谢谢你 Joe Thank you Joe.
我希望什么时候能见见这位非凡的人 I hope I sometime meet this amazing person
你刚刚描述的那一位 you just described.
联觉一词源自于希腊语 Synaesthesia comes from the Greek roots
意思是联合 和感觉 meaning 'union' and 'sensation'.
对于有这种特质的人来说 And in individuals with this trait,
一种感官受到刺激 stimulation of one sensation,
比如说 听到某种声音 let's say hearing a sound,
会触发其他的知觉对象 induces something extra, an extra percept,
通常这对象以其他的感观形式出现 often in a different sense of modality,
比如说 视觉 such as vision.
一种常见的联觉 In a very common form of synaesthesia
称作色听联觉 which is called colored hearing.
一种特定的声音 A specific sound,
比如说 长笛吹奏的C音符 let's say C# played by a flute,
可能会触发一种特定的颜色 比如说蓝色 will induce a specific color, let's say blue,
不同的音符 比如F a different note, let's say F#,
可能会触发红色 might induce red.
在其他形式的联觉中 声音联通形状 In other synaesthetes, sound induces shapes.
对于某种联觉来说 For one synaesthete,
长笛的这个音可能会触发 this note on the flute might produce
一个星型的知觉 the perception of a star shape,
对于另一种联觉来说 同样的音 in another that same note
可能会产生 漩涡型的知觉 might induce a perception of whirling swirls.
更稀有的联觉形式是 In a rarer form of synaesthesia
音符可能会触发味觉 that note might induce a taste.
一种非常独特的味觉 A highly specific taste.
柑橘的味道 但又不是老柑橘的味道 The taste of oranges but not any old orange,
一种特殊的柑橘的味道 an orange that is not quite right.
然而 F音可能会触发 薄荷味 Whereas F# might induce the taste of mint.
有各式各样的联觉 Now there are many varieties of synaesthesia,
著名作曲家李斯特 Franz Liszt the famous composer
就有色听联觉 had color hearing and
指挥管弦乐队 when he conducted an orchestra
指导他们如何演绎 instructing them on how to play
自己的创作时 his own compositions,
他说 he was recorded as saying
哦 先生们 "oh please gentlemen,
请再蓝一点儿 a little bluer if you please.
再蓝点儿就好了 The tone requires it".
乐队成员们看着他 The orchestra looked at him
一开始感到茫然 in bewilderment initially
但很快就明白了 but then they seemed to catch on
知道了他的意思 and understand what he meant
明白了什么是 红中再来点蓝 when he said a little bluer of a little redder
或 这个部分是粉色的 or this part is pink
并且学会听从他的指导 and learned to follow his instructions.
另外一个有色听联觉 Another person with colored hearing
和色型联觉的人 and colored shapes
是Carol Steen is Carol Steen
她的作品一年多以前展出 whose works were exhibited over a year ago.
她听到声音的时候 When she hears sound,
也能看见形状 而且她能听见形状 she sees colors and she hears shapes.
她是这样描述 Here is how she describes what was happening
她画这首曲子时发生了什么 as she was painting this composition.
我听桑塔纳版的 "While I listen Santana's version of the song
Adouma时 called Adouma,
一遍又一遍地听 I played this song over and over again
同时 我绘下了流动的色彩 as I painted the moving colors"
所以 她感觉到了颜色 So she is getting colors,
她感觉到了形状 且是动感的 she is getting shapes, and it's dynamic,
持续流动的 it is constantly moving.
联觉的另一种形式是 Another common form of synaesthesia,
有些人会看到彩色的字母和数字 individuals see letters and digits in color.
看到白纸黑字时 While looking at black and white print,
看到 黑色的2 W 5 P 4和H looking at a black 2, W, 5, P, 4 and H
他们能看到颜色 they perceive color
对于一位有联觉的人来说 For an individual synaesthete,
能看见彩色数字和字母的人来说 with colored letters and digits,
这可能是彩色映射 this might be the color mapping.
所以 2和W是红色的 So the 2 and W are red,
5和P是紫色的 the 5 and P are purple,
4和H是绿色的 the 4 and H are green.
这是一个跨文化现象 这些是 It's a cross-cultural phenomenon. These are
一位中国联觉者看到的彩色字 the colored characters of a Chinese synaesthete.
更为稀有的联觉形式是 And in a rarer form of synaestheisa,
味觉触发触觉 taste induces tactile sensations.
对于这样的联觉者来说 For one such synaesthete,
鸡肉的味道触发被触碰的感觉 the taste of chicken induce the feeling of points.
如果是飘香四溢的鸡肉 And when it was a very flavorful chicken,
当闻到较浓的味道时 when I taste something with an intense flavor,
这种感觉就席卷了全身 从手臂到脚趾 the feeling sweeps down my arm to my fingertips
我看到这个物体 and I perceive that object as if
就像是我真的抓到了一样 I'm actually grasping it.
不管是哪种形式的联觉 Regardless of the form of synaestheisa,
联觉者们告诉我们 他们的知觉是自动的 synaesthetes tell us their perception are automatic,
他们不去想这些知觉 they don't think about them,
这些知觉自然而言就来了 they just come.
一直伴随他们 They've had them all their lives
打从记事起就开始了 as far as they can remember.
