好 men's preferences for women's voices.
我会告诉你们它是存在的 I will tell you that it exists.
并没有很多的不同 There's not as much variation
当女人在听男人的声音的时候 as when women are listening to men's voices,
但是在男性的喜好方面却有很大的不同 but there is a lot variation in men's preferences,
但是让你们现在就知道还是太早了 but it's too bleeding-edge to let you know right now.
所以这种 So this sort of
这就把我们带到了某种经济上的谈论 brings us to this sort of final point of the talk,
就是这些声音的音高 which is: does voice pitch
会影响生育的成功吗 have anything to do with reproductive success?
对吧 因为我们是在谈论进化论 Right? Because we're talking about evolution here,
如果音高是 and if voice pitch is
如果男人和女人声音的不同的进化 if the differences in men and women's voices evolved
是由于雌雄淘汰的进程所造成的 due to the processes of sexual selection,
那么我们就会期望那些音调低的男人 then we would expect that men with lower-pitched voices
就会有更多的后代 would have more offspring
比那些音调高的男人有更多的后代 that men with higher-pitched voices would.
事实是 当我们去坦斯马尼亚 And it turns out that when we went out to Tanzania
研究海兹部落的情况时 to study the Hadze,
我们发现 we found that,
当我们收集人们的年龄时 when we corrected for how old people were,
如果你们想一下这一点 if you think about it,
年纪大的人就更有可能 older people are more likely to have more children
比年轻的人有更多的后代 对吧 than younger people, right?
所以我们就得用一个方程式来解决这一因素 So we have to factor that out of the equation.
所以当我们用方程式来分析时 So when we factor that out of the equation,
我们发现那些音调地的男性 we found that men with lower-pitched voices
比那些音调高地男性有更多的孩子 had more babies than those who had higher-pitched voices.
并不只是他们所拥有的孩子的数量 And it wasn't just the number of babies they had,
而且是他们所拥有的仍然活着的孩子的数量 it was the number of babies they had that were still alive.
所以即是他们所生育的孩子的数量 So it was both the number that they had reproduced,
也是那些存活下来的孩子的数量 but also the amount that had survived
那些到测试时间的为止仍活着的孩子的数量 up until the point of testing.
所以 这真的很有趣 事实上 So it's really interesting that, in fact,
音高基本上暗含了 voice pitch is basically implicated
基本上来说我们所发现的就是进化可能 basically what we're finding is that evolution probably
更赞同女人 has favored women's preferences
对男性低音调声音的喜好 以及男人对 for low-pitched voices amongst men and men's preferences
高音调女性的喜好 for high-pitched voices amongst women.
如果我们的祖先也经历了这些 And if this was happening to our ancestors
在几千年前 thousands and thousands of years ago,
这就可能是导致 this could be the reason
今天男人和女人有不同的音高的原因 why men and women have different pitched voices today.
当然 这种研究永远也不会终止 Of course the research is never going to be finished,
我们永远也不可能知道最终的答案 we're never going to know the final answer
除非某个物理学家建造了一个时间机器 unless someone from physics has built a time machine.
不 好吧 所以除非这种事情发生 No? Ok. So unless that's happened,
否则我们永远也不能100%的确定 we're never going to really be 100% sure,
但是这是我们最好的尝试 but this is our best stab at it,
这是我们最好的证据来解释 and this is our best evidence
为什么男人和女人有不同的音高 of why men and women have different pitched voices.
它是可以遗传的 我们可以遗传我们的音高 You know, it's inheritable, we can inherit our voice pitch.
它可以从我们同性别的父母那里继承得到 It's inheritable from same-sex parents
而不是从相反的性别的而父母那里 more than opposite sex parents.
它的产生是昂贵的 你们知道的 It's costly to produce, you know,
高睾丸素水平需要花费很多 having a high testosterone level comes at a cost.
它被用于伴侣的选择决策中 It's used in mate-choice decisions.
这是一只马路 This is red deer.
马路也用经常它们的声音来进行伴侣的选择 Red deer also use their voices a lot in mate-choice decisions.
这是很难作假的 It's difficult to fake, well,
很难假装一个低音高的声音 it's difficult to fake a low voice pitch enough
来吸引异性进行交配 so that it would lead to copulation for sure.
并且毫无疑问它是和生殖成功联系在一起的 And it definitely does relate to reproductive success.
谢谢你们的出席 So I thank you all for your time,
如果你们有任何问题都可以提出来 and if you have any questions, feel free.