他们的描绘尽管与众不同 And their mappings although idiosyncratic,
也就是每个人的都和他人的不一样 that it's different from one to another,
却贯穿他们生命的始终 are consistent all their lives.
贯穿于在实验室里受测试的几年 Across years when tested in a lab.
联觉现象是家族遗传的 It also runs in families.
这就意味着 Telling us their must be
这种特性有基因因素 a genetic component to this trait.
这是我们自己研究的一个家庭 So here is a family we studied ourselves.
妈妈的调色板在下面 The mother's color palette is at the bottom.
这里展示的是 What is shown there
她看到的颜色 are the colors she perceives
看到字母表前几个字母 for the first few letters of the alphabet
和数字1-9 时 看到的颜色 and the digit 1-9.
一年以后重新测验 Re-tested a year later
我们得到了同样的颜色 we get exactly the same colors.
最上方 At the top
是她四岁女儿的调色板 is the color palette of her four year old daughter.
第一行是她四岁时 我们的测验结果 First row is when we initially tested her at age 4.
四个月后 我们又测验了一次 We came back and did it four months later
3个月后又测验了一次 and then did it three months later.
我们有三个圈 来检测 We have three cycles of testing her
她看到了什么 for what she perceives
看着些字母和数字是看到了什么 when she looks at each of those letters and digits.
她能看见彩色的字母和数字 You will know she has color letters and digits
就像她妈妈一样 just like her mother,
但是她的调色板 but her color palette
却与她妈妈的不同 disagrees with that of her mother.
事实上 她们会争论 In fact they have arguments
字母表的颜色 about colors of the alphabet.
大家会注意到 You will also notice that
这些圈有很大程度上的连贯性 there is a fair bit of consistency across the cycles
体现在孩子看到的字母颜色上 in the colors that the child reports for those letters.
比成年人的连贯性少 Not quite as much consistency as we see in adults,
但是 却多于 but much more that would be the case
我们这些非联觉者 for those of us who are not synaesthetic
间隔这么长时间后的测试结果 when test over such intervals.
大家也会发现 她极特别 You will note also that she is highly particular,
看一下中间那个圈里的4 look at the 4 in the middle cycle
是紫色和黄色 is purple and yellow,
这种紫黄色 and this particular purple and yellow
她有时抱怨 and she sometimes complains that
即使我们给了她 even though we have given her
300种颜色的蜡笔 a box of 300 crayons,
也找不到对的颜色 the right color was not always in there
来向我们展示 for her to show us what color
她看到的字母和数字的颜色 went with each of those letters and digits.
最近 大量的研究显示 Recent large scale study suggest that
联觉的几率是4-5% the incidents of synaestheisa is about 4-5%
占全部人口的4-5% of the general population
在男性女性之间的发生几率是一样的 and it is equally probable in males and females.
我称之为特性 I've called it a trait,
有联觉的人 people with synaestheisa are fierce
告诉我们 这不是机能紊乱 in telling us that it is not a disorder,
事实上 他们觉得享有某些特权 in fact they feel privileged,
他们的世界比我们的更加丰富 their worlds are richer than the rest of us.
以下的话出自一位医学院学生之口 Here is a quote from a medical student
他有色听联觉和能看见彩色的字母 who has colored hearing and colored letters,
他说 he says,
这种特性让人开心 "Let me say that it is delightful trait to have,
我可以对其加以利用 帮助我记住 I tend to use it, to help me remember correct
数字 词语 短语 和字母的正确顺序 sequences of numbers, words, phrases and letters.
名字和解剖结构 Names and location of anatomical structures,
尤其是 神经解剖结构 especially neuroanatomical structures.
你应该看到 漂亮的颜色 You should see the beautiful array of colors
存在于大脑中 还有神经病理学的分类 in the brain, and neuropathological classifications.
事实上 实验室研究 在过去几年中 In fact, lab studies in the last couple of years,
展示了 联觉者 have show that individuals with synaesthesia,
在于他们联觉相关的领域中 are superior in the domains
更胜一筹 related to their synaesthesia,
所以 有色听 so people who have colored hearing
或色字的人们 or colored letters
比我们剩下的人 更有色彩感 have indeed superior color vision to the rest of us
记忆力更强 and have indeed superior memory
对于词语和颜色记得比我们牢 for words and for colors than the rest of us.
这不是机能紊乱 It is not a disorder.
它使他们充实且更具优势 It enriches and makes them superior
这是对于某些领域而言 in some domain.
好 我们是科学家 Okay. We're scientists.
这只是人们在描述 This is all just people's descriptions of
他们看见了什么 what they see.
这是幻想吗 是真实的吗 Is this fantasy? OR is it real?
过去十年 科学家 Scientists in the last decade
将联觉带进了实验室 have taken synaesthesia into the lab
来证明它是真的 to show that it is real.
一个展示是表现 One demonstration is to show
联觉中额外的知觉 these extra percepts in synaesthesia
就像是典型的知觉一样 were just like typical perception.
如果联觉告诉我们 当我看到 黑2时 If a synaesthete tells us that when I see a black 2
我感到了红色 那么 黑2对联觉者来说 I perceive red, that black 2 for that synaesthete
就像是红2对我们其他人来说一样 acts just like a red 2 would for all the rest of us.
一个展示是 One demonstration is
所谓的斯特鲁普效应 what is called the Strupe Effect.
我们都有所谓的斯特鲁普效应 We all have what is called the Strupe Effect.
我所做的 What I've done there,
小花招是我把彩色的字打出来的时候 the trick is I've printed the color words
颜色打错了 in the wrong colors of ink
大家要做的就是 忽视这些字 and your job is to ignore the words
只说颜色 and say the color of ink.
我们来试一下 Let's try to do it.
大家一起来 Everybody all together.
蓝 橙 红 绿 绿 蓝 Blue, orange, red, green, green, blue.
大家为什么这么慢呢 我们来看这一张 Why are you so slow? Let's do these. Same job.
红 绿 红 绿 红 绿 绿 红 Red, green, red, green, red, green, green, red.
不管是哪种绿色 都不重要 Whatever color that green is showing up as there.
现在我们看到 What is happening here is
即使我告诉大家 要忽略这些字 even though I've told you to ignore the words,
它们也会对我们造成干扰 that they are just distractors,
我们没法做到忽略它们 you can't do it,
我们会自动地读出来 you automatically read them and
这样 就干扰了读颜色的过程 they interfere with your naming of the color of ink.
这里 我字和颜色是相匹配的 Here where I haven't sent up any incongruity,
我们就可以读得很快 we can do it quickly.
我们把这项任务交给一个人 Let's give the same task to an individual
他认为 黑2看起来是红色的 who reports that the black 2 looks red
5看起来是绿色的 and the that the 5 looks green.
对于那个人来说 前四个 That individual, the first 4 that I've printed there
很简答 读起来很快 因为 will be very easy and very fast, because they
它们与联觉效果一致 are congruent with the synaesthetic percept.
后四个 会很难 The last 4 I printed there will be very hard,
因为 我打这些数字的时候 because I printed the numbers
用的是与联觉效果不同的颜色 in the wrong color of ink for that synaesthete.
这种简化模式 That pattern of facilitation,
左边快一些 faster on the left,
右边受干扰 所以慢一些 slower interference on the right,
这意味着 2 indicates that the report that twos
让我看到红色 cause me to see red,
5让我看到绿色 and fives cause me to see green,
这些是真实发生在这个人身上的联觉 those are real precepts occurring in the individual.
还有一个例子 There's another example,
看到这个形状了吗 一些人看到了 anybody found the shape? A few of you.
如果你是联觉者的话 2和5 If you were a synaesthete for whom twos and fives
触发不同的颜色 induce different colors
这就显而易见了 it would have popped out at you,
你会看到 you would have instantly seen that
2形成了一个三角形 there is a triangle form by the twos.
如果看不到不同的颜色 If you don't have different colors
由2和5触发的不同颜色 induced by the twos and the five,
这将很费劲 this is laborious,
只能找到一个2 再找另外一个 you find one two and you find another.
要花很长的时间 It takes a long time to do.
对于色字联觉者来说 As for a synaesthete with colored digits,
这想都不用想 it just pops out.
联觉带来的同等知觉的体现之一 One indication of perceptual egality of synaesthesia,
是 我们有一样的简化模式 is that we get the same pattern of facilitation
也经历同样的行为扰乱 and interference of behavioral tasks,
和真实世界的刺激一样 as we do with real world stimuli.
第二种证据 A second kind of evidence
来自于 图像研究 研究表明 comes from imaging studies that shows that
联觉产生的额外知觉 引发 these synaesthetic extra percepts evoke
脑的相同部位的活动 activity in the same parts of the brain
正如日常知觉所引发的一样 as occur in everyday perception.
所以 这借助了 So this has been done with
功能性核磁共振造影 functional magnetic resonance imaging
主要寻找 which is essentially looking for
脑的哪个部分 the parts of the brain
在我们执行一项任务时 是活跃的 which are active while we are doing a task,
如果有变化发生于 I see if there are changes
血液的氧含量 in the oxygen content of the blood,
大脑越活跃 用到的氧就更多 when it is more active you use more oxygen,
所以 通过检测含氧血的变化 so by monitoring changes in oxygenated blood
我们就可以知道 脑的哪个部分 we get an indication what parts of the brain
在人体执行任务时是活跃的 are active while individuals are doing tasks.
作为背景信息 大家需要知道 For backgrounds you need to know that
至少是我们成年了以后 at least by the time we are adults
就有高度分化的感官皮层 we have highly specialised sensory cortices.
这是脑部图 Here is a map of the brain,
用了不同的颜色标志不同的区域 it is color coded,
我在三个部分放上了图片 and I've put pictures by three parts of the brain.
请看脑后部 If you look back there at the back of the head,
它叫做 枕叶 it is called the Occipital Lobe.
那个区域的神经元会发生反应的条件是 Neurons in that area respond
我们受到视觉刺激 when we see visual stimuli.
完全不会反应于 And do noting at all
我们的听觉和触觉刺激 when we hear sound or experience touch.
它们专为视觉服务 They are specialised for vision.
中间区域的神经元 Neurons in the middle of that area
我放上了耳朵的图片 I've marked with the ear
在听到声音的时候会活跃起来 are active when we hear sound
但是 完全不会反应于 but do nothing at all
我们的视觉和触觉刺激 when we see something or are touched.
第三个区域 躯体感觉皮质 The third area, the somatosensory cortex,
这个部分的神经元 会对触觉发生反应 neurons in that area are active in response to touch
而不是听觉和视觉 but not sound or sight.
所以我们有高度分化的感官皮层 So we have highly specialised sensory cortices
其他区域会活跃起来 是因为 and then there are other areas higher up where
不同感官的信息相互融合 information gets integrated across the senses.
所以 如果我们将有色听联觉的人 Now when we put into the FMI machine,
放进地层微电阻率扫描成像仪器中 someone who has colored hearing
在扫描仪中放音乐的话 and play sounds in the scanner
我们就能看到正常区域开始活动 we see activity in all the normal areas
来处理音乐 for the processing of sound.
但是 我们也能看机V4区域的活动 But we also activity in the color area V4
V4在脑的后部 which is at the back of the brain
有眼睛图片的那个部位 marked by the eye,
我们能看到 视觉区域的活动 we see activity in a visual area
因为受到了声音的刺激 in response to sound.
相同的 如果在里面的人 Similarly if someone is in the machine
有色字联觉 who reports colored letters
我们若在屏幕上展现字母 and we present letters in the scanner,
我们就能看到所有重要途径的活动 we will see activity in all the critical pathways
通常参与 normally involved in the
对字的处理和彩色V4区域 processing of letters plus in color areas V4.
相同的活动的模式 In the same pattern of activity
特定知觉的特定区域的活动模式 in expected areas for the expected percept
对其它形式的联觉也是一样 has been found for other forms of synaesthesia.
所以 行为证据 So the behavioral evidence
和神经图片证据 and the neuro-imaging evidence,
都使得科学家相信 has convinced scientists
这是真实发生的现象 that it is a real phenomenon.
那么它从哪里来 Where does it come from?
要回答这个问题 To answer that question
我们得回到婴儿时代 we need to go backwards into infancy.
我们需要知道 首先 We need to know that initially
这些感觉皮质并非如此高度分化 those sensory cortices are not so specialised
不像成年以后那样分化 as they are going to become in adulthood.
相反 短暂的联系 Instead, there are transient connections
存在于不同感觉皮质间 among the sensory cortices,
它们会逐渐消失 that are going to get pruned away
成长过程中消失 比如说 during development, for example,
小猴子脑内 in baby monkeys,
联系存在于听觉皮质 there is a connection between the auditory cortex
和视觉皮质中的V4区 and the area in the visual cortex called V4,
颜色相同的区域 that same colored area
我们曾经提到 that we've been talking about.
在猴子成长过程中 During the development of the monkey,
等到它们长大了 by the time the monkey grows up
有了成年的大脑 and has an adult brain,
这种联系就消失了 that connection is pruned away.
这是一种普遍的现象 This appears an ubiquitous phenomenon
哺乳动物都有 across mammals.
感觉皮质一开始并不是特别分化 Initially the sensory cortices are not so specialised
但是 随着年龄的增长 as they will become,
会有暂时性联系存在于不同皮质之间 there are transient connections between them.
我们有一些间接例证 We have some indirect evidence
来自于人类婴儿 from human infants that
这些暂时性联系是功能性的 those transient connections are functional,
会影响婴儿的知觉 influencing the baby's perception.
我们可以通过研究和EPG记录得知这些 We know these from studies, EPG recordings.
这里 在婴儿脑内植入电极 Here electrodes are placed over the baby's head,
进行刺激 stimuli are presented,
同时记录 看看 recordings are made to see
大脑的哪些区域活动 where there are changes in brain activity
伴随着开关这些刺激 that are locked to turning on and off the stimulus
当然 我们也可以对成年人做同样的事 and of course we can do the same thing with adults
以作对比 for comparison.
当实验对象是成年人 When we do this with adults
我们收集所谓的诱发电位时 and collected what are called evoked potentials,
他们这样命名 they are called this
因为电位被特定刺激诱发 because potentials are evoked by particular stimulus
如果刺激是声音的话 If the stimulus is sound
尤其是演讲的话 and particularly if it is speech,
听觉皮质的脑电波 there is a change in the brain waves
会有反应 但是 over the auditory cortex but nothing happens
其它区域不会 over the other sense recorded areas.
对小婴儿做相同的实验 Same experiment with young infants,
脑电波中会有很多变化 there is lots of change in brain waves
发生于听觉皮质 over the auditory cortex
但是 几乎是相同多的变化 but every bit as much changes
发生于视觉皮质 over the visual cortex.
婴儿的视觉皮质也会对声音做出反应 In the baby the visual cortex responds to sound.
再举个例子 Take another example.
刺激成年人的手 In adults stimulating the hand
导致触觉皮质中脑电波的变化 causes a change brain waves over the touch cortex.
与此同时 在屋中打开白噪声 Turning on white noise in the room
并不会影响 at the same time doesn't do anything to
触觉皮质 the responses in the touch cortex.
它不对声音做出反应 It is not responding to sound.
对刚出生的婴儿做同样的实验 Same experiment with newborn infants.
摸一下婴儿的手 Touch the baby's hand,
脑电波有变化 there are changes in brain waves
触觉皮质活跃 as there is activity over the touch cortex,
打开白噪声 turn on the white noise, turn on the sound,
触觉皮质的变化等大 there is even a greater response in the touch cortex.
新生婴儿的触觉皮质 The touch cortex is responding to
会对声音做出反应 sound in the newborn baby.
我们在童年早期所拥有的 What we seem to have during early childhood
是感觉皮质间的联系 is functional connections among sensory cortices.
对于联觉来说 The working hypothesis
可行的假设 about what happens in synaesthesia,
是部分这些联系存留了下来 is that some of those connections remain.
它们仍对知觉造成影响 They remain and influence perception.
在成长过程中 What happens to them in the development
对于没有联觉的人 in people without synaesthesia,
在某些程度上 and in some extent even
即使是有联觉的人 来说 in individuals with synaesthesia,
这些联系因为经验而消失了 is that they get pruned away by experience.
我试着用这张表来展示刚刚的假设 I've tried to represent that with this diagram.
上面是一个新生的婴儿 We have a newborn baby at the top,
典型的熟睡中婴儿 typically asleep,
视觉皮质对视觉 where the visual cortex responds to vision,
听觉 和触觉产生反应 to hearing and to touch.
婴儿通过眼睛获得视觉经验 The baby gets visual experience through the eyes,
视觉经验较强 连贯 that visual experience is strong, is coherent,
导致大量的视觉皮质的神经兴奋 it causes a lot of neural firing in the visual cortex.
视觉皮质的神经元继续 Neurons in the visual cortex continue to
对视觉产生反应 respond to vision
但是 和听觉及触觉的联系 but the other connections to hearing and touch
渐渐消失了 因为听觉和触觉 get pruned away, because sound and touch
在刺激神经元方面 don't do as good a job of stimulating
远远不如视觉皮质 those neurons in the visual cortex.
被使用的联系得到了强化 The ones that are used are strengthened
留了下来 and remain.
我们的这种发现主来来自 We notice this mainly from studies of babies
对天生失明的婴儿的研究 who were born blind.
它们从来没有视觉输入 Who never get that visual input
才刺激视觉皮质 to the visual cortex.
这就是我在图上展示的 And that's what I'm representing in this cartoon.
我把眼睛划掉了 I've crossed off the eyes,
因为不会有通过眼睛的输入 because there will be no input from the eyes
来刺激视觉皮质 to the visual cortex.
但是输入会来自耳朵 But there will be input from the ears
皮肤 来刺激视觉皮质 and from the skin to the visual cortex
这些婴儿长大成人后 and when these babies grow up, in adulthood,
他们的视觉皮质会对声音做出反应 their visual cortex responds to sound,
对触觉做出反应 responds to touch and
被用于听觉和触觉 is used in auditory and tactile perception.
所以 正常情况下 So, in the normal course of events,
我们的经验使得多余的联系消失 it's our experience that prunes the extra connections
给了我们高度分化的皮质 gives us that highly specialised cortex.
我们所想的发生在正常的成长过程中 What we think happens in normal development
如左边所示 经验消失 on the left, there is experience pruning,
我们得到了分化的皮质 we end up with a specialised cortex.
我们认为的发生在联觉者身上的 What we think happens in synaesthesia is
如右图所示 消失的少一些并且联觉 on the right, less pruning and synaesthesia,
红色标记表示 the red check mark refers to
有研究表明 the fact that there has just been a study that shows
事实上 更多的 that yes indeed there are more
结构联系存在于 anatomical connections among
联觉者的感觉皮质中 sensory cortical areas in synaesthetes
比非联觉者要多 than there are in non-synaesthetic adults.
我并没有告诉大家全部真相 I haven't told you the whole truth.
我刚刚说 所有这些额外的联系 I just told you all those extra connections
逐渐消失了 get pruned away.
我们最终得到的是 We end up with
这些高度分化的感觉皮质 these highly specialised sensory cortices.
并不是完全正确的 It's not really true.
大部分联系消失了 Most of them get pruned away,
但是其中一部分留了下来 but some of them remain and
这些虚线 I've just given you these little dotted lines
表示 over there to represent that,
它们中的一部分留了下来 some of them remained,
继续影响我们的知觉 and they continue to influence our perception.
大部分人没有联觉 Most of us don't have synaesthesia
但是我们仍受影响 but we still have these influences.
我想要向大家展示两个例子 I'm going to give you two examples
来证明这些影响 of these influences.
我们先来看看彩色的字母和数字 Let's start with colored letters and digits.
请记住 对于联觉者来说 Remember for synaesthetes,
看到一个字母 looking at a letter,
会触发看到一种颜色 induces the perception of a real color.
如果没有联觉 If you don't have synaesthesia,
在座大约5%有联觉 probably 5% of people here do have it.
但是如果有的话 请不要参加这些游戏 If you do you can't play these games,
那算作弊 it's cheating.
我只想让没有联觉的人 I only want those who don't have it
来玩这个游戏 to play these games.
我想让大家告诉我 什么颜色 I want you to tell me what color
你认为和这些字母最搭 you think goes best with each of these letters.
想一想 Just think about it a minute
看看我们能不能达成共识 and I will see if we can reach a consensus.
什么颜色适合A What color goes with A?
我听到了红色 蓝色 I heard red, I heard blue.
多少人认为是红色 How many people think red?
看来红色居多 I think red is going to win.
有些人认为是蓝色 There are some blues.
G呢 黄色 How about the G? Yellow.
我听到了绿色 黄色 还有一声蓝色 I hear green and yellow and I hear one blue.
多少人认为是绿色 How many people think green?
看来绿色胜出 I think green is going to win.
那O呢 How about the O?
橙色 白色 黄色 Orange, white, yellow.
多少人认为是橙色 How many people think orange?
所少人认为是白色 How many people think white?
我们少算了吗 有很多支持橙色的 Did we miss any? There are a lot of oranges ,
一些支持白色 quite a few whites,
零星还有点别的颜色 and some scattered other ones.
那X呢 多少人认为是黑色 好 How about X? How many people think black? OK.
多少人认为是紫色 绿色 How many people think purple? Green.
我们的答案较分散 We've got scattered responses
但是 很多人说 but a lot of you said
红适合A 绿适合G 橙色适合O Red for A, Green for G, Orange or white for O,
黑色适合X a lot of blacks for X.
这些联系来自哪里 Where do these associations come from?
其中一些似乎来自我们的语言 Some of them seem to be based on our language.
A代表苹果的英文 苹果是红色的 A is for apple, apples are red.
G是绿色的 Gs are green because
因为它是英文单词绿色的首字母 it is the first letter of the word.
O是橙色的 但为什么有些人认为是白色 Os are orange but why are Os white?
为什么X是黑色 Why are Xs black?
为了探究这些联系的源头 Well to probe the origin of these associations
我们对幼儿做了一些研究 we've done some studies with toddlers.
这些研究受到了文学报告的启发 They were motivated by reports in the literature
如果你要求 that if you ask individuals
来自完全不同的国家 in a whole bunch of different countries
说不同的语言的人 speaking a whole bunch of different languages
来玩我们刚刚玩过的游戏 to play the game we just played
但是是在实验室 监控性更强 but much more controlled in a laboratory,
那应该会有很多优势 there is a pretty good concessions
远远超过 far exceeding chance
现在 on these mappings right there.
为了寻找这些联系的来源 To find out where they come from,
我们来研究一下幼儿 we went back and studied toddlers.
为什么要研究幼儿 Why toddlers?
因为他们不识字 Because they don't know how to read.
其中一些知道一些字母 Some of them know some letters
但是他们不知如何拼写绿这个单词 but they don't know how to spell the word green.
他们不知道 G They don't know the letter G
是英文绿色的首字母 is the first letter of the word green.
我们设计一个游戏和她们玩 We devised a game to play with them.
我们向他们展示一个盒子 We would show them a box,
一个在右边 one of them on the right
一半黑 一半白 where half the box is black and half is white.
我们将挑一个透明的X We would pick up an X on a flexi-glass
然后告诉他们 我在找我的朋友X and say I'm looking for my friend X,
X长成这样 Xs look like this,
你觉得我的朋友在哪里呢 where do you think my friend the X is hiding?
我们有一些检测机制来确保 And we had some checks to make sure
这个孩子在玩这个游戏 the child was playing the game.
我在寻找我的朋友雪花 I'm looking for my friend the snow flake,
雪花是这样的 snow flakes look like this,
你觉得雪花藏到哪里了呢 where do you think the snow flake is hiding?
孩子就得找到白色的那一边 And the kids had to search on the white side
否则 我们会认为这孩子没参与到游戏中 or we thought they aren't really playing our game.
几乎所有的孩子都经过了有效性测验 Almost all of them passed the validity checks.
我们可以来看一下 We could look at
一些字母的数据 the interesting data from the letters
对这些字母来说答案没有正误之分 where there is no right or wrong answer.
正因为没有正误之分 Because there are no right or wrong answers,
孩子可以找到X the child found the X whether
不管他们找的是白色还是黑色箱子 they search on the black side or the white side.
一系列研究表明 What we found over a series of studies
I是白色的 O是白色的 is that Is are white, Os are white,
X是黑色的 Z是黑色的 C是黄色的 Xs are black, Zs are black, and Cs are yellow.
如果你只有两岁半 那这是真的 And that is true if you're two and half years old,
这也是真的 如果你是7到9岁 it is true if you're 7-9 years old
并且已经识字 and have learned to read
如果你已成年 那这也是真的 and it is true if you are an adult.
这三个年龄段的人 All three of these populations
同意这些选择 agreed on these color choices.
接下来的实验 我们研究的是 In a subsequent experiment which we did with
I O X Z 我们发现 I, O, X and Z we discovered
是字母的样子和形状 that it is the sight and shape of the letter
导致了我们的选择 that is driving this.
在这种情况下 一组小孩 In this case one group of children,
听到了我要找我的朋友 they heard I'm looking for my friend
我的朋友长成这个样子 who looks like this.
他们就做出了这些映射 And they made all of these mappings.
另外一组孩子 Another group of children
看不到形状 didn't get to see the shapes.
他们听到我要找我的朋友 X They heard I'm looking for my friend the X.
你认为我的朋友藏在哪里 Where do you think my friend the X is hiding?
他们的表现就很随机 They performed randomly.
因此 我们知道联系源自于 So we know the associations are being driven by
字母的形状和样子 而非它的发声 the sight of the shape of the letter not its sound.
我们的结论是 似乎有 We concluded there seemed
一些天然的联系存在于形状和颜色间 some natural associations between shape and color
对于没有联觉的人也这样 in individuals without synaesthesia.
它们存在于不识字的孩子脑中 They're present in preliterate children,
并不是以知识为基础 not based in any obvious way on learning
很类似与联觉 and they mimic synaesthesia,
所以有色字联觉的人 so in individuals with colored letters,
十分特别的 但是 they're highly idiosyncratic except they
几乎都同意这些颜色的选择 almost all would agree on these particular colors.
我们认为形状和颜色间的映射 We think this mapping between shape and color
部分是 is part of
神经系统的内在线路 the intrinsic wiring of the nervous system.
这不是我们找到的唯一模式 That's not the only pattern we found.
当我们以同样的方式测试孩子时 When we tested children in the same way
使用的是这些组合 with these pairings.
幼儿失败了 他们表现的很随意 The toddlers failed, they performed randomly.
只有大一点的孩子和成年人 It was only the only the older children and adults,
这些识字的人告诉我们 all of them who knew how to read who told us,
A是红色 B是蓝色 G是绿色 As are red, Bs are blue, Gs were green
Y是黄色 and Y goes with yellow.
所以 显然有额外的联系 So there are obviously additional associations
是后天习得的 that are learned.
它们随着读写能力而改变 They change with literacy
字母被赋予意义 as letters take on meaning
因为孩子们学会了读写 when the child learns to read.
因此 这些联系基于经验 Therefore based on experience.
我们需要修改一下图表 We need to modify the diagram
就是我之前向大家展示的那张 I showed you before.
在小时候 In early childhood it is true
有额外的功能联系 there are extra functional connections
存在于感觉皮质区域 between sensory cortical areas.
这些联系中的很多都消失了 Many of which are pruned away
但是有些留了下来 but some remain even in
即使是非联觉者也有 individuals without synaesthesia.
我们通常压抑了它们 We normally inhibited them,
我们不适应这样的世界 we don't go around the world
因为我们中的大多数看到了白色 most of us seeing white
而其实它是黑色的I whenever we see an I printed in black,
我们不适应这样的世界 we don't go around the world
看到黑色的C时感觉我们看到了黄色 seeing yellow when we see a C printed in black.
所以这些联系被抑制了 So those connections are being inhibited
但它们仍然存在 but they remain
交叉影响我们的联系 as cross modal influences on our associations.
事实是 联觉 The story is synaesthesia is
更加复杂 a little more complicated too.
他们一开始 They start off with
也有额外的功能性联系 those extra functional connections,
但是这些联系消失地较少 there is less pruning,
大部分的联系存留了下来 more of the connections remain
比非联觉者多 than in non-synaesthetes.
他们也有某种形式的抑制 There also seems to be some kind of inhibition,
所以留存的联系 so those remaining connections
并不是被强烈抑制的 are not so strongly inhibited
不如非联觉者强烈 as they are in non synaesthetes.
这个对号来自于 The check mark is from
我们的一些间接证据 some indirect evidence we have from this.
你可以找任何人 You can take anybody
给他们能引起幻觉的药 give them a hallucinogenic drug
比如说LSD 这就会触发联觉 like LSD and induce synaesthesia.
再给一些人 Take someone who came down the last stream,
一种减少抑制的药 give them a drug that reduces inhibition
他们也会出现联觉 and they report synaesthesia.
我再举一个例子 Let me give you one more example of
来证明这些交叉影响 these cross modal influences in all of us.
如果你有联觉的话 Again, if you have synaesthesia
请不要参与这个游戏 please don't play this game.
这个例子与色听联觉有关 This one is related to colored hearing.
这是联觉中很普遍的一种形式 A very common form of synaesthesia.
这里有两个球 Here we have two balls.
一个球在弹起的时候会发出尖锐的呯声 One when it bounces goes bing
另外一个会发出低沉的哐声 and the other goes pong.
那个球会发出低沉的哐声 Which is one goes pong?
多少人认为是白色的那个 How many people think it is the white one?
多少人认为是黑色的那个 How many people think it is the black one?
为什么 我们为什么会那么认为 Why? Where does that come from?
我们也就此测试了幼儿 我们玩的是 Well, we tested toddlers on this one too, we played
哪一个发出了这个声音的游戏 which one is making the sound game with them,
他们看到屏幕上球起起落落 they saw the balls going up and down the screen
有时发呯 有时发哐 sometimes going bing sometimes going pong.
有个声音从中间传出 The speaker is coming from the middle.
没有问 The speakers was not Q-ing
哪个球发出的声音 which ball is making the sound
在严格测试实验中 and then on the critical test trial
我们发出了 比如说呯的音 we played for example bing,
然后问哪个球发出了那个声音 said which one made that sound?
每个孩子都指了白色的球 Every single child pointed to the white ball.
另外一个实验中 我们问 On another test trial we said
哪个球发了哐的音 which one made the pong.
每个孩子都指了黑色的球 Every single child pointed to the dark one.
就算是幼儿 Even in toddlers,
有些经验的幼儿 in toddlers who've had some experience
但是他们不知道 but they don't know
我们语言中的所有比喻 all the metaphors of our language.
似乎有一种天然的联系 There seems to be a natural association
存在于浅色和高音之间 between lighter and higher pitch,
存在于深色和低音之间 between darker and lower pitch.
非联觉者有 Present in non-synaesthetes,
联觉者也有 and also present in synaesthetes.
右边的图表都展示了出来 That's illustrated on the right.
这个联觉者 This is an individual synaesthete
接受测验的色听联觉者 with colored hearing being tested
听到了下方的音阶 with the scale that is show at the bottom
然后选颜色 and being to choose the color
来匹配每个音符 that goes with each note on two different runs.
除非你能看到这些颜色 被测验者有两组 Unless you can see the colors
从棕色 变到红橙 go from brown through red orange,
棕黄 它们越来越轻 brown and yellow that they get lighter
音符越来越高 as the note goes up in pitch.
这对联觉者来说 是正确的 And that is true of cross synaesthetes
对于非联觉者来说也是正确的 and cross non synaesthetes.
从这个图表中 我们能看到结果 Here is a graph of the result
对于联觉者来说 for a group of synaesthetes,
Y轴表示颜色深浅 on the Y-Axis is lightness.
所以颜色越浅 点越高 So when lighter choice is towards the top,
深色在下面 the dark choice is towards the bottom.
下面是演奏的音符 At the bottom is the note that was being played.
对于两组来说 高音都伴随着浅色 For both groups higher pitch goes with lighter.
这种联系 This association
在无意识中影响着大家的知觉 influences your perception unconsciously.
我们的结论来自于一个很聪明的实验 We know this from a clever experiment
实验者是Larry Marx that was done by Larry Marx
我在这里以图片的方式模拟一下 which I'm simulating here with images.
大家的任务是 每次亮光亮起来 Your job is every time the bright light comes on,
你就按这边的按钮 you either push the button over here
暗光亮起来 and every time the dim light comes on
你就按那边的按钮 you push the button over here
尽可能快 You should go as fast as you possibly can,
这个任务很无聊 it's a boring task,
但是你能拿到钱 you're being payed
所以 最好尽力做好 so you're going to do a good job of it.
屋里有干扰噪音 There is a distracting noise in the room
这噪音有两个音高 and the distracting noise has two different pitches.
可能是高音 也可能是低音 It can be at the higher pitch, or the lower pitch.
Larry Marx发现 What Larry Marx found is
如果正确答案是 这是亮光 if the correct answer was this is the brighter light
按这个按钮 push this button and
在那个实验中 噪音是高音 on that trial the noise had the higher pitch,
实验对象反应快且准 subjects were fast and more accurate.
如果在那个实验中 干扰噪音 If on that trial the distracted
是低音的话 had the lower pitch
实验对象就会犯更多的错误 subjects made more errors and
反应时间也加长了 the reaction times were a lot longer.
这里 对光的知觉 Here your perception of the lights,
你的处理能力 your ability to process that
和完成任务的能力 受到了 and do the task is being influenced by
映射的影响 浅色伴随高音 this mapping, brighter goes with higher pitch,
深色伴随低音 darker goes with lower pitch.
总结来说 To summarise,
我们一开始都有这些额外的功能联系 we start off with extra functional connections
存在于感觉皮质中 in those sensory cortical,
很多消失了 many of which gets pruned away,
但是仍有一些存留在我们的脑中 but some of those remain in all of our brains.
对于没有联觉的人 Those of us without synaesthesia,
它们受到了抑制 they are being inhibited,
所以我们并不会有意识地感觉到 so we don't get the conscious perception
这些额外的联系 of these extra things,
但是这些联系仍旧影响 but those connections still influence
我们的交叉联系 our cross modal associations
甚至无意识地影响我们的知觉 and even unconsciously influence our perception.
对于联觉者来说 联系消失的少 In synaesthetes there has been less pruning,
受到更少地抑制 there is less inhibition,
这些联系产生了 those connections give rise to
有意识的额外知觉 actual extra conscious perception,
这是他们珍惜的 a trait they value and
丰富了他们的知觉世界 enriches their perceptual world.
我本应该有另外一个框 I should have had another box
意味着 此外 that indicates in addition
还有习得影响 there are learning influences that
来修改交叉联系 modify the cross modal associations
对于联觉者和非联觉者均是如此 in both non synaesthetes, and synaesthetes.
我跟大家将讲的工作 The work I've told you about
来自于我自己的实验室 they came from my own lab
有很多人参与其中 was conducted by many individuals
我希望名单上没有漏掉谁 I hope I've remember to put all of them on the list
还有就是 没有资助我们寸步难行 and if we couldn't do without funding from the
感谢加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会 natural science and engineering council of Canada.
我很愿意回答各位的问题 I would be happy to answer questions.
如果想要更加深入地学习联觉 If you would like to learn more about synaesthesia,
或如果你有联觉 if you have synaesthesia
且愿意成为我们研究工作的一员 and would like to volunteer to be in our studies.
可以通过以下方式联系我 And that's how to get in touch with me